Bill slightly decurved and rather stout. Adults in summer, with the upper

parts largely bright chestnut, spotted with black; belly black; head,

throat, breast and sides strongly streaked with black.

In winter, dull brownish-gray above and white below, with the breast

washed with grayish and slightly streaked with dusky. These small birds

are found in large flocks both on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, during

migrations, but rarely in the interior. Their flight is very rapid and

performed in compact flocks, that act as if governed by one impulse.

Nest.—Usually built on dry grassy knolls, a hollow in the earth being

lined with a few dried grasses; they lay three or four eggs with a

greenish or brownish buff color, heavily spotted and blotched with shades

of brown and chestnut (1.40 × 1.00).

SPOONBILL SANDPIPER.

245. Eurynorhynchus pygmeus. 7 inches.

A very rare Asiatic species, which is taken in Alaska. It is a very

peculiar bird, having the end of the bill broadened and flattened into a

sort of spoon shape.

[Illustration: ]

SANDERLING.

248. Calidris leucophæa. 8 inches.

These are a handsome and abundant species, found during migrations by

thousands. On the coast it is one of the boldest of the shore birds,

feeding on the edge of the outer beach, often under the combing crest of

the incoming waves, retreating just as the wave breaks and is dashed to

foam on the beach. They are usually very shy, and will not allow a close

approach. Toes are short and stout; no hind toe. Adults in summer,

variegated above with bright reddish brown and black. In winter, plain

grayish above and white below.

Nest.—The three or four greenish buff eggs, spotted and blotched with

brown, are laid in nests that differ but little from others of this

family (1.45 × .90).

Range.—Found in all parts of North America, breeding within the Arctic

Circle, and wintering to southern California.

WESTERN SANDPIPER.

247. Ereunetes mauri. 6½ inches.

Their appearance is very similar to the Least Sandpiper, but they are

slightly larger and the feet are partially webbed. Their nesting habits

are the same, and eggs are very much alike.

[Illustration: ]

MARBLED GODWIT.

249. Limosa fedoa. 19 inches.

These large waders are found in moderately large flocks both in the

interior and on the coast in the fall. They are like large Plovers, with

long, slightly upcurved bills. Back, wings and tail rufous barred with

black; rump white.

Nest.—Their eggs are laid upon the ground, sometimes there is no lining

to the nest, and again a few grasses may be twisted about the depression.

Three or four eggs with a ground color of grayish buff, sometimes quite

dark, are blotched with dark brown (2.25 × 1.60).

GREATER YELLOW-LEGS.

254. Totanus melanoleucus. 14 inches.

Head and neck streaked with gray and white; back dark gray margined with

white; rump white; tail barred black and white; primaries black; bill

long and rather slender; legs long and yellow.

Nest.—The eggs are laid in a depression on the ground with very little

attempt at nest building. Three or four eggs, grayish white, heavily

blotched with shades of brown and lilac (1.65 × 1.25).

Range.—North America, breeding in the British Provinces.

[Illustration: ]

WESTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER.

256a. Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus. 9 inches.

A bird with a greenish gray back, barred with buff, and white below.

These are almost always met with in pairs or singly, and are very rarely

seen even in small flocks. They prefer small ponds or streams in wet

woods or open meadows, rather than marshes, which are frequented by other

species. As their name signifies they are inclined to be alone.

Nest.—Is usually well concealed in a clump of grass, near some small

piece of water, and is only a slight hollow with very little lining of

grasses. Three to five eggs are clay colored, spotted with dark shades of

brown (1.30 × 1.00).

WESTERN WILLET.

258a. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inoratus. 16 inches.

These breed in small colonies in the marshes in central Oregon and

northern California, and are quite abundant in many localities. Upper

parts a brownish gray, specked with black; under parts lighter gray, with

lighter streaks of darker gray. Primaries white at the base and black on

the outer end.

Nest.—Is placed upon the ground secreted in clumps of grass just barely

out of reach of the water. Three or four eggs; buff blotched with umber

(2.00 × 1.50).

[Illustration: ]

WANDERING TATTLER.

259. Heteractitis incanus. 11 inches.

This is a handsome species, uniform gray above and white below, closely

barred (in summer) with blackish, the bars becoming broken on the throat,

forming spots. In winter the under parts and throat are white. During the

breeding season it is found on the coast and islands of Alaska, building

its nest along the marshy shores and banks of streams.

UPLAND PLOVER—BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER.

261. Bartramia longicauda. 12 inches.

This is a bird of the hillsides or prairies, seldom being found near the

water, their food consisting more of insects and worms than is usual with

others of the Plover or Sandpiper families. They are quite shy, and are

one of the birds much hunted for the table. Upper parts almost black,

with feathers all edged with buff, giving them a very mottled appearance.

Black on top of the head; neck light buff, streaked with black; under

parts white.

Nest.—Usually placed in fields of grass, in slight hollows of the ground,

lined with grass. They are frequently made and eggs deposited in good

mowing fields just about the time for cutting the grass, and many nests

are destroyed at this time.

[Illustration: ]

BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.

262. Tryngites subruficollis. 8 inches.

Above, brownish black; each feather edged with buff; under parts buff, as

are also the neck and head; blackish spots on the sides extending up the

back of the neck and top of the head; primaries black.

Nest.—Placed in tufts of grass or in open fields; nest scantily lined

with grass, in which three or four eggs, having a grayish white ground

color, spotted with rich brown and chestnut, are placed.

Range.—Interior of North America, breeding from the Hudson Bay region to

the Arctic coast. During migration, casual on the Pacific coast, and

abundant in the interior, to South America.

SPOTTED SANDPIPER.

263. Actitis macularia. 8 inches.

This is one of the most abundant of all the shore birds, covering the

whole United States. Its note, “peet-weet,” is a familiar sound to every

bird observer. It has a peculiar habit of continually moving its tail up

and down when at rest or when running along the shore, which has given it

the name of “Teeter-tail” or “Tip-up.”

[Illustration: ]

LONG-BILLED CURLEW.

264. Numenius americanus. 23 inches.

These birds, “Sickle-bills” as they are often called, are one of the

largest of our shore birds. They are very conspicuous when in flight, or

walking on the marshes or sandbars, their size appearing gigantic when in

company with a flock of smaller birds, as sometimes happens. They feed

both on the marshes and in shallow water, their food consisting of

insects and small crustaceans, the latter which they pull from their

holes in the sand with their long curved bill. They fly in compact

flocks, evidently led by one leader, for they wheel and circle in perfect

unison.

Nest.—Their nests are placed upon the ground, in meadows or on the

prairies, and three or four eggs are laid of a greenish buff color,

covered with numerous spots of dark brown (2.50 × 1.80).

HUDSONIAN CURLEW.

265. Numenius hudsonicus. 17 inches.

This is more grayish than the above; primaries black; a white stripe

along the top of the head; is fairly common, winters in California. Three

or four eggs, same color as above, only smaller (2.25 × 1.60).

[Illustration: ]

BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER—Family Charadriidæ.

270. Squatarola squatarola. 12 inches.

A remarkably handsome species when in their summer dress. The upper parts

are largely white, with black spots and bars on the back, wings and tail;

the sides of head, throat, breast and fore under parts are black. This

species has a small hind toe. In winter they are brownish-black, somewhat

mottled above; below, dull white. This is a very familiar bird to

sportsmen, and is known better by the name of “Beetle-head” or

“Bull-head.” They are very numerous in the fall.

Nest.—Is made as usual with the Plover, without much lining and placed in

a tuft of grass; three or four eggs, brownish-buff in color and boldly

marked with black (2.00 × 1.40).

GOLDEN PLOVER.

272. Charadrius dominicus. 10 inches.

The black of the under parts extends to the lower tail coverts, and the

upper parts are variegated with black, golden yellow and white. These are

often found in large flocks with the above, especially in the fall,

during migration. The habits are also the same.

Nest.—Abundantly along the coast of the Arctic ocean, on the mainland and

also on the islands. Three to four eggs (1.90 × 1.30).

[Illustration: ]

KILLDEER.

273. Oxyechus vociferus. 11 inches.

Next to the Spotted Sandpiper this is one of the most commonly known of

the shore birds throughout the United States. They are very noisy,

continually uttering their note of “Kil-deer—kil-deer,” from which they

take their name. Rump and base of tail reddish brown; with a black line

across the tail near the end; the two central feathers black to the end,

the others white at the end. Breast crossed by two bands of black; a

white forehead, and white streak back of the eye.

Nest.—Is placed on the open ground, with a few pieces of grass for

lining. The four drab-colored eggs covered with dark brown spots are

usually placed in the nest with the small ends in the center (1.50 ×

1.10).

SEMIPALMATED PLOVER.

274. Ægialitis semipalmata. 7 inches.

The “ringed” plover is smaller than the above but one black band across

the breast; black line from base of bill to eye and up over the top of

the head. Forehead white. Abundant along the shores.

[Illustration: ]

WILSON PLOVER.

280. Ochthodromus wilsonius. 7½ inches.

A very common Plover, which may be distinguished from the preceding by

the much heavier bill; it has no black on top of the head and white on

the forehead extends back behind the eye; the black band across the

breast is heavier and does not extend around the back of the neck.

Nest.—Is usually placed on pebbly “shingle” or back in the marsh grass on

the bare ground; eggs are olive gray, scratched all over with markings of

brown and gray (1.40 × 1.05).

Range.—Abundant on the Gulf Coast and of Lower and southern California.

MOUNTAIN PLOVER.

281. Podasocys montanus. 9 inches.

A peculiar species, inhabiting even the driest portions of the western

prairies and plains even at high altitudes. It is more quiet, and seems

to be less aquatic than any of the Plovers, and is rarely found in the

vicinity of the water.

Nest.—Placed on the bare ground in a simple hollow are four eggs,

brownish gray, spotted and blotched with shades of brown (1.50 × 1.10).

[Illustration: ]

SNOWY PLOVER.

278. Ægialitis nivosa. 6½ inches.

This is the palest of the Plovers, and one of the smallest. A small black

crescent-shaped patch on either side of the breast; a black spot under

and back of the eye, and one also on top of the head. They are about the

color of the dry sands of the beach, and the young when hatched and

running about resemble a small bunch of cotton being blown about on the

beach.

Nest.—A simple hollow in the sand placed just above high water, lined

with pieces of broken shells. The eggs are about the color of the sand

and it is almost impossible to see them a few feet away. Four eggs, clay

colored; very lightly marked with fine dots (1.20 × .90).

Range.—Breeds along the Pacific coast of the United States. Winters from

California to South America.

SURF-BIRD—Family Aphrizinæ.

282. Aphriza virgata. 10 inches.

This species, which is found on the Pacific coast, from Alaska to South

America, seems to be the connecting link between the Plovers and

Turnstones, having the habits of the latter combined with the bill of the

former.

[Illustration: ]

BLACK TURNSTONE.

284. Arenaria melanocephala. 9 inches.

Upper parts a greenish black color; head, neck, breast and throat black;

a white spot in front of eye and on forehead; under parts white.

Nest.—In the far north on the shores of Alaska and more northern islands,

laying their sets of four eggs in hollows with a few grasses for lining;

the eggs are light gray, marked with various shades of brown and lilac

(1.60 × 1.10).

Range.—Pacific coast of North America, wintering to Lower California.

RUDDY TURNSTONE.

283a. Arenaria interpres morinella. 10 inches.

This species has the upper parts variegated with reddish brown, black and

white; the under parts are pure white with a wide black band across the

breast, as in illustration. It has a peculiar, slightly upturned bill,

which is used, as the name implies, for turning over pebbles and stones

in their search for food. From the coloring the bird is known as

“Calico-bird,” “Checkered Snipe,” etc.

Nest.—About Hudson Bay and Alaska; eggs laid in a hollow in the ground

near water. Four eggs (1.65 × 1.10).

[Illustration: ]

BLACK OYSTER-CATCHER—Family Hæmatopodidæ.

287. Hæmatopus bachmani. 17 inches.

The plumage on this bird is entirely black, with a bluish wash on the

upper parts, and brownish black below. They are found upon the rocky

coasts and islands more frequently than on the sandy beaches. Their eggs

are laid upon the rocks or small pebbles with no attempt at nest

building; three or four eggs are laid of an olive buff color spotted and

blotched with shades of black and brown (2.20 × 1.55). Found on the

Pacific coast of North America, from Lower California to Alaska.

FRAZAR OYSTER-CATCHER.

286.1. Hæmatopus frazari. 18 inches.

This is very similar to the American Oyster-catcher; possibly having the

colors a little darker on the back. Bill very long, heavy, compressed,

and thin and chisel-like at the tip. Bill and eyes red; legs flesh color;

under parts white, and a white wing bar. These are large, awkward looking

birds, and are not uncommon in their somewhat restricted range in Lower

California.

[Illustration: ]

Order GALLINÆ.

BOB-WHITE—Family Odontophoridæ.

289. Colinus virginianus. 10 inches.

This is one of the most celebrated of the “Game Birds,” or best known.

Throughout New England it has been so persistently hunted that it is

getting to be a rare bird; it gets to be more common as we go south as

far as Florida, and through the middle west. It has been introduced in

many places on the Pacific coast, and now is fairly abundant in parts of

California, Oregon and Washington. They feed largely upon insects and

grain, and about the grain fields is where they are mostly found.

Nest.—These are built along the roadsides or beside stone walls or any

dry locality affording good shelter. It is concealed in the tall grass or

weeds, and arched over with grass. They lay from ten to twenty pure white

eggs. Often two broods are reared in a season (1.20 × .95).

MASKED BOB-WHITE.

291. Colinus ridgwayi. 10 inches.

This handsome species is marked similar to the “Bob-white” on the upper

parts, but has a black throat, and the rest of the under parts are of a

reddish brown.

[Illustration: ]

MOUNTAIN QUAIL.

292. Oreortyx picta. 11 inches.

This is a beautiful bird, with its long black crest and rich coloring.

Upper parts an olive brown; the top of the head a rich gray. Throat and

sides a beautiful shade of chestnut, with wide bands of black and white

on the sides; breast a clear gray. Female very similar to the male, but

not as brightly marked and with a shorter crest.

Nest.—These birds nest abundantly in the mountainous region of northern

California, and in Oregon, and gradually increasing more northerly. The

nest is placed on the ground under bush or grass for protection. Eight to

fifteen eggs of a pale reddish buff color are laid (1.35 × 1.05).

SCALED QUAIL.

293. Callipepla squamata. 10 inches.

This is a bluish gray colored bird nearly all over. The feathers on the

neck and under parts have narrow dark borders, which give the appearance

of scales, from which the bird is given its name. They have a small tuft

of whitish or buffy feathers on the top of the head.

It is especially abundant in the dry arid portions of its range, being

found often many miles from water.

[Illustration: ]

CALIFORNIA QUAIL.

294. Lophortyx californica. 10 inches.

With its crest of black feathers rising from the crown and curving

forward so that the broadened ends hang directly over the bill, this is

one of the most beautiful of the family. Upper parts a grayish brown,

with buff stripes along the sides of the back; throat black, bordered

with white; under parts white, with feathers edged with black, making a

shell marking, and having a chestnut patch in the center; breast gray.

Nest.—Usually concealed in a brush pile or in the grass; ten to twenty

eggs; of a creamy white or buffy ground color, handsomely blotched with

brown of varying shades (1.20 × .93).

GAMBEL QUAIL.

295. Lophortyx gambeli. 10 inches.

Head with an elegant recurved crest of six or seven feathers; normally

these are carried as one feather, so closely do they nest together, but

when excited or during the mating season, they may separate the feathers,

or sometimes curve them forward so as to touch the bill. Hindhead and

sides chestnut, the sides with white or buff streaks; the middle of belly

black.

[Illustration: ]

MEARNS QUAIL OR MASSENA PARTRIDGE.

296. Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi. 9 inches.

These strange birds are very local in their distribution in the

southwest, rare in some localities and quite abundant in others. They are

so confiding in their disposition, that this, in connection with their

clownish plumage, has given them the name of “Fool Quail.” The bill is

very stout and compressed; crest large, puffy and flat. They frequent dry

deserts, valleys or mountains to quite a high altitude. Their eggs, which

are pure white, are not distinguishable with certainty from the

Bob-white, possibly average a little longer (1.25 × .90).

DUSKY GROUSE—Family Tetraonidæ.

297. Dendragapus obscurus. 20 inches.

Plumage gray, white and black; darkest on the back and tail, which is

margined with a light gray. Female smaller, browner and more barred

above. Like the Ruffed Grouse, during the mating season, the males of

this species strut with tail fully spread over the back, and head thrown

back until it nearly touches the tail.

Nest.—They build their nests under fallen trees or at the base of

standing ones. They lay from six to ten eggs of a buff color, spotted and

blotched with shades of brown (2.00 × 1.40).

[Illustration: ]

FRANKLIN GROUSE.

299. Canachites franklini. 16 inches.

Upper parts dark gray, marked with black bands, and narrower bands of

lighter gray; tail feathers black to the tip, with the upper tail coverts

strongly barred with white; tail having sixteen feathers. Like the

preceding these birds are at home in the dense evergreen forests. It is

very similar to the eastern bird, the Canada Grouse, and has the same

local name given it from its unsuspicious nature, of “Fool-hen.”

Nest.—Is placed on the ground under logs or low branching fir trees, and

from eight to fifteen eggs are laid. These are brownish buff in color,

spotted and blotched with rich brown (1.75 × 1.30).

CANADIAN RUFFED GROUSE.

300a. Bonasa umbellus togata. 17 inches.

A darker form of the eastern variety, the under parts being more heavily

marked with brown. Found in the northern United States and southern

British Provinces, from Maine and Nova Scotia west to Oregon and British

Columbia. Eight to fourteen eggs of a brownish buff color (1.55 × 1.15).

[Illustration: ]

WILLOW PTARMIGAN.

301. Lagopus lagopus. 15 inches.

These are Grouse-like birds, feathered to the toe-nails; they have many

changes of plumage, in winter being nearly pure white and in summer

largely reddish brown, mottled and barred with black. This bird has a

black tail and bill, the latter very stout. In the breeding plumage they

have a bright red bare spot over the eye.

Nest.—They nest on the ground in hollows of the rocks filled with moss,

lining the nest with leaves and grass, and sometimes a few feathers. They

lay from six to sixteen eggs, which have a ground color of buff, heavily

speckled, blotched and marbled with blackish brown (1.75 × 1.25).

ROCK PTARMIGAN.

302. Lagopus rupestris. 14 inches.

This is somewhat smaller than the above, with a smaller bill, and in

summer the plumage is more gray than brown. Its nesting habits are the

same as the others; eggs slightly smaller (1.70 × 1.20).

[Illustration: ]

PRAIRIE HEN.

305. Tympanuchus americanus. 18 inches.

This is the most familiar game bird of the West; brownish above and white

or buff below, with broad black bands on the back and finer black lines

on the under parts. In place of the ruffs on a grouse are long tufts of

rounded or square ended feathers, and below these a peculiar sac; bright

orange in the breeding season, and capable of being inflated to the size

of a small orange; this is done when the bird makes its familiar

“booming” noise. They are one of the best “table birds,” being of good

size and excellent flavor.

Nest.—In hollows on the ground in the cover of tufts of grass; they lay

from eight to fifteen eggs, having a buffy ground color, finely sprinkled

with brown spots (1.70 × 1.25).

WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN.

304. Lagopus leucurus. 13 inches.

Found in the higher ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado north to

Alaska. This species differs from any of the preceding in having at all

seasons of the year a white tail; it is also somewhat smaller than the

Rock Ptarmigan. From six to twelve creamy white eggs; speckled and

blotched with chestnut brown (1.70 × 1.15).

[Illustration: ]

COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE.

308a. Pediœcetes phasianellus columbianus. 18 inches.

These have no pinnates or ruffs on the neck, but the head is a little

more crested than that of the Prairie Hen. The tail has the central

feathers nearly two inches longer than the others, which are also

graduated so that the outside ones are much the shortest, and are lighter

in color than the central ones. It is not barred like the former, but the

black markings on the back and under parts are more in the form of

crescents. It is also much lighter in general color.

Nest.—They are usually concealed in thickets or tufts of grass and

contain from six to fourteen eggs of a drab color, finely dotted all over

with dark brown (1.70 × 1.25).

Range.—Northwestern United States and British Columbia to central Alaska.

RING-NECKED PHEASANT.

*** Phasianus torquatus. 32 inches.

The male of this beautiful Pheasant varies greatly in length according to

the development of the tail, it sometimes being 36 inches long. These

birds have been introduced in Oregon and Washington, as well as in many

places in the East, and are becoming very abundant.

[Illustration: ]

SAGE GROUSE.

309. Centrocercus urophasianus. 29 inches.

The female of this large and interesting Grouse differs from the male

only in its smaller size and paler plumage. They are found in abundance

on the dry sagebrush covered plains about the Rocky Mountains and to the

westward. In fall and winter their food consists almost entirely of the

leaves of the sagebrush, their flesh being unfit to eat at this season.

In the mating season they indulge in the usual antics of the grouse

family. They have the same peculiar sacs on the sides of the neck which

they inflate so that the whole neck is a small orange colored balloon, at

the same time spreading their long pointed tail feathers to their fullest

extent, and strutting about after the manner of the turkey.

Nest.—Are shallow hollows in the ground, under, generally, a sagebush or

some protection to cover the nest; six to twelve eggs of a greenish drab

color, spotted with brown (2.15 × 1.50).

MERRIAM TURKEY.

310. Meleagris gallopavo merriami. 48 inches.

Female much duller and smaller than the male. The plumage is a coppery

bronze color and their upper tail coverts are a dusty color with no white

edges. 8 to 16 eggs; buff spotted with brownish (2.55 × 1.90).

[Illustration: ]

BAND-TAILED PIGEON—Family Columbidæ.

312. Columba fasciata. 16 inches.

This large species may be recognized by the white crescent on the back of

the neck, by the broad gray band; bordered with black at the end of tail.

Back, near the neck, brownish shading into a gray nearer the tail. Head

and neck of iridescent colors, very changeable in different positions.

They are very abundant on the mountain ranges, sometimes in immense

flocks. They feed on grain, wild berries and acorns, and are found mostly

in the oak and pine woods.

Nest.—Is a rude platform of sticks, just enough to barely keep in place

the single white egg (rarely two) which they lay (1.55 × 1.10).

Range.—The Rocky Mountains and westward to the Pacific, from British

Columbia to Mexico.

MOURNING DOVE.

316. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis. 12 inches.

Now that the Passenger Pigeon has become extinct, this is the only one to

be found nearly all over the United States, and is common in the

southern, central and western parts. Nests are placed at low elevations

in the trees. Two white eggs (1.15 × .80).

[Illustration: ]

MEXICAN GROUND DOVE.

320a. Chæmepelia passerina pallescens. 7 inches.

Size very small; tail short and nearly square; back of head and under

parts with breast a pinkish gray, with feathers tipped with black, giving

a scaly appearance; back brownish gray, faintly barred; several black

spots on wing coverts.

Nest.—Is made of weeds and twigs, placing the flat, frail structure

either in bushes or on the ground, in which are placed the two white eggs

(.85 × .65).

Range.—Border of the United States, from Texas and southern California

southward.

INCA DOVE.

321. Scardafella inca. 8 inches.

Tail is longer than preceding and more rounded, and the outer feathers

are tipped with white. Head, neck and whole body of a pinkish gray;

scaled as is the former. These are very tame, and are to be met with in

the roads, barnyards, and seem to be almost domesticated in their habits,

even feeding with the poultry about the farmhouse.

Nest.—These are rather more compactly made, of twigs, rootlets and weeds,

and placed near the ground in low bushes; only two white eggs are laid

(.85 × .65). Not as common as the previous.

[Illustration: ]

CALIFORNIA VULTURE—Family Cathartidæ.

324. Gymnogyps californianus. 50 inches.

The largest of the Vultures, with an extent of about ten feet, and

weighing twenty pounds or more. Its plumage is blackish, with lengthened

lanceolate feathers about the neck. Head and neck without feathers and of

an orange color. Wing coverts grayish, tipped with white in adult birds.

The birds are very rare in their restricted range, and becoming more so

each year, owing to their being shot and the nests robbed. While the eggs

are but rarely found, and obtained at great risk, they are not as

unobtainable as many suppose.

Nest.—They lay but a single egg, placing it generally in caves or

recesses of the rocks in the face of cliffs, hundreds of feet from the

ground; ashy gray in color (4.45 × 2.55).

TURKEY VULTURE.

325. Cathartes aura septentrionalis. 30 inches.

The plumage of this bird is darkish brown, the naked head being red. It

is very common in the southern and central portion of its range, where it

may be seen about the streets and dooryards picking up any refuse that

may be edible. It is a graceful bird upon the wing, and can readily be

identified at a distance by the upturned ends of the wings.

[Illustration: ]

WHITE-TAILED KITE.

328. Elanus leucurus. 16 inches.

This species may be recognized by its light bluish gray mantle, black

shoulders and white tail. It is a very active and graceful bird, feeding

upon insects and reptiles, and small birds and mammals.

Nest.—Is usually made of sticks, weeds and leaves, placed well up in oaks

or in willows beside the rivers. The eggs are creamy white, profusely

blotched and spotted with reddish brown (1.65 × 1.25).

SWALLOW-TAIL KITE.

327. Elanoides forficatus. 24 inches.

This most beautiful Kite can never be mistaken for any other; its whole

head, neck and under parts are snowy white, while the back, wings and

tail are a glossy blue black, the tail being long and deeply forked; feet

short, but stout; bill black, with cere and feet bluish gray.

Nest.—As a rule is placed in the tallest trees, live oaks or pines, and

is made of twigs which it picks from the ground while in flight, lining

the nest with rootlets and moss; two, or rarely three eggs, bluish white,

spotted with brown (1.80 × 1.50).

[Illustration: ]

WESTERN GOSHAWK.

334a. Astur atricapillus striatulus. 22 inches.

This is one of the largest, strongest, and most audacious of the American

hawks, frequently carrying off grouse and poultry, the latter often in

the presence of the owner. It is a handsome bird, in the adult stage, and

as graceful in flight as in appearance. Adults, above, bluish gray,

darkest on the crown; a white line over the eye; below, white streaked

with blackish brown; tail with four black bands, and very long.

Nest.—Is usually placed in the tallest trees in deep forests, and is made

of sticks, lined with twigs, leaves and grass; three or four eggs, bluish

white, usually unmarked (2.30 × 1.70).

MARSH HAWK.

331. Circus hudsonius. 19 inches.

The adults of this species are very light colored; bluish gray above and

white beneath. Young birds of the first two years are brown, much lighter

on the under parts. In both the old and young they have a large white

patch at the base of the tail. Nest is made in and on swampy ground; four

to seven eggs; white (1.80 × 1.40).

[Illustration: ]

SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.

332. Accipiter velox. 12 inches.

This little hawk is one of the most active of the family, and from this

fact it gets its name (Velox), meaning swift. It is often seen in woods,

orchards or even in large cities, in which latter place it does good

service in catching English sparrows. They also eat a great many mice and

meadow moles. It is one of the most daring as well as beautiful of the

small hawks.

Nest.—It is a rude and very frail platform of twigs and leaves placed in

the crotch of a tree, usually at about fifteen feet from the ground,

sometimes higher. Three white eggs, blotched with brown.

COOPER HAWK.

333. Accipiter cooperi. 16 inches.

The markings of this bird are the same as the preceding and its larger

size is the only difference. Also like the last this is a very

destructive species to the small birds and chickens. Their nests are

placed in taller trees at higher elevation from the ground than the

former, and built in the same manner. Three bluish white eggs unmarked or

faintly specked with brown (1.90 × 1.45).

[Illustration: ]

HARRIS HAWK.

335. Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi. 20 inches.

This is a peculiar dark colored species; black under parts; lighter on

the back; shoulders, thigh and under-wing coverts reddish brown; tail

coverts, base and end of tail white. Bare space in front of eye, except

for stiff hair like bristles, yellow, as is also the cere.

Nest.—Are made of twigs and weeds and placed usually in low trees. The

three or four eggs are a dull white in color, faintly specked with a few

spots of brownish (2.10 × 1.65).

Range.—Southern California, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico.

WESTERN RED-TAIL.

337b. Buteo borealis calurus. 21 inches.

This bird varies greatly in its coloration; from the same as the eastern

form to a sooty color above and below, with the dark red tail crossed by

several bands, where the eastern bird has only one broad band.

Nest.—Placed for choice in evergreen trees at heights from the ground

varying from 30 to 50 feet. Two to four eggs, white, usually spotted and

blotched with different shades of brown (2.35 × 1.80).

[Illustration: ]

RED-BELLIED HAWK.

339b. Buteo lineatus elegans. 19 inches.

These birds are darker in color than the Red-shouldered Hawk of the East,

and in their habits very much resemble the Red-tail; for food they prefer

the large variety of small rodents and rarely disturb poultry or birds.

The under parts are a bright reddish brown, without bars. They may be

found covering the same territory as the Red-tail on the Pacific Coast

west of the Rockies from British Columbia south to Lower California.

Nest.—Is made of twigs lined with rootlets and leaves and feathers. They

lay from two to four eggs of a white color spotted and blotched all over

with a light shade of brown and lilac (2.15 × 1.75).

ZONE-TAILED HAWK.

340. Buteo abbreviatus. 19 inches.

This whole bird is black, with the exception of the tail, which has three

wide bands of white and the ends of the tail feathers tipped with white.

Like others of the Buteo family they feed almost entirely on the small

rodents, which they find in abundance in the marsh and prairie, or in the

low brush. Eggs, two to four, white, faintly spotted with light chestnut

(2.15 × 1.75).

[Illustration: ]

SWAINSON HAWK.

342. Buteo swainsoni. 20 inches.

Their plumage is extremely variable, having all of the intergradations

from a sooty blackish to the typical bluish gray above, and white below,

with breast a rich chestnut color. Their habits are nearly as variable as

their plumage. In some localities they nest wholly in trees; in others

upon the ground or on rocky ledges. They seem to prefer, though, the low

open lands covered with sage bush, where their food consists almost

wholly of the small rodents; squirrels; mice and grasshoppers, the latter

being eaten in large numbers.

Nest.—Is made similar to others of the family, laying two to four white

eggs, splashed and spotted with various shades of brown, usually more

about the larger end (2.20 × 1.70).

Range.—Western North America, from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean,

and Hudson Bay to southern California.

MEXICAN GOSHAWK.

346. Asturina plagiata. 17 inches.

Found in the southern borders of the United States and Mexico. These are

graceful and active birds, feeding largely on small rodents.

[Illustration: ]

ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.

347a. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. 21 inches.

These are large, heavily built birds of prey, specially characterized by

the completely feathered legs to the feet; in the normal plumage has a

whitish head, neck, breast and tail, the former being streaked and the

latter barred with blackish; remainder of upper and under parts, blackish

brown. Eyes brown. In the dark phase they are blackish brown, more or

less mixed with rusty, the tail remaining the same as in the light

plumage.

Nest.—Is made of sticks and smaller twigs, lined with leaves and moss,

placed in trees or more often on ledges. They lay three or four bluish

white eggs, boldly blotched with different shades of brown, oftener about

the larger end (2.25 × 1.75).

FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.

348. Archibuteo ferrugineus. 23 inches.

These are very much more of a reddish brown color than the last, on the

back; head and breast is whiter, with fewer markings. Legs the same,

feathered to the feet. It is much more abundant than the last and is a

western bird wholly, breeding on the ledges, where its eggs are laid.

[Illustration: ]

GOLDEN EAGLE.

349. Aquila chrysætos. 35 inches.

These may be distinguished from the Bald Eagle in all plumages by the

completely feathered tarsus. Plumage blackish brown, adults having the

lanceolate feathers on the neck of a golden brown color, and the tail

more or less mixed with white.

Nest.—These are made up of large sticks, lined with smaller ones and

moss, leaves and weeds, building quite a bulky affair. Their two or three

eggs are very handsome, being white, speckled and spotted with shades of

brown, and clouded with gray and lilac. They vary greatly in their

markings (2.90 × 2.50).

Range.—West of the Mississippi, being most abundant in the Rockies and

along the Pacific coast ranges.

BALD EAGLE.

352. Haliætus leucocephalus. 34 inches.

In the adult birds, the white head and tail will always identify them,

but in the first and second year they are a brownish black, the second

year showing traces of the white on head and tail. They are found

throughout the United States. Their food consists largely of fish.

[Illustration: ]

GRAY GYRFALCON.

354. Falco rusticolus. 23 inches.

These are birds of the Arctic regions and are rarely taken in the United

States even in winter.

Nest.—They build upon the ledges of high cliffs, laying three or four

eggs of a buffy color, marked with fine spots and blotches of shades of

brown.

PRAIRIE FALCON.

355. Falco mexicanus. 18 inches.

This is quite an abundant species in some localities, and like the Duck

Hawk in many ways is one of the most graceful, fearless and swiftest of

the Falcons. A blackish patch on the sides of the throat; upper parts

brownish with darker markings; under parts white, streaked with brown,

much heavier on the flanks. Throat, clear white.

Nest.—Is generally placed on rocky ledges and cliffs, and sometimes in

trees. Their nests are made of sticks lined with weeds and grass; three

or four eggs of a reddish buff color, thickly blotched and sprinkled all

over with reddish brown (2.05 × 1.60).

Range.—West of the Mississippi and from Dakota and Washington south to

Mexico. Their food is mostly rodents secured on the prairies.

[Illustration: ]

DUCK HAWK.

356a. Falco peregrinus anatum. 17 inches.

A most beautiful species, with a black patch, or moustache, on side of

the throat from the bill; head and upper parts bluish gray with darker

markings; under parts white, tinged with huffy on the lower part, and

lightly barred with black, with the throat pure white. Their food

consists mostly of ducks, which they always take while on the wing. It

breeds abundantly on the Pacific coast and in some parts of Dakota on the

rocky ledges.

Nest.—They are not home builders as a general thing, but lay their three

or four eggs on the gravel or bare rocks of ledges or cliffs. The eggs

are a reddish buff color, completely blotched and dotted with reddish

brown. These are the darkest, brightest and the most beautiful of the

Falcon eggs (2.05 × 1.55).

PIGEON HAWK.

357. Falco columbarius. 12 inches.

A small Falcon, similar to the Sharp-shinned Hawk, but a much darker and

stouter built bird. It is a daring little fellow, and will attack birds

much larger than itself. It feeds on small birds and mice.

[Illustration: ]

APLOMADO FALCON.

359. Falco fusco-cœrulescens. 14 inches.

Found in some of the more southerly states, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico

and Central America. In habits it is very much the same as the following,

getting its supply of food, consisting of small birds and insects, on the

plains covered with the cactus and yucca, in which they build their nest

of twigs, lining it with roots and grass, in which they lay three or four

eggs, creamy white, strongly marked with shades of brown (1.75 × 1.30).

DESERT SPARROW HAWK.

360a. Falco sparverius phalæna. 11 inches.

This is next to the smallest of the Falcons, the Eastern form being a

trifle smaller. They cannot be mistaken for any other species, because of

their bright color and markings as illustrated. Their flight will almost

of a certainty identify them at a long distance, a few rapid wing beats,

then a short sail, alternately. Their food consists of grasshoppers, mice

and an occasional small bird.

Nest.—Is built in the cavity of some tree, either in the woods or open

field. The eggs are placed on the decayed wood without any lining.

[Illustration: ]

AUDUBON CARACARA.

362. Polyborus cheriway. 22 inches.

A strongly marked bird; black wings, back and under parts with neck pure

white, excepting on the lower part, with many short bar-like markings.

Upper part of head black, with feathers elongated, making a slight crest.

Nest.—Is a bulky affair, shabbily built of sticks, weeds and grass, piled

into a promiscuous heap, generally located in bushes or low trees. Two or

three eggs; brownish buff, with spots and patches of shades of brown

nearly covering the under color. They vary very much in the coloration

and markings from light to dark.

Range.—Southern borders of the United States.

AMERICAN OSPREY; FISH HAWK.

364. Pandion haliætus carolinensis. 23 inches.

Probably no fisherman in the United States is so well known as is this

bird. It is one of the pleasantest sights along the coast to watch a

number of these great birds as they soar at an elevation above the water,

watching for a fish to come near the surface, when, with folded wings,

the bird speeds downward and plunges into the water, rarely missing his

prey. Three or four creamy white eggs, with spots of brown of different

shades (2.40 × 1.80).

[Illustration: ]

BARN OWL—Family Aluconidæ.

365. Aluco pratincola. 18 inches.

This is one of the lightest colored of the owls; it has a long peculiarly

hooded face, from which it gets the name of “Monkey-faced Owl.” Its

plumage is yellowish buff, with black spots over the breast and under

parts.

Nest.—In most any situation out of sight, such as hollows in old trees,

or in ledges, in barns or bell towers. It lays from four to six white

eggs (1.70 × 1.30).

Range.—North America, but most common in the Gulf States and on the

western coast.

LONG-EARED OWL—Family Strigidæ.

366. Asio wilsonianus. 15 inches.

This species has unusually long ear tufts, from which it is given its

name; the face is brown, the under parts white and buff, with streaks and

bars of brownish black; back is brown, with almost black markings; wings

and tail brown; barred with black.

Nest.—Usually in trees, frequently using a crow’s nest instead of

building for themselves. They are in great disfavor with the crows. They

lay from four to seven pure white eggs (1.55 × 1.35).

[Illustration: ]

SHORT-EARED OWL.

367. Asio flammeus. 16 inches.

About the same size as the preceding, but readily identified from it by

the short ear tufts and rounded head, and also lighter color. It is

streaked on under parts and not barred. Tail is barred. Their flight is

perfectly silent, which aids them in securing their prey of field mice

and moles, which they usually get without stopping in their flight, just

swooping down, and extending their long legs, armed with wicked little

sharp claws, and it is all over with the little rodent, he being carried

to a nearby stump and devoured, fur, bones and all.

Nest.—Is usually built upon the ground in marshy places, sometimes of

grass and weeds, under some bush or near or under some log or stump. Four

to seven pure white eggs (1.55 × 1.25).

SPOTTED OWL.

369. Strix occidentalis. 20 inches.

This is very similar to the Barred Owl of the Eastern and Southern

States, but spotted, instead of barred, on the back of the head and neck,

and much more extensively barred on the under parts.

[Illustration: ]

GREAT GRAY OWL.

370. Scotiaptex nebulosa. 27 inches.

This owl in appearance is the largest of the family, but it is mostly in

feathers, which are long and very fluffy. They do not weigh nearly as

much as either the Horned or Snowy Owls. The plumage is dark gray above,

mottled with white, and below is white with heavy streaks of brown. The

facial disc is very large, and the eyes are small and yellow, while in

the Barred Owl of similar appearance the face is much smaller, the eyes

are larger and are bluish black in color.

Nest.—Is made of sticks and twigs, lined with leaves and moss. Two to

four eggs; pure white (2.15 × 1.70).

Range.—In winter they are found quite abundantly in Minnesota and North

Dakota, and occasionally in northern California and Oregon.

RICHARDSON OWL.

371. Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni. 10 inches.

This bird is dark grayish and white, without ear tufts. Back and wings

brownish, spotted with white; facial disc very light, with faint gray

lines, and under parts light gray with brown streaks.

[Illustration: ]

SAW-WHET OWL.

372. Cryptoglaux acadica. 8 inches.

This species is similar to the preceding, but is smaller and more of a

brownish color all over. It has no ear tufts. They are very quiet little

birds, nocturnal in their habits, and cannot see well in the strong

light, a fact that has allowed them to be captured by hand from their

roosting places in the trees.

Nest.—They will usually select the hole of a woodpecker, in which to lay

their four white eggs. Their eggs are laid and the young are hatched and

out of the nests before the breeding time for woodpeckers, so that the

same home may be occupied later by another family (1.20 × 1.00).

Range.—North America, breeding in the northern part of the United States

and British Columbia, and wintering to southern California.

SCREECH OWL.

373. Otus asio asio. 10 inches.

These may be found in two color phases, the red or gray with black and

white markings. It is frequently called the “Little Horned Owl,” because

of its ear tufts. They are easily tamed and become great pets, and about

a barn are as good as a cat for catching mice.

[Illustration: ]

FLAMULATED SCREECH OWL.

374. Otus flammeolus. 9 inches.

This is a trifle smaller than the two preceding, has shorter ear tufts,

and the plumage is much streaked and edged with rusty. The toes are

unfeathered to the base. The number of eggs and nesting habits are

practically the same as the preceding, as are also the five or six

sub-species between this and the last, all of which occur in the

southwestern part of the United States.

WESTERN HORNED OWL.

375a. Bubo virginianus pallescens. 22 inches.

These large birds are the most fierce and destructive of the family. They

are powerfully built, and their size and strength allow them to attack

and secure some of the larger animals, such as skunks, woodchucks,

rabbits, grouse and poultry. They seem to be especially fond of skunks,

and more than half of them that are killed will have unmistakable

evidence of their recent and close association with this animal.

Nest.—Is usually in some large deserted nest, or in hollow cavities of

large trees. Three or four white eggs, almost round (2.20 × 1.85).

[Illustration: ]

SNOWY OWL.

376. Nyctea nyctea. 25 inches.

Like the Horned Owls they are strong, fearless and rapacious birds,

feeding upon hares, squirrels and smaller mammals, as well as Grouse,

Ptarmigan and many of the smaller birds. They are locally abundant in the

far north, preferring low marshy land to the more heavily timbered

districts.

Nest.—Placed on the ground, on mossy hummocks on the dry portions of

marshes, made of moss with a few feathers. Three to eight eggs, pure

white, and the shell very smooth (2.25 × 1.75).

Range.—Arctic Regions of North America, and in winter casually as far

south as California.

HAWK OWL.

377a. Surnia ulula caparoch. 15 inches.

This owl, mottled and barred, gray and black, might readily be taken for

a Hawk, because of his hawk-like appearance, and long rounded tail. They

are very active birds especially in the day time, and they do most of

their hunting in daylight rather than at night. Their food consists of

small rodents and many small birds.

Nest.—In hollow trees or upon the ground. Four to eight white eggs (1.50

× 1.20).

[Illustration: ]

BURROWING OWL.

378. Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa. 10 inches.

These birds are wholly different in plumage, form and habits from any

other American Owls. Easily identified by their long, slender and

scantily feathered legs. They are brownish above, spotted with white, and

under parts are white spotted with brown. Tail dark brown, with five

white bars across it. They are an abundant and useful species west of the

Mississippi. They live in the same regions as the Prairie Dogs are found,

and use the deserted burrows of these animals, or take them by force, for

they are more than a match for these curious animals.

Nest.—Generally in quite large communities in burrows in the ground,

usually lining them with grass and feathers. They may often be seen

sitting at the opening of their burrows during the day time. Six to ten

white eggs are laid (1.25 × 1.00).

PYGMY OWL.

379. Glaucidium gnoma. 7 inches.

These interesting little Owls, which are found in the Rocky Mountains,

westward from British Columbia to Mexico, feed in the day time upon

insects, mice and occasionally small birds. They are to be seen in the

wooded districts. Nest in holes of trees. Four eggs (1.00 × .90).

[Illustration: ]

FERRUGINOUS PYGMY OWL.

380. Glaucidium phalænoides. 7 inches.

This is very similar to the last, but in color is much more rufous on the

upper parts, and the tail is of a bright chestnut color crossed by

several bands of black. They live largely on the small rodents and birds

which they secure during the daytime. They nest in hollow cavities of

trees, from ten to forty feet from the ground, laying four glossy white

eggs (1.10 × .90).

ELF OWL.

381. Micropallas whitneyi. 6 inches.

This odd little bird is the smallest of the family found in America. In

plumage it may be described as being very like a small Screech Owl,

without the ear tufts, only with the pattern of the markings much finer.

They are quite abundant in central Mexico and in southern Arizona, where

they build their nests in deserted Woodpecker holes, or perhaps more

frequently in the giant cactus. It differs from the preceding in being a

bird of the night, rarely flying in daylight. They feed almost

exclusively upon insects, and rarely a mole or field mouse. They lay from

three to five white eggs, having a slight gloss (1.02 × .90).

[Illustration: ]

THICK-BILLED PARROT—Family Psittacidæ.

382.1. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha. 16 inches.

A Mexican bird, casually found north to the Mexican borders of the United

States. It has a heavy, thick bill; black; and the plumage is entirely

green, except for the deep red forehead and wings at the shoulder;

under-coverts of wings yellowish. Their eggs are white and laid in

natural cavities of trees in the deep forests.

Order—COCCYGES.

ROADRUNNER.

385. Geococcyx californicus. 22 inches.

This curious species is known as the “Chaparral Cock,” “Ground Cuckoo,”

“Snake Killer,” etc. Its upper parts are a glossy greenish brown, each

feather being edged or fringed with white. The tail is very long, broad

and graduated, the central feathers being much the longest; the feathers

being tipped with white. They are noted for their swiftness of foot,

getting over the ground at an astonishing rate, aided by their

outstretched wings and spread tail, which act as aeroplanes. Their legs

are long, and they have two toes in front and two back. Their food

consists of caterpillars, lizards and small snakes.

[Illustration: ]

CALIFORNIA CUCKOO.

387a. Coccyzus americanus occidentalis. 13 inches.

This bird is the same as the eastern variety, except being a little

larger and the bill more stout. It may be distinguished by its blackish,

long tail, tipped with white, and its yellow under-bill. Reddish brown

patch on the wings.

Nest.—Is made of twigs loosely put together, and lined with grass, or

shreds of grape vine bark. The nests are generally very shabbily built

and so nearly flat on top that the eggs will frequently roll out. They

are located near the ground in low bushes or trees; three or four eggs

are deposited at intervals of several days, and frequently young birds

and eggs are found in the nest at the same time. Like the Flicker this

bird will continue laying if one egg is removed at a time, and as many as

twelve have been taken from the same nest by this means. Eggs are a pale

greenish blue (1.20 × .90).

COPPERY-TAILED TROGAN—Family Trogonidæ.

389. Trogon ambiguus. 12 inches.

This is the only member of this family of beautiful birds that reaches

our borders. They nest in cavities of trees, usually in Woodpecker holes.

Three or four white eggs (1.10 × .85).

[Illustration: ]

BELTED KINGFISHER—Family Alcedinidæ.

390. Ceryle alcyon. 13 inches.

The rattling note of this well known bird is familiar in almost all

localities in the neighborhood of ponds or rivers where small fish are

common, throughout North America. Their food consists almost entirely of

small fish, which they catch by plunging upon from high in the air, where

they will hover over the water similar to the Osprey, or they will spend

their time sitting upon an overhanging limb, and, when a fish is seen,

drop from that upon the fish, usually taking it back to the limb to be

eaten.

Nest.—Is located at the end of burrows, which they dig out of the sand

banks or the banks of creeks and rivers, sometimes extending back from

six to eight feet, usually with a little rise in the tunnel for the

purpose of keeping it dry. They lay from five to eight glossy white eggs

(1.35 × 1.05).

RINGED KINGFISHER.

390.1. Ceryle torquata. 8½ inches.

This is somewhat larger than the above, and found only on the most

southern borders of the United States. Eggs white (1.45 × 1.10).

[Illustration: ]

Order PICI—WOODPECKERS.

HARRIS WOODPECKER—Family Picidæ.

393c. Dryobates villosus harrisi. 10 inches.

This species is similar in every way to its eastern relatives and for

coloring is as illustrated. The nesting habits of this and the

sub-species are the same, and the eggs cannot be identified as being

different. Four pure white eggs are placed at the bottom of some cavity,

in tall trees usually (.95 × .70).

CABANIS WOODPECKER.

393d. Dryobates villosus hyloscopus. 10 inches.

Some lighter on the under parts than preceding (not illustrated).

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HAIRY WOODPECKER.

393e. Dryobates villosus monticola. 10½ inches.

A trifle larger, and white below (not illustrated).

GAIRDNER WOODPECKER.

394a. Dryobates pubescens gairdneri. 7 inches.

A smaller bird than any of the preceding, similar in coloring, as

illustrated. It is a more sociable bird and is found about the dwellings

in country places, and even in the larger cities about the parks.

[Illustration: ]

TEXAS WOODPECKER.

396. Dryobates scalaris bairdi. 7½ inches.

This species is brownish white below, has the back barred with black and

white, on account of which it is often known as the “Ladder-back

Woodpecker.” The male has the whole crown red, shading into mixed black

and whitish on the forehead. Its habits and eggs are the same as the

previous species.

NUTTALL WOODPECKER.

397. Dryobates nuttalli. 7 inches.

Where the two former have red crowns, this one has a crown of black and a

small red patch on the back of nape. Outer tail feathers nearly all

white, while in the former they are barred with black and white. They are

pugnacious little birds and will drive many of the larger Woodpeckers

from their locality.

Nest.—In holes of trees, either in dead stumps or growing trees at no

great elevation from the ground. Four pure white eggs are laid at the

bottom of the cavity, on the decayed wood (.85 × .65). Their food is

gathered from under the bark, consisting of larvæ, ants and small

insects.

[Illustration: ]

ARIZONA WOODPECKER.

398. Dryobates arizonæ. 8 inches.

This is an entirely different looking bird from any of the others of the

Woodpecker family, being uniform brownish above and a grayish white

below, with black spots. The male having a crescent shaped patch of red

on the back of the head, outlined mostly with white. It is locally common

at the higher altitudes in the mountains of Arizona.

Nest.—Is practically the same in habits as others mentioned, nesting in

holes of trees, and laying four white eggs (.85 × .60).

WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER.

399. Xenopicus albolarvatus. 9 inches.

This odd species is wholly a dull black color, except for the white head

and neck, and basal half of the primaries. It also has on the male a

small red spot on the back of the neck. They are said to be more silent

than other members of the Woodpecker family, and rarely make the familiar

tapping and never the drumming sound. They secure their food by scaling

the bark from the trees, prying it off, instead of drilling a hole. They

nest at any height, but the greater number seem to prefer near the ground

(20 feet), and in old dead pine stubs. They lay from four to six glossy

white eggs (.95 × .70).

[Illustration: ]

ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

400. Picoides arcticus. 9½ inches.

As implied by the name, members of this genus have but three toes, two in

front and one behind. The plumage of this species is entirely black

above, and whitish below, with the flanks barred with blackish. The male

has a yellow patch on the crown. They breed abundantly in coniferous

forests in mountain regions throughout their range, laying their four or

five pure white eggs in decayed tree stumps (.95 × .70). They do more

boring for their insect food, and, during mating season, are very

persistent in their roll call on dead limbs of trees.

AMERICAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

401. Picoides americanus. 9 inches.

The greatest difference between this bird and the last is on the back, it

having several narrow bars of white near the neck or a patch of white in

place of the bars. Breeding habits are the same.

ALASKA THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

401a. Picoides americanus fasciatus. 9 inches.

In every particular similar to the last, with the patch of white on the

back possibly a little larger. Habits just the same (not illustrated).

[Illustration: ]

YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.

402. Sphyrapicus varius. 8½ inches.

This is one of the most handsomely marked of the family; they may be

identified easily by the red crown and throat (female having white on the

throat), each bordered by black, forming a wide breast band, with a band

of white, black and white back of it. The under parts yellow. This

species and the two following are the only real sapsuckers, a crime that

is often attributed to the most useful of the family. While they without

doubt will take some of the sap from trees, their food consists more of

insect life, ants in particular.

Nest.—Is placed in a cavity of decayed trees. Four to seven glossy white

eggs (.85 × .60).

RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER.

403. Sphyrapicus ruber. 8½ inches.

A Pacific coast bird from Lower California to Oregon. The entire head,

neck and breast of this species is red, of varying shades in different

individuals, from carmine to nearly a scarlet. The remainder of their

plumage is similar to the above. Nesting habits the same.

[Illustration: ]

WILLIAMSON SAPSUCKER.

404. Sphyrapicus thyroideus. 9 inches.

A great variation in the plumage of this oddly marked bird is found. The

male is mostly black on the back and breast, with a white rump, and with

only a narrow patch of red on the throat; the under parts are bright

yellow. The female is entirely different, being brownish in place of the

black on the male, has no red on the throat, and on the back is barred

with black and white.

Their nesting habits are the same as those of the family previously

mentioned. Four to seven white eggs (.97 × .67).

NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.

405a. Phlœotomus pileatus albieticola. 17 inches.

This is one of the largest and strongest of the Woodpeckers; they are a

sooty black on the upper parts and breast; the crest is long and bright

red, and the male has a red line back of the eye; sides of the neck pure

white, and patch of white on the wings. Female is more of a grayish black

color than the male. As the large trees are being cut away in many

localities where these birds were to be found, they are gradually driven

farther north or into the mountain regions, where they can find the heavy

timber in which they make their homes.

[Illustration: ]

RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.

406. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. 9½ inches.

In flight, this is one of the most conspicuous of the woodpeckers. It has

a bright red head, neck and breast, glossy blue-black on the back and

tail, white rump, under parts and secondaries. It is more abundant in the

east and middle United States, but occurs fairly common in Arizona and

Texas to Colorado. It nests in any kind of trees, telegraph poles or will

even drill a hole under the eaves of the barn or house in some

localities. They are the most pugnacious of the woodpeckers, and often

are seen chasing one another or driving away some other bird. They feed

also upon ants, larvæ of insects, and small fruits and berries.

They lay from four to eight pure white eggs (1.00 × .75).

CALIFORNIA WOODPECKER.

407a. Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi. 9½ inches.

A common and attractive woodpecker throughout California and Oregon. With

its red cap and white forehead, and back or upper parts black tinged with

green, a solid black band across the breast, white under parts and rump,

and, above all, their continual talking among themselves. Nest, eggs,

food, same as above, with the addition to its diet of acorns in great

numbers.

[Illustration: ]

LEWIS WOODPECKER.

408. Asyndesmus lewisi. 10½ inches.

An oddly colored species, with a crimson red face, under parts streaked

with crimson and white, a gray breast, and upper parts a glossy greenish

black. They are more common in the mountain ranges among the tall pines

from the eastern Rockies to the Pacific coast range, breeding high up in

the trees. Their food consisting of insect life mostly, and acorns, which

they gather and store away for future use. Four to eight eggs are pure

white (1.05 × .80).

RED-BELLIED WOODPECKERS.

409. Centurus carolinus. 9½ inches.

Found on the eastern slope of the Rockies and south to central Texas. It

is an attractive bird, frequently called the “Zebra Woodpecker,” on

account of the black and white markings on the back, wings and tail.

Nests in live trees; three to five white eggs (1.00 × .75). Not

illustrated.

GILA WOODPECKER.

411. Centurus uropygialis. 9½ inches.

This is also one of the “Zebra Woodpeckers” to be found in Arizona and

the Mexican borders of the United States. Its preference for nesting site

is the Giant Cactus. Eggs same as above.

[Illustration: ]

RED-SHAFTED WOODPECKER.

413. Colaptes cafer collaris. 13 inches.

These birds are not inclined to search for their food among the trees as

are most of the woodpeckers, but may often be found on the ground on the

edges of the woods or in open fields, where they secure ants as their

principal article of food. The top of the head is brownish instead of

gray, and the under parts of the wings, tail and the quills are reddish

orange and not yellow as on the eastern varieties. The male has a bright

red streak from the bill extending back and below the eye, the female

does not have this. The throat is a gray, with a black crescent on the

breast, under parts light gray with numerous black spots, rump is white

and tail is mostly black above.

Nest.—Is placed in holes of trees in the woods, or in any locality where

they make or find a suitable hole.

Four to eight white eggs (1.10 × .90).

GILDED FLICKER.

414. Colaptes chrysoides. 13 inches.

Very similar to above, with the under side of wings and tail yellow.

Found only in southern California and Arizona southward.

[Illustration: ]

STEPHENS WHIP-POOR-WILL—Family Caprimulgidæ.

417a. Antrostomus vociferus macromystax. 10 inches.

One of the birds that are heard much more often than seen, and in their

habits they are very secluded, keeping in the dark woods the greater part

of the time, rarely leaving its place of concealment before dark. In

pursuit of insects, they are swift and noiseless, their soft plumage

giving forth no sound, as their wings cleave the air.

Nest.—Is on the ground among the leaves, usually in dense woods. Their

two eggs of a grayish or creamy white are very faintly marbled or marked

with pale brown and gray. These birds are only found in southern Arizona,

Texas and New Mexico.

POOR-WILL.

418. Phalænoptilus nuttalli. 8 inches.

The smallest of the family. A handsome species, with plumage mottled

black, white and gray, beautifully blended together. To be found west of

the Mississippi from British Columbia to southern California. Eggs are a

pure white (1.00 × .75).

[Illustration: ]

WESTERN NIGHTHAWK.

420a. Chordeiles virginianus henryi. 10 inches.

The nighthawk may be distinguished from the Whip-poor-wills by its forked

tail in place of the rounded tail of the “Poor-wills.” It also has a

white band near the end of the tail, and across the primaries, the latter

making a very conspicuous mark when in flight.

Nest.—They lay their eggs upon the ground or on a ledge with no attempt

at nest building. The two eggs are a grayish white color, marbled,

blotched and spotted with darker shades of gray and brown (1.20 × .95).

Found from the plains to the Pacific and from British Columbia to Mexico.

SENNETT NIGHTHAWK.

420c. Chordeiles virginianus sennetti. 10 inches.

A paler and more of a grayish color than preceding. Habits the same.

TEXAS NIGHTHAWK.

421. Chordeiles acutipennis texensis. 10 inches.

The markings of this species are much finer and more mottled with a

reddish brown color than the preceding. They are very abundant in

Arizona, southern Texas and quite common in southern California.

[Illustration: ]

BLACK SWIFT.—Family Micropodidæ.

422. Cypseloides niger borealis. 7 inches.

The plumage of the Swift is a dull sooty black, somewhat lighter on the

under parts. The tail is slightly forked and does not have the spines

which are usual with this family. Although the general habits of this

species are well known, but little is known of their nesting; they are

seen during the breeding season about the higher ranges of their United

States range, and are supposed to nest in the crevices of cliffs at high

altitudes.

VAUX SWIFT.

424. Chætura vauxi. 4½ inches.

This small Swift is not nearly as common as the preceding, is much paler

in color and white on the under parts and throat. Their habits are much

like the last, only that they make use of hollow trees in which to place

their nests, which are made of twigs glued to the tree with the glutinous

saliva of the birds, forming a very shallow platform in which they

deposit three or four pure white eggs. They are on the wing much of the

time during the day catching insects, or several pairs seemingly at play

in the air, generally at quite high elevations, toward dusk returning to

their nesting places.

[Illustration: ]

WHITE-THROATED SWIFT.

425. Aeronautes melanoleucus. 6½ inches.

A handsome bird, in fact, the most beautiful and graceful of this family.

Its flight is very rapid, and they congregate in thousands about the tops

of inaccessible cliffs, where in small burrows in the earth or under the

sods, or in crevices they build their nests, which are generally made of

roots and grasses and lined with feathers. Four or five dull white eggs

are laid (.85 × .50).

Range.—Western United States, mostly in the Rocky Mountains, and in

California ranges north to Canada borders.

RIVOLI HUMMINGBIRD.—Family Trochilidæ.

426. Eugenes fulgens. 5 inches.

This is one of the most gorgeous of the Hummers, having the crown a

violet purple color, and the throat a changeable brilliant green. Upper

parts a bronze green, the under parts almost a black. Female lacks all

the brilliant colors of the male. Upper parts dull green, under parts

greenish gray, top of head brownish with a small white spot back of the

eye. This species saddles its nest upon the branches, generally for its

favorite tree selecting a maple or sycamore, and usually at from twenty

to thirty feet from the ground.

[Illustration: ]

BLUE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.

427. Cyanolæmus clemenciae. 5 inches.

This bird is a trifle larger than the preceding, and, as the name

implies, it has an iridescent bright blue throat, with a streak of white

extending from the bill to back of the eye, the upper parts of a uniform

greenish color, under parts are a greenish gray. Tail dark with outer

tail feathers broadly tipped with white.

Nest.—Is built similar to above, but placed at lower elevations, at times

very near the ground. They are to be found only in Arizona and the

southern borders of the United States.

BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD.

429. Archilochus alexandri. 3½ inches.

This is similar in size and appearance to the “Ruby-Throat,” but has the

chin and upper throat black, the rest of the throat being violet or

amethyst, as seen in different lights. It is a very common bird in the

southern part of its range. It nests low, rarely above ten feet from the

ground. Nest made of plant fiber, not covered with lichens, but resembles

a small piece of sponge.

[Illustration: ]

COSTA HUMMINGBIRD.

430. Calypte costæ. 3 inches.

A slightly smaller bird than the last, with the crown and the lengthened

feathers of the neck which form a ruff of the most brilliant violet or

amethyst, back and rump of a greenish bronze color, under parts whitish

with a green cast on the sides. Female lacks the brilliant colors of the

male on the head and neck and shows no sign of a ruff.

Nest.—Is usually placed in the forks of small shrubs near the ground,

seldom above six feet from it, and made of plant down, with shreds of

weeds, bark and lichens worked into the outside portion, and lined with a

few soft feathers. Two pure white eggs (.48 × .32).

ANNA HUMMINGBIRD.

431. Calypte anna. 3 inches.

This bird is marked much like the preceding, but varying greatly in the

colors. The crown and lengthened feathers of the neck are a beautiful

iridescent purplish pink. Upper parts are the usual metallic green, under

parts light gray, with sides greenish. Tail is more forked and has no

brown or white like the former. They are very abundant in their

restricted range, and frequently raise two broods in a season.

[Illustration: ]

BROAD-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.

432. Selasphorus platycercus. 4 inches.

The crown, back and central tail feathers are a metallic green. They do

not have the elongated feathers on the throat and no ruff. Under parts

dull white, shading into light green on the sides, the throat is a bright

lilac. They are very abundant in Arizona and Colorado, where they nest

much as does the “Ruby-Throat” in the east.

RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD.

433. Selasphorus rufus. 3½ inches.

A beautiful little bird, with the back and tail reddish brown and with a

throat of orange red, the feathers being lengthened into a ruff on the

sides of the neck. Their nests are made of vegetable fibers covered with

lichens and cobwebs, and placed near the ground on vines or low-hanging

bushes. Two white eggs.

ALLEN’S HUMMINGBIRD.

434. Selasphorus alleni. 3¼ inches.

This is very much like the last, with the back more greenish and the tail

being a reddish brown. They are found on the Pacific Coast from British

Columbia southward, breeding most abundantly in southern California.

[Illustration: ]

CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD.

436. Stellula calliope. 3 inches.

This is the smallest of the family of North American Hummers. It is

greenish on the upper parts, growing darker toward the tail, the end of

which is a light brown. The throat is a rich violet, showing white at the

base of the feathers. They are found from British Columbia southward and

from the Rockies westward, most common during breeding in California and

Oregon. They build their nests in all manner of locations, from high up

in tall pines to within a foot of the ground in low bushes. They are made

of plant down and shreds of bark and lichens, breeding high up on the

mountains.

LUCIFER HUMMINGBIRD.

437. Calothorax lucifer. 3½ inches.

Found only on the southern borders of the United States, but is quite

common in Central Mexico. Throat is a metallic purple, with feathers

elongated on the sides.

RIEFFER HUMMINGBIRD.

438. Amizilis tzacatl. 4 inches.

Found only on the southern borders like above. Upper parts a dark bluish

green, tail and rump light brown.

[Illustration: ]

BUFF-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD.

439. Amisilis cerviniventris chalconota. 4 inches.

These birds are very similar to the last, but the under parts are of a

pale brownish buff color, throat, back and tail coverts metallic green.

Breeds in low bushes near the ground.

XANTUS HUMMINGBIRD.

440. Basilinna xantusi. 4 inches.

Found in Lower California, where it breeds and builds very much as does

the preceding near the ground. (Not illustrated.)

WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD.

440.1. Basilinna leucotis. 3¼ inches.

These birds are of a bright metallic green above and also on the breast,

the forehead, sides of head and throat are an iridescent blue, and a

white line extends back from the eye. Found in the southern parts of

Arizona and Texas into Central America. Nesting habits same as above.

BROAD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD

441. Cyanthus latirostris. 3½ inches.

Markings are in every way very similar to the above, being brighter on

the throat, showing a more brilliant blue. Found in the southern borders

of Arizona and Texas, where it breeds in the lower lands and near the

ground. Nests similar to above.

[Illustration: ]

KINGBIRD.—Family Tyrannidæ.

444. Tyrannus tyrannus. 8½ inches.

From the time of their arrival Kingbirds are much in evidence about

farmyards and orchards. They are very noisy birds, ready for a quarrel at

any time and usually come off victorious in whatever they undertake. They

seem to delight in driving away crows, and may frequently be seen to

alight on the back of one when chasing them. These are found only on the

eastern slope of the Rockies and eastward, where they are very common.

Nest.—Is placed in almost any kind of trees in open fields or woods.

Nearly every orchard will have one or more pairs breeding. Their nests

are made of twigs, roots, or strips of fiber from vines and lined with

the down from catkins and horsehair. Three to five creamy white eggs,

mottled and streaked with brown and lilac, are laid (.95 × .70).

ARKANSAS KINGBIRD.

447. Tyrannus verticalis. 9 inches.

A more western variety, lighter in color and with a bright yellow breast

and under parts. Its habits are much the same as the above in its home

building or in trying to find a neighbor to quarrel with. The eggs are

the same in size and color.

[Illustration: ]

CASSIN KINGBIRD.

448. Tyrannus vociferans. 9 inches.

These birds are very much like the last, except that the throat and

breast are darker.

DERBY FLYCATCHER.

449. Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus. 10½ inches.

This is one of the largest and most handsome of the family. With its

bright yellow crown, surrounded with a black border and this by white and

another band of black, with the under parts a bright yellow makes him one

of the most attractive. They are found, though, only on the southern

borders of Texas into Central America. (Not illustrated.)

SULPHUR-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.

451. Myiodynastes luteiventris. 8 inches.

Unlike any of the previous, and only found breeding in the mountains of

Arizona south to Panama. The back is grayish streaked with black, the

tail a dull reddish brown, and the under parts yellow, streaked on the

sides with dusky; a white throat patch, bordered with black; the crown

with a concealed yellow spot bordered with dusky and a narrow white

stripe over the eye. They place their nests in the cavity of some tree,

and lay from three to five buff colored eggs spotted and blotched with

brown and lavender (1.05 × .75).

[Illustration: ]

CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

452. Myiarchus crinitus. 9 inches.

This is more an eastern bird, but is found in Texas and down through

Central America. They nest in cavities of trees, it being made of twigs,

weeds, grasses, and invariably a piece of snake skin. They lay from four

to six eggs of a buff color scratched and spotted with rich shades of

brown and lavender (.85 × .65). (Not illustrated.)

ARIZONA CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

453. Myiarchus magister magister. 9½ inches.

The throat and breast are lighter than the previous bird, and the under

parts are paler yellow. Its nesting habits are the same as above even to

including the piece of snakeskin, or in place of it part of a lizard skin

will answer their purpose.

ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.

454. Myiarchus cinerascens. 8½ inches.

A much more quiet bird than either of the above, in looks as well as in

actions. The upper parts are grayish brown, while the under parts, breast

and throat are almost white. They build their nests in the giant cactus

or in holes of stumps, lining the cavity with roots and grass or bits of

rubbish of almost any kind, and generally include the piece of snake skin

as do the ones above.

[Illustration: ]

SAY PHŒBE.

457. Sayornis sayus. 8 inches.

The Phoebe is a bird that will select for its nesting place the heavy

beam of some old bridge, or in some old mill where the timbers are

falling down, and place its nest in some dark corner, building it of mud,

moss and grasses lined with feathers, or in some localities the nests may

be placed in the crevice of some cliff or ledge where they lay four or

five white eggs, rarely dotted with brown.

It is slightly larger than the eastern variety, with the under parts

showing more of a brownish color, and is found breeding from the Arctic

to Lower California.

BLACK PHŒBE.

458. Sayornis nigricans. 7 inches.

Slightly smaller than the above, and much darker, almost black on the

head and back with white under parts. Their habits are very much the same

as above, frequenting old buildings in villages where a stream is near

by, or in localities where insect life abounds. Their nest is made the

same as above, and eggs are the same.

[Illustration: ]

OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.

459. Nuttallornis borealis. 7½ inches.

These are nowhere abundant, and in some parts of the country, especially

in the central portions, they are very rare. In the western range, they

may be found from Alaska to southern California; for breeding places they

seem to prefer swampy land, covered with many dead coniferous trees,

mixed in with the green trees; their nests are placed well up in the

trees and are made of twigs, loosely put together, and lined with small

roots and moss. The three or four creamy white eggs are spotted with

brown and lilac, forming about the larger end (.85 × .65).

WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.

462. Myiochanes richardsoni. 6½ inches.

Very much like the eastern variety in looks and habits. To be found

breeding from Alaska to Lower California. Their nests are placed on

horizontal branches, made of plant down, grass and fibers; very compact,

and much resembling a knot on the branch. Three or four white eggs with

small spots about the larger end (.80 × .55).

[Illustration: ]

WESTERN FLYCATCHER.

464. Empidonax difficilis. 6 inches.

Very much like the last, but having more of the yellow cast on the under

parts; it may be found breeding from Alaska to southern California. Its

favorite nesting place is along some stream, bordered with willows or

alders, and the nest is placed on the lower branches near the ground; it

is nicely made of fibers and plant down; three or four white eggs,

spotted with brown (.80 × .55).

TRAILL FLYCATCHER.

466. Empidonax trailli. 6 inches.

Upper parts an olive brown, becoming darker on the head; under parts

white, and also a white ring about the eye; two wing-bars a pale buff

color, and the breast a light gray. They seem to prefer much the same

localities for their nesting site as do the “Western.”

Nest.—Is usually built very low in willows or alders, bordering brooks or

ponds, and is made of plant fibers, lined with the down, and sometimes

horsehair; three or four creamy white eggs are marked with blotches of

brown about the larger end (.70 × .54).

[Illustration: ]

HAMMOND FLYCATCHER.

468. Empidonax hammondi. 5½ inches.

A western form of the “Least Flycatcher” of the east, differing but very

little in appearance or habits from its eastern relative. Upper parts an

olive gray color, with the breast the same, but a little lighter. Their

nesting place is usually a fork of some small tree, or upon some

horizontal branch at low elevation, and is a nicely woven, compact

structure, made of plant fibers, strings, hair and cobwebs. Three to five

pale creamy white eggs (.65 × .50).

WRIGHT FLYCATCHER.

469. Empidonax wrighti. 6 inches.

Similar to the last, but much lighter below. They are much more abundant

than the last, and are found from Oregon to Mexico, where they breed more

in open woods and thickets. Their nests and eggs are practically the same

in every way.

GRAY FLYCATCHER.

469.1. Empidonax griseus. 6½ inches.

This slightly larger species is more grayish above, and lighter below. It

is found in Arizona and Mexico, into southern California. No record of

its nesting habits or eggs can be given.

[Illustration: ]

BUFF-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.

470a. Empidonax fulvifrons pygmæus. 5 inches.

This small variety is not at all common in any locality, but is found in

Arizona, Mexico and Lower California, to southern California. It is

brownish gray above and of a buff color below. The nests are placed

similar to the preceding, but more in the mountain regions; eggs are the

same, being a trifle larger.

VERMILION FLYCATCHER.

471. Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus. 6 inches.

This is one of the most brilliant colored of the Flycatcher family, as

shown in the illustration. The female is almost of an entirely light gray

color, barely tinged with pink on the under parts. They are very common

in southern Texas, Arizona and New Mexico.

Nest.—This is one of the prettiest nests made, generally of twigs and

plant fiber, lined with down, wool and feathers, and frequently covered

with lichens, held in place by a winding of cobwebs; three or four buff

eggs, boldly blotched with brown and lavender (.70 × .50).

BEARDLESS FLYCATCHER.

472. Camptostoma imberbe. 5 inches.

A light gray bird, found in Texas and south, into Central America.

[Illustration: ]

PALLID HORNED LARK—Family Alaudidæ.

474a. Otocoris alpestris arcticola. 8½ inches.

This is the largest of the Larks. It has the throat white, with no trace

of yellow; the horned tufts are black, and curve upwards. Found in

Alaska, south to Oregon (not illustrated).

DESERT HORNED LARK.

474c. Otocoris alpestris leucolæma. 8 inches.

Found from British Columbia south, in winter to southern California,

Texas and New Mexico. They are one of our handsome winter birds, with

horn-like tufts of black on either side of the head; forehead, patch

under the eye and band on the breast black; yellow throat, and white

under parts; upper parts, a light pinkish shade of brown. Three or four

eggs, white, marked with shades of brown, are placed in their nest of

grasses and rootlets, on the ground, usually concealed under a tuft of

grass (.92 × .65).

CALIFORNIA HORNED LARK.

474e. Otocoris alpestris actia. 8 inches.

Similar, but back deeper brown. Southern and Lower California.

RUDDY HORNED LARK.

474f. Otocoris alpestris rubea. 8 inches.

The same as above, but still more rufous. Central California.

[Illustration: ]