[Illustration: ]
DIVING BIRDS—Order Pygopodes.
GREBES—Family Colymbidæ.
WESTERN GREBE.
1. Æchmophorus occidentalis. 25 to 29 inches.
This is the largest of the grebe family. In summer the back of the neck
is black, but in winter it is gray like the back.
Nest.—A floating mass of decayed rushes, sometimes attached to the
upright stalks; 2 to 5 pale bluish white eggs are laid, usually much nest
stained (2.40 × 1.55). Breeding in colonies.
Range.—Western North America, from the Dakotas and Manitoba to the
Pacific, and north to southern Alaska.
HOLBOELL GREBE.
2. Colymbus Holboelli. 19 inches.
This is next to the Western Grebe in size, both being larger than any of
the others. In summer, they are very handsomely marked, as shown in the
illustration, but in winter have the usual dress of gray and white.
Nest.—Similar to above, the eggs averaging smaller (2.35 × 1.25).
Range.—North America, breeding from northwestern Alaska, in the interior
of Canada and North Dakota. Winters usually on the coasts.
[Illustration: ]
HORNED GREBE.
3. Colymbus auritus. 14 inches.
In winter this Grebe is one of the plainest in its dress of gray and
white, but summer brings a great change, making it one of the most
attractive, with its black, puffy head, and buffy white ear tufts, the
front of the neck a rich chestnut color. Their food consists almost
wholly of small fish.
Nest.—Is a loosely built mass of vegetation floating in the bog and water
holes of the western prairies. The eggs, 3 to 7 in number, are brownish
yellow (1.70 × 1.15).
Range.—Breeds from Dakota and Illinois northward; winters to the Gulf of
Mexico.
EARED GREBE.
4. Colymbus nigricollis californicus. 13 inches.
This species is rarely found as far east as the Mississippi River. In
summer the neck is black, lacking the chestnut color of the former. It
can always be distinguished from the Horned by the upper mandible being
straight on the top.
Nest.—In colonies similar to the above, laying from 3 to 8 eggs, which
are usually nest stained to a brownish cream color.
Range.—From the Mississippi to the Pacific, nesting from Texas to British
Columbia.
[Illustration: ]
PIED-BILLED GREBE.
6. Podilymbus podiceps. 13½ inches.
This species cannot be mistaken for any others of the grebes in any
plumage, because of its stout compressed bill and brown eyes, all the
others having red eyes. In summer the bill is nearly white, with a black
band encircling it; the throat is black; breast and sides brownish-gray;
the eye encircled with a white ring.
Nest.—Made of a mass of decayed weeds and rushes, floating in shallow
ponds or on the edges of lakes among the rushes. Five to 8 brownish white
eggs are laid (1.70 × 1.18).
Range.—Whole of N. A., breeding in small colonies or pairs.
LOON; GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.
7. Gavia immer. 31 to 35 inches.
In shape and motions the loons very much resemble the grebes, except in
size, being much larger. The common loon is the most beautiful of them
all, having a velvety black iridescent head with slashes of white on the
throat and neck and spots of white on the wings and back.
Nest.—Usually built under some shelter of bushes or rushes on the edge of
some of the larger ponds or lakes. The two eggs are a yellowish brown,
with black spots (3.50 × 2.25).
[Illustration: ]
PACIFIC LOON.
10. Gavia pacifica. 30 to 32 inches.
This species differs from the Loon in having the crown gray, and white
streaks down the back of the neck, and in the color reflections of the
black on the head. It is a trifle smaller also.
Nest.—Similar to the former, the eggs being more of a greenish brown,
with the black spots mostly on the larger end (3.10 × 2).
Range.—Western N. A., breeding in Alaska and British Columbia; winters
along the Pacific coast to Mexico.
RED-THROATED LOON.
11. Gavia stellata. 25 inches.
The smallest of the Loon family. The back and head are gray, there is a
large patch of chestnut on the fore-neck; under parts white. Owing to the
straight top to the upper mandible the bill has a slightly up-turned
appearance.
Nest.—Similar to the other Loons, placed within a few feet of the water.
The eggs are an olive brown with more markings usually than the others,
and mostly on the larger end (2.90 × 1.75).
Range.—Along the western coast of North America.
[Illustration: ]
AUKS, MURRES AND PUFFINS—Family Alcidæ.
TUFTED PUFFIN; SEA PARROT.
12. Lunda cirrhata. 13 inches.
This is the largest of the family, they are odd looking birds, with short
legs, stout bodies and very large, thin bills, highly colored with red
and yellow, the feet are red and the eyes are white. They stand erect
upon their feet and walk with ease.
Nest.—They breed commonly on the islands of the Pacific coast, laying
their single white egg in burrows or crevices of the rocks. In some
sections two or three broods are raised in a season (2.80 × 1.90).
Range.—Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska.
HORNED PUFFIN.
14. Fratercula corniculata. 11 inches.
This Puffin is similar to the common Puffin of the east, excepting that
the blackish band across the throat extends upwards in a point to the
bill.
Nest.—The same as the above, the single egg averaging smaller (2.65 ×
1.80).
Range.—Islands of the northern Pacific to the Arctic ocean.
[Illustration: ]
RHINOCEROS AUKLET.
15. Cerorhinca monocerata. 11 inches.
These birds have a much smaller bill than the Puffins; in the summer
plumage there is a small horn at the base of the bill from which it is
given its name. These birds do not stand upright as do the Puffins; but
sit upon their tarsus.
Nest.—A single egg is laid in either burrows or in crevices of the rocks,
usually without any attempt at nest making (2.70 × 1.80).
Range.—Coast and islands of the northern Pacific. Breeds from Oregon to
northern Alaska.
CASSIN AUKLET.
16. Ptychoramphus aleuticus. 9 inches.
A plain appearing bird, breast and throat grayish and belly white with
blackish upper-parts relieved only by a small white spot over the eye.
This Auklet is fairly abundant on the Farallones and islands off the
Lower California coast.
Nest.—A single egg, dull white, the inside of the shell being a pale
green when held to the light. These are laid in burrows or tunnels under
the rocks, at times three or four feet long (1.80 × 1.30).
Range.—Pacific coast of N. A., Alaska to Lower California.
[Illustration: ]
PAROQUET AUKLET.
17. Phaleris psittacula. 10 inches.
This bird is much like Cassin Auklet, but lacking the white spot over the
eye and having a white breast. The bill is very peculiar, being quite
deep and rounded and having an upward tendency. It is orange red in
color.
Range.—The Alaskan coast, usually farther south in winter. Nesting in the
Aleutian Islands, a single white egg is laid (2.25 × 1.40).
WHISKERED AUKLET.
19. Æthia pygmæa. 7½ inches.
Breeds quite abundantly on some of the Aleutian Islands. The single white
egg is laid in burrows or crevices of the rocks (2.00 × 1.25).
CRESTED AUKLET.
18. Æthia cristatella. 8 to 9 inches.
Similar in form and plumage to the Paroquet Auklet, except the whole
under parts are gray.
Nest and Range.—On the islands and main land of the Alaskan coast, laying
only one chalky white egg in crevices or burrows under the rocks.
[Illustration: ]
LEAST AUKLET.
20. Æthia pusilla. 6½ inches.
This is the smallest of the Auklets, and in habits are the same as others
of the same family. They are one of the most abundant of the water birds
of the extreme Northwest.
Nest.—Only one single white egg is laid upon the bare rocks or in
crevices, on the islands of the Alaskan coast (1.50 × 1.10).
ANCIENT MURRELET.
21. Synthliboramphus antiquus. 11 inches.
The Murrelets have no crests or plumes and the bills are more slender
than the Auklets and are not highly colored.
Nest.—One or two eggs are laid either in burrows or crevices of the
rocks, buffy white in color, with faint markings of light brown.
Range.—Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska, breeding north
of the United States.
MARBLED MURRELET.
23. Brachyramphus marmoratus. 10 inches.
Nesting habits and eggs are similar to the Ancient Murrelet (2.20 × 1.40)
and range is same as above, possibly breeding a little farther south.
[Illustration: ]
XANTHUS MURRELET.
25. Brachyramphus hypoleucus.
This bird is a dull black above, and entirely white below, including the
sides of the head below the eye. The under-surface of the wing is also
white.
Nest.—The single egg is laid at the end of burrows or under the rocks in
dark places similar to the other Murrelets. It is a pale buffy white, and
thickly but finely dotted with brown over the entire surface, heaviest on
the larger end (2.05 × 1.40).
Range.—Resident along the coast of southern and Lower California, where
it breeds on many of the islands.
PIGEON GUILLEMOT.
29. Cepphus columba. 13 inches.
This bird is very similar to the Black Guillemot except that the
under-surfaces of the wings are dark. The nearly straight and slender
bill is black, feathered to the upper edge of nostrils. Feet and inside
of mouth bright red.
Nest.—Their two eggs are laid on the bare rocks in dark places under the
rocks, are pale blue or green in color with black or brown markings and
paler spots of lilac.
Range.—Pacific coast of North America.
[Illustration: ]
CALIFORNIA MURRE.
30. Uria troille californica. 15 to 16 inches.
This is one of the most abundant birds breeding on the Farallones. Large
numbers of their eggs are taken yearly to the San Francisco and other
market places and disposed of as a food product, and as yet the birds do
not seem to diminish to any great extent.
Nest.—But a single white egg is laid on the bare ledges. They vary
greatly in color, from nearly white without markings to a deep greenish
blue with an endless variety of patterns in light and dark brown (3.40 ×
2.00).
Range.—Pacific coast, breeding from the Farallones north to Alaska.
POMARINE JAEGER.
36. Stercorarius pomarinus. 21 inches.
These birds are slender and graceful in form and flight, but are the real
pirates of bird life, especially among the terns and gulls. This species
has two color phases regardless of sex or age. In the light plumage the
top of the head is black, rest of the bird brownish. Easily identified by
the lengthened central tail-feathers.
Nest.—Two olive brown eggs spotted with black (2.20 × 1.70).
[Illustration: ]
PARASITIC JAEGER.
37. Stercorarius parasiticus. 17 inches.
This bird has the two phases of color similar to the last. The two
central tail-feathers are longer and more pointed, projecting about four
inches beyond the others. All of the Jaegers have grayish blue legs with
black feet, and brown eyes.
Nest.—A slight hollow in the marshy ground in which the two brownish eggs
are laid (2.15 × 1.65).
Range.—Northern part of North America, south in winter to southern
California, breeding in the Arctic regions.
LONG-TAILED JAEGER.
38. Stercorarius longicaudus. 20 inches.
This is the most swift and graceful of this family in flight. Similar to
the last species, but the central pointed tail-feathers extend eight or
ten inches beyond the others. It is more often found in the lighter
phase.
Nest.—Their eggs are either laid on the bare ground or in a slight
depression, scantily lined with grass (2.10 × 1.50).
Range.—Arctic America; south in winter to South America.
[Illustration: ]
GULLS AND TERNS—Family Laridæ.
IVORY GULL.
39. Pagophila alba. 17 inches.
The little Snow Gull, as it is often called, in the breeding season is
entirely white; the bill is tipped with yellow and there is a red ring
about the eye.
Nest.—Of grasses and seaweed, on the cliffs in the Arctic regions. Three
grayish buff eggs are laid marked with brown and black (2.30 × 1.70).
Range.—North of the Arctic Circle, and winters south to British Columbia.
PACIFIC KITTIWAKE.
40a. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris. 16 inches.
These birds breed in immense rookeries on some of the islands in the
Bering Sea.
Nest.—On almost inaccessible cliffs, made of sticks, moss and seaweed,
making the interior cup-shaped, to hold the two or three eggs, which are
buffy brown or grayish, spotted with darker shades of brown (2.20 ×
4.70).
Range.—Coast of the North Pacific, wintering as far south as Lower
California.
[Illustration: ]
RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE.
41. Rissa brevirostris. 16 inches.
This Kittiwake is very much like the former, excepting that the legs are
bright red, the mantle is darker and the bill shorter. They usually nest
in separate colonies from the former, and can be readily identified when
in flight by the red legs.
Nest.—They have been found abundantly on the islands of the Bering Sea,
nesting on the higher ledges and cliffs. The color of the eggs is buffy
or brownish, blotched and spotted with lilac and shades of brown.
Range.—Northwestern coast and islands of Bering Sea.
GLAUCOUS GULL.
42. Larus hyperboreus. 28 inches.
This is one of the largest of the Gulls; mantle light gray; it is
distinguished by its size and the primaries, which are white to the tips.
It is a powerful bird that preys upon the smaller Gulls, eating both the
eggs and young.
Nest.—Of seaweed on ledge of sea cliff, eggs three in number, in shades
of light drab to brown, spotted with brown and black.
Range.—Arctic regions, in winter south to San Francisco Bay.
[Illustration: ]
GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL.
44. Larus glaucescens. 25 to 27 inches.
The primaries are the same color as the mantle on this gull except that
the primaries are tipped with white. They breed in large numbers both on
the rocky cliffs and on the low sandy islands of the Aleutians. On the
cliffs large nests of seaweed are built, while on the low sandy islands
no attempt is made at nest building.
Nest.—Two or three eggs are the usual complement, of a greenish brown
ground color with various shades of brown spots, most thickly covered on
the larger end (2.75 × 2.05).
Range.—North Pacific coast, breeding from British Columbia northwards,
and wintering to southern California.
SLATY-BACKED GULL.
48. Larus schistisagus. 27 inches.
This large gull, with its almost pure white head and neck and slaty
colored back, is one of the prettiest. They often nest in colonies with
other gulls, building their small mounds of seaweed on the higher parts
of the islands.
Nest.—Usually contains sets of two or three grayish colored eggs, spotted
with dark brown and lavender (2.90 × 2.00).
Range.—Northern Pacific and Arctic oceans.
[Illustration: ]
WESTERN GULL.
49. Larus occidentalis. 26 inches.
This bird is the most southerly distributed of any of the large Gulls,
and can be seen about the harbors of California at all seasons of the
year. They are great thieves, robbing the Murres and Terns wherever eggs
are left unprotected, and are the greatest enemy that the Murres have to
contend with.
Nest.—Their nests are made up of weeds and grass, and the full set
contains three eggs of grayish brown spotted with dark brown, showing the
usual variation found in color in the Gulls’ eggs (2.75 × 1.90).
Range.—Pacific coast, breeding from southern California to British
Columbia.
HERRING GULL.
51. Larus argentatus. 24 inches.
These Gulls nest in colonies in favorable localities, usually on the
ground, sometimes making a bulky nest of seaweed quite a distance from
the water. A few pair nest on the islands of some of the inland lakes and
it is not uncommon to see nests built in low trees ten or fifteen feet
from the ground.
Nest.—They lay three eggs of a grayish brown color spotted with black and
brown.
[Illustration: ]
RING-BILLED GULL.
54. Larus delawarensis. 18 inches.
A small Gull with light gray mantle, black primaries with white tips and
always to be identified in the breeding season by the black band around
the middle of the greenish yellow bill. They nest in large colonies on
the islands in the interior of the country. They frequent lakes and ponds
at high altitudes in Colorado. Thousands of them breed about the lakes of
the Dakotas and northward.
Nest.—Commonly lay three eggs, placing them in a slight hollow on the
ground generally on the grassy portion of some island (2.80 × 1.75).
Range.—North America. On the Pacific coast from Lower California to
British Columbia.
CALIFORNIA GULL.
53. Larus californicus. 23 inches.
This is a slightly smaller Gull than the Cal. Herring Gull and the
primaries are grayish instead of black. Bill yellow, with red spot near
end of lower mandible; feet greenish yellow.
Nest.—Abundantly around Great Salt Lake, placing their nests generally
upon the bare ground. Three or four eggs constitute a set, and they are
the usual color of the Gulls’.
[Illustration: ]
SHORT-BILLED GULL.
55. Larus brachyrhynchus. 17 inches.
The short-billed Gull or American Mew Gull is much like the European
variety. Adults in breeding plumage; mantle pearly gray; rest of white;
outer primary nearly black with a white spot at the end. Bill, feet and
legs greenish.
Nest.—On islands in the lakes and rivers of Alaska. The nest is generally
made of moss, grass and weeds and placed on the ground.
Range.—Breeds from the interior of British Columbia to Alaska. Winters in
the south to Lower California.
HEERMANN GULL.
57. Larus heermanni. 17 inches.
A handsome little species, often called the White-headed Gull. In summer
the entire head, neck and throat are white, with a red bill and legs. The
body color shades abruptly from the neck into slaty, both the upper and
under parts. The primaries and tail are black.
Nest.—Similar to others of the Gull family, with three eggs greenish drab
in color marked with brown, black and lilac (2.45 × 1.50).
Range.—Pacific coast of North America.
[Illustration: ]
BONAPARTE GULL.
60. Larus philadelphia. 14 inches.
In summer, tip and outer web of outer primaries black; inner web and
shaft white, with a black bill. The head and neck are gray; while in
winter the head is white with gray spots back of the eyes. Young birds
have the back mixed with brownish and the tail with a band of black near
the tip. They are rarely found in the U. S. with the black hood.
Nest.—They nest in great numbers in the marshes of the northwest. The
nests of sticks and grass are placed on the higher parts of the marshes
and the usual complement of three eggs is laid. The eggs are grayish to
greenish brown, marked with dark brown spots (1.90 × 1.30).
SABINE GULL.
62. Xema sabini. 13 inches.
A handsome bird, having the slaty hood bordered behind with a black ring;
the primaries black, white tipped, and the tail slightly forked. In
winter the head and throat white with the back of the neck dusky.
Nest.—They breed abundantly on the marshes of northern Alaska and
Greenland. The two or three eggs are greenish brown in color and marked
with dark brown (1.75 × 1.25).
[Illustration: ]
CASPIAN TERN.
64. Sterna caspia. 21 inches.
The largest and most beautiful of the Tern family. The bill is large,
heavy and bright red. The crest with which this species is adorned is
black. The mantle is pearl color and the breast is white. Winter birds
have the crown mixed with white, and the young are blotched with blackish
in the wings and tail.
Nest.—They sometimes nest in large colonies and then again only a few
pair will be found on an island. Eggs vary from gray to greenish buff,
marked with brown and lilac. The two eggs usually being laid in a hollow
in the sand.
Range.—North America, breeding from the Gulf Coast and Lower California
to the Arctic regions.
ELEGANT TERN.
66. Sterna elegans. 17 inches.
In the breeding plumage the under parts of the Terns are tinged with
rosy, which probably first gave the birds their name.
Nest.—They lay but a single egg, in a slight depression in the sand,
creamy brown with light brown markings (2.40 × 1.40).
Range.—Central and South America, in summer to California.
[Illustration: ]
FORSTERS TERN.
69. Sterna forsteri. 15 inches.
These beautiful birds are often known as “Sea Swallows,” because of their
similarity in flight to those well-known land birds. They are the picture
of grace as they dart about high in the air, bill pointed downward, alert
and ready to dart down upon any small fish that may take their fancy.
Nest.—A slight depression in the sand, rarely lined with grass, in which
are laid three, sometimes four, eggs varying in color from almost white
to brownish, thickly spotted with brown and lavender (1.80 × 1.30).
Range.—Throughout North America; breeding from Manitoba to the Gulf
Coast.
COMMON TERN.
70. Sterna hirundo. 15 inches.
This bird differs from the above in the red of the bill being more
blackish at the tip, and the under parts being a pearly gray in place of
white, tail not quite as much forked, and shorter; edge of outer
primaries and outer tail-feathers blackish.
Nest.—These breed much more abundantly on the Atlantic coast. Their eggs
are more rounded (1.75 × 1.40).
[Illustration: ]
ARCTIC TERN.
71. Sterna paradisæ. 15 inches.
A similar bird to the last; more northern in its distribution; and the
pearly gray mantle somewhat darker both above and below. Bill quite red
and feet much smaller and bright red. When their nesting colonies are
approached they will rise in clouds, circling about high in the air,
uttering at times their peculiar cry.
Nest.—Similar to the others, with very little if any attempt at nest
building. Usually placing the two or three eggs on the bare sand or
gravel just above the water line. There is no difference in the color or
markings of the eggs from the others (1.75 × 1.40).
Range.—More northerly than the preceding, to the Arctic Regions and
wintering from California to the Gulf States.
ALEUTIAN TERN.
73. Sterna aleutica. 15 inches.
This handsome Tern is of the same form and size as the Common Tern, but
has a darker mantle, and the forehead is white, with a black line
extending from the bill to the eye.
Nest.—Is much the same as the Arctic, but the eggs are somewhat smaller
and narrower (1.70 × 1.15).
[Illustration: ]
LEAST TERN.
74. Sterna antillarum. 9 inches.
This is the smallest of our Terns; not much larger than a swallow and in
flight are much the same, darting through the air, taking insects the
same as swallows, or dipping into the water for small minnows that are
showing themselves near the surface.
Nest.—Simply a depression in the sand or gravel just above the water
line, with two to four creamy white eggs beautifully marked with
different shades of brown and lilac (1.25 × .95).
Range.—Throughout the United States to northern South America, breeding
abundantly on the coast of southern California.
BLACK TERN.
77. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. 10 inches.
We always think of the Terns as light colored birds, either white or
pearly; but here we have one nearly black. Adults in summer having the
head, neck and under parts black, with the back, wings and tail gray.
Nest.—Their nesting habits vary also as much as their color. Nests are of
weeds and grass in the sloughs on the prairies. Two to four eggs are a
dark greenish brown with black spots (1.35 × .95).
[Illustration: ]
ALBATROSSES—Family Diomedeidæ.
BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS.
81. Diomedea nigripes. 32 to 36 inches.
This bird is of a uniform sooty brown color shading into whitish at the
base of the bill, which is rounded. It is noted for its extended flights,
following vessels day after day without any apparent period of rest.
Nest.—They lay a single white egg upon the ground (4.00 × 2.40).
SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS.
82. Diomedea albatrus. 36 inches.
This bird is much more shy than the former, and when following a vessel
will keep a long distance behind in its search for food. With the
exception of the primaries, which are black, as are also the shoulders
and tail, the entire plumage is white, tinged with yellow on the back of
the head.
Nest.—They breed on the islands in the North Pacific off the coast of
Alaska. A single white egg is laid upon the bare ground or rocks.
Range.—Northern Pacific ocean in summer from Lower California to Alaska;
most common in northern part of the range.
[Illustration: ]
LAYSAN ALBATROSS.
82.1. Diomedea immutabilis. 32 inches.
These birds are white with the exception of the back, wings and tail,
which are black; bill and feet yellow.
Nest.—Their single white egg is laid upon the ground or rocks (4.00 ×
2.35).
Range.—This species breeds in large numbers on the island from which it
takes its name—Layson Island, of the Hawaiian Group—appearing rarely off
the coast of California.
YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS.
83. Thalassogeron culminatus. 36 inches.
This is a species which inhabits the South Pacific and Indian oceans and
is said to occur rarely on the California coast. An egg in the collection
of Col. John E. Thayer, Lancaster, Mass., was taken on Gough Island Sept.
1st, 1888. The nest was a mound of mud and grass about two feet high. The
single white egg measured 3.75 × 2.25.
SOOTY ALBATROSS.
84. Phœbetria palpebrata. 36 inches.
This species is entirely sooty brown except the white rim around the
eyelids. One white egg is laid (4.10 × 2.75).
[Illustration: ]
FULMARS AND SHEARWATERS.
Family Procellariidæ.
PACIFIC FULMAR.
86b. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa. 18 inches.
In markings these birds closely resemble the Gulls. Bill is shorter and
stouter, strongly hooked at the tip, and with the nostrils opening out of
a single tube, prominently located on top of the bill. Their flight is
graceful like that of the Gulls.
Nest.—On the islands and cliffs of the mainland of the Northern Pacific
they nest in large colonies. Every crevice in the rocks having its
tenant. They lay but a single white egg on the bare rocks (2.90 × 2.00).
Range.—Northern Pacific, southerly to Lower California.
SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR.
87. Priocella glacialoides. 18 inches.
This species has a paler mantle than others of the family, and the
primaries are black.
Range.—Southern seas, appearing on the Pacific coast of the United States
in the summer. They probably breed in the far south during our winter,
although we have no definite record relative to their nesting habits.
[Illustration: ]
PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER.
91. Puffinus creatopus. 19 inches.
Very little is known of the breeding habits of this bird. Upper parts and
under-tail coverts are a pale brownish color, darkest on the wings; top
of head dark, with throat and breast white, with yellowish bill and pink
colored feet.
Range.—From Monterey, California, to South America.
BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER.
93. Puffinus opisthomelas. 14 inches.
Similar to the previous, only smaller and somewhat lighter in color.
Quite common in southern California and much more so in Lower California.
Range.—From northern United States to Lower California. A single white
egg is laid (2.00 × 1.30).
TOWNSEND SHEARWATER.
93.1. Puffinus auricularis. 14 inches.
A more southern species; occurs occasionally on the lower California
coast and islands.
[Illustration: ]
DARK-BODIED SHEARWATER.
95. Puffinus griseus. 17 inches.
This is a southern species which, after nesting on the islands in the far
south during our winter months, comes north and appears off the Pacific
coast of the United States during our summer months, as far north as
Alaska. They are a dark sooty gray, except for the under-coverts, which
are whitish.
Nest.—Habits are the same as the others of the family. The single white
egg is laid at the end of the burrows or in crevices under rocks (2.40 ×
1.65).
SLENDER-BILLED SHEARWATER.
96. Puffinus tenuirostris. 14 inches.
This is much smaller than the preceding, otherwise resembling it in color
and markings, being a little lighter under the throat, and the bill more
slender in proportion to the size of the bird. Bill and feet nearly
black, as is also the one above.
Nest.—Nesting habits and range of the bird are the same as the
Dark-bodied Shearwater; it is not found on the N. A. coast as commonly as
the other.
[Illustration: ]
FISHER PETREL.
100. Æstrelata fisheri. 7 inches.
This is a handsome bird known only from the type specimen taken off
Kadiak Island, Alaska, by Mr. Fisher.
LEAST PETREL.
103. Halocyptena microsoma. 5½ inches.
This is the smallest of the family. Their plumage is entirely dark sooty.
Nest.—They have been found breeding on the islands of Lower California,
and they probably do on others farther south. The single egg of this bird
is white with a wreath of tiny brown specks about the larger end.
FORK-TAILED PETREL.
105. Oceanodroma furcata. 8 inches.
These birds have a plumage of bluish gray, the wings being darker and the
under parts lightest.
Nest.—Single egg is laid at the end of a burrow on the ground. Egg white
with a fine wreath of purplish black specks about the larger end. Found
breeding on the islands of Alaska.
[Illustration: ]
KAEDING PETREL.
105.2. Oceanodroma kaedingi. 7½ inches.
This bird is similar to the following, but a trifle smaller and the tail
less deeply forked. Its range is from northern California to Mexico,
breeding in the southern part of its range.
LEACH PETREL.
106. Oceanodroma leucorhoa. 8 inches.
These are quite common on both the eastern and western coasts, breeding
from the Farallones northward to the Aleutians. They are of a sooty brown
color, upper tail-coverts and side of under-coverts white. They burrow in
the ground for two or three feet, but make no attempt at nest building;
placing their single white egg on the bare ground at end of burrow. These
birds generally take turns in the task of incubation, one remaining at
sea during the day and returning at night. They are rarely seen in the
vicinity of their nests during the day.
GUADALUPE PETREL.
106.1. Oceanodroma macrodactyla.
Very similar to the preceding, having more of a forked tail and somewhat
longer. Breed on the islands of Lower California.
Nest.—Same as above with one white egg, usually much nest stained.
[Illustration: ]
BLACK PETREL.
107. Oceanodroma melania. 7½ inches.
These birds are sooty black all over, lacking the white rump of the two
or three preceding. All of the Petrels have a very offensive musky odor,
which is always noticeable about an island inhabited by them. The skins
and eggs of the birds always retain this odor.
Nest.—Made in burrows similar to the others, but sometimes containing a
small amount of nesting material; grass and roots.
Range.—Southern California southward to Mexico.
ASHY PETREL.
108. Oceanodroma homochroa. 7 inches.
This species breeds most abundantly on the Farallone Islands, sooty gray
in color, their plumage matching their surroundings so closely that,
unless one is looking for them, they will easily be overlooked.
They sit very close when nesting, and will even allow themselves to be
removed from the nest by hand, so tame are they. They build in burrows or
in any crevice of the rocks, laying their single white egg on the ground
or rock without much, if any, lining to the nest.
[Illustration: ]
CORMORANTS—Family Phalacrocoracidæ.
FARALLONE CORMORANT.
120c. Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus. 30 inches.
Plumage glossy greenish black, with back and wings slaty. These birds
breed in large numbers on the Farallones, placing their nests well up on
the higher ridges and also in the trees on some of the inland islands, or
near large ponds or lakes. They build large nests of sticks and roots,
lined with grass, seaweed and moss.
Nest.—Three to five chalky, greenish white eggs are laid (2.40 × 1.50).
BRANDT CORMORANT.
122. Phalacrocorax penicillatus. 35 inches.
Plumage, under parts are same as above. Bill more slender and nearly
straight. The young are hatched without feathers or down and the skin is
nearly black. The young for two or three months are the food supply for
the larger Gulls. Like the other Cormorants breeding on these islands,
they stay closely by their nests to protect them from the Gulls that are
always on the watch for either the eggs or young.
Range.—Pacific coast, breeding along the whole coast of the United
States.
[Illustration: ]
BAIRD CORMORANTS.
123b. Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens. 28 inches.
This smaller Cormorant breeds on the Pacific coast from Washington south
to Mexico. It is not nearly as common as the former species and not
inclined to breed in colonies with the others, but is more secluded.
Nest.—Their nest building is very similar, using the rocks and cliffs on
which to place their nests mostly, and very seldom building in trees.
Their eggs are much smaller, averaging 2.20 × 1.40.
RED-FACED CORMORANT.
124. Phalacrocorax urile. 32 inches.
The plumage of this species differs from the above chiefly in having the
forehead bare. Their breeding habits are the same as other members of the
family. That the Cormorants are expert fishermen may be seen from the
fact that the Chinese tame them to catch fish for them, placing a ring
about their necks to prevent their swallowing the fish.
Nest.—The nesting places of these as well as other members of this family
are very filthy, being covered with excrement and the remains of fish
that are strewn about their nests (2.50 × 1.50).
[Illustration: ]
PELICANS.—Family Pelecanidæ.
WHITE PELICAN.
125. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. 60 inches.
Plumage mostly white, with black primaries; eyes white; bill and feet
yellow, the former in the breeding season having a thin upright knob
about midway on the top of the upper mandible. They get their food by
approaching a school of small fish and suddenly dipping their head
beneath the surface, sometimes scooping a large number of fish at a time;
they contract the pouch, allowing the water to run out of the sides of
the mouth, and then swallow the fish.
Nest.—On the ground made of sticks and weeds, generally only a lining
about the outer edge; the eggs being placed upon the ground. Two or three
eggs are laid, pure chalky white (3.45 × 2.30).
CALIFORNIA BROWN PELICAN.
127. Pelecanus californicus. 55 inches.
Upper parts gray; lower brownish streaked with white; back of neck rich
velvety brown; head and throat white.
Nest.—On the ground or in small trees, composed of sticks and weeds.
Three or four chalky white eggs (3.10 × 1.95).
[Illustration: ]
MAN-O’-WAR BIRDS—Family Fregatidæ.
FRIGATE BIRD.
128. Fregata aquila. 40 inches.
In comparison with their weight, these birds have the largest expanse of
wing of any known bird. Weighing only about four pounds they have an
extent of from seven to eight feet. The length of the bird is about 40
inches, of which the tail comprises about 18, more than half of this
being forked. They can walk only with difficulty and are very poor
swimmers, owing to their small feet and long tail, but they are complete
masters of the air and delight to soar at great heights. Their food of
small fish is secured by plunging, or preying upon other sea birds.
Nest.—A frail platform of sticks in the tops of bushes or low trees. A
single white egg (2.80 × 1.90).
AMERICAN MERGANSER. ORDER ANSERES.
129. Mergus americanus. 25 inches.
These birds have the bill long, not flattened, but edged with sharp teeth
to grasp the fish, upon which they live to a great extent.
Nest.—In holes of trees, cavities among the rocks, or on the ground; 6 to
9 creamy buff eggs are laid (2.70 × 1.75).
[Illustration: ]
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.
130. Mergus serrator. 22 inches.
This species is more abundant than the preceding, and is found commonly
on our large ponds, lakes and rivers, more than on the coast. The male
has the head, neck, and crest iridescent greenish black, breast brownish
with black spots. The female has the head, neck and crown a deep chestnut
color and the upper parts and tail a gray in place of the black found on
the males.
Nest.—They lay from seven to ten eggs of a creamy buff color, making
their nest of moss and grasses, placed under or in tufts of grass or in
crevices of rocks; usually lining the nest with feathers (2.50 × 1.70).
Range.—Whole of North America, breeding from central United States to
British America.
HOODED MERGANSER.
131. Lophodytes cucullatus. 17 inches.
Bill short, compared with the preceding. The large crest with which both
sexes are adorned will easily distinguish this from the others. The male
having the crest black with a large white patch, and that of the female
plain brown.
Nest.—In holes of trees; 8 to 12 eggs, grayish white (2.15 × 1.70).
[Illustration: ]
GADWALL.
135. Chaulelasmus streperus. 20 inches.
Male with chestnut wing coverts and white speculum; the female is similar
but the back and wings are brownish-gray. As is usual with many of the
ducks these do most of their feeding early in the morning or after dusk,
and spend the greater part of the day in sleeping. They are one of the
most noisy and active of the ducks.
Nest.—They nest on the ground among the reeds of marshes or in the long
grass of bordering fields. They lay from 7 to 12 eggs of a creamy buff
color (2.10 × 1.60).
Range.—Includes the whole of North America, breeds from British Columbia
to southern California.
MALLARD.
132. Anas platyrhynchos. 23 inches.
These are regarded as one of the best table birds. They feed on mollusks
and marine insects which they generally reach by tipping in shallow
water.
Nest.—In close proximity to ponds or lakes, placing their nests in the
tall grasses of which it is made and lined with feathers. Breed from
Alaska to southern California (2.25 × 1.25).
[Illustration: ]
BALDPATE—AMERICAN WIDGEON.
137. Mareca Americana. 19 inches.
These are common and well-known birds throughout North America, where
they are called by a great variety of names, most of which refer to the
bald appearance of the top of the head, owing to the white feathers. They
can usually be identified at a distance by the absence of any dark
markings, and when in flight by the whiteness of the under parts.
Nest.—Made of grass and weeds neatly lined with feathers, on the ground
or in marshes. 6 to 12 cream colored eggs are laid (2.15 × 1.20).
GREEN-WINGED TEAL.
139. Nettion carolinense. 14 inches.
These are the smallest of the Duck family, and are eagerly sought for by
sportsmen, both for their beauty and the excellence of their flesh. The
male may be easily identified by the reddish brown head and neck, with
the large green patch behind each ear.
Nest.—On the ground under the shelter of tall grasses, it is made of
weeds and grass and lined with feathers. 5 to 9 buffy eggs are laid (1.85
× 1.25). Breeds abundantly in California and Oregon.
[Illustration: ]
BLUE-WINGED TEAL.
140. Querquedula discors. 15 inches.
Male has the head a dark gray with white crescent in front of the eye;
under parts chestnut heavily spotted with black; wing coverts bright
blue. Female similar to female Green-wing, but has the blue wing coverts.
In flight can be easily separated from the Green-wing by its darker under
parts. Their flight is very rapid, and usually in compact lines. This is
more common east of the Rockies than the other.
Nest.—Made of grass and nicely lined with feathers placed in the reeds
bordering marshes. 8 to 12 creamy colored eggs are laid.
Range.—North America, breeding more abundantly than the former farther
north in its range.
CINNAMON TEAL.
141. Querquedula cyanoptera. 16 inches.
This is the most abundant of the Teal family west of the Rockies. It is
on the male a bright cinnamon color on the under parts; also the head and
neck, being darkest near the bill and lightest on the back. Wing coverts
blue; speculum green, divided by a line of white.
Nest.—Made same as above with 6 to 14 eggs (1.85 × 1.35).
[Illustration: ]
SHOVELLER.
142. Spatula clypeata. 20 inches.
Easily recognized in any plumage by the large broad bill, which is out of
all proportion to the size of the bird. Head, neck and speculum dark
green, under parts reddish brown, breast and back white, wing coverts
blue. If it were not for the large ungainly bill, this duck would be
classed as one of our most beautiful during the breeding season.
Nest.—It makes its nest on the ground in marshy places of grass, weeds
and lined with feathers; laying from 6 to 10 grayish white eggs (2.10 ×
1.50).
Range.—North America; breeding most abundant on the western coast from
southern California to northwest Alaska.
PINTAIL.
143. Dafila acuta. 30 inches.
A long-necked duck and with a long pointed tail. Male with head and
stripe down the back of neck, brownish; back and sides barred with white
and black wavy lines.
Nest.—On the ground like the other ducks, well-lined with feathers
generally placed near the water, laying from 6 to 12 eggs of a dull olive
color (2.20 × 1.50).
Range.—North America.
[Illustration: ]
WOOD DUCK.
144. Aix sponsa. 19 inches.
This bird, without doubt, is by far the most beautiful of any of the duck
family. Both the male and female have a long crest; that of the male of
the most beautiful shades of blue and iridescent green colors, with
stripes of white, the throat and under parts also white, breast chestnut
with white arrow head marking, sides buff with black and white line
markings.
Nest.—In the hollow of a tree, usually near the water. The birds are said
to carry the young from the nest to the water in their bills. 6 to 10
eggs, buffy in color (2.25 × 1.60).
Range.—Temperate North America, breeding from Canada to the Gulf of
Mexico.
REDHEAD.
146. Marila americana. 19 inches.
This bird, the preceding and the one following are considered as the best
table birds of the duck family.
Nest.—Placed on the ground in marshes. Eggs 6 to 14 in number, buffy
white in color (2.40 × 1.70).
Range.—North America, breeding from Minnesota northward.
[Illustration: ]
CANVAS-BACK.
147. Marila valisineria. 21 inches.
Differs from the Redhead in the shape of its black bill, its blackish
forehead, very light colored back and red eyes, the Redhead having yellow
eyes. Like the last species, these birds are excellent swimmers and
divers, and secure their food from deeper water than many of the ducks.
Their food consists of various fresh water plants and small fish; shell
fish and frogs. These usually command the highest market price, and are
much sought after by gunners.
Nest.—On the ground in marshes or sloughs, lined with grass and feathers.
6 to 10 eggs of a pale olive (2.40 × 1.70).
Range.—North America; breeding from central British Columbia south to
Oregon and Minnesota.
SCAUP DUCK OR BLUE-BILL.
148. Marila marila. 18 inches.
This and the following are widely known as Blue-bills owing to the slaty
blue color of that member. Head, neck and breast are black; speculum and
under parts white, and eyes yellow.
Nest.—In marshes about many of the ponds in the interior of British
Columbia. 6 to 10 eggs pale greenish gray (2.50 × 1.70).
[Illustration: ]
LESSER SCAUP DUCK.
149. Marila affinis. 17 inches.
Slightly smaller than the last, and with the head of the male glossed
purple instead of green on the black. They are one of the most abundant
migrants, and are one of the most active of the family, diving at the
flash of a gun. The immense flocks generally keep out in the open waters
of the lakes or rivers; where they feed by diving.
Nest.—Is made of marsh grasses and neatly lined with feathers from the
breast of the female. 6 to 9 eggs of a pale gray color (2.25 × 1.55).
RING-NECKED DUCK.
150. Marila collaris. 17 inches.
In appearance and general habits this duck is much the same as the two
preceding. Male with head, neck and breast black with purple shades,
having a ring of chestnut about the neck, which at a little distance is
not noticeable. Bill blackish, with a bluish band near the end; eye
yellow.
Nest.—Same in every way as above, and general distribution the same,
breeding from Oregon and Minnesota northward.
[Illustration: ]
AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE.
151. Clangula clangula americana. 20 inches.
These are handsome ducks, known as “Whistlers,” from the noise of their
wings when flying, and also “Great-heads,” because of the puffy crest.
The head is greenish black with a large round white spot in front of and
a little below the eye. The rest of the plumage is black and white.
Nest.—Built in the hollows of trees near the water, lining the cavity
with fine grasses, moss or leaves and then lining the nest with feathers,
in which they place from 6 to 10 eggs of a grayish color (2.30 × 1.70).
Range.—North America, breeding from Alaska south to the most northern of
United States. Winters to southern California and the Gulf Coast.
BARROW GOLDEN-EYE.
152. Clangula islandica. 20 inches.
Head of this species a bluish black, with a crescent white spot between
the bill and eye; which is yellow as also is the preceding.
Nest.—The range and nesting habits are the same as above, possibly
breeding a little farther south on the Pacific coast.
[Illustration: ]
BUFFLE-HEAD.
153. Charitonetta albeola. 14 inches.
This handsome little duck is also known as “Butter-ball” and
“Dipper-duck,” the latter name given to them on account of the ease with
which they can disappear under the water. They are always on the alert
and will dive at the flash of a gun. Head iridescent blue, green and
purple, and with a large white patch extending from eye to eye, across
the back of the puffy crest. Their flight is very rapid, and they can
take wing from the water easier than the majority of ducks.
Nest.—In holes of tree stumps or in the banks along the sides of rivers,
8 to 14 eggs of a light grayish color (2.00 × 1.40).
OLD-SQUAW—LONG-TAILED DUCK.
154. Harelda hyemalis. 21 inches.
One of the very few ducks that change their plumage in summer and winter.
Both sexes are marked similarly, but the female is somewhat duller and
lacks the long tail feathers of the male. They are excellent swimmers and
dive to great depths in search of their food.
Nest.—Generally concealed in the long grass near the water, made of grass
and lined with feathers. 6 to 10 eggs (2.00 × 1.50).
[Illustration: ]
HARLEQUIN DUCK.
155. Histrionicus histrionicus. 17 inches.
A beautiful and most attractive bird as shown in the illustration. It is
not the colors alone that make them so attractive, but the way the colors
are placed. The white being in long stripes, crescents or large spots,
with black, gray and chestnut. They are usually found only in pairs among
the swiftly running streams, or in the winter in small flocks on the
coasts.
Nest.—Is nicely woven of weeds and grasses and lined with down placed on
the ground in crevices of rocks or sometimes in the hollow of a tree. 5
to 8 greenish buff eggs (2.30 × 1.60).
Range.—Northern North America, breeding from Alaska to the central part
of California among the mountain streams.
PACIFIC EIDER.
161. Somateria v-nigra. 23 inches.
This bird is in plumage like the Northern Eider, except that it has a
black V-shaped mark on the throat. They nest sparingly on the Aleutian
Islands, but in great numbers farther north.
Nest.—They make their nests of seaweed and grass, warmly lining same with
down from their breasts. 6 to 8 eggs (3.00 × 2.00).
[Illustration: ]
STELLER EIDER.
157. Polysticta stelleri. 18 inches.
A very beautiful species; head white, washed with greenish on the
forehead and nape; chin, throat, neck, back, tail and crissum, black;
under parts chestnut; wing coverts white, the long scapulars black and
white.
Nest.—Are made of grasses and heavily lined with down. It breeds on the
rocky coast and islands of Bering Sea. The six to nine eggs are pale
olive green in color (2.25 × 1.60).
Range.—Arctic regions in America, chiefly on the Aleutian Islands and
northwest coast of Alaska.
SPECTACLED EIDER.
158. Arctonetta fischeri. 21 inches.
This species is black on the under parts and mostly white above. The head
is largely washed with sea green, leaving a large patch of white,
narrowly bordered with black around each eye, thus resembling a pair of
spectacles and giving it the name it has.
Nest.—Is made of seaweed, grass and lined with down from their breast;
they are placed upon the ground under overhanging stones or clumps of
grass. 5 to 9 eggs (2.70 × 1.85).
[Illustration: ]
KING EIDER.
162. Somateria spectabilis. 23 inches.
This species is very different from any of the preceding, the crown being
of an ashy blue, and the long scapulars black in place of the white of
the others. It also has a broad V-shaped mark on the throat and a black
crescent between the eye and bill. Like all of the other Eiders the
females are mottled brown and black, the different species being very
difficult to separate.
Nest.—These are usually a depression in the ground lined with the down
from the breast, and contain from 6 to 10 eggs of a greenish color (3.00
× 2.00).
Range.—Northern North America, breeding along the coast of Siberia,
Bering Sea and Arctic coast of America.
SCOTER.
163. Oidemia americana. 19 inches.
Scoters or “Coots,” as they are generally called, are Sea Ducks whose
plumage is almost wholly black; base of the bill is yellow and orange.
This species nest similar to the Eiders, concealing it under overhanging
rocks or in tufts of grass. 6 to 10 eggs of a dull buff color (2.50 ×
1.70).
[Illustration: ]
WHITE-WINGED SCOTER.
165. Oidemia deglandi. 22 inches.
This is the largest of the Scoters, and may easily be distinguished from
the others by the white speculum on the wing and a white comet extending
from the eye backwards. It also has a yellow eye.
This species often feeds in very deep water, like others of the family.
Nest.—They nest on the ground, generally in long grass or under low
bushes, making a coarse nest of grasses, and sometimes twigs, lined with
feathers; 6 to 8 pale buff eggs (2.75 × 1.70).
Range.—North America, breeding in British Columbia and Alaska.
SURF SCOTER.
166. Oidemia perspicillata. 20 inches.
The male of this species is entirely black, excepting a white spot on top
of the head and another on the nape; eye white; bill red, white and
yellow with a large black spot near the base. The female is a grayish
brown, lighter below; also with a spot of dull white in front of the eye
and the same in back.
[Illustration: ]
RUDDY DUCK.
167. Erismatura jamaicensis. 15 inches.
This species may always be recognized by the reddish brown upper parts;
blackish head, with white cheeks and chin and under parts silvery white
with grayish wash next to the ruddy. Bill is very stout and broad at the
end, and the tail feathers are very stiff and pointed. Females have back,
crown and sides grayish, cheeks showing traces of white as on the male.
These ducks are very quick either in the water, on land, or in flight.
Nest.—They are usually made of grass and rushes and generally lined with
down in which are placed their eggs to the number of from 8 to 12 of a
grayish white color (2.40 × 1.75) unusually large for the size of the
bird.
Range.—The whole of North America, breeding from Central British Columbia
southward as far as Lower California.
SNOW GOOSE.
169. Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus. 26 inches.
Plumage entirely white with primaries tipped with black. This is the
smallest species of the Snow Goose, the eastern variety being some ten
inches longer, found in N. A., west of the Mississippi River.
[Illustration: ]
ROSS GOOSE.
170. Chen rossi. 23 inches.
This beautiful species, with its breeding range unknown, winters in
California and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, and is the smallest of
the family.
WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.
171a. Anser albifrons gambeli. 27 inches.
These birds may be recognized by their mottled plumage, dark head and
white forehead; bill and feet orange. They are the most common on the
western coast and large numbers of them are sold in the markets.
Their food consists mostly of vegetable matter, frogs, snails, and
insects.
Nest.—These are placed upon the ground in a slight depression and made of
dried grasses, feathers and down. Eggs are from four to nine in number,
of a dull buff color (3.00 × 2.05).
Range.—Western and central North America, breeds on the Arctic coast
south to the lower Yukon Valley, winters from British Columbia to
southern California. During the spring flight immense flocks of these
birds pass through Oregon and follow down the west coast.
[Illustration: ]
CANADA GOOSE.
172. Branta canadensis canadensis. 38 inches.
This species is the most widely known of the family, and is the most
numerous. Its familiar “honk” has long been the signal of the coming
spring, and the V-shaped formation in which the flocks migrate is always
an object of interest to every one; large birds, with long necks
outstretched, wings beating the air in unison, and all following the
leadership of one bird in their journey over their invisible path.
Nest.—Of grasses and feathers lined with down, placed on the ground in
marshes or near lakes or ponds; four to nine eggs of a buff or drab color
are laid (3.50 × 2.50).
Range.—The whole of North America, breeding from northern United States
northward, and wintering in the southern part of U. S. to Lower
California.
CACKLING GOOSE.
172c. Branta canadensis minima. 24 inches.
This is a perfect miniature of the above, the difference being only in
the size. It breeds in Alaska and along the Arctic coast and migrates in
winter along the western coast south to southern California. Eggs are
buff color; 4 to 9 (2.90 × 1.95).
[Illustration: ]
BLACK BRANT.
174. Branta nigricans. 26 inches.
Head, neck and breast black with a broad white collar nearly encircling
the black neck, back a grayish brown; under parts mostly white. They are
very inquisitive and easily come to decoys, and consequently large
numbers of them are shot each year for the markets. They are a noisy bird
especially when in large flocks. They get most of their food by tipping
up in the shallow waters, where they feed upon the tender water plants
and roots gathered from the bottom.
Nest.—A depression in the ground lined with grass and feathers and the
down from their breasts; four to eight eggs are laid of a grayish color
(2.80 × 1.75).
Range.—Western North America, breeding abundantly in northern Alaska and
wintering on the Pacific coast from British Columbia to Lower California.
EMPEROR GOOSE.
176. Philacte canagica. 26 inches.
This handsome species may be known by the mottled or scaly appearance of
the feathers; the head is white with a black chin and throat. Their 3 to
7 eggs are a dull buff color (3.10 × 2.15).
[Illustration: ]
BLACK-BELLIED TREE-DUCK.
177. Dendrocygna autumnalis. 22 inches.
These odd-shaped ducks, with their long legs and neck, are very common in
southern Texas and along the Rio Grande. They are not timid and are
frequently caught and domesticated. They can walk and run gracefully, and
feed in grain fields at considerable distance from the water. They
usually raise two broods in a season, each brood having from ten to as
many as twenty.
Nest.—They build their nests in hollow trees, oftentimes at a great
distance from the water. The nest is lined with a few feathers and down.
The eggs are a creamy white (2.05 × 1.50).
FULVOUS TREE-DUCK.
178. Dendrocygna bicolor. 22 inches.
In form this duck is much like the last, but in color is more of a rufous
all over, being darkest on the upper parts. It has no white markings. It
is fully as abundant as the preceding and is found farther north and west
to the Pacific coast in southern California.
Nest.—Their nesting habits; their eggs and the size of them are identical
with the former. As many as 32 eggs have been found in one nest, but
these were probably laid by two birds.
[Illustration: ]
WHISTLING SWAN.
180. Olor columbianus. 58 inches.
These large birds are snow white, with the exception of their bill and
feet, which are black. The nostril is situated nearer the end of the bill
than it is to the eye. It is distinguished from the next by the small
yellow spot on either side of the bill near its base.
Nest.—Are made of a large mass of rubbish, weeds, moss, grass, feathers
and a few sticks, generally placed in marshy places near ponds or lakes.
Three to six greenish or brownish buff eggs are laid (4.00 × 2.75).
Range.—North America, more common in the east, breeding in Alaska and the
Arctic islands, wintering from British Columbia to the central part of
California.
TRUMPETER SWAN.
181. Olor buccinator. 65 inches.
This magnificent bird, over five feet in length, with a spread of wing
nearly ten feet, is found more in the interior than on the coast. Its
plumage is the same as above, except that the bill is entirely black and
the nostril is located nearer the eye. Their nesting habits are the same
as above, the eggs averaging a trifle larger.
[Illustration: ]
GLOSSY IBIS—Family Ibididæ.
186. Plegadis autumnalis. 25 inches.
The neck and body of this bird is a rich dark chestnut color, glossy with
purplish on the head; wings and tail glossy greenish black; bill, legs
and feet carmine red, bill much curved downward.
This bird is just the same as the White-faced Glossy Ibis which is
occasionally found in southern California, with the exception that the
latter has the forehead and feathers, bordering the bill, white.
Nest.—Strongly and compactly woven of dead rushes attached to living
stalks, and well cupped. Eggs 3 or 4 deep greenish blue color (1.95 ×
1.35).
WOOD IBIS—Family Ciconiæ.
188. Mycteria americana. 45 inches.
Head and neck unfeathered and covered with scales, which are pale bluish
in color as are also the legs. Plumage entirely white except for the
primaries and tail, which are glossy purplish black. This is the only
true Stork which occurs in North America, and is found only in the
southern part of California and the most southern states near the Gulf of
Mexico. They lay 3 or 4 white eggs (2.75 × 1.75).
[Illustration: ]
LEAST BITTERN.
191. Ixobrychus exilis. 13 inches.
This small variety of Bittern is very common in the southern portions of
the United States. They are very quiet and sly birds, and their presence
is often unsuspected when they are really quite abundant. Their nests are
made of rushes woven about the upright stalks; 3 to 5 eggs, bluish white
(1.20 × .90).
BITTERN—Family Herodii.
190. Botaurus lentiginosus. 28 inches.
These are birds of the bogs and marshes, and will keep concealed so
closely that one may pass within a few feet of them and they not take
flight. They are known by a variety of names, nearly all of which have
reference to their “booming” sound while in the bogs. The most common
name given them being “Stake Driver” and again “Thunder Pumper.” They are
much variegated with brown and yellowish brown; adults with a long, broad
black stripe on either side of the white throat; eye is yellow; bill and
legs, greenish yellow.
Nest.—They build in swamps or marshy places, placing their nest usually
in a tussock of grass on some bog surrounded by water. They lay from
three to five brownish colored eggs (1.95 × 1.50).
[Illustration: ]
GREAT BLUE HERON.
194. Ardea herodias herodias. 48 inches.
This handsome Heron in general color in the adult stage is bluish gray,
relieved by a black crest, and black primaries and patches on the sides
and a white crown. Young birds are much duller colored and lack the crest
of the old birds. It takes several years for them to obtain their perfect
plumage. In the South they breed in large colonies, often in company with
many other species.
Nest.—Is usually built of sticks, making a rude platform in the trees
near swamps or wet woods. In some localities as many as 40 nests have
been found in a single tree. Three to five eggs of a greenish blue color
(2.50 × 1.50).
Range.—North America except the extreme northern part, breeds from
British Columbia to southern Lower California.
GREEN HERON.
201. Butorides virescens virescens. 17 inches.
This is the smallest of our Herons, and is well known all over the
country. In most sections of the country they will be found nesting, one
of two pairs together, along the border of some swamp or stream; 3 to 5
pale greenish blue eggs (1.45 × 1.10).
[Illustration: ]
EGRET.
196. Herodias egretta. 41 inches.
This is our most beautiful pure white Heron; one which has persistently
been hunted for its beautiful plumes for millinery purposes. They usually
breed in colonies with several others of the Heron family.
Nest.—Is generally a frail platform in small trees or bushes over the
water in which they lay three or four light bluish green colored eggs
(2.25 × 1.45). Breeds in Oregon and California.
SNOWY EGRET.
197. Egretta candidissima. 24 inches.
Plumage white; in breeding season with numerous recurved plumes growing
from the middle of the back; long crest of plumes on back of the head,
and on the breast. Bill black, greenish at the base; legs black and feet
yellow. With the protection which has been placed on these birds and the
large breeding places in their favorite locations made into Government
reservations we hope to see these become more abundant within a few
years. Their nesting habits are the same as above, only the eggs are
smaller (1.80 × 1.25).
[Illustration: ]
BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.
202. Nycticorax nycticorax nævius. 24 inches.
A well-known bird often called “quawk” from the note which it makes
during its evening flights. They are usually found nesting in large
colonies, while in some places a few secluded pairs nest; a favorite
place being among pine trees on the edge of muddy ponds.
Nest.—Is built of sticks, with no lining, and placed in the higher limbs
of the trees, not unusual to find a dozen or more in each tree. Eggs are
pale greenish color (2.00 × 1.40).
YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON.
203. Nyctanassa violacea. 23 inches.
The head of this species is adorned with three long, rounded white
plumes; in life these plumes are rarely separated, but are nested
together so that they appear to be as one. On the back they also have
long lanceolate gray plumes; crown and a comet shaped patch under the eye
of a yellowish white. As dusk approaches, these birds start out from
their roosting places, and, with slow, measured flaps, wing their way to
their feeding grounds, which are fresh water bogs, their food consisting
of insects, frogs, snails and small fish.
[Illustration: ]
WHOOPING CRANE—Family Gruidæ.
204. Grus americana. 50 inches.
This is the largest of the family in America. The plumage of the adults
is pure white, with black primaries; the bare parts of the head and face
are carmine; eyes yellow; bill and feet black. These great birds are not
uncommon on the prairies of the interior of America.
Nest.—Either upon the solid earth or marshy places on the bogs, the nest
being very bulky, a mass of grass and weeds two or three feet in
diameter. They lay two eggs of a brownish buff color blotched with shades
of brown and gray (3.75 × 2.50).
Range.—Interior of North America, breeding to the Arctic regions and
wintering to the Gulf states and southward.
LITTLE BROWN CRANE.
205. Grus canadensis. 36 inches.
This smaller variety is very much like the Sandhill Crane, but more
brown, especially on the wings. When in flight this family always carry
the neck fully extended, while the Herons draw the neck back between the
wings. Unlike herons the young birds are born covered with down, and can
run about as soon as they appear.
Range.—In northern Canada, where it breeds.
[Illustration: ]
LIGHT-FOOTED RAIL.—Family Rallidæ.
210.1. Rallus levipes. 10 inches.
They inhabit the grassy marshes, and keep closely concealed if any danger
is lurking about the locality where they are. They are very quick to get
away in the tall grass if startled, and rarely take to the wing for
protection. This species is found about the marshes in southern
California.
CALIFORNIA CLAPPER RAIL.
210. Rallus obsoletus. 15 inches.
Color above olive-grayish, with no strong black markings; cinnamon
colored breast. It is an abundant species on nearly all of the marshes
along the coast. They are excellent runners, and are very difficult to
start from the marsh grass in which they are concealed. Its nest is built
on the ground on the higher parts of the marsh, where it is comparatively
dry, building it of grass and strips of rushes.
Nest.—They lay from four to nine eggs of a light buff color, spotted and
blotched with brown and lilac (1.75 × 1.25). The young of this family are
born covered with a shining black down, and remain in the nest but a few
hours.
[Illustration: ]
VIRGINIA RAIL.
212. Rallus virginianus. 10 inches.
Back handsomely patterned with black, olive-brown and gray; wing coverts
grayish brown, neck and breast cinnamon brown, brightest on the breast.
Sides sharply barred with black and white; chin and line over the eye
white, side of head slaty color. Like others of this species, it is found
in either the fresh or salt marshes, but more abundant in the fresh.
Nest.—Of grasses on the ground or in tufts of rushes; eggs of a creamy
white spotted and blotched with brown and lilac; six to ten are the
number laid (1.25 × .90).
Range.—North America, breeding from British Columbia to southern
California and the Gulf of Mexico.
SORA RAIL.
214. Porzana carolina. 9 inches.
Adults with throat and face black; young with no black on the head.
Unless disturbed they pass the greater part of the day in quiet and do
most of their feeding after dusk, when their clucking notes may be heard
all over the marshes.
Nest.—A rude structure of grass in the rushes; 6 to 16 eggs, buff colored
with reddish-brown specks (1.25 × .90).
[Illustration: ]
YELLOW RAIL.
215. Coturnicops noveboracensis. 7 inches.
This is a very handsome species, with plumage of glossy brown, yellowish
buff; black and white barred side feathers. The back is blackish with the
feathers edged with white. These small Rails are like field mice, hard to
locate or obtain sight of when in the marsh grass. They object to flying
unless forced to do so, and trust to their small size and their agility
to get through rushes to avoid being seen.
Nest.—Is placed on the ground and made of grass woven and twisted
together; the six to twelve eggs are rich buff color, specked with
reddish brown in a wreath about the larger end (1.10 × .80).
Range.—Locally distributed in temperate America from southern California
to British Columbia.
BLACK RAIL.
216. Creciscus coturniculus. 5 inches.
This is the smallest of the Rails. A dark slaty colored bird, with back a
dark brown thickly spotted with white, gray feathers on the sides and
flank spotted and barred with white.
Nest.—These are woven of strips of rushes and grass, nicely cupped to
hold the eggs, which number from six to twelve; creamy white, specked all
over with reddish brown (1.03 × .75).
[Illustration: ]
FLORIDA GALLINULE.
219. Gallinula galeata. 13 inches.
Plumage gray, changing to blackish about the head; the back a brownish
color. Bill and frontal plate bright red, the former being tipped with
yellow, legs greenish with a red ring about the top. The grayish side
feathers tipped with white at the wing and lower ones with black. They
have an almost endless variety of notes; all of them harsh and explosive.
Nest.—They build in colonies in the marshes, making their nests of rushes
and grasses woven together and attached to stalks of rushes quite often
over the water. They lay from six to ten eggs of a creamy buff color
(1.60 × 1.15).
AMERICAN COOT.
221. Fulica americana. 15 inches.
Head and neck nearly black, shading into a gray over the whole bird. Toes
lobed and scalloped along the edge; bill white with a blackish band near
the tip; shield narrow and brownish, ending in a point.
Nest.—This is placed in the same localities as are the Rails, and they
have the same retiring habits. Six to fifteen eggs of a grayish color
finely specked all over with black or brown (1.80 × 1.30).
[Illustration: ]
RED PHALAROPE.—Family Phalaropodidæ.
222. Phalaropus fulicarius. 8 inches.
These birds are very rarely seen in the United States in their breeding
plumage; when they come in the fall nearly all have changed to their
winter dress, and they retain this until after they leave us in the
spring. In summer the under parts and neck a reddish brown; sides of the
head white; top of head blackish; wings bluish gray crossed by a white
band. The female is the larger and brighter plumaged bird.
Nest.—A hollow in the ground, lined with a few grasses. Three or four
eggs greenish buff color, spotted and blotched with brown or black (1.20
× .80).
Range.—Northern hemisphere, breeding in the far north, and in winter
migrating to middle portions of United States on both coasts.
NORTHERN PHALAROPE.
223. Lobipes lobatus. 8 inches.
This is a maritime species that nests in the far north, and appears on
the coasts a short time during migration. Like the last they are expert
swimmers, and pass most of their time when not breeding upon the surface
of the water. They feed upon minute insects secured from beds of floating
kelp. Nest and eggs similar to above.
[Illustration: ]
WILSON PHALAROPE.
224. Steganopus tricolor. 9 inches.
This is the most handsome species of the family, being of a very graceful
form, of a grayish and white color, with a broad black stripe through the
eye and down the side of the neck, where it changes gradually into a rich
chestnut color. Bill is long and slender. It is a bird of the interior,
and is only rarely met with on the coasts. It does not congregate in
large flocks, as the two preceding, and is not as often seen upon the
water, although a good swimmer.
Nest.—Made of grasses on the ground, usually concealed in a tuft of grass
near the border of a marsh or pond. Three or four greenish-buff eggs with
black markings (1.30 × .90).
Range.—Interior of North America, breeding from Canada to southern
California and inland to Colorado and Dakota.
WILSON SNIPE.
230. Gallinago delicata. 11 inches.
This species to a great extent frequents the open marshy meadows with its
winding brooks. They procure their food by boring in the muddy banks of
the meadows, the tip of the bill being flexible.
Nest.—On grassy edge of ponds or marshes; 4 eggs (1.50 × 1.10).
[Illustration: ]
AVOCET—Family Recurvirostridæ.
225. Recurvirostra americana. 17 inches.
In summer the head and neck are pale cinnamon color; young birds and
winter adults have the head and neck white. Feathers on the under part
white and very thick and, duck-like, being impervious to water. Bill
slender and recurved; feet webbed. Large patches of white on the wings,
making them very conspicuous at all times. During the breeding season, if
not molested, they become very tame.
Nest.—Is simply a lining of grass in a slight depression in the ground.
They lay three or four eggs of a dark greenish or brownish buff color,
spotted and blotched with brown and black (1.90 × 1.30).
BLACK-NECKED STILT.
226. Himantopus mexicanus. 15 inches.
Legs extremely long and bright red; neck and bill moderately long and
slender. Male black and white as shown; female and young with back
brownish. They are strong and swift upon the wing.
Nest.—On the ground, made of weeds, twigs and grass. Three or four eggs,
greenish buff, with numerous markings of brown and black about the larger
end.
[Illustration: ]
DOWITCHER.
231. Macrorhamphus griseus. 11 inches.
Bill very long like that of the Snipe. In summer these birds are reddish
brown below; more or less specked with black on the breast and barred
with black on the sides; above mottled with brown and black, lighter or
even white on the rump, crossed with wavy lines of black.
In winter they are gray above and white below. By the gunners known as
“Red-breasted Snipe” in the spring and summer and as “Graybacks” in the
winter months.
Nest.—Placed in a slight hollow on the ground and lined with grass and
leaves; three or four eggs of a greenish buff color boldly marked with
brown most heavily about the larger end (1.75 × 1.15).
STILT SANDPIPER.
233. Micropalama himantopus. 9 inches.
These seem to be one of the least abundant of our shore birds, single
individuals being found in flocks of other species rather than in flocks
by themselves. Bill slender and only moderately long. In summer the
entire under parts are a rusty white, closely barred with blackish. In
winter they are gray above and white below.
[Illustration: ]
KNOT.
234. Tringa canutus. 11 inches.
This is one of the birds that feed along the ocean beaches, following out
each wave as it rolls away and eagerly picking the small insects from the
sand, and hurrying back to get clear from the next wave. Bill moderately
long and quite stout; form more robust than most of the shore birds.
Adults in summer mixed with brown and grayish above and of a reddish
uniform brown below. In winter plain gray above and white below.
Nest.—They are supposed to breed in Arctic America, but no eggs are known
as yet in any collections.
Range.—Arctic regions in summer; in winter south through the United
States to South America.
PRIBILOF SANDPIPER.
235b. Arquatella maritima ptilocnemis. 9 inches.
This bird has the feathers of the upper parts edged with rusty and the
under parts light, with a distinguishing patch of black on the breast.
Three or four eggs of a grayish buff color, spotted and blotched with
brown, laid on the ground in a depression with a light lining of grass
(1.50 × 1.05).
[Illustration: ]
SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER.
238. Pisobia aurita. 9 inches.
This species is blackish-brown above, feathers strongly edged with
reddish brown, white below except the breast, which is reddish brown.
Fairly common in summer on the coast of Alaska; in winter supposed to
migrate south wholly on the Asiatic side of the Pacific.
PECTORAL SANDPIPER.
239. Pisobia maculata. 9 inches.
A peculiar species, having the power during the mating season of
inflating the throat to a great extent. They have more the habits of the
Snipe than do most of the Sandpipers, frequenting grassy meadows or
marshes, and feeding along the muddy flats in place of the sandy beaches.
They are very dark brown above, with much lighter brown edging the
feathers, and are white below and on the throat; the breast is brownish.
These are well-known birds, and are called by gunners “Grass Snipe” or
“Jack Snipe” as a more common name.
Nest.—Are grass-lined depressions, in which are laid three or four
grayish or greenish buff eggs (1.45 × 1.00).
Range.—Whole of North America, breeding in the Arctic regions and
wintering south of the United States.
[Illustration: ]
WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER.
240. Pisobia fuscicollis. 7 inches.
Back, wings and top of head brownish streaked with black, below white,
but with the breast and throat streaked; primaries black; upper tail
coverts white. Nesting habits the same as those of the majority of the
family, breeding from Labrador northward, and wintering to Central
America. Eggs 1.30 × .90.
BAIRD SANDPIPER.
241. Pisobia bairdi. 7½ inches.
Very similar to the preceding, but without the white rump, being of a
blackish color instead.
Nest.—In the grass bordering fresh water ponds rather than near the
seashore. Their nest is a slight hollow in the ground lined with grasses
and usually concealed in a bunch of grass. Three to four eggs of a
grayish white marked with shades of brown and lilac (1.30 × .90).
LEAST SANDPIPER.
242. Pisobia minutilla. 6 inches.
This is the smallest of the family; except for size they are the same in
color and markings as the preceding. Found more on the seashore. Nesting
habits and eggs are the same as the two above.
[Illustration: ]
RED-BACKED SANDPIPER.
243a. Pelidna alpina sakhalina. 8 inches.