or one Javan rupee per annum; and where, in any instance, from the
indigence of the householder, even this small payment could become a
hardship, the collector shall not include him at all in the assessment.
This measure will secure a considerable revenue to government, and by
experience in some districts already, it is known that it will not
be considered as vexatious or unjust by the inhabitants: they will
deem it no hardship to pay so small a sum annually, to be secured in
the unmolested possession of the ground and enclosure in which their
houses stand: more especially now that they are freed from all forced
deliveries and services, without adequate payment either to government
or to the native chiefs, and are left at liberty to enjoy the fruit of
their labour.
42. The paper C. requires few observations: it explains itself. Every
householder shall have a number given to him; for in registering
names alone, very great confusion may arise, not only by the same
being possessed by numerous individuals, but by the singular practice
which frequently occurs among the Javans, of persons, from the most
capricious motives, assuming new appellations. The number being once
fixed on each, there will be no difficulty in always identifying them.
43. In the paper B., for the same reason above given, a number will be
added to each individual cultivator's name; that is, to each who will,
in the detailed system to be carried into effect, become an actual
renter of land from government.
44. With respect to the quantity of land, of produce, or of money, as
it is most desirable that there should be one uniform standard for the
whole island, to which every other measurement, weight, or currency may
be reduced, a circular letter has been written, dated 11th February,
1814, on the subject of currency, weights, and measures, and the
collectors will be in future strictly guided by that, keeping their
accounts only in the terms therein authorized.
45. In estimating the produce, the average of several former years will
be the surest criterion. All sawah lands will be considered solely
as to what quantity of paddy they might produce. Where other species
of cultivation occurs, it shall nevertheless be estimated only with
reference to this standard, or what might have been the value of the
crop had the land been sown with rice.
46. In similar manner, the tegal lands (under which description are
comprehended all lands not subject to irrigation) shall be estimated,
in their produce, at what would be the quantity of maize from them were
that the sole crop.
47. These two kinds of cultivation are the most usual throughout the
island for these descriptions of land, and will be easy to form an
assessment where these two are only considered. The profit or loss, in
substituting other crops, must be the sole concern of the individual
cultivators.
48. In the value of the produce, the prices for both the paddy and the
maize must be taken as they exist in the cheapest season of the year,
and actually procurable on the spot.
49. By assuming other rates than these, as for instance, the prices
the articles may bear in periods of the year when a greater scarcity
prevails, or at what they would sell were they disposed of in
large towns, a false estimate will be taken; and depending on such
contingencies, a failure in the realization of the assessed revenues
might frequently occur.
50. In the remarks that may be made opposite to each cultivator, if
necessary, any circumstance may be entered that may be deemed by the
collector deserving of mention;--but principally will fall under this
column the statement of such reasons as entitle the individual to
a remission of rent, such as the being an officer of government, a
pensioner, &c. The general account A. will throw into one view the
whole resources and actual state of the village.
51. Each of these villages must have a number given to it by the
officer of division.
52. On the principles of complete survey, even the smallest quantity
of land must be accounted for; and the general division into such as
are or are not in use, naturally suggests itself. These are again
subdivided into other classes. The "cultivated land" will be formed
by bringing together the totals of the paper B.; "free land" will
include generally all such as are at present enjoyed by the village
inhabitant, free of assessment, as the area of the village itself, with
its gardens, commons, &c. The "coffee grounds" still remaining in the
possession of government will be next entered; but it will be the duty
of the collectors to let these out, where they can, like other lands,
to be converted to whatever purpose the tenants may please.
53. The extent of the "teak forests" must likewise be given; and
to this will follow what are termed "government lands," that is,
generally, whatever is held by them for their own or the public
benefit, exclusive of the two foregoing classes. In the "general
remarks" it will be necessary to advert to the particular nature of
this entry, specifying what lands have formed it.
54. Of "lands not in use," the most important part is that which
specifies what are capable of being cultivated. The several qualities
of these cannot in every instance be quite correctly defined; but
as far as practicable, it is desirous to arrange them in the manner
pointed out, that is, into the two general descriptions of _Sawah_
and _Tegal_. Next will follow lands decidedly "unfit;"--and finally,
what are termed "jungle lands;" these are such as do not produce teak.
"In the general remarks," it will be necessary to take notice of this
latter class, specifying, as far as possible, to what kind of land they
belong, whether by clearing they might be susceptible of cultivation,
or are naturally unfit for it. The remaining heads in the paper need
no observation: they explain themselves, and will be at once filled up
from the accounts B, and C.
55. Each officer of division shall, from these village accounts, frame
one general one of the district under his authority. The form is shewn
in the paper D. The only additional information to be furnished by him
in it, is the quantity of lands lying waste and uninhabited, which have
not been portioned out into villages; and in the "general remarks"
subjoined, it will be necessary to advert to these, pointing out their
nature, and the reasons for their being in such desert state.
56. Each division shall be regularly numbered.
57. The account marked E. is intended to give to government one
general view of the whole collectorship; at once showing into how many
divisions it is portioned out, and in each of those how many villages
there are, the general population under its several descriptions, the
total amount of land, what quantity of it is cultivated, how much is
capable of being so, the estimated value of the entire produce, the
riches of its inhabitants, which are chiefly comprised in the number of
buffaloes and horses possessed by them, &c. &c. And attached to these,
any such observations may be made as may suggest themselves to the
collectors.
58. The collection of papers thus framed, will, it is deemed, put
government fully in possession of all the information they require.
59. On the first attempt by the British power to introduce an amended
system of land revenue through this island, from our paucity of
information on the subject, and the extreme caution with which it was
necessary to proceed, it was thought requisite to have recourse to an
intermediate class of persons between the actual sovereign and the
cultivator of the soil, or to let out the whole lands of each village
to its principal inhabitant.
60. But by this mere grant of lease, it was not by any means understood
that any acknowledgment was made of proprietary right to the soil
existing in those heads of villages. It was simply a step, arising
from the necessity of the occasion, from the impracticability of at
once entering upon a more detailed plan, and which at the moment of
its adoption was meant to be considered as temporary, to be no longer
adhered to, if, on the acquisition of further knowledge, a more
particular system of management should be deemed advisable.
61. The nature of landed tenure throughout the island is now thoroughly
understood. Generally speaking, no proprietary right in the soil is
vested in any between the actual cultivator and the sovereign; the
intermediate classes, who may at any time have enjoyed the revenues of
villages or districts, being deemed merely the executive officers of
government, who received those revenues only from the gift of their
lord, and who depended on his will alone for their tenure. Of this
actual proprietary right, there can be no doubt that it originally
vested solely in the sovereign; but it is equally certain, that the
first clearers of the land entitled themselves, as their just reward,
to such a real property in the ground they thus in a manner created,
that whilst a due tribute of a certain share of its produce for the
benefit of being well governed was paid to the sovereign power, that
in return was equally bound not to disturb them or their heirs in its
possession. The disposal of this government share was, therefore, all
that could justly depend on the will of the ruling authority, and
consequently the numerous gifts of lands made at various periods by the
several sovereigns, have in no way affected the right of the actual
cultivator:--all that any government could alienate was merely its
own revenue or share of the produce. This subject has come under full
discussion; and the above result, as regarding this island, has been
quite satisfactorily established.
62. The continuance, therefore, of the village system becomes only
a matter of consideration, on the grounds of whether it is more
beneficial than any other to government, or most likely to be conducive
to the general prosperity and welfare of the mass of the population.
63. No doubt, however, remains on the mind of government on this
question. The agency of the intermediate renters is considered as quite
unnecessary to be adopted in future. It is deemed, that such a plan of
settlement will leave the interest of the bulk of the people entirely
at the mercy of a set of numerous petty chiefs, who, however well
they may have hitherto conducted themselves, would certainly, in such
case, possess an ability of injury and oppression, against which the
ruling power would have left itself no adequate means of prevention or
redress, and which cannot therefore be permitted, consistently with
the principles of good government.
64. It has, therefore, been resolved, that this intermediate system
be entirely done away, the government determining to act, in future,
through its immediate officers, directly with each individual
cultivator, and to stand forward, in short, the sole collector and
enjoyer of its own revenues. On every view, indeed, of the subject,
the _tiang-halit_ (or as it is termed in Western India, where it is
understood to have been advantageously introduced, the _ryot-war_
settlement) is considered as that which will at once prove most
satisfactory to the people, and most beneficial to the government.
65. In the period that has elapsed since the first settlement, a
sufficient knowledge has been obtained, by the most scrutinous
investigation into the whole minutiæ of the revenue affairs of the
country, to render government now fully competent to carry into
execution that more detailed plan, which it was always in their
contemplation to introduce, as early as might be practicable.
66. The several collectors will therefore take suitable measures for
carrying into effect the desired change, as soon as this may, from
local or other circumstances, be possible.
67. Of course, the expiration of the former leases must, in every
instance, be awaited; but the several preliminary steps may be
proceeded in without further delay. On no account must such leases be
renewed.
68. As the term of the greater part of them will be closed by the
ensuing _puasa_, and as the business of the assessment and survey, as
above ordered, may with great advantage be carried on together, the
principles on which that settlement will proceed will be briefly laid
down here. Much however must be necessarily left to the discretion and
judgment of the officers to whom its conduct will be entrusted, and on
whose zeal, industry, and ability, this government fully relies.
69. As a general rule for the guidance of the collector, he shall
continue in possession all such persons as he finds actually holding
and cultivating land, and shall receive them as the renters from
government in the new settlement. Even though such cultivators shall
not be able to adduce proofs of any real property in the land, yet long
occupancy, improving culture, and general good conduct while in its
possession, are deemed to be claims of no weak nature, and certainly
constitute a right, in equity and sound policy, of being considered
preferably to any others, who have no such claims; and this right
government is determined to respect.
70. It must, however, be clearly understood, that no positive rights
of any nature will be infringed by this settlement. Every claim to
property in land must be freely heard, and fully inquired into, by the
collectors; and it is necessary, in doubtful cases, to submit the claim
for the decision of the Honourable the Lieutenant-Governor.
71. There have been, it is known, in many parts of the country,
grants from the sovereign of lands in perpetuity, which are regularly
inheritable, and relative to which the original documents still exist.
Of these some have been made for religious purposes, others as rewards
or provision for relatives or the higher nobility. These alienations,
as far as it was justly in the power of the sovereign to make them,
will certainly not be set aside. Equity and good faith forbid it; but
they equally enjoin, that the extent of these alienations be clearly
defined, and that the rights of others be not compromised by them.
The government share, where granted away, will not be claimed, for
this affects the government alone. But there are certain other rights,
those of the cultivators, which cannot be admitted to have been in
the slightest degree affected by such grants; and in the enjoyment
of them, therefore, they must be duly protected by the government.
Such proprietors of revenue, as they may be termed, shall in short be
allowed to act, with regard to the cultivators, only as government
themselves act toward theirs; that is, receiving a fixed share of the
produce: but whilst that is delivered, neither exacting more, nor
removing any individual from his land.
72. On these subjects it will become the duty of the collector to
be particularly careful and circumspect; to hear all claims, but to
admit none lightly, giving to each the fullest investigation prior to
acknowledging their validity.
73. When the collector shall have thoroughly acquainted himself with
the actual state and resource of each village, he shall proceed,
as quickly as he can, to the assessment of the land revenue, to be
realized, not from the village generally, but from each individual
cultivator inhabiting it.
74. The head of the village shall be considered as the officer of
government to be employed in the collection of the revenue; for which
a certain portion of land shall be allowed to him. In consideration of
this, and possessing, as he will, due powers for its realization, he
shall be considered as responsible for its whole amount. By this means,
every advantage of the general village settlement will be obtained,
without any of its evils.
75. It must be observed, that all allotments of land, whether as
pensions or salaries, are to be made only provisionally; and in such
grants the government share will be all that is to be affected by them.
76. One lease shall be made for the whole village, according to the
form laid down in the enclosure F.
77. This will give to each individual a full knowledge of his rights,
and of what are the only dues to be expected from him by government.
No extortion or injustice can then exist, without being liable to
instant detection and punishment. To attain still further this end,
it is ordered, that a copy of this lease be lodged with the officer
of division, and another be kept for public inspection in the village
office.
78. The head of the village shall also give to each renter an exact
account, according to the form in enclosure G.
79. By this the renter will know exactly the state of his affairs, and
the examination of these lesser papers will at once discover any fraud
on the part of the village officer; for he most, on each receipt of
money or kind, mark it in their accounts.
80. The officer of division will, in like manner, acknowledge on the
back of the general lease the several sums received by him from the
head of any village. The receipt of kind collections will, in the same
way, be acknowledged at the collector's office, when they are delivered
in.
81. The manner of assessing the government share will proceed, as far
as practicable, as follows:
82. As the inferior descriptions of land require greater labour in
their cultivation, and as the actual quantity of produce left from each
for the use of the renter, is wished to be nearly the same, a different
rate in assessing must be observed for each.
83. The following is considered as the fairest scale for fixing the
government share from each species of land, and ought to be referred
to, as much as possible, as the general standard:
_For Sawah Lands._
1st sort, one-half of the estimated produce.
2d, two-fifths ditto.
3d, one-third ditto.
_For Tegal Lands._
1st sort, two-fifths of the estimated produce.
2d, one-third ditto.
3d, one-fourth ditto.
84. It must be expected, that less than this will be levied in many
places for some time to come. Various reasons will induce a low rental
being established at first, as the energies of many impoverished and
long oppressed districts are to be brought forth by every encouragement
that government can give; but when cultivation has reached what may be
considered as its state of perfection, and the settlement is completely
matured, the above must form the general rates of assessment.
85. Government think it necessary also explicitly to declare, that they
will be satisfied when the land revenue shall be productive to them in
these proportions, determining, at no future time, to raise that scale;
that the inhabitants, being thus exactly acquainted with what will
form the utmost demand on them, and resting in full confidence that
government will not exact any thing further, may, in that security,
enjoy their possessions in undisturbed happiness, and apply their
utmost industry to the improvement of their lands, assured that, while
they conduct themselves well, that land will never be taken from them,
and that the more productive they may be able to render it, the more
beneficial will it be to themselves.
86. The head of the village will deliver his money collections to
the officer of division, in such instances as may be directed by the
collector; but all payments in kind must be made actually into the
collector's office at the head station, the expenses of bringing it
falling entirely on the renters. This is done chiefly with a view to
discourage such species of payments, government wishing to receive, as
far as practicable, their revenues in money alone. In ordering this,
regard has also been had to former custom, the contingent under the
Dutch administration having always been thus delivered in.
87. The option of kind payment is still left to the renter on many
accounts; in consideration, partly, of the present scarcity of
specie throughout the country, partly as being agreeable to their
ancient usages, which will always be paid the greatest attention to;
but chiefly, as by leaving this double mode of payment open, the
assessment, both in this and future settlements, will be able to be
proceeded with on the justest and best principles. Enhancement or
remissions will be equitably regulated by it; and, in short, by keeping
the actual produce always in view, the shares of the government and of
the cultivator must always preserve their due relation towards each
other.
88. _Pari_ or rice, however, are the only two articles to be received.
Maize is considered, in estimating the produce of the tegal lands, to
produce the justest assessment; but this must be invariably commuted
for a money rent on fair principles. To sawah landholders only will the
option of _pari_ or rice deliveries be given. As cultivators, in most
cases, hold some of each description of land, this distinction will not
be felt as a hardship.
89. To guard against any failure in the estimated revenues, the value
of the produce will be calculated at the sum which it commonly sells
for in the village itself, immediately after the gathering in of the
harvest; and the money commutation will proceed on this principle.
The renters, therefore, will obviously be encouraged to pay money
preferable to kind; but should they nevertheless give in the latter,
the head of the village must, if he can, turn it into specie, so that
the estimated value be obtained. Should, in spite of these precautions,
any quantity of _pari_ or rice arrive at the head station, the
collector will deposit it in the storehouses, and report in what manner
he is of opinion it can be most advantageously disposed of. Generally
speaking, government wish to derive no extra profit from this branch of
their revenues, and will approve of immediate sale, in every instance
where the assessed price can be obtained.
90. As arrears are to be as much guarded against as possible,
remissions of rent must sometimes be made. The mode of regulating
these will be as follows. When such calamity of season or other cause,
occurs, as may be supposed to entitle the cultivator to indulgent
consideration in some deduction of rent, a report must be made by the
head of the village before gathering the harvest, and the collector
will then order the officer of division, or send some trusty servant
from his own office, to survey the crop, and inquire into the causes
of its falling short of the estimate. Such orders will afterwards
be issued, whether remitting any part or the whole of the dues of
government, or enforcing their strict collection, as may be deemed
necessary. Whenever a real, unavoidable suffering has been sustained,
a remission of rent must be granted, government deeming it far
preferable to conciliate their subjects by every reasonable favour,
and even to submit to a slight loss, than to disaffect them by the
continual harassing which the strict exaction of heavy arrears must
occasion. Nor will, indeed, any real gain accrue from being thus always
unrelenting; for, in most cases, the liquidation of the debts they may
have incurred will only be effected by the sale of buffaloes, horses,
and other property, on the possession of which must entirely depend
the good performance of their future engagements; so that, in fine,
by resorting to this measure, the debt may be discharged, but very
frequently the cultivator will be lost.
91. As the first settlement, according to this amended system, cannot
be expected to attain as accurate an assessment as is desirable, it is
not deemed advisable that the leases to be granted should exceed the
period of one year.
92. From the nature of the foregoing instructions, the collectors
cannot fail to observe the importance and extent of the obligations
imposed on them by the office intrusted to their charge. It is not
enough that the government lay down the principles of a benevolent
system intended to introduce the practical freedom which has been
bestowed on all the nations subject to the honourable Company's
dominions; it is with them that the application of these principles is
entrusted, and to their temper, assiduity, judgment, and integrity,
that the people have to look for the enjoyment of the blessings which
it is intended to bestow upon them. They have, in short, the national
character, as well of their own personal reputation, to support; and
while the Lieutenant Governor in Council feels it unnecessary to rouse
that spirit of public virtue in which it is the pride of a Briton to
excel, or to advert to the shame that must follow a neglect of these
important duties, he deems it proper to remark, that his most vigilant
attention will be given to the progress of the great work which
has been commenced, and that it will always afford him the highest
gratification to bring to public notice, and reward the examples of
industry, honour, and integrity, which he constantly expects to meet
with.
(Signed) T. S. RAFFLES.
_Buitenzorg, Feb. 11, 1814._
APPENDIX M.
_MEMORANDUM respecting WEIGHTS, MEASURES, &c._
The weights and measures not only differ, both nominally and
essentially, in the several districts of Java, but are often subject
to such varieties, even within the same district, that the greatest
confusion in accounts, and endless peculations, are almost inevitable.
The native denominations and divisions are blended with the Chinese
and European, and even the latter have been made to vary so much, that
it is difficult to refer them to one common standard. The uncertainty
of the native measures has, however, been considerably removed, by the
reference constantly had by the Chinese to the weight of the article,
instead of the bulk, which is the usual measure of the Javans.
The measure of weight which may be considered as the most general
standard throughout the country, is the Chinese _kati_, equal to about
1¼ lb., or about 20 ounces avoirdupois; 100 _katis_ make a _pikul_ of
125 lbs. Dutch, or 133⅓ English, 30 _pikuls_ or 3,000 _katis_, being
3,750 lbs. Dutch. The Dutch standard _koyan_, however, is only 3,400
lbs., and in general is considered equal to a last, or two tons; but
this weight, by which the rude produce of the country is generally
calculated, is subject to innumerable varieties. In order to cover
the wastage, it was the rule of the government that there should be
one rate for receipt of goods, and another for their delivery. This
varied according as the article was perishable or otherwise, or to the
degree of peculation established by usage. This applied to all measures
and weights by which goods were received and issued at the government
stores, and the rates were different in different districts. A _koyan_
among private individuals at Batavia is generally considered as 27
_pikuls_, equal to 253 _gantons_, or 2,700 _katis_; at _Semárang_ as
28 _pikuls_, but by the natives generally as 30 _pikuls_. The _koyan_,
however, by which the contingent was formerly delivered to government,
at _Demak_ was no less than 4,250 lbs. Dutch.
_Pári_, or rice in the husk, is generally calculated by the _amat_, and
in some districts by the _sáng'ga_. When the _pári_ is reaped, which
is invariably done by snapping or cutting each separate straw a few
inches below the husk, the sheaf or bundle as it accumulates is laid in
the left hand, between the thumb and middle finger: the quantity which
can be thus held is termed _sa agem_, which is therefore equivalent to
a handful. Three of these make a _pochong_, a quantity which can be
clasped between the two hands. The sheaf is then bound. Afterwards,
when the grain and straw are dry, two of these _pochongs_ are bound
together in one larger bundle, which is termed _gedeng_. Four _gedengs_
make one _bawon_, and five _gedengs_ one _sang'ga_: three _bawon_ make
one _wuwa_, and two _wuwa_ one _amat_; the _gedeng_ is sometimes four,
five, and even sometimes nine _katis_.
In the _Semárang_ districts alone, the _amat_ varied from 200 to 600
_katis_ in weight. In the western and _Sunda_ districts _pari_ is
measured by the _chain_, of which there are the common and the mountain
_chain_, the one being equal to 4,000 lbs. Dutch, the other about 1,000
_katis_. The _kati_, however, is the usual measure.
Land measure is by the natives regulated in general by the _bawat_,
a measure of length, formed of the staff stick of the _payong_, or
umbrella, which the _Bópati_, or native chief of a province, receives
on his investiture. The length of this stick, when drawn from the
umbrella, is termed a _changkal_, and is from nine to twelve feet. The
principal divisions of land are into the _bahu_ and _jung_. Four of
the former make a _jung_; but these not only differ in size according
to the length of _changkal_, but the situation of the land and the
nature of the soil; the _jungs_ of rich land, and in the vicinity of
the principal towns, being much smaller than the poor lands situated
at a distance. The endless varieties of these measurements it would be
tedious to detail. One _jung_ in the _Semarang_ districts is equal to
three others, to five, to six, seven, and even so many as ten, in other
parts. From this perplexing inequality of measurement arose formerly,
in many instances, the comparative disproportion of the cultivator's
contributions to the state, as each _jung_ of every size was assessed
with the payment of a fixed contingent. In many instances the _jung_
was rather to be considered the measure, not so much of the land as of
its produce.
The advantage of reducing these vague and uncertain measures to some
fixed standard, had in some degree attracted the attention of the Dutch
government, during the administration of Marshal Daendels, who directed
that the lands in several districts should be measured according to an
average _jung_ of two thousand square rods or _changkals_ of twelve
feet Dutch. This measurement being generally known as the government
_jung_, although it had only been very partially introduced in one or
two districts, was made the standard in the recent agricultural survey
of the country; and although it was not deemed advisable to introduce
at the moment an entire change in the local usages of each district,
the public officers were directed to refer to it on all occasions; and
in the statistical and other returns, the local measurement of the
place has accordingly been invariably reduced to this standard. The
government _jung_ of two thousand square _changkals_ of twelve feet
English, is equal to 6⁷⁴⁄₁₂₁ English acres; and the government _amat_,
by which the produce is weighed, being fixed at two thousand _katís_,
is equal to two _pikuls_, or 266⅔ lbs. English.
In reducing the coins circulating in Java into English money, in the
course of this work, the Spanish dollar has been considered as equal to
five shillings English, and the _rupee_ to half a crown. In the local
currency of Java, ten copper doits make one _wang_ (a small silver
coin), and twelve _wangs_ one _rupee_.
The following Table shews the current value of the different Coins
circulating in Java:
4 doits make 8 stiver.
10 doits or 2 stivers and a half 1 dubbeltje.
30 ditto or 7 stivers and a half 1 schelling.
60 ditto or 15 stivers {Half a Batavian, Surat, or Arcot
{ rupee.
63 ditto or 15 stivers and three}
quarters} Half a sicca rupee.
120 ditto or 30 stivers 1 Batavian, Surat, or Arcot rupee.
126 ditto or 31 stivers and a half 1 sicca rupee.
132 ditto or 33 ditto Half a Spanish dollar.
160 ditto or 40 ditto Half a ducatoon.
190 ditto or 48 ditto 1 rix dollar.
240 ditto or 60 ditto 1 American or Austrian dollar.
264 ditto or 66 ditto 1 Spanish dollar.
312 ditto or 78 ditto 1 old ducatoon.
320 ditto or 80 ditto 1 new ducatoon.
528 ditto or 132 ditto, equal to }
2¾ rix dollars } 1 gold ducat.
960 ditto or 240 ditto, equal to }
5 rix dollars } Half a gold rupee.
1920 ditto or 480 ditto 1 gold rupee.
10 Spanish dollars 1 American gold eagle.
16 ditto ditto 1 doubloon.
N. B. The Java gold rupee is equal to sixteen Java silver rupees; the
gold ducat fluctuates in value, but circulates in general for silver
rupees.
THE END.
PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON,
ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, LONDON.
THE FOLLOWING WORK,
_In one large Volume 4to., price 2l. 12s. 6d._
MAY BE HAD OF
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
A MEMOIR
OF THE
LIFE AND PUBLIC SERVICES
OF
SIR THOMAS STAMFORD RAFFLES, F.R.S. &c.
PARTICULARLY IN THE GOVERNMENT OF JAVA, 1811-1816,
AND OF
BENCOOLEN AND ITS DEPENDENCIES, 1817-1824;
WITH DETAILS OF THE
COMMERCE AND RESOURCES OF THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO,
AND
_SELECTIONS FROM HIS CORRESPONDENCE_.
BY HIS WIDOW.
INDEX.
ADI SAKA, ii. 71;
his character, ii. 72.
Admixture of European with native customs, i. 346.
Agriculture, i. 77;
its importance to Java, i. 117;
principal pursuit of the people, i. 118;
causes of its obstruction, i. 168;
of its improvement, i. 179.
Agricultural survey, i. 7.
Alluvial districts, i. 25.
Alphabet, peculiarity of the Javan, i. 400-405;
specimens of its mystical meaning, Appendix, lxxxii.
Ambassadors, forms relating to, i. 351.
American trade, i. 242, 245.
Amusing description of Javan character by the Dutch, i. 283.
Anchar described, i. 51;
poison prepared from, i. 53.
Animal kingdom, i. 51;
horses, i. 53;
domesticated tribe, beasts of prey, i. 56;
birds, i. 57; their habits, i. 58;
amphibious tribe, i. 59;
serpents, fish, i. 60;
insect tribe, shells, i. 61.
Ancient customs relating to births, marriages, and deaths, i. 360.
Ancient mythology of the Javans, i. 418.
Antiquities, i. 5;
where found, ii. 6;
ruins at Brambanan, ii. 7;
temple of Kobon Dalam, ii. 8;
temples of Loro Jongran, ii. 12;
remains at Dinangan, ii. 24;
temple of Kali Sari, ii. 25;
of Kali Bening, ii. 27;
Hall of Audience, ii. 29;
temple of Boro Bodo, ii. 30;
ruins at Kediri, &c. ii. 35;
at Singa Sari, &c. ii. 44;
temples at Suku, ii. 49;
figures, ii. 56;
enormous tank, ii. 57;
images, ii. 58;
casts, ii. 59;
inscriptions on stone, ii. 60;
on copper, ii. 63;
tombs, coins, ii. 64;
remarks on their origin and purpose, ii. 66.
Ants used as food, i. 107.
Arabic literature in Java, i. 445.
Arab tract quoted, i. 2;
settlers, i. 82;
turban imitated by the priests, i. 99;
missionaries, ii. 122-128;
their exertions, ii. 143.
Arabs, first visit to Java, i. 212;
their hypocrisy, i. 253;
their lunar year adopted, i. 530.
Archipelago, islands of the, productions, i. 227;
commerce and policy, i. 246;
prevalence of piracy, i. 247-258;
resources, i. 248;
sovereignties, i. 249;
Chinese, i. 250;
Arabs, i. 253;
Dutch monopoly, i. 255, 256;
riches, i. 258;
slavery, i. 259;
Mahomedanism, i. 261;
Christianity, i. 262.
Architecture, style of, i. 93;
remains, i. 529; ii. 6-68.
Archives of the princes, ii. 67.
Arithmetic, i. 529.
Arjúna mountain, i. 13.
Armies, native, i. 329.
Arrack, manufacture of, i. 196;
exported, i. 238;
price, i. 239.
Asiatic Researches quoted, i. 2, 63.
Aspect of the country, i. 23.
Astrology, ii. 69.
Astronomy, i. 530;
division of time, i. 531;
signs of the zodiac, i. 534.
Athenians, or Iones, i. 2.
Augury, belief in, ii. 70.
BAKER, CAPTAIN GEORGE, ii. 8.
_Balambangan_, i. 268.
_Bali_, account of, Appendix, cxxxviii. language, i. 398;
writing, i. 406;
literary works, i. 438;
vestiges of antiquity, ii. 65.
_Bantam_ described, i. 9;
height of mountain, i. 13;
language, i. 400;
arrival of the Dutch, ii. 164;
their negotiations with the King, ii. 166, 200, 249;
its condition under the Dutch, ii. 265;
resigned to the British government, ii. 267;
general account of the population, ii. 268.
BARON VAN IMHOFF, ii. 233-245.
_Batavia_ described, i. 10; ii. 270;
environs, ii. 271;
harbour in the roads, i. 12;
its unhealthiness, i. 36-38;
supposed cause of it, Appendix, ix;
its check to the population, i. 71-76;
new capital of the Dutch, i. 210;
compared, i. 213;
annual number of vessels arrived under the British government, i. 215;
mercantile enterprize at, i. 233;
price of sugar at, i. 236;
commerce, i. 242;
Chinese in, i. 250;
their temple, ii. 58;
diamonds at the court, i. 266;
rebellion of the Chinese at, ii. 231;
list of the population, births, marriages, and deaths, Appendix, iv.
Batavian or Priangen regencies, ii. 271.
'Batavian Transactions' quoted, i. 14--26.
Bazars, i. 220.
Beasts of prey, i. 56.
Beauty, picture of a Javan, i. 102.
Bedui, account of the, i. 372; ii. 144.
Bees, i. 61.
Bich de mar, trade in, i. 232.
Birds, i. 57;
their habits, i. 58;
held in veneration, ii. 70;
trade in nests, i. 229;
how collected, i. 230.
Births, ceremonies at, i. 352;
ancient customs at, i. 360, 368.
_Borneo_, its distance from Java, i. 2;
productions, i. 263;
gold mines, i. 264;
diamonds, i. 265;
Dutch territory in, i. 267;
English possessions, inhabitants, i. 268;
anecdote of the king, i. 529;
the Dayas, ii. 70.
Boro Bodo, temple of, ii. 30;
when completed, ii. 85;
origin of the name, ii. 66.
_Brambanan_, ruins at, ii. 7-91.
'Brata Yudha,' or the War of Woe;
a Javanese classic poem, analysis, i. 465-524;
remarks, i. 458-461;
alluded to, ii. 80.
Brick buildings, i. 90.
Bricks of various sorts, i. 184.
British government in Java, i. 170;
allow free cultivation, i. 144;
commerce, i. 234-241;
at Borneo, i. 267;
alter the civil and criminal code in Java, i. 321;
the system of revenue, i. 339;
establish the freedom of the subject, i. 340;
arrival of the forces in Java, ii. 253;
changes introduced by the government, ii. 265;
proceedings at Cheribon, ii. 274;
trade with Japan, Appendix, xxx.
British troops in Java, i. 36;
table of deaths in the seventy-eighth regiment, Appendix, xv. note xvi.
BUCHANAN, DR. FRANCIS, quoted, i. 63.
Budhist religion, ii. 67.
Buffaloes used for ploughing, i. 122;
combat with the tiger, i. 386.
Bugis settlers, i. 83.
Bull-fighting, i. 389.
Cables, how made, i. 43.
Camphor tree, i. 49;
Chinese, i. 231.
Cape of Good Hope compared, i. 213.
Capitals in Java, i. 11;
how formed, i. 42.
Carpentry, i. 194.
Carriage, water and land, i. 218.
Casts in metal, ii. 59.
_Celebes_, account of, Appendix, lxxxv.
Celibacy, i. 78.
Cessions, ii. 199-211.
Chace, the, i. 386.
Chance, games of, i. 391.
Chandi Sewu, or the thousand temples, ii. 16;
when completed, ii. 85.
'Chandra Sangkala,' numerals according to the, Appendix, cix.
Character of the Chinese, i. 251;
of the Javans, i. 274;
by the Dutch, i. 283.
Cheribon described, i. 10; ii. 274;
under the British government, ii. 275;
cultivation and population, ii. 278-9.
Chess, game of, i. 390.
Chetik described, i. 52;
poison prepared from, i. 53.
Children, chiefs have many, i. 81, 282;
orders distinguished, i. 97.
_China_, its commerce with Java, i. 228-232.
Chinese settlers, i. 82;
how governed, i. 83;
first visit to _Java_, i. 212; ii. 98-138;
collectors of duties, i. 221;
coasting trade carried on by, i. 222;
camphor, i. 231;
oppression in _Java_, i. 250;
miners in _Borneo_, i. 263;
farming duties, i. 340;
rebel at _Batavia_, ii. 231;
lay siege to _Semarang_, ii. 240;
attack the Susunan, ii. 243;
trade with Japan, Appendix, xvii.
Chronological table of events, ii. 255.
Chronology, prophetic, ii. 73.
Climate, i. 35.
Coasting trade, i. 222.
Coasts, north and south, i. 12-22.
Cocoa-nut, i. 136.
Code of law, i. 312-321.
Coffee, cultivation of, i. 138;
ground prepared, i. 139;
various kinds, i. 140;
crops, i. 141;
depots, i. 142;
quantity produced, i. 143;
price, i. 144-242;
quality compared, i. 145;
exported, i. 235;
quantity, i. 237.
Coins, ii. 64.
Colouring articles of food, i. 108.
Commerce, advantageous situation of _Java_ for, i. 210;
appreciated by the Dutch, i. 213;
evils of their monopoly upon, i. 214;
extent, i. 215;
maritime and inland, i. 225-245.
Commercial speculation, opening for, i. 235.
Commissioners, Dutch, on the landed tenure, i. 157;
recommend the prohibition of opium, i. 114.
Comparative vocabulary of languages, Appendix, lxxvii.-lxxx. continued,
Appendix, cv.
Cooking, manner of, i. 108.
Copper, Japan, i. 243;
Appendix, xvii;
cups, ii. 60.
Cottages described, i. 88.
Cotton, cultivation of, i. 148;
cloths, weaving, spinning wheel, i. 187;
process of dyeing, i. 189;
exported to China, i. 232; English prints imported, i. 241.
Court or full dress described, i. 100.
Court, ceremonies of the, i. 343.
Courts of justice, i. 311.
Crater described, i. 14.
Crawfurd, Mr. quoted, ii. 275.
Credulity, i. 273.
Criminals, exposure of, i. 388.
Crocodile, i. 59.
Cruel punishment, ii. 197.
Cultivation of substances for dyeing, i. 43;
of the teak tree, i. 44;
of timber, i. 46;
of spices, the vine, i. 49;
its importance to Java, i. 116;
rice, i. 129; maize, i. 135;
cocoa-nut, i. 136;
sugar-cane, i. 137;
coffee, i. 138;
pepper, i. 145;
indigo, i. 146;
cotton, i. 148;
tobacco, i. 148;
wheat, potatoes, &c. i. 150.
Customs, relating to births, marriages, and deaths, i. 360;
of the Kalangs, i. 365.
Customs and usages, i. 392.
Cutlery, i. 193.
Dance of the Javans, i. 379;
figure, i. 381;
posture, i. 383.
Dancing girls, first rank of, i. 379;
their costume, i. 380;
common sort, i. 381;
their dress, i. 382.
Daniel, reference to chaps. x. and xi. vol. 1. 2.
Day, division of the, i. 530.
Dayas, the, ii. 70.
Deaths, ancient customs relating to, i. 361.
Deed, conferring the sovereignty of _Java_ on the Dutch company, ii. 249.
Deference to superior rank, i. 343;
in language, i. 345.
Diamond, cutters, i. 194;
mines, i. 265;
a celebrated, i. 266.
Dinangan, remains at, ii. 24.
Distinctions, of character, i. 276;
between the common and the polite language, i. 345, 409.
Districts, situation and division of, i. 12;
alluvial, i. 25;
Eastern, under the Dutch, ii. 280;
consequences of their measures, ii. 282.
Divisions, of _Java_, i. 9.
Division, of farms among inhabitants of villages, i. 169;
of time, i. 530.
Divorce, i. 357.
Dramatic entertainments, i. 374.
Dress, i. 95;
principal article, i. 96;
while abroad, i. 97;
value, i. 98;
in war, i. 100;
at court, ibid;
substitute for the golden crown, i. 101;
ornaments disused, i. 102.
Dutch, influence, i. 71;
rapacity of the Company, i. 168;
sanction English proceedings, i. 180;
estimation of teak forests, i. 205;
select Batavia for their eastern capital, i. 210;
withering influence of their mercantile monopoly on commerce, i. 214;
restrictions, i. 222, 243;
prohibitions to the native traders, i. 223;
favourite policy, i. 249;
Chinese agents, i. 250;
manœuvres in spice, i. 255;
policy compared, i. 257;
idea of colonies, i. 258;
territory in Borneo, i. 267;
ludicrous description of Javan character, i. 283;
legislation, i. 313;
check pilgrimages to Mecca, ii. 3;
arrive in _Java_, ii. 163;
massacre the natives, ii. 165;
contract with the native princes, ii. 166;
capital besieged, ii. 170;
treat with the acknowledged sovereigns of _Java_, ii. 172;
oppose the Makassars, ii. 176; agree with the Susunan, ii. 179;
interview of the officers with him, ii. 182;
dispatch troops to arrest Surapati, ii. 192;
obtain cessions for their services, ii. 199, 211;
contract with the Sultan of Bantam, ii. 200;
with the chiefs of Cheribon, ii. 202;
defeat Surapati, ii. 214;
perfidy to the Susunan, ii. 215;
oppose the Chinese rebellion, ii. 232;
garrison massacred, ii. 241;
oppose the rebel chiefs, ii. 248;
obtain the sovereignty of the island, ii. 249;
trade with _Japan_, Appendix, xvii.
Dwellings, of bámbus, i. 88;
construction, i. 89;
of brick, i. 90;
nobles' and governors', i. 94.
Dyeing, vegetable substances used in, i. 43;
cotton, i. 188;
improvement in the British mode suggested, i. 241.
Dyes, i. 189.
Ear, custom of distending the lobe, i. 106, 392.
Ear-rings, of what kind, i. 97.
Eastern islands, productions, i. 227;
commerce and policy, i. 246;
prevalence of piracy, i. 247, 258;
resources, i. 248;
sovereignties, i. 249;
Chinese, i. 250;
Arabs, i. 253;
Dutch monopoly, i. 255;
riches, i. 258;
slavery, i. 259;
Mahomedanism, i. 261;
Christianity, i. 262.
Eggs, manner of dressing, i. 109.
Egypt, ancient worship of, ii. 50;
_Java_ originally colonized by, ii. 69.
English, arrival of the forces in Java, ii. 253;
changes introduced by the government, ii. 265;
proceedings at Cheribon, ii. 274;
trade with _Japan_, Appendix, xxx.
Environs of _Batavia_, ii. 271.
Ethics, Javan, i. 285-295, 436.
European, residencies, i. 9;
articles required in _Java_, i. 240.
Exports, i. 227;
to China, i. 232;
to Bengal, &c., i. 235;
to England, Ceylon, &c., i. 216, 240;
to the Isle of France, Cape of Good Hope, i. 242;
excess over the imports, i. 245.
Exposure of a criminal, i. 388.
---- to night air, its bad effects, Appendix, xvi.
Extent of _Java_, i. 8.
Ezekiel, chap. xxvii quoted, i. 2.
Fecundity, i. 78.
Fermenting liquors, i. 112.
Festivals, i. 373.
Fights, tiger and buffalo, i. 38;
bull, i. 389.
Figure dance, i. 381.
Fisheries, i. 207.
Flowers, i. 41.
Food, i. 106.
Foreign settlers, i. 82.
Form of the island, i. 8;
conjectures on the, i. 28;
changed by volcanoes, i. 29.
Frenzy, its cause, i. 279;
in battle, i. 332.
Furniture of houses, i. 94.
Fur trade, i. 233.
Games of skill, i. 390;
of chance, i. 391.
Garrison, massacre of the Dutch, ii. 241.
Genesis, chap. x. quoted, i. 2.
Geographical situation, i. 1.
Geology, i. 25.
Glass, process of making, unknown, i. 184.
Gold, ornaments wrought, i. 194;
mines, i. 263.
Government, of _Java_, i. 296;
form and principle, i. 297;
union of authority, i. 299;
departure from its original constitution, i. 300;
remarks on its principles, i. 301-308.
Gradations of rank, i. 88, 298.
_Gresik_, ii. 122, 128.
_Grobogan_, cultivation and population of, ii. 298.
Guntur volcano, described, i. 17.
Hair, how worn, i. 99.
Hall of audience, an ancient, ii. 29.
Handicrafts, Javan names for the, i. 183.
Harbours, i. 12, 217.
Hats, of what form, i. 98;
of bambu, i. 186.
Herodotus, reference to, i. 2.
Heroism, precept on, i. 294;
verse, i. 331.
Hills, i. 25.
Hindu religion, i. 5;
in the Teng'ger mountains, i. 367;
subverted by Mahomedanism, ii. 1;
declines, ii. 9.
Hindu sovereigns who ruled in _Java_, ii. 85.
Hinduism, centre of, ii. 16.
Historical works, i. 439.
History of _Java_, origin of the people, ii. 69; augury, ii. 70;
era of Adi Saka, ii. 71;
his character, ii. 72;
prophetic chronology consulted, ii. 73;
Tritresta, ii. 75;
princes, ii. 77;
legends, ii. 78;
Hindu sovereigns, ii. 85;
chronology of the princes, ii. 87;
proofs of the establishment of Hindu worship at an early period, ii.
91;
intercourse with India, ii. 93;
exploits and adventures of Panji, ii. 94;
intercourse with China, ii. 98, 138;
first mention of the Mahomedan religion, ii. 104;
arrival of Arabian missionaries, ii. 122, 128;
their exertions, ii. 143;
progress of that religion, ii. 131;
origin of the kingdom of Majapahit, ii. 105;
different account of that event, ii. 108;
its princes, ii. 115;
its pre-eminence, ii. 131;
success of its arms, ii. 132;
Mahomedan army marches against it, ii. 136;
fall of the city, ii. 137;
retreat of the prince, ii. 141;
two governments again formed, ii. 150;
arrival of the Dutch, ii. 164;
their aggressions, ii. 165;
contract with the princes, ii. 166;
native account of their proceedings, ii. 167;
another account, ii. 168;
sultan besieges their capital, ii. 170;
their treaties with the acknowledged sovereigns, ii. 172;
massacre of the priests, ii. 174;
first establishment of the Makassars, ii. 176;
opposed by the Dutch, ii. 177;
they agree with the sultan, ii. 179;
siege of Kediri, ii. 185;
history of Surapati, ii. 190;
cession to the Dutch, ii. 199, 211;
Chinese rebel, ii. 231;
massacre of the Dutch garrison, ii. 241;
Chinese besiege Semarang, ii. 240;
are reinforced by the Javans, ii. 242;
attack the Susunan, ii. 243;
are defeated, ii. 244;
rebellion of the chiefs, ii. 247;
sovereignty of the island conferred on the Dutch, ii. 249;
treaty between the Sultan and Susunan, ii. 251;
arrival of the British forces, ii. 253;
line of Mahomedan sovereigns, ii. 254;
chronological table of events, ii. 255.
HOGENDORP, Mr., on the cotton of _Java_, i. 232;
on coffee and pepper, i. 237;
character of the Chinese, i. 251;
on the feudal system, i. 301;
on the religion of Java, ii. 1.
Holland, imports from, i. 244;
exports to, i. 245.
Honesty of the Javans, i. 279.
Horses, i. 53.
HORSFIELD, Dr., on volcanos, i. 14;
on mineral wells, i. 26;
his acquaintance with natural history, i. 39.
Hot wells, i. 26.
Humanity of a chief to his slaves, i. 87.
Humboldt's Essay on New Spain, ii. 93.
Hunting, i. 386.
Hypocrisy of the Arabs, i. 253.
Implements of husbandry, i. 124.
Imports, from adjacent islands, i. 226;
from China, i. 228;
from Western India, i. 234;
from Europe, i. 240, 241;
of precious metals, i. 244.
Improvement in British manufacture suggested, i. 241.
Inconsistent jealousy, i. 278.
India, distance of Java from the Eastern Peninsula, i. 2.
India Cloths, prohibited by the Dutch, i. 243.
Indian rubber, preparation of, i. 48.
---- corn, manner of roasting, i. 108.
Indigo, varieties of, i. 146;
advantages of Java for its cultivation, i. 147.
Indolence of the Javans, charge refuted, i. 280.
Inhabitants of the Teng'ger mountains, i. 367.
Inscriptions, ancient, i. 413; ii. 60;
translations, Appendix, cxxvii. cxxix. cxxxvi.
Instructions, Revenue, Appendix, cli.
Interest, Javan rate of, i. 394.
Interment, ceremonies at, i. 358, 369.
Iron, its value, i. 191;
imported, i. 240.
Irrigation, i. 119;
natural and artificial, i. 120;
of rice, i. 132.
Islands of the Archipelago, commerce and policy, i. 246;
prevalence of piracy, i. 247, 258;
resources, i. 248;
sovereignties, i. 249;
Chinese, i. 250;
Arabs, i. 253;
Dutch monopoly, i. 255;
riches, i. 258;
slavery, i. 259;
Mahomedanism, i. 261;
Christianity, i. 262.
Japan trade, i. 270; Appendix, xvii.
Japan copper prohibited by the Dutch, i. 243;
Kæmpfer's History quoted, ii. 73; ii, 91.
Japara and Jawana, cultivation and population, ii. 302.
Jipang, cultivation and population, ii. 298.
Javan beauty, picture of a, i. 102;
what a youth of family should be, i. 104.
Javanese, origin, i. 61; ii. 69;
a distinct race, i. 63;
compared with Malayus and Bugis, i. 64;
comparative progress of the three races, i. 65;
foreign influence, persons described, i. 66;
complexion, features, i. 67;
manners, i. 68;
population, i. 69;
census by the British government, i. 70;
reduced by Dutch policy, i. 71;
that of the capital contrasted with the cities in British India, i. 72;
early period of marriage, i. 77;
polygamy, i. 80;
not general, i. 81;
fecundity, i. 78;
foreign settlers among them, i. 82;
slaves, i. 84;
titles, i. 87;
dwellings, i. 88;
furniture, i. 94;
dress, i. 95;
war dress, i. 100;
court or full dress, i. 101;
picture of a beauty, i. 102;
of a young man of family, i. 104;
custom respecting the teeth, i. 105;
food, of what kind, i. 106;
worms and ants eaten, i. 107;
mode of cooking, utensils, i. 108;
salted eggs, how dressed, i. 109;
meals, i. 110;
attention to servants on occasions of festivity, i. 111;
hospitality, fermented liquors, i. 112;
use of opium, i. 113;
its effects on the human frame, i. 114;
importance of agriculture to them, i. 117;
cultivation of the soil, i. 118, 119;
state of the peasantry, i. 120;
subsistence, i. 121;
agricultural stock, i. 122;
implements of husbandry, i. 124;
seasons, i. 126;
rice cultivation, i. 129;
maize, i. 135; cocoa-nut, i. 136;
sugar-cane, i. 137;
coffee, i. 138;
pepper, i. 145;
indigo, i. 146;
cotton, i. 148;
tobacco, i. 149;
wheat, potatoes, &c. i. 150;
tenure of landed property, i. 151;
rights of the proprietor and tenant, i. 155;
proportion of the produce paid for rent, i. 164;
division of farms among the inhabitants of villages, i. 169;
under British protection, i. 170;
leases granted, i. 176;
diffusion of the new system, i. 177;
beneficial effects of British administration, i. 178;
manufactures, i. 182;
handicrafts, i. 183;
structures, i. 184;
thatch, mats, i. 185;
cotton, i. 186;
cotton cloths, i. 187;
coloured cloths, i. 188;
dyes, i. 189;
tanning, i. 191;
metallurgy, i. 192;
cutlery, i. 193;
carpentry, i. 194;
manufacture of paper, i. 195;
sugar, arrack, i. 196;
salt, i. 197;
process of manufacturing it, i. 198;
price, i. 199;
manufacturing industry, i. 200;
saltpetre, i. 201;
teak timber, i. 202;
fisheries, i. 207;
pearls, i. 209;
commerce, i. 210, 223;
native trade, i. 218;
roads and land carriage, i. 219;
public markets, i. 220;
coasting trade, i. 222;
character, i. 272, 284;
ethics, i. 285-295;
government, i. 296-308;
administration of justice, i. 309-327;
military establishment, i. 328-333;
revenue, i. 334-342;
ceremonies of the court, i. 343;
deference to superior rank, i. 344;
regalia, processions, pomp, i. 346;
rank and titles, i. 347;
ambassadors, i. 351;
customs at births, i. 352;
at marriages, i. 353;
marriage contracts, i. 354;
divorce, i. 357;
customs at interment, i. 358;
ancient customs relating to births, marriages, and deaths, i. 360;
customs of the Kalangs, i. 365;
of the inhabitants of the Teng'ger mountains, i. 367;
account of the Bedui or adherents to the Hindu religion, i. 372; ii.
144;
festivals, i. 373;
national drama, i. 374;
the dance, i. 379;
dress of the dancing girls, i. 380, 382;
tilts and tournaments, i. 385;
the chace, i. 386;
tiger fights, i. 387;
bull fights, i. 389;
games of skill, i. 390;
of chance, i. 391;
other customs and usages, i. 392;
languages, i. 397-416;
literature, i. 417-446;
poetry, i. 447;
analysis of a celebrated poem, i. 465-524;
music, i. 525;
painting, i. 528;
arithmetic, sculpture, and architecture, i. 529;
astronomy, division of times, i. 530;
signs of the zodiac, i. 534;
augury, ii. 70;
princes, ii. 77;
legends, ii. 78;
Hindu sovereigns, ii. 85;
chronology of the princes, ii. 87;
first connection with India, ii. 93;
first intercourse with China, ii. 98, 138;
origin of Majapahit, ii. 105;
its princes, ii. 112;
its pre-eminence, ii. 131;
success of its arms, ii. 132;
fall of the city, ii. 137;
retreat of the prince, ii. 141;
two governments again formed, ii. 150;
account of Dutch proceedings, ii. 167;
their treaties with the acknowledged sovereigns, ii. 172;
massacre of the priests, ii. 174;
cessions to the Dutch, ii. 195;
massacre of the Dutch garrison, ii. 241;
rebellion of the chiefs, ii. 247;
confer the sovereignty on the Dutch, ii. 249;
chronological table of events, ii. 255.
"Jáya Langkárá" quoted, i. 104.
JONES, Sir William, ii. 72.
JOURDAN, Mr., quoted, i. 167.
Justice, administration of, i. 309;
supreme courts, i. 310;
officers, i. 311;
laws, i. 312;
Dutch legislation, i. 313;
criminal jurisdiction, i. 315;
in villages, i. 316.
KÆMPFER'S "History of Japan," ii. 73, 91.
Kalangs, customs of the, i. 366.
Kali Sari temple, ii. 25.
---- Bening, temple, ii. 27;
remains at, ii. 229.
Kamtschatka, trade with, i. 234.
Kawi, or classic language of Java, i. 411;
remarks on the Brata Yudha, in that dialect, i. 458;
analysis of the poem, i. 465-524;
vocabulary, Appendix, lxxxi.;
inscriptions translated, ii. cxxvii. cxxix. cxxxvi.
Kediri, ruins at, ii. 37.
Kedu, cultivation and population, ii. 294.
Khójas, Javan aversion to, ii. 168.
Kóbon Dálam temple, ii. 8.
Kris, use of the, i. 392;
remarks, i. 393;
introduced by Panji, ii. 97.
Lakes, i. 22;
formed of craters, i. 23.
Land, its different kinds, i. 128.
Land of barley, Java so termed, i. 4.
Lands, tenure of, i. 150-181.
LANGHORNE'S "PLUTARCH," i. 323.
Language, distinctions between the common and polite, i. 345, 409;
the Javan little known to Europeans, i. 397;
compared, i. 398;
alphabets, i. 400;
characters, i. 402-405;
parts of speech, i. 406;
what remarkable for, i. 408;
Kawi or classic, i. 411;
inscriptions in ancient characters, i. 413;
mystical, i. 414;
general character, i. 415;
minerals, i. 416.
Latitude and longitude, i. 1.
Laws, i. 312, 321.
Legends, ii. 78.
Liquors fermented, i. 112.
Line of the Mahomedan Sovereigns of Java, ii. 254.
---- Hindu Sovereigns, ii. 85.
Literature, divisions of Javan, i. 417;
mythological works, i. 418-435;
ethics, i. 436;
historical works, i. 439;
romance, i. 441;
Arabian books in Java, i. 445.
Loom described, i. 187.
Loro Jongran temples, ii. 12.
MACKENZIE, Colonel, i. 201, ii. 8.
_Madura_, peculiar appearance, extent, dependencies, i. 8;
population, ii. 70;
bull fighting, i. 389;
language, i. 398;
divisions, i. 399.
Mahomedan sovereigns of Java, ii. 254.
Mahomedanism, the established religion of Java, i. 261;
when introduced, ii. 1;
first mentioned in history, ii. 104;
Arab missionaries to preach, ii. 122, 128;
its progress, ii. 131.
Maize, cultivation, i. 135.
_Majapahit_, remains of grandeur at, ii. 57;
ruins, ii. 66;
origin of the name, ii. 105;
first establishment of the empire, ii. 110;
princes, ii. 134;
its pre-eminence, ii. 131;
success of its arms, ii. 132;
Mahomedan army marches against it, ii. 136;
fall of the city, ii. 137;
retreat of the prince, ii. 141;
ancient faith still adhered to, ii. 144;
articles removed from the city and preserved, ii. 145;
artizans dispersed, ii. 146.
Malayan, Java one of the islands, i. 1;
depression of the tribe, i. 259;
sources of slavery in the countries, i. 260;
Mahomedanism, i. 261;
progress of Christianity, i. 262;
annals quoted, i. 277; ii. 97;
language, i. 406.
Malayus settlers, i. 82.
'Manek Maya,' translation of the, Appendix, cxii.
Manufacture of paper, i. 43, 195.
Manufactures, i. 182.
Manufacturing industry of the country, i. 200.
Map explained, i. 6;
native provinces, i. 9.
MARCO POLO, application of his 'Java Minor,' i. 4;
Introduction, xxii.
Maritime customs, i. 224.
Markets, public, i. 220.
Marriage, early period of, i. 77;
polygamy not general, i. 81;
ceremonies, i. 353; contracts, i. 354;
ancient customs relating to, i. 360;
in the Teng'ger mountains, i. 368.
Marsh, miasmata, Appendix, x.
Massacre of the Dutch garrison, ii. 241.
Mats, how made, i. 43;
of various kinds, i. 185.
Meals, mode of eating, i. 110;
in the highlands, i. 111.
Mecca, pilgrimages to, checked by the Dutch, ii. 3.
Medicinal plants, i. 42.
'Memoir on the Japan trade,' Appendix, xix.
Metallurgy, i. 192.
Metals, i. 33;
the precious imported, i. 244.
Military establishment, i. 328.
Mimicry, i. 383.
Mineral wells, i. 25;
of what composed, i. 26.
Mineralogical constitution of the country, i. 28.
Minerals, i. 25, 33.
Mines, gold and diamond, i. 263, 4, 5.
Minute of British police regulations, i. 322.
Miscarriage, cause of, i. 78.
Money transactions, i. 394.
Monopoly of the Chinese, i. 252;
of the Dutch, Introduction, i. xxxi, 255;
of the Malayan chiefs, i. 262.
MONTESQUIEU, reference to, i. 81.
Monthly returns of sick, Appendix, xiii. xiv.
Months, i. 533.
Moor settlers, who meant by, i. 83.
Mountains, i. 13;
general affinity, i. 24;
secondary, i. 25.
MUNTINGHE, Mr., Introduction, xxxv.
Music, its Orphean power, i. 384;
instruments, i. 524;
how played, i. 525, 26;
national airs, i. 527.
Musk, how procured, i. 57.
Mystical meaning attached to the alphabet, Appendix, lxxxii.
Mythology, i. 418.
Name of Java, European and native, i. 1;
support of tradition, affinity to the Scripture Javan, i. 2;
how designated by the Arabs, common to other Malayan islands, how
corrupted, i. 3.
Names for the handicrafts, i. 183;
of princes, &c. i. 462.
NATA KASUMA, his collection of legends, ii. 78.
National drama, i. 374;
airs, i. 527.
Nationality, spirit of Javan, i. 275;
remarks, i. 281-334.
Native provinces, i. 11;
trade, i. 218; comparison with the Dutch, i. 332.
Natural history of Java--_Vegetable kingdom_--its variety, i. 39;
productions for food, i. 40;
fruits, flowers, i. 41;
fibrous bark, stalks, &c. converted into various articles, i. 42;
substances used in dyeing, i. 43;
teak tree, i. 44-202;
its growth, i. 45;
various trees described, i. 46-48;
spices, the vine, i. 49;
the upas, i. 50;
the anchar, i. 51;
the chetik, i. 52;
rice, i. 129;
maize, i. 135;
cocoa-nut, i. 136;
sugar, i. 137;
coffee, i. 138;
pepper, i. 145;
indigo, i. 146;
cotton, i. 148;
tobacco, i. 149;
wheat, potatoes, &c. i. 150;
_Animal kingdom_, i. 51;
horses, i. 53;
buffalo, i. 122-124;
ox and cow, i. 123;
domesticated tribe, beasts of prey, i. 56;
birds, i. 57;
their habits, i. 58;
amphibious tribe, i. 59;
serpents, fish, i. 60;
insect and shell tribes, i. 61.
Nature's profusion to a country, paralyses the exertions of its
inhabitants, i. 120.
Navigable rivers, i. 218.
Nets, how made, i. 207.
_New Holland_, distance of Java from, i. 2.
Night, division of the, i. 531.
Night air, bad effects of exposure to, Appendix, xvi.
'Niti Sastra Kawi' quoted, ii. 76.
Nobility, i. 298.
Numerals, according to the Chandra Sangkala, Appendix, cix.
Nusa Jawa, native appellation for Java, i. 1.
Officers of the State, i. 299.
Opium eaten and smoked, i. 113;
mode of preparing for use, i. 114;
its prohibition recommended by the Dutch commissioners, i. 114-117;
Dutch restrictions on, i. 243.
Oppression of the Chinese, i. 250;
of the chiefs, i. 337.
Ox of Java, i. 123.
Painting, i. 528.
_Pakalong'an_, cultivation and population, ii. 288.
Palace of the prince, i. 92;
its compartments and architecture, i. 93.
PANJI, the hero of Javan story, his exploits and adventures, ii. 94.
_Papandayang_ volcano described, i. 17.
Paper, manufacture of, i. 43, 195.
Parts of speech, i. 406.
Patriarchism of the Javans, i. 275.
Pearls, i. 209.
Peasantry, condition of the, i. 120;
improved under the British government, i. 171;
their subsistence, i. 121.
Penalties, i. 243.
Pepper, cultivation of, i. 145;
exported, i. 235;
remarks on, i. 237;
restricted by the Dutch, i. 243.
Picture of a Javan beauty, i. 102.
Picturesque scenery, i. 91.
Piece-goods, trade in, i. 234.
Pilgrimages to Mecca, ii. 3.
Piracies in the Eastern Archipelago, i. 247-259.
Pirates, i. 222.
PITT, Mr. i. 259.
Plains, i. 23.
Plants, medicinal, i. 42.
Plough described, i. 125.
'PLUTARCH,' LANGHORNE'S, i. 333.
Poetry, various measures of Javanese, i. 447;
remarks on the 'Brata Yudha, or War of Woe,' i. 458;
analysis of that celebrated poem, i. 465-524.
Poison, how prepared, i. 53;
its effects, i. 54.
Police, European, unnecessary in Java, i. 397.
Police regulations, minute of British, i. 322.
Policy of the Dutch, i. 257.
Political importance of Java to Great Britain, Introduction, xxiii.
Polygamy, i. 80;
not general, i. 81;
its unfavourable influence, i. 282.
Population of Java, its inequality accounted for, i. 68;
Table No. I. i. 69;
No. II. i. 70;
decrease, i. 71;
its cause, i. 72-75;
increase explained, i. 73-79;
checks to its increase, i. 80.
Population of Bantam, general account of the, ii. 268;
of Batavia and its suburbs, ii. 270;
of the Batavian regencies, ii. 273.
Population tables, ii. 286, &c.
Ports of _Sunda_, Introduction, xvii.
Posture dances, i. 383.
Portuguese description of Java, Introduction, xix.
Potatoes, cultivation of, i. 150.
POTTER'S 'Archæologia Græca,' i. 2.
Power of music, i. 384.
Precepts, or Ethics of the Javans, i. 285-295, 436.
Precious metals imported, i. 244.
Priangen or Batavian Regencies, ii. 271;
general account of the population and cultivation, ii. 273.
Priests, dress of, i. 99;
how provided for, ii. 3; gradations, ii. 4.
Princes, Princesses, &c. names of, i. 462.
Principles of the British government in Java, i. 170.
Printed cottons, English imported, i. 241.
Process of dyeing cotton, i. 188.
Processions, i. 346.
Proclamations, Appendix, liv. cxlviii.
Produce paid for rent, i. 164.
Prohibitions on trade by the Dutch, i. 222-243.
Prophetic chronology, ii. 73.
Proprietor, his rights, i. 159.
Public markets, i. 220.
Public sales at Batavia, Introduction, xxx.
Punishments, severity of the Dutch, i. 276, 321.
Punishment, a cruel, ii. 197.
Rank, gradations of, i. 88, 347-50.
Rapacity of the Dutch company, i. 168.
Rebellion of the Chinese at Batavia, ii. 231.
Redress of Chinese abuses by the British government, i. 340.
Refinement in arbitrary power, i. 345.
Regalia, i. 346.
Regencies, Batavian or Priangen, ii. 271.
Regulation for the administration of justice, Appendix lvi.
Religion, Mahomedanism the established, i. 261;
when introduced, ii. 1;
natives attached to ancient institutions, ii. 2;
pilgrimages, priestly influence, ii. 3;
circumcision, ii. 4; plan for restoring the Hindu faith, ii. 5.
Religious enthusiasm, i. 274.
Religious precepts, or ethics of the Javans, i. 285-295, 436.
Rent, produce paid for, i. 164.
Residencies, European, i. 9.
Resin, i. 49.
Restrictions on trade by the Dutch, i. 222, 243.
Retrospect of the trade and commerce of Java, i. 242.
Revenge, i. 278.
Revenue, i. 334;
its sources, i. 335;
system altered by the British government, i. 339;
total, i. 342;
instructions, Appendix, cli.
Revenue instructions, on the landed tenure, i. 155.
Rice, the grand staple of Javan cultivation, i. 120;
mode of dressing, i. 108;
fermented liquors prepared from, i. 114;
price, i. 121; crops, i. 129;
different kinds, i. 130;
mode of cultivation, i. 131;
irrigation, i. 132;
seed-time, i. 133;
harvest, i. 134;
exported, i. 240.
Rings worn by the natives, i. 97.
Rivers, numerous, i. 19;
course, navigation, i. 20;
inferior, i. 21;
principal, i. 22;
impregnated, i. 26;
navigable in the interior, i. 217.
River fish, methods of taking, i. 208.
ROBERTSON, Mr. on the climate of Batavia, Appendix, ix.
Romance, a Javanese, i. 441.
Ropes, how prepared, i. 42, i. 191.
Sacred isles of the Hindus, i. 5.
Saka, that term explained, ii. 72.
Sales, public, at Batavia, Introduction xxx.
Salt, i. 107;
an important manufacture, i. 197;
process of making, i. 198;
price, consumption, i. 199;
compared, i. 200.
Salted eggs, i. 109.
Sanscrit, Java derived from a term, i. 4;
words in the language, i. 412.
Scenery, striking, i. 13;
rich and magnificent, i. 23;
picturesque, i. 91,
luxuriant, i. 119.
Seasoning of food, i. 108.
Seasons, i. 34;
their mildness, i. 35;
described, i. 126;
the twelve, i. 533.
_Semarang_, cultivation and population, ii. 290.
Serpents, i. 60.
Shame, Javan sense of, i. 277.
Shells, i. 61.
_Sicily_, why it resembles _Java_, i. 28.
Signs of the zodiac, i. 534.
Silk worms, i. 61.
Silver ornaments, i. 194.
Simile for Dutch policy, i. 257.
Simple construction of farming implements, i. 124.
Singa Sari, &c. ruins at, ii. 44.
Skill, games of, i. 390.
Slaves, whose property, i. 84;
condition ameliorated by the English, i. 85;
different from those in the West Indies, i. 85;
effects of the traffic on the natives, i. 87.
Slavery, alterations in the code respecting, i. 86;
measures adopted by the British Government, i. 87;
in the Malay countries, i. 259;
its sources, i. 260.
SMITH, ADAM, on the advantages of Java, for commerce, i. 213;
on the spice trade, i. 255.
Soap-tree, i. 48.
Soil, its excellence, i. 33;
variety, i. 34;
native fitness for the husbandman, i. 77;
advantages, i. 118, 233.
_Solo_ River, the most considerable in Java, i. 6;
its navigation, i. 7, 20.
Specimen of the mystical meaning attached to the Alphabet, Appendix,
lxxxii.
SPEELMAN, ADMIRAL, ii. 178, 179.
Spices, Dutch restriction on, i. 243;
exported from Java, i. 255.
Spinning-wheel described, i. 187.
Stag-hunt, i. 386.
Stanzas, Javanese, i. 446.
State of the peasantry, i. 120.
Stic-lac, its use, i. 232.
Sugar, how prepared, i. 107;
quality compared, i. 196;
exported, i. 235, 237;
price, i. 236.
Sugar-cane, cultivation of, i. 137;
for molasses, i. 138.
_Suku_, temples at, ii. 49.
_Sumatra_, distance of Java from, i. 1;
no traces of the ancient Hindus in, i. 5.
Sunda, island described, introduction, i. xvii; language, i. 399;
traditions of the people, ii. 107, 144;
difference between them and the Javans, i. 276.
Superstitions, i. 274.
_Surabaya_, harbour, i. 12;
river, i. 21;
delta, i. 24.
SURAPATI, exploits of, ii. 190;
his death, ii. 214.
Surat silks, prohibited by the Dutch, i. 243.
Surface of the island, i. 17.
Suria Alem, translation of a modern version of, Appendix, xxxviii.
Susuhúnan, or sovereign, i. 297;
his body-guard, i. 328;
deference to, i. 344;
at court, i. 345;
royal seat, regalia, attendance, i. 346;
titles, i. 349.
Swamps, i. 23.
Swedish iron, its price in Java, i. 240.
Table of Chronological Events, ii. 255.
Tables of cultivation and population, ii. 286, &c.
Tables of the population of Java and Madura, i. 69, 70.
Tallow-tree, i. 49.
Tana Jawa, native appellation for Jawa, i. 1.
Tankuban Prahu volcano, i. 14; described, i. 15.
Tanning, i. 191.
Taprobane of the ancients, difficulty of applying that term to Ceylon,
i. 4;
derivation, claims of Java to the title, i. 5.
Taxes, i. 335.
Teak-tree, abundance, i. 44;
time and manner of growth, i. 45;
cutting and dragging the timber, i. 202;
price, i. 204;
important to the Dutch, i. 205;
their monopoly in, i. 234.
Teeth, curious custom respecting, i. 105, 392.
Tegal, cultivation and population, ii. 286.
Temples described, of Kobon Dalam, ii. 8;
Loro Jongran, ii. 12;
the Thousand, ii. 16;
of Kali Sari, ii. 25;
of Kali Bening, ii. 27;
of Boro Bodo, ii. 30;
of Suku, ii. 48.
Tenant, rights of the, i. 160.
Teng'ger, mountains, account of the inhabitants, i. 367.
Tenure of landed property, i. 150-181.
Thatch, of what composed, i. 185.
Thief, singular mode of securing a, i. 396.
Thousand temples, ii. 16;
when completed, ii. 85.
Tiger fights, i. 386.
Tilts and Tournaments, i. 385.
Timber, cultivation of, i. 46;
mode of cutting and dragging, i. 206.
Time, division of, i. 531.
Tin, i. 227;
restricted by the Dutch, i. 243.
Titles, i. 347.
Tobacco, in general cultivation, i. 149.
Tombs, ancient, ii. 64.
Tomboro mountain, account of the eruption from, i. 29;
its effects at Java, i. 30;
sufferings of the people, i. 32.
Tonnage, average annual, cleared out from different ports in Java, i.
216.
Towns, how formed, i. 92.
Trade, native, i. 218;
coasting, i. 222.
Trade, Japan, i. 270;
Appendix, xvii.
Traditions, of the name of Java, i. 2;
of its disruption, i. 28;
on the sense of shame, i. 277;
of the Sunda people, ii. 107, 144.
Translation of the "Brata Yudha," i. 465--524; of the "Manek Maya,"
Appendix, cxii.
Translations of inscriptions, Appendix, cxxvii. cxxix. cxxxvi.
Trási, population of, i. 109.
TRITRESTA, another name for ADI SAKA, ii. 75.
Upas, or poison tree, i. 50.
Usages or customs, i. 392.
Utensils, cooking, i. 108.
VAN IMHOFF, baron, ii. 233, 245;
his memoir on the Japan trades, Appendix, xix.
Vessels, number entering the port of Batavia in a year under British
government, i. 215.
Villages, how formed, i. 90;
their community, i. 91;
justice administered in, i. 316.
Vine, remarks on its cultivation, i. 49.
Vocabulary of Kawi words, Appendix, lxxxi.
Vocabularies, comparative, of different languages, Appendix,
lxxvii--lxxx;
continued, cv.
Volcanos, i. 13;
their attribute, i. 14;
three described, i. 14, note;
general affinity, i. 24;
enrich the soil, i. 49.
Voyage to Japan in account current contra, Appendix, xxxii-xxxvi.
War-dress described, i. 100.
Water, a principal beverage, i. 110;
flavoured, i. 111;
plentiful supply, i. 119.
Water carriage, i. 218.
Wax-tree, i. 48.
Weapons, i. 329.
Weaving, the operation of, i. 187.
Weeks, division of, i. 532.
Wells, mineral, i. 25.
Wheat, cultivation, i. 150.
White ants, used as food, i. 107.
WILFORD, Major, notices by, i. 2;
on the derivation of Taprobane, i. 5;
quoted, ii. 72.
Women, curious office for, i. 395.
Worms, used as food, i. 107.
Writing, Javan mode of, i. 406.
Yellow, colour, esteemed, i. 392.
Youth of family, description of a, i. 104.
"Yudha, Brata," or war of woe, a Javanese classic poem, i. 445-524;
alluded to, ii. 80.
YULE, Major, on the landed tenure, i. 156.
Zabaja, a corruption from Java, i. 3.
Zodiac, signs of the, i. 534.
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
Supplied missing PREFACE heading for Vol. I p. vii.
Missing English stanzas in Vol. I: # 593 on p. 513, # 609 on p.
520, and # 615 & # 616 on p. 521.
Missing item in Vol. II: J in list on p. vi.
Out of sequence dates in Vol. II: 1494 on p. 258 and 1610 on p. 261.
Many tables have uncorrected addition errors. Silently only
corrected totals with independent verification, e.g. horizontal
total correct but vertical total incorrect.
Silently corrected simple spelling, grammar, and typographical
errors.
Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.
Enclosed italics markup in _underscores_.