GIVING OUT PAPER.
When the warehouseman delivers paper to the pressmen, or to the
person appointed to wet it, for printing on, it is said, he has given
out paper for such a job, or such a sheet of a work.
Paper, for printing on, is received in three different ways from the
stationer.
The first and most general way is what is termed _Perfect Paper_;
that is, each ream consists of twenty-one quires and a half, making
516 sheets, which enables the printer to deliver full count, and
allows for spoiling sheets, which unavoidably happens in wetting, in
printing-off, and in the warehouse department.
The second is _Imperfect Paper_; that is, each ream consists of
twenty good quires, (termed inside quires,) making 480 sheets; but it
is given out to wet for bookwork as perfect paper.
The third is News Paper, which consists of twenty quires of
twenty-five sheets each to the ream, making 500 sheets.
Newspaper stamps are always received, given out to wet, and
delivered, by the net number, and require great care on the part of
the warehouseman and pressmen to prevent waste, as the master printer
is responsible for the deficiency.
Paper with outside quires is very rarely sent in to the printer; when
it does happen, the warehouseman should look over the outside quires,
take out the torn and damaged sheets, and give out as perfect paper:
but, perhaps, the best way is to put aside these quires, and return
them to the employer, as every sheet is more or less damaged.
The following Tables will be found useful, as they will enable the
warehouseman to give out paper with facility and correctness for
bookwork, and for jobs, where the numbers are irregular and the sizes
vary; and more particularly so, as they include both perfect and
imperfect paper.
Those for bookwork are arranged for the regular quantity of perfect
paper, commencing with so low a number as 12, and proceeding up to
10,000.
Those for jobs include the same numbers, and are so arranged as to
specify the quantity of paper to a sheet for each number, as I did
not think it necessary to calculate them to the fractional part of a
sheet: thus some of them are exact, and others have a surplus, which
in some instances is large where there are many on a sheet; but as
jobs are generally delivered without any surplus, I have thought
it best to give the quantity of paper that will make the nearest
specific number, so that it shall not be less, and leave the surplus
to the discretion of the warehouseman, or to the custom of the house.
Where the numbers are small in bookwork, the quantity of paper given
out is greater in proportion than when the numbers are larger; of
course a ream will not hold out in printing five sheets of one
hundred copies each, and still less in smaller numbers; for each
sheet at press will require a tympan sheet; and it is more than
probable that one or two more will be spoiled in making ready; and
in the warehouse department a file copy must always be preserved. I
notice this to remind the warehouseman to make a proper allowance
in his paper account, otherwise it will appear deficient, when in
reality it is not.
TABLES--Showing the proper Quantity of Paper to be given out for any
Number from 12 to 10,000, both Perfect and Imperfect.
BOOKWORK.--SHEETS.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 15 12 0 0 15 15
0 1 4 25 0 1 4 28
0 2 6 50 0 2 6 54
0 3 7 75 0 3 7 79
0 4 8 100 0 4 8 104
0 5 9 125 0 5 9 129
0 6 12 150 0 6 12 156
0 7 13 175 0 7 13 181
0 8 14 200 0 8 14 206
0 10 18 250 0 10 18 258
0 12 22 300 0 12 22 310
0 15 0 350 0 15 0 360
0 16 3 375 0 16 3 387
0 17 4 400 0 17 4 412
0 19 6 450 0 19 6 462
1 0 0 500 1 1 12 516
1 4 6 600 1 5 18 618
1 8 14 700 1 10 2 722
1 10 18 750 1 12 6 774
1 13 0 800 1 14 10 826
1 17 4 900 1 18 17 928
2 0 0 1000 2 3 0 1032
2 10 18 1250 2 13 18 1290
3 0 0 1500 3 4 12 1548
3 10 18 1750 3 15 6 1806
4 0 0 2000 4 6 0 2064
6 0 0 3000 6 9 0 3096
8 0 0 4000 8 12 0 4128
10 0 0 5000 10 15 0 5160
12 0 0 6000 12 18 0 6192
14 0 0 7000 15 1 0 7224
16 0 0 8000 17 4 0 8256
18 0 0 9000 19 7 0 9288
20 0 0 10000 21 10 0 10320
BOOKWORK.--HALF-SHEETS.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 8 12 0 0 8 16
0 0 15 25 0 0 15 30
0 1 4 50 0 1 4 56
0 1 16 75 0 1 16 80
0 2 4 100 0 2 4 104
0 2 17 125 0 2 17 130
0 3 7 150 0 3 7 158
0 3 19 175 0 3 19 182
0 4 7 200 0 4 7 206
0 5 9 250 0 5 9 258
0 6 11 300 0 6 11 310
0 7 12 350 0 7 12 360
0 8 1 375 0 8 1 386
0 8 14 400 0 8 14 412
0 9 15 450 0 9 15 462
0 10 18 500 0 10 18 516
0 12 21 600 0 12 21 618
0 15 1 700 0 15 1 722
0 16 3 750 0 16 3 774
0 17 4 800 0 17 4 824
0 19 8 900 0 19 8 928
1 0 0 1000 1 1 12 1032
1 5 9 1250 1 6 21 1290
1 10 18 1500 1 12 6 1548
1 16 3 1750 1 17 15 1806
2 0 0 2000 2 3 0 2064
3 0 0 3000 3 4 12 3096
4 0 0 4000 4 6 0 4128
5 0 0 5000 5 7 12 5160
6 0 0 6000 6 9 0 6192
7 0 0 7000 7 10 12 7224
8 0 0 8000 8 12 0 8256
9 0 0 9000 9 13 12 9288
10 0 0 10000 10 15 0 10320
BOOKWORK.--QUARTER SHEETS.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 4 12 0 0 4 16
0 0 8 25 0 0 8 32
0 0 14 50 0 0 14 56
0 0 20 75 0 0 20 80
0 1 3 100 0 1 3 108
0 1 9 125 0 1 9 132
0 1 16 150 0 1 16 160
0 1 22 175 0 1 22 184
0 2 4 200 0 2 4 208
0 2 17 250 0 2 17 260
0 3 6 300 0 3 6 312
0 3 18 350 0 3 18 360
0 4 1 375 0 4 1 388
0 4 7 400 0 4 7 412
0 4 20 450 0 4 20 464
0 5 9 500 0 5 9 516
0 6 11 600 0 6 11 620
0 7 13 700 0 7 13 724
0 8 2 750 0 8 2 776
0 8 14 800 0 8 14 824
0 9 16 900 0 9 16 928
0 10 18 1000 0 10 18 1032
0 13 11 1250 0 13 11 1292
0 16 3 1500 0 16 3 1548
0 18 20 1750 0 18 20 1808
1 0 0 2000 1 1 12 2064
1 10 18 3000 1 12 6 3096
2 0 0 4000 2 3 0 4128
2 10 18 5000 2 13 18 5160
3 0 0 6000 3 4 12 6192
3 10 18 7000 3 15 6 7224
4 0 0 8000 4 6 0 8256
4 10 18 9000 4 16 18 9288
5 0 0 10000 5 7 12 10320
BOOKWORK.--ONE THIRD OF A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 5 12 0 0 5 15
0 0 10 25 0 0 10 30
0 0 19 50 0 0 19 57
0 1 3 75 0 1 3 81
0 1 11 100 0 1 11 105
0 1 19 125 0 1 19 129
0 2 4 150 0 2 4 156
0 2 12 175 0 2 12 180
0 2 21 200 0 2 21 207
0 3 14 250 0 3 14 258
0 4 8 300 0 4 8 312
0 5 0 350 0 5 0 360
0 5 9 375 0 5 9 387
0 5 18 400 0 5 18 414
0 6 10 450 0 6 10 462
0 7 4 500 0 7 4 516
0 8 14 600 0 8 14 618
0 10 1 700 0 10 1 723
0 10 18 750 0 10 18 774
0 11 11 800 0 11 11 825
0 12 21 900 0 12 21 927
0 14 8 1000 0 14 8 1032
0 17 22 1250 0 17 22 1290
1 0 0 1500 1 1 12 1548
1 3 14 1750 1 5 2 1806
1 7 4 2000 1 8 16 2064
2 0 0 3000 2 3 0 3096
2 14 8 4000 2 17 8 4128
3 7 4 5000 3 11 16 5160
4 0 0 6000 4 6 0 6192
4 14 8 7000 5 0 8 7224
5 7 4 8000 5 14 16 8256
6 0 0 9000 6 9 0 9288
6 14 8 10000 7 3 8 10320
JOBS.--SHEETS.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 12 12 0 0 12 12
0 1 1 25 0 1 1 25
0 2 2 50 0 2 2 50
0 3 3 75 0 3 3 75
0 4 4 100 0 4 4 100
0 5 5 125 0 5 5 125
0 6 6 150 0 6 6 150
0 7 7 175 0 7 7 175
0 8 8 200 0 8 8 200
0 10 10 250 0 10 10 250
0 12 12 300 0 12 12 300
0 14 14 350 0 14 14 350
0 15 15 375 0 15 15 375
0 16 16 400 0 16 16 400
0 18 18 450 0 18 18 450
0 20 20 500 1 0 20 500
1 3 12 600 1 5 0 600
1 7 16 700 1 9 4 700
1 9 18 750 1 11 6 750
1 11 20 800 1 13 8 800
1 16 0 900 1 17 12 900
1 20 4 1000 2 1 16 1000
2 9 2 1250 2 12 2 1250
2 19 12 1500 3 2 12 1500
3 8 10 1750 3 12 22 1750
3 18 20 2000 4 3 8 2000
5 17 12 3000 6 5 0 3000
7 16 4 4000 8 6 16 4000
9 14 20 5000 10 8 8 5000
11 13 12 6000 12 10 0 6000
13 12 4 7000 14 11 16 7000
15 10 20 8000 16 13 8 8000
17 9 12 9000 18 15 0 9000
19 8 4 10000 20 16 16 10000
JOBS.--HALF SHEETS.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 6 12 0 0 6 12
JOBS.--THREE ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 4 12 0 0 4 12
JOBS.--FOUR ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 3 12 0 0 3 12
JOBS.--FIVE ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 3 12 0 0 3 15
JOBS.--SIX ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 2 12 0 0 2 12
JOBS.--EIGHT ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 2 12 0 0 2 16
JOBS.--NINE ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 2 12 0 0 2 18
JOBS.--TWELVE ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 12
JOBS.--SIXTEEN ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 16
JOBS.--EIGHTEEN ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 18
JOBS.--TWENTY ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 20
JOBS.--TWENTY-FOUR ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 24
JOBS.--THIRTY-TWO ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 32
JOBS.--THIRTY-SIX ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 36
JOBS.--FORTY ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 40
JOBS.--FORTY-EIGHT ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 48
JOBS.--SIXTY-FOUR ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 64
JOBS.--SEVENTY-TWO ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 72
JOBS.--NINETY-SIX ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 96
JOBS.--ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-EIGHT ON A SHEET.
Perfect Paper. No. Imperfect Paper. Total
21½ Quires to the 20 Quires to the Number
Ream; equal 516 Ream; equal 480 the Paper
Sheets. Sheets. will make.
Rms. Qu. Sh. Rms. Qu. Sh.
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 128
FRACTIONAL PARTS
Of a Bundle, Perfect, 1032 Sheets.
⅞ 903
⅘ --
¾ 774
⅔ 688
⅝ 645
⅗ --
½ 516
⅖ --
⅜ 387
⅓ 344
¼ 258
⅕ --
⅙ 172
⅛ 129
1/10 --
1/12 86
Of a Bundle, Imperfect, 960 Sheets.
⅞ 840
⅘ 768
¾ 720
⅔ 640
⅝ 600
⅗ 576
½ 480
⅖ 384
⅜ 360
⅓ 320
¼ 240
⅕ 192
⅙ 160
⅛ 120
1/10 96
1/12 80
Of a Ream, Perfect, 516.
⅞ --
⅘ --
¾ 387
⅔ 344
⅝ --
⅗ --
½ 258
⅖ --
⅜ --
⅓ 172
¼ 129
⅕ --
⅙ 86
⅛ --
1/10 --
1/12 43
Of a Ream, Imperfect, 480.
⅞ 420
⅘ 384
¾ 360
⅔ 320
⅝ 300
⅗ 288
½ 240
⅖ 192
⅜ 180
⅓ 160
¼ 120
⅕ 96
⅙ 80
⅛ 60
1/10 48
1/12 40
Number of Sheets in any given Number of Quires, from one to
twenty-one, inclusive.
Quires. Sheets.
1 24
2 48
3 72
4 96
5 120
6 144
7 168
8 192
9 216
10 240
11 264
12 288
13 312
14 336
15 360
16 384
17 408
18 432
19 456
20 480
21 504
GOOD COLOUR.
Sheet printed neither too black nor too white--_M._
GOOD COPY.
Printed copy, or manuscript that is written in a clear and legible
hand.
GOOD OF THE CHAPEL.
Forfeitures and other chapel dues are collected for the good of the
chapel, viz. to be spent as the chapel approves.--_M._
GOOD WORK,
is called so in a twofold sense: the master printer calls it good
work when the compositors and pressmen have done their duty; and the
workmen call it good work, if it be light easy work, and they have a
good price for it--_M._
GOTHIC, ANCIENT.
The Scythian or Gothic tribes, descended from Magog, were the second
source of European population. They entered into Europe from Asia,
like the Kelts, about 680 years B. C. In the time of Herodotus they
were on the Danube, and extended towards the south. In Cæsar’s time
they were called Germans; and had established themselves so far
to the westward as to have obliged the Kelts to withdraw from the
eastern banks of the Rhine. They became known to us in later ages by
the name of Goths.
From this Scythian or Gothic stock sprung the Saxons, who occupied
the north-west part of Germany. We may here observe, the terms
Kimmerians and Scythian are not to be considered merely as local,
but as generic appellations; each of their tribes having a peculiar
denomination.
As a distinctive denomination, they prefixed to Goths the name of the
country they inhabited or subdued; as, the Mœso-Gothi, Scando-Gothi,
Norreno-Gothi, &c. Their chief seat is reported to have been in
Gothland, now a part of the Swedish dominions. The Mœso-Goths, as
their name imports, were those Goths that inhabited Mœsia, on the
frontiers of Thrace. The language of these Goths is not only called
Mœso-Gothic, but Ulphilo-Gothic, from Ulphilas, the first bishop
of the Mœso-Goths. He lived about A.D. 370, and is said to have
invented the Gothic alphabet, and to have translated the whole Bible
from Greek into Gothic. These Gothic characters were in use in the
greater part of Europe after the destruction of the western empire.
The French first adopted the Latin characters. The Spaniards, by a
decree of a synod at Lyons, abolished the use of Gothic letters A.D.
1091.--_Bosworth._
The ancient Goths were converted to Christianity by the Greek
priests, and they probably introduced their letters with their
religion, about the reign of Galienus. Towards the middle of the
third century, Ascholius, Bishop of Thessalonica, and a Greek priest
named _Audius_, spread Christianity among the Goths; the former
of these is much extolled by Basil the Great, and the latter by
Epiphanius. The ancient Gothic alphabet consisted of sixteen letters;
they are so similar to the Greek, that their derivation cannot be
doubted.
Those writers are certainly mistaken, who attribute the invention
of the Gothic letters to Ulphilas, Bishop of Mœsia, who lived in
the fourth century. The gospels translated by him into the Gothic
language, and written in ancient Gothic characters about the year
370, were formerly kept in the library of the monastery of Werden;
but this MS. is now preserved in the library of Upsal, and is known
among the learned, by the title of the Silver Book of Ulphilas,
because it is bound in massy silver. Several editions of this MS.
have been printed. See a specimen of it in Hickes’s Thesaurus, vol.
i. pref. p. 8. Dr. Hickes positively disallows this translation to be
Ulphil’s, but says it was made by some Teuton or German, either as
old, or perhaps older than Ulphil; but whether this was so or not,
the characters are apparently of Greek original.--_Astle._
[Illustration: The Gothic Alphabet]
_The Mœso-Gothic Alphabet._
+------------+-----------+
| Form. | Sound. |
+------------+-----------+
| [#] | A |
| [#] | B |
| [#] | G[1] |
| [#] | D |
| [#] | E |
| [#] | F |
| [#] | G or J[2] |
| [#] | H |
| [#] | I |
| [#] | K |
| [#] | L |
| [#] | M |
| [#] | N |
| [#] | O |
| [#] | P |
| [#] | HW[3] |
| [#] | R |
| [#] | S |
| [#] | T |
| [#] | TH |
| [#] | U |
| [#] | CW[4] |
| [#] | W[5] |
| [#] | CH[6] |
| [#] | Z |
+------------+-----------+
[1] And as _n_ before another _g_.
[2] As _j_ in _j_our, or _y_ in _y_our.
[3] _Hw_ in Saxon, or _wh_ in English. The proper sound of these
letters can hardly be ascertained; but that which is given appears
the most probable. Astle gives this character as Q.
[4] And in middle of words sometimes _c_.
[5] _W_ in the beginning, and _u_ in the middle of a word.
[6] Astle says _ch_ or _x_.
_Gothic in the British Founderies._
_Pica._ Caslon and Livermore. University of Oxford.
GO UP THE FORM.
Beating from the hither towards the farther side, is in pressmen’s
phrase called, “_Going up the Form_.”--_M._
GOVERNOR.
The master printer is generally styled Governor, when spoken of by
the workmen in the house; as, _The Governor said thus._ _The Governor
ordered that._
GREAT NUMBERS.
Above 2000 printed on one sheet are accounted great numbers.--_M._ We
now more commonly say long numbers. _See_ LAY ON, and SMALL NUMBERS.
GREAT PRIMER.
The name of a type, one size larger than English, and one smaller
than Paragon. _See_ TYPES.
GREEK.
The Greek alphabet consists of twenty-four letters, as under.
[Illustration: The Greek Alphabet]
_The Greek Alphabet._
+------------+---------+---------+
| Figure. | Name. | Power. |
+------------+---------+---------+
| Α α | Alpha | a |
| Β β ϐ | Beta | b |
| Γ γ [#] | Gamma | g |
| Δ δ | Delta | d |
| Ε ε | Epsilon | e short |
| Ζ ζ [#] | Zeta | z |
| Η η | Eta | e long |
| Θ θ ϑ | Theta | th |
| Ι ι | Iota | i |
| Κ κ | Kappa | k or c |
| Λ λ | Lambda | l |
| Μ μ | Mu | m |
| Ν ν | Nu | n |
| Ξ ξ | Xi | x |
| Ο ο | Omicron | o short |
| Π π ϖ | Pi | p |
| Ρ ρ ϱ | Rho | r |
| Σ Ϲ σ ς[1] | Sigma | s |
| Τ τ [#] | Tau | t |
| Υ υ | Upsilon | u |
| Φ φ ϕ | Phi | ph |
| Χ χ | Chi | ch |
| Ψ ψ | Psi | ps |
| Ω ω | Omega | o long |
+------------+---------+---------+
[1] Ϲ, initial; σ, middle; ς, final.
There are twelve diphthongs or compound vowels, viz.
Six proper--αι, αυ, ει, ευ, οι, ου; and
Six improper--ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ, ηυ, υι, ωυ. The dot below signifies that ι is
subscribed.
_Accents._--Accents are nothing more than small marks, which have
been introduced into the language, to ascertain the pronunciation of
it, and facilitate it to strangers. Wherefore the ancient Greeks,
to whom it was natural, never used them, as is demonstrated from
Aristotle, old inscriptions, and ancient medals. It is not an easy
matter to tell, what time the practice of writing these accents first
prevailed, though it is probable not till after the Romans began
to be more curious of learning the Greek tongue, and to send their
children to study at Athens, that is, about or a little before the
time of Cicero.
Accents, by the Greeks called τόνοι, tones, are the rising or
falling of the voice in pronouncing: which may be considered either
separately in distinct syllables, or conjunctively in the same
syllable.
Wherefore there are two sorts of accents; two simple, viz. the acute,
οζὺς, figured thus (´), which denotes the elevation of the voice;
and the grave, βαρὺς, shaped thus (`), to signify the falling or
depression of the voice; and the circumflex, περισπώμενος, which was
formed first of these two lines or points joined together thus (^),
and afterwards was changed into a round sort of a figure like an
inverted Upsilon, thus (⁀), but at length came to be figured like an
s drawn crossway (~).--_Bell’s Greek Grammar._
The acute accent raises the voice, and affects one or more of the
three last syllables of a word, if it has so many.
The circumflex lengthens the sound, and affects either the last
syllable of a word, or the last but one.
The grave depresses the voice, and affects the last syllable only.
There are two spirits, or breathings: the asper (῾), which the Greeks
use instead of the letter Η; and the lenis (᾿) which denotes the
absence of the asper.
The apostrophe (’), marked at the head of a letter in the end of
a word denotes that the vowels α, ε, ι, or ο, and sometimes the
diphthongs αι or οι are cut off, the next word beginning with a vowel.
_Accents and Aspirates._
᾿ Lenis. ῎ Lenis acute. ͂ Circumflex. ¨ Diæresis.
῾ Asper. ῍ Lenis grave. ῏ Circumflex lenis. ΅ Diæresis acute.
´ Acute. ῞ Asper acute. ῟ Circumflex asper. ῭ Diæresis grave.
` Grave. ῝ Asper grave.
_Points._--A colon in Greek is a point at the head of a letter; as (·)
An interrogation is a Latin semicolon; as (;)
All other points in Greek are the same as in Latin.
[Illustration: Greek numbers]
The Greeks express their Numbers by Letters, thus:
α’ 1 ι’ 10 ρ’ 100 ‚α 1000
β’ 2 κ’ 20 σ’ 200 ‚β 2000
γ’ 3 λ’ 30 τ’ 300 ‚γ 3000
δ’ 4 μ’ 40 υ’ 400 ‚δ 4000
ε’ 5 ν’ 50 φ’ 500 ‚ε 5000
ϛ’ 6 ξ’ 60 χ’ 600 ‚ι 10,000
ζ’ 7 ο’ 70 ψ’ 700 ‚κ 20,000
η’ 8 ϖ’ 80 ω’ 800 ‚ρ 100,000
θ’ 9 ϟ’ 90 ϡ’ 900 ‚σ 200,000
The first of the above ranks is units, and consists of the eight
first letters with the character ϛ’, called στίγμα, which
signifies 6, and is therefore ranged in the sixth place.
The second rank consists of tens, and is formed of the eight
following letters with this character ϟ’, κόππα, which signifies 90.
The third rank consists of hundreds, and contains eight letters with
this character ϡ’, σαμπῖ, which signifies 900.
The accent under each letter in the fourth rank signifies a thousand,
and the letter itself expresses the number of thousands signified.
The letters of the three first ranks are marked with a dash on the
top to distinguish them from the letters marked with an accent below.
By compounding the above letters any number may be expressed; thus,
ι’α’ makes 11; κ’β’, 22; λ’γ’, 33; ρ’δ’, 104; ‚αε’, 1005; ‚αψ’ο’ϛ’,
1776, &c.
Also the Greeks sometimes use these capitals instead of the numbers,
of which they are the initial letters, viz. Ι for one, because ΙΑ
signifies one (being formerly used instead of μ’ια), Π for five, Δ
for ten, Η for a hundred, Χ for a thousand, and Μ for ten thousand.
And these letters may be all four times reduplicated (except Π), thus
ΙΙ, 2; ΙΙΙ, 3; ΙΙΙΙ, 4; ΔΔ, 20; ΔΔΔ, 30; ΔΔΔΔ, 40, &c. So ΔΙ, 11;
ΔΔΙΙ, 22; ΠΙ, 6; ΔΠ, 15, &c.
Sometimes the above initials are enclosed in a great ∏, and then the
number is five times repeated, thus |Δ̅| is five times ten or 50; and
|Χ̅| is 5000: but Ι is never enclosed.
Fournier, in his Manuel Typographique, gives a great number of Greek
ligatures: these I have copied, with additional ones from Fertel, and
others from Jones’s Greek Grammar; together they make a more complete
list than any that I have met with. Fournier, speaking of the article
Greek, says, We see by the multiplicity of the sorts, that the Greek
character is the most extensive and complicated of all characters.
The founders may not always be able to give the Greek founts thus
complete in sorts; but I give the representation, because, as I have
before said, the engravers who have worked upon the characters have
followed the ligatures which they found in the manuscripts which they
imitated. There were never any but the Greek characters engraved by
Garamond for Francis the First, which have been complete in all sorts
of ligatures. It is this which has obliged me to give in different
lines the figures which compose this fount, in which there are still
some wanting, which I have been obliged to suppress in order not to
multiply them without necessity.
For the classical works in Greek the ligatures or double letters are
considerably diminished. I have adopted this usage in the little
fount, which contains but the figures most in use.--_Fournier._
I have been induced to give this extended list of Greek ligatures,
because the present taste in printing Greek is to discard them
entirely, and to use a distinct character for each letter of the
alphabet. Under these circumstances, should an old edition of a Greek
work be put in hand as copy to be reprinted, it would be mortifying
not to be able to decypher the ligatures, nor have any thing to refer
to for explanation. I have myself been placed in this situation in
a large house, with no person in it who could give me the necessary
information, although there were some there that professed themselves
good Greek scholars; neither could the editor of the work himself
give me any assistance.