It is said in some accounts that the late _Susúnan_ having failed to

persuade his son, _Pangéran Adipáti_, to assume the government, gave

to another of his sons, _Pangéran Púgar_, the _pusáka kris_, _máisa

núlar_, and the spear _kiái paléret_, in consequence of which _Pangéran

Púgar_, with his brothers, returned to _Bágelen_, where, assuming the

title of _Susúnan Senapáti Ingalága Abdul Ráchmen Sahídin Panatagáma_,

he assembled a considerable force, and proceeding to _Matárem_ regained

possession of it.

After the interment of the deceased _Susúnan_ at _Tegál_, _Márta Láya_,

the chief of that province, urged the _Pangéran Adipáti_ to assume the

government, and first to establish himself at _Tegál_, until he had

collected a sufficient force to attack the eastern people, offering

his services to collect for him as many people as would be required;

but the prince still declined, not having the courage to attempt the

recovery of the authority that belonged to his family, and requested

_Márta Láya_ to procure for him a vessel, in which he might proceed to

_Mecca_, being resolved to relinquish for ever the cares of government,

and to become a _Háji_. _Márta Láya_, although he had vessels at his

disposal, evaded a compliance with the prince's request, in the hope

that he might alter his resolution, and still be induced to assume the

government. The prince retired to _Bányumas_, and performed a penance

in one of the mosques. He is said on the seventh day to have fallen

asleep, and to have dreamt, "that the roof of the mosque opened, as if

it were carried up in the air, when a full and bright moon appeared,

which diffused its lustre over all Java, after which it approached and

entered his breast." Encouraged by this omen, the prince changed his

determination, and recollecting the words of his father, bethought

himself of obtaining the assistance of the Dutch. He in consequence

dispatched two messengers to Batavia for aid.

The prince then sent orders to _Márta Láya_ at _Tegál_ to collect as

many forces as possible; he likewise dispatched trusty people to the

_Désa Dúnan_, in search of the flower called _wijáya mála_, there being

a superstitious notion among the Javans that if in their distress they

are able to obtain this flower, whatever they undertake will prosper.

_Márta Láya_ immediately exerted himself with great zeal and effect to

assemble his adherents, in the hope that by shewing a large force he

might induce the prince to relinquish his idea of receiving succour

from the Dutch. On the arrival of this succour at _Tegál_ he addressed

him publicly as follows:--"Sire, I have felt excessive shame in hearing

that your highness is desirous of soliciting aid from the Hollanders,

as if you were yourself in want of men. I am now ready, with numerous

followers, to perform whatever you please, if you will only confer

upon me the necessary authority. Give me but your orders and I will

myself extirpate your enemies." The prince replied, "What signifies

your shame, _Márta Láya_? I have requested assistance from the Dutch,

because it is always agreeable to rely on one's friends; and it was

foretold by my great grandfather, _Sultan Agung_, that the Dutch would

assist his descendants." _Márta Láya_ was silent. The messengers

now returned with the _wíjaya_ flowers, on which the prince assumed

the title of _Susúnan Amangkúrat Senapáti Ingalága_, &c.; and soon

afterwards the Dutch agreed to give him the assistance required.

When the Dutch force was landed, the _Susúnan_ received the visit of

the admiral and officers in state. The Dutch officers being introduced,

stood in a row with their hats in their hands; but _Márta Láya_,

considering it disrespectful that any one should stand in the presence

of the sovereign, ordered them immediately to sit down in the manner

of the Javans, and was proceeding to compel the admiral to do so, when

the _Susúnan_, seeing the confusion in which all were thrown, applied

to his late ambassador to the Dutch for an explanation. When he learnt

that they shewed respect by bowing their heads only, he was satisfied,

and desired _Márta Láya_ not to interfere with them.

"The _Susúnan_ then inquired the name of the commander, who after

informing him that he had the rank of admiral, approached him,

saying, that he was ordered by the government of Batavia to proceed

to _Tegál_, with a force of Europeans, Makásars, &c., and to afford

him every assistance he might require in the establishment of his

authority. There were landed valuable presents for the prince, among

which was very splendid apparel as worn by the Hollanders, to which

the prince took such a liking that he immediately clothed himself in

it. The Dutch force was then divided, and the admiral embarked with

one division for _Japára_, while the other accompanied the prince, who

proceded by land to _Pakalóngan_, and afterwards with his followers by

sea to _Japára_."

"On the arrival of the admiral at _Japára_, he inquired of _Wángsa

Dípa_, the chief of that place, who had rendered assistance in

repelling the rebels, at the time they attacked _Japára_? To which the

latter replied, 'The successful resistance was principally owing to the

conduct of the French, English, and Dutch factories.' The admiral then

consulted with his officers, and observing that the English and French

seemed to be preferred to the Dutch, or at any rate considered on the

same footing, he called the chiefs of the French and English factories,

and presenting them with twenty thousand dollars, said it was the gift

of the _Susúnan_, who directed that they would quit _Japára_. The

chiefs of the two factories took the money, but did not wish to depart,

alleging that there were no vessels to convey them away; to which the

admiral replied, that in that case he had the further orders of the

_Susúnan_ to provide them with a vessel. The people belonging to the

two factories were then, with all their property, public and private,

embarked on board a Dutch transport. The vessel sailed, but nothing

more was ever heard of the English and French who were embarked in her.

The Dutch then repaired their instruments of war."

Another account is as follows: "When the admiral arrived at _Japára_,

he found there two foreign vessels, an English and a French ship, the

officers of which said they had put in there in distress, and could not

proceed further on account of the bad state of their ships. They also

represented that they had assisted the Dutch when the rebels attacked

_Japára_. The admiral thanked them for the service they had rendered,

and presented them with ten thousand dollars, and ordered them to

proceed to their own country in one of his vessels."

"On the arrival of the _Susúnan_ at _Japára_, he was joined by a

considerable force from _Tegál_ and _Demák_; and among those who

were most active in the support of the _Susúnan's_ authority was

_Márta Láya_, whose aversion to the Dutch still continued. The

admiral, apprized of his sentiments, applied to the _Susúnan_ for his

destruction, supporting his application by a written request to the

same effect from the government of the capital, and threatening an

immediate departure to Batavia in case of non-compliance.

"To accomplish this end, the _Susúnan_ first attempted to send him to

_Kedíri_ against _Trúna Jáya_; but _Márta Láya_ obtaining information

of the demand made by the Dutch for his life, refused to attend the

summons, on the pretence of sickness. His disobedience so enraged the

_Susúnan_, that he ordered his instant death, which was effected in the

following manner. _Márta Púra_ having received the orders of the prince

to put _Márta Láya_ to death, went to his house, accompanied by two

hundred followers. _Márta Láya_ having been apprized of the _Susúnan's_

anger, he collected an equal number of men.

"When _Márta Púra_ approached him he was seated on a yellow carpet

with a drawn _kris_ in his hand, and being informed that he was to be

put to death by order of the _Susúnan_, _Márta Láya_ replied, 'If it

is the wish of the prince that it should be so, do your duty, I am

prepared.' _Márta Púra_ then drew his _kris_ and stabbed _Márta Láya_

in the belly; but while he did so his neck received in return the

_kris_ of _Márta Láya_, which separating the throat in two, killed him

on the spot. The two chiefs were no sooner wounded than the followers

of both parties rushed on each other, and a most bloody and obstinate

engagement ensued, which lasted till the bodies of nearly the whole lay

weltering round those of the chiefs."

Measures had already been taken for the dispersion of the rebel

forces in _Kedíri_. A Makásar chief, named _Kráin Kadádrang_, in the

service of the Dutch, discovered his relationship to the Makásar chief

_Galéngsong_, and offered to bring him to terms. He was in consequence

dispatched secretly to _Kedíri_, where he had an interview with the

_Makásar_ chief, who was his brother. On the part of the Dutch, he

promised that they would assist him on Celebes. He hesitated to come

over immediately, lest he should betray _Trúna Jáya_, but promised to

join the allied forces when they should arrive and attack _Trúna Jáya_.

Having thus secured an interest with the Makásars, one division of

the Dutch forces, under the admiral, embarked for _Surabáya_, and the

other, with the _Susúnan_, commenced their march by land. A decisive

battle took place at _Kedíri_; on the evening previous to which, it

is asserted the Dutch had a communication with _Dain Galéngsong_, to

know his intentions, when the latter told them, "Attack me to-morrow,

and I will make arrangements for the flight of my forces." Accordingly

the next morning, before the daylight, the Dutch troops marched to the

hostile camp, where they found no preparations for resistance. _Dain

Galéngsong_ immediately ordered a retreat, and fled himself the first,

leaving behind him all the plunder that had been taken at _Matárem_,

and among other things the crown of _Majapáhit_.

The siege of _Kedíri_, according to the Dutch accounts, lasted fifty

days, and it was at last taken by assault, _Trúna Jáya_ making his

escape. Great riches were found in the interior of the palace, and many

chests of Spanish dollars, besides ingots of gold and the most valuable

part of the regalia. The _Susúnan_ claimed nothing but the crown of

_Majapáhit_, leaving the remainder to be distributed among the troops.

When the crown was delivered to him, it appeared that its most splendid

ornament, the large centre diamond, was missing. This the _Susúnan_

immediately noticed, and inquiries were set on foot; but to the great

affliction of the _Susúnan_ and all the Javan chiefs, the jewel was

never recovered.[272]

Nine Makásar chiefs afterwards surrendered to the Dutch on the 9th

December, when they received pardon, and a promise that they should be

sent to Makásar.

After this _Trúna Jáya_ collected all his forces, and marshalled them

upon the plain, as if to receive the enemy; but on the approach of the

Dutch troops from the left and the Javans from the right, his army was

panic struck and fled in various directions, he himself with his two

wives escaping to Antang. The _Susúnan_ allowed the Dutch soldiers to

plunder and possess themselves of every thing left by the rebels.

_Chákra Níngrat_ having quitted his place of banishment and joined the

_Susúnan_, was sent to urge the submission of his half-brother, _Trúna

Jáya_. _Chákra Níngrat_ accordingly went in search of _Trúna Jáya_,

accompanied by a very few followers, and having found him at _Antang_

he addressed him as follows. "Brother! what are you doing and whither

would you fly? Depend upon it, if you persist in your resistance to the

will of the _Susúnan_, he will disappoint your expectations, and if you

compel him to send people to arrest you, you will excite his implacable

displeasure. I have come to you as quickly as possible, for my heart

yearns towards you, and I dread lest you should come to any misfortune.

If you wish it, I will go and meet the _Susúnan_. Bring your two wives,

who are both the sisters of the _Susúnan_, throw yourselves together

at his feet, ask forgiveness for any offence you have committed, and

perhaps he will be merciful towards you and grant you pardon. If you

come alone in that way, the _Susúnan_ cannot act against you, for are

you not married to his sisters?" _Trúna Jáya_ reflected upon what

_Chákra Níngrat_ said, and was inclined to follow his advice, saying,

"I return abundant thanks to you for your kindness towards me. Your

advice is good and I will follow it: I will follow you, accompanied by

my wives." _Trúna Jáya_ with his wives afterwards accompanied _Chákra

Níngrat_ to _Kedíri_.

_Chákra Níngrat_ then led _Trúna Jáya_ with his wives to the hall of

audience, where the _Susúnan_ was seated with the admiral and numerous

Dutch officers. _Trúna Jáya_ on this occasion did not wear his _kris_,

but rolled a _chíndi_ cloth round his body, as if he were a prisoner.

They fell at the feet of the _Susúnan_, imploring forgiveness for the

offence of _Trúna Jáya_, on which the _Susúnan_ said, 'It is well!

_Trúna Jáya_, for this time I forgive you. Go without and clothe

yourself in becoming apparel, and then return to me, when I will

present you with a _kris_, and instal you as my minister, in the

presence of all assembled.' The _Susúnan_ then gave orders that he

should be served with apparel. The heart of _Trúna Jáya_ became highly

elated: he went out and received the apparel from the _Susúnan's_

people, and then returned into the presence, but without wearing a

_kris_, as the _Susúnan_ had intimated his intention to present him

with one.

"As he approached, the _Susúnan_ desired his women to bring him the

_kris_ named _Kiái belábar_, which was still unsheathed. As soon as

it was delivered into the hands of the _Susúnan_, he said to _Trúna

Jáya_, 'Know, _Trúna Jáya_, that I have given my word that I would

never sheathe this _kris_ except in your body: receive now your death

from it in punishment of your offence.' _Trúna Jáya_ was silent, while

the _Susúnan_ standing up approached and stabbed him with his _kris_ in

the breast. Returning then to his throne he seated himself, and ordered

his people who were assembled to finish the work which he had begun,

whereupon they all fell upon _Trúna Jáya_, the unfortunate wretch,

stabbing him in a thousand places and cutting his body to pieces. They

then severed the head from the trunk, rolled it in the mud, made a

mat of it, and at last cast it into a ditch by the express order of

the _Susúnan_. The admiral and all the Dutch officers and party were

present at this execution; but though they appeared astonished at the

conduct of the _Susúnan_, they remained quiet spectators of it."

Such is the account given by the Javans, without reference to the share

which the Dutch had in the transaction; but from the Dutch accounts it

appears that _Trúna Jáya_ delivered himself up under a stipulation with

the Dutch that his life should be spared. A young officer of the name

of _Jengker_, who had been placed by the General (Cooper) in charge of

the _Susúnan's_ guard, was sent by the _Susúnan_ to treat with _Trúna

Jáya_, without any communication with or authority from his commanding

officer. Valentyn says positively, that _Jengkér_ promised him pardon,

and assured him of his life; but Cooper, annoyed that the credit of

taking this chief should thus have been wrested from him by a junior

officer acting without authority, exasperated the _Susúnan_ against

_Trúna Jáya_, and threw that unfortunate chief in his way at a moment

when his passion was at its height. This catastrophe, says Valentyn, is

to be ascribed to no one but the jealous Cooper, who brought it about,

in order that his bad conduct, oppressions, and extortions, which were

well known to _Trúna Jáya_, and which he had intended to complain of,

should remain concealed.

_Trúna Jáya_, at the time of his surrender, was dressed in a Portuguese

jacket, and wore on his head a black turban edged with lace. He gave

short and pertinent answers to the questions put to him. On his coming

before _Jengker_ he fell at his feet, saying, that in his youth it

had been predicted that, however great his fortune might be, still he

should, at one time of his life, be taken prisoner, and that since

this was his destiny, he rejoiced in having fallen into the hands of

a person so well known for his humanity. He then presented to him his

_krís_ with a golden bow, requesting _Jengker_ to keep them in token of

his esteem. _Jengker_ lifted him up, promised that his life should be

spared, and further, that all his influence with the Dutch government

and the _Susúnan_ should be used in his behalf. It is alleged in the

Dutch accounts, that the immediate cause of the _Susúnan's_ conduct on

this occasion, was the irreconcilable hatred which _Trúna Jáya_ still

evinced towards that prince, who, he said, had in his youth encouraged

him to the steps he had taken, and afterwards abandoned him.

_Trúna Jáya_ surrendered on the 25th December, 1679, A.D., and general

tranquillity ensued, which however was not of long duration. The

_Panambáhan Gíri_ having in his possession the _kris_ deposited in the

tomb of the first _Súnan_, it was demanded of him by the _Susúnan_ as

royal property; but the _Panambáhan_ not being inclined to part with

it, and disapproving of the conduct of the _Susúnan_, who was guided

by Dutch councils, and had even adopted their dress, replied, that he

did not wish to know any thing of the _Susúnan_, or to be acquainted

with him; that he wished to wear the _kris_, _kálam múning_, himself,

and that he preferred his own dignity to that of such a chief. The

_Susúnan_, enraged at this answer, proceeded to _Gíri_ with his Dutch

allies, where an engagement took place and the _Gíri_ people were

obliged to fly: the _Panambáhan_ was taken and put to death. In this

affair, a cousin of the _Súnan Káli Jága_ of _Adilángo_, who had

followed the _Susúnan_, distinguished himself in destroying the brother

of the _Punambáhan Pangéran Sínga Sári_, who was running _amók_, and

doing much mischief; as a reward for which service the _Súnan_, in

the presence of the Dutch commander, declared that, for ever after

that, the descendants of that chief should be permitted to reside at

_Adiláng'o_, and not be called upon to perform any duties of the state.

The whole of the eastern provinces having now submitted, the _Susúnan_

returned to _Semárang_, where when he had made acknowledgments to the

Dutch for the assistance they had rendered him, the commander requested

that he would give them a small piece of ground at _Semárang_ to build

a fort upon, which would not only be convenient for the protection of

their trade, but would enable them to come to the assistance of the

_Susúnan_, if necessary, at a shorter notice.

The admiral having promised that he would station a suitable force at

_Semárang_, which the _Susúnan_ might at any time employ as he thought

proper, obtained the permission he applied for.

The Javans have a superstitious belief, that when once misfortune has

fallen on a place so generally as to extend to the common people (which

was the case at _Matárem_), it will never afterwards prosper; it was

therefore determined by the _Susúnan_ to change the seat of empire, and

some were for fixing it at _Semárang_, but at last it was determined to

erect it in the wood _Wána Kérta_, in the district of _Pájang_, which

was good land but uninhabited.

The new capital was called _Kérta-súra_, the walls of which are still

to be seen on the road to _Súra-kérta_, the present capital of the

_Susúnan_.

During all these transactions _Pangéran Pugar_ remained at _Matárem_.

The _Susúnan_ now, for the first time, sent him information of his

establishment, and required his attendance at court. The _Pangéran_,

who having heard that the _Susúnan_ was in the constant habit of

dressing after the Dutch fashion, had been strengthening himself as

much as possible, under an impression, that the _Susúnan_ supported by

the Dutch was not his brother, but a foreigner, whom they had raised

to answer their own purposes, received this intimation with great

surprise, and sent two of his family to ascertain the truth. The

messengers, who were interested in upholding the separate authority of

their master, determined to encourage his mistake, and they represented

the _Susúnan_ as a foreigner from _Sábrang_, elevated by the Dutch.

Upon this report the _Pangéran_ informed the _Susúnan_ that he could

not proceed to _Kérta Súra_, as he preferred remaining at _Matárem_,

where he was established as the legal sovereign. A force, consisting of

Dutch and Javan troops, was in consequence marched against _Matárem_;

at first the troops of _Kérta-súra_ were defeated, but in a second

attack they were more successful, and the _Pangéran_ was obliged to

take to flight.

By means of the _Adipáti_, the _Pangéran_ was afterwards assured of

the _Susúnan_ being his brother, when he agreed to go to _Kérta-súra_,

provided the _Susúnan_ would throw off his Dutch dress and appear in

his native costume. To this the sovereign consented, and publicly

received his brother with the greatest demonstrations of joy and

affection.

The authority of the _Susúnan_ was now firmly established, and general

tranquillity prevailed for some years.

A new character now appears on the stage, under the title of

_Surapáti_. This man, whose name was _Sí Untung_, had been the slave

boy of a Dutchman at Batavia, of the name of Mor, who is represented

to have been of low origin, but to have been advanced to the highest

dignities, even a seat in the high regency, by means of the riches and

influence he had acquired through the services of this slave, to whom

he became, in consequence, much attached. Mor, however, discovering an

improper intimacy between _Untung_ and his natural daughter, chastised

him severely, and afterwards had him confined in the public block

or stocks. _Untung_ contrived to effect his escape from them during

the night, and to release his fellow prisoners. They then fell upon

the guard which came to mount at daylight, and taking them unawares

massacred the whole. Being thus committed, _Untung_ bent his course to

the high lands, and afterwards to _Chéribon_. While in the high lands

he formed a connection with a formidable party from Bantam, where a

civil war had been excited, in consequence of the Dutch having elevated

to the throne a son of the deceased king, contrary to the express

directions of the father. One of the brothers, _Pangéran Purbáya_,

was prevailed upon to join a certain _Abidin_, a fanatic rebel, who

had raised about two thousand followers, and with him passed through

_Jasíngá_ and the _Jákatra_ and _Preángan_ highlands, increasing their

numbers as they went.

_Abidin_ having proposed to proceed by that route to _Matárem_, there

to stir up the _Susúnan_ against the Dutch, the _Pangéran_ being

tired of the journey surrendered to the Dutch force sent against

them; but _Abidin_ stood a severe engagement, and was only induced

to surrender by means of an artifice practiced upon him. An European

officer belonging to the Dutch troops disguised himself as an Arab,

and being well versed in the Arabic and Malayu languages, obtained an

interview with _Abidin_, to whom he represented, that having himself

been once taken prisoner by the Dutch he had been so well treated that

he would advise him to go and surrender himself. The unfortunate man

took his advice, and was conveyed to the commanding officer, then at

_Chikálong_, who immediately forwarded him to Batavia, whence he was

sent to the Cape of Good Hope for the rest of his life.

The party of runaway slaves under _Untung_, who had now assumed the

name of _Santána_ being surprized by the Dutch force, were by special

orders from Batavia allowed to remain undisturbed for the present.

The chief appears to have been useful to the Dutch, and to have been

employed, in order the better to secure the surrender of _Pangéran

Purbáya_. When the Dutch officer went with a small party to receive the

submission of this chief, he found that he had already tied his spears

together (the sign of surrender) and kept no arms but his _kris_.

Ignorant of the customs of the country, the officer demanded that the

_Pangéran_ should also deliver this weapon and his personal ornaments.

The demand created the utmost astonishment in the _Pangéran_, who

instantly asked if it was not sufficient humiliation to a prince of the

royal blood that he and his people had given up their arms. _Santána_

entreated of the Dutch officer not to urge the delivery of the _kris_,

and to consider "that the bird, although caught, was not yet in the

cage," but to no purpose: the officer persisted in his demand, and

insulted _Santána_ in presence of all who were there assembled. The

_Pangéran_ seeing that resistance was now vain, promised compliance

next morning; but during the night, to the inexpressible mortification

of the officer, he effected his escape. The rage of the officer now

fell so violently upon _Santána_, that a quarrel ensued. _Santána_ and

his followers fell upon the Dutch party and killed many of them; the

officer however escaped. _Santána_ then moved towards _Chéribon_, where

he had an affair with a chief, named _Ráden Surapáti_, which being

reported to the sultan, that chief was put to death, and his title of

_Surapáti_ conferred upon _Untung_. _Surapáti_ then proceeded towards

_Kérta-súra_ to beg assistance against the Dutch, leaving several of

his followers in _Bányumas_, under the direction of two chiefs, who

soon became dreaded as noted _kramans_ or rebels. At _Kérta-súra_

he found protection from the prime minister, to whom he related all

the particulars of the story, with the exception of that part which

related to the establishment he had formed in _Bányumas_. This district

being now declared in a state of revolt, he offered to bring it to

submission, and was employed by the _Susúnan_ for that purpose; he

accordingly proceeded secretly to _Bányumas_, where, aided by the

plan he had before laid, he caused the heads of the two _krámans_ to

be secretly cut off in the night, and the rebels to disperse; when

returning to _Kérta-súra_ and producing the heads, he was received into

the highest favour by the _Susúnan_.

The Dutch hearing of his fortune, demanded from the _Susúnan_ that his

person should be given up; but the reply of the _Susúnan_ was, "that

_Surapáti_ having thrown himself on his protection and performed a

signal service to the empire, he could not give him up; but that if the

Dutch wished that he should be arrested, they were at perfect liberty

to arrest him in any part of his dominions."

The Dutch, accordingly sent a force, consisting of four hundred

Europeans and six hundred islanders, under the orders of one Tak,

an officer who had incurred the suspicion of having purloined the

centre diamond from the _Majapáhit_ crown, and on whom, according to

the impression which pervades the Dutch accounts, the _Susúnan_ had

determined to be revenged.

On the approach of the Dutch troops, the _Susúnan_, alarmed lest they

should succeed in arresting _Surapáti_, determined to afford him every

assistance, and for that purpose directed, that when they arrived,

the _Ráden Adipáti_ (prime minister), who had given his daughter in

marriage to _Surapáti_, should openly espouse his cause, and proceed,

in the first instance, to attack the lines of the _Adipátis_ of

_Madúra_ and _Surabáya_, who after a skirmish should retreat to the

_alun alun_ in confusion, exhibiting all the appearance of a defeat,

while the united party of the _Ráden Adipáti_, and _Sarapáti_ should

appear to threaten the _kráton_. The _Pangéran Púgar_ being strongly

attached to _Surapáti_, received orders, that if, in the affair with

the Dutch, the party of _Surapáti_ and the minister should be worsted,

he should render them assistance, by sending his people to them clothed

in white, the distinction adopted by _Surapáti_.

When the Dutch arrived, to cover appearances, a new prime minister was

appointed. The commander requested assistance from the _Susúnan_, who

pointed out to him the apparent state of affairs, and induced him to

believe that he was himself in danger from the attack of _Surapáti_.

Under this impression, Tak made his arrangements; and the Dutch troops

appeared on the front _alun alun_ at eight o'clock in the morning, when

they were immediately attacked by _Surapáti_. After four hours of hard

fighting, _Surapáti_ was repulsed; but reinforcements being sent by

_Pangéran Púgar_, and by the whole population of the city, the Dutch

were completely destroyed. Tak, at his last extremity, ordered out from

the fort two hundred soldiers remaining there; but as they could not

join their companions, they were immediately surrounded and cut up.

Of the two thousand men, eleven hundred and eighty-three lost their

lives; and among them Tak, who was mortally wounded in the neck by the

celebrated _pusáka_ spear of _Pangéran Púgar_. The weapon was found

blunted at the point by the chain jacket which Tak is said to have worn

on the occasion.

The _Susúnan_ now directed the _Ráden Adipáti_ and _Surapáti_ to take

refuge in the province of _Pasúruan_, and assume the habit of devotees;

while to the _Adipátis_ of _Madúra_ and _Surabáya_ orders were given

to follow them at a certain distance, burning the villages and laying

waste the country, as if in pursuit of an enemy. When _Surapáti_

reached _Pasúruan_, he took the name of _Adipáti Wíra Nagára_.

The few Dutch who had survived made their escape to the fort of

_Japára_, which was then more extensive than that at _Semárang_.

After this the _Susúnan_ wrote to the commanding officer at _Japára_,

informing him that Tak, with all the party, had been killed by the

_Ráden Adipáti_ and _Surapáti_, who had also attacked him, but that

they had at last driven them to the eastward, by the force he had

collected under the _Adipátis_ of _Madúra_ and _Surabáya_. He also

informed him that he had elected a new prime minister, in lieu of the

one who had espoused the cause of _Surapáti_. The _Susúnan_, fearing

lest this story might not be believed, and that he might be suspected

of having assisted _Surapáti_, sent with this letter five _píkuls_

of birds' nests, forty oxen, and other articles of value, which he

entrusted to the care of a _priái gándok_ (a messenger of distinction)

named _Jága Rága_, with instructions to mark well the thoughts of the

commander or officer who was the chief of _Japára_, and if he shewed

the least suspicion of the part the _Susúnan_ had taken, mainly to

deny it, and firmly to insist that the _Susúnan_ was true-hearted to

the Hollanders. He moreover promised to his ambassador, that if he

succeeded in averting the anger of the Dutch, he would reward him on

his return.

This messenger accordingly proceeded to _Japára_, when the chief

officer, after reading the letter, said he had heard the _Susúnan_

was of one heart with _Surapáti_; to which _Jága Rága_ replied, that

what he had heard was false, and that perhaps the story might have

originated in the part taken by the _Ráden Adipáti_, whose attachment

to _Surapáti_ was well known. He then referred to the circumstance

of the country's being laid waste by _Surapáti_ on his flight to the

eastward, in proof of his enmity. The commander heard this explanation

with patience, and after receiving the presents, with which he was

much pleased, returned for answer to the _Susúnan_, that he had first

heard that he was favourable to _Surapáti_, but was now convinced,

from the explanation afforded, that these reports were unfounded, and

that he was satisfied of the lasting attachment of his highness to

the Dutch. He then thanked him for his present, and in return sent

one thousand ducatoons, with an assortment of velvets and cloth. The

messenger having thus succeeded, was raised to the rank and station of

_Tumúng'gung_ of _Japára_, by the name and title of _Kiái Tumúng'gung

Márta Púra_.

The next indignity offered to the Dutch was by this man, who laid hold

of a half cast Dutch soldier at _Japára_, and insisted upon his sitting

on the ground on his hams and dancing the _tandák_, after the fashion

of the Javans, for his amusement. The Dutch, highly incensed, demanded

the immediate release of the man; but the _Tumúng'gung_ refusing, an

application was sent to the _Susúnan_, requesting that _Márta Púra_

might be put to death. The _Susúnan_ immediately sent for _Pangéran

Púgar_ and his minister, and desired them to communicate with _Márta

Púra_, and if they found he had the courage to oppose the Dutch to give

him assistance under hand, or to promote his success by some stratagem,

in the same manner as he had done to _Surapáti_; but if not, to let him

be sacrificed, as a punishment for his cowardice. He then replied to

the commodore, saying, that he had sent his own people to arrest _Márta

Púra_, and to deliver him to the commander, who might act with his

person as he thought proper. When the minister arrived at _Japára_ it

was agreed that _Márta Púra_ should be invited into the Dutch fort, and

there apprehended early next morning; but in the meantime the agents

of the _Susúnan_ had a secret interview with the chief, who declared

himself ready to oppose the Dutch, and it was determined that their

pretending to seize him should be a signal for all to join and _amók_

the Hollanders: but in the morning the heart of _Márta Púra_ failed

him. He twice refused to quit his retreat, and when at last he came

into the presence of the party, he appeared trembling and pale, and

his knees tottered under him, so that he was scarcely able to stand.

They then gave him a chair to sit down upon, and plied him with wine.

An officer having taken his _kris_ from behind him, he rose from his

chair and attempted to escape, but was bayoneted by a soldier on his

way. The agents of the _Susúnan_, enraged to see him so thoroughly

frightened, gave him no assistance, but ordered the dogs to devour his

carcase. When the _Susúnan_ heard of the cowardly conduct of _Márta

Púra_ he ordered that it should be publicly prohibited, on pain of his

severest punishment, to harbour or afford assistance to his relations

or children.

Afterwards the former _Tumúng'gung_ of _Japára_, _Sécha Nagára_, was

replaced, and a communication was, through him, made to the Dutch,

intimating the willingness of the _Susúnan_ to co-operate against the

_Surapáti_, in consequence of which orders were given for the Dutch

troops to proceed from Batavia. When the _Susúnan_ had thus drawn the

Dutch into a second attack upon this chieftain, he is represented "as

being most delighted at the prospect which it afforded, that on the

present occasion more of the Dutch troops might be sacrificed, in the

same manner as in the recent affair at _Kérta Súra_."

The _Adipáti_ of _Surabáya_ and _Madúra_ were immediately dispatched

to _Pasúruan_ to meet the Dutch, but having waited some time in vain

for the arrival, a mock battle took place with _Surapáti_, when it was

arranged that the _Kérta Súra_ troops should take to flight, burning

and laying waste the country as they retreated. A regular communication

appears to have been kept up during the whole time between _Surapáti_

and the _Susúnan_, who allowed him quietly to possess himself of the

adjoining districts of _Málang_ and _Mádion_. The _Ráden Adipáti Aúrang

Kasúma_ died about this time.

The Dutch troops now arrived in the eastern districts, and the

commandant of _Japára_ applied for the assistance of the _Susúnan_;

but the latter, alleging that his chiefs had been recently beaten and

obliged to retreat from _Pasúruan_, urged delay, on the plea of waiting

a more favourable opportunity of attack.

In the meantime family feuds disturbed the peace of the _kráton_. The

hereditary prince, _Pangéran Adipáti Amángku Nagára_, had married the

daughter of his cousin, _Pangéran Púgar_, but after the expiration of

the forty days he disregarded her, and she returned to her father's

protection. One of the most distinguished characters at the court was

the son of the prime minister. The hereditary prince, jealous of the

universal admiration which he enjoyed, determined to lower him by the

infliction of the greatest disgrace which could be endured. Naturally

of a fiery disposition, he became excessively enraged at an accident

which occurred to him while hunting in the forest of _Ránda Wahána_,

and which occasioned a lameness in his legs. As soon as he returned

home he sent for this youth, whom he immediately ordered to be bound

and severely flogged with a rattan: he then directed him to be tied to

a tree abounding with ants, which soon covered his body; a favourite

mode of inflicting cruel punishment. There the young man suffered

dreadfully, but his tortures were not at an end: he was afterwards

flogged till he nearly expired, and then sent to the house of his

father, the prime minister, who, although much enraged, was obliged to

suppress his resentment. Determined afterwards to revenge himself, he

seduced the wife of the _Pangéran Adipáti_, who had returned to her

father's house, as above stated. The connection was discovered, and all

parties were put to death.

The _Susúnan_ becoming now dangerously ill, from an affection of the

spleen which he had contracted at the time of the massacre of the Dutch

under Tak, called into his presence his eldest son, the _Pangéran

Adipáti_, his brother, _Pangéran Púgar_, and his two firm adherents,

the _Adipátis_ of _Madúra_ and _Surabáya_, and thus addressed them:

"The time which is allotted to me in this world has nearly expired; but

before I depart let me impress upon you all the necessity and advantage

of your mutually supporting each other. If you hold together, then

will the sovereignty of Java become pure and strong. The _Adipátis_

of _Madúra_ and _Surabáya_ will be as the surface of the _támpa_ (or

sifter) on which rice is cleansed from the husk; the _Pangéran Púgar_

as the _wángku_ (or rim of the sifter); and the _Pangéran Adipáti_ will

be as the one who sifts or fans the rice. When the _Pangéran Adipáti_

ascends the throne, let him attach himself to the other three, by which

means he will cleanse and strengthen his government, even as the rice

is cleansed from the husk in the _támpa_. Let him study the writings

_Níti Prája_, _Níti Sastrá_, _Srúti_, _Asta Bráta_ and _Jáya Lángkara_;

to abandon his vicious habits, never to ill use his wives, and to

be kind and constant to his present wife (another daughter of the

_Pangéran Púgar_.)"

In a short time the _Susúnan_ died. The _Pangéran Adipáti_, who was

destined to succeed him, excited much disapprobation and disgust by

his ungrateful neglect of the customary rites due to the body of the

deceased, and his indecent eagerness to ascend the throne before it

was even vacated. The practice of the country required him to wash

and purify the corpse with his own hands; but he left the task to the

women, while he shut all the gates of the _kráton_ and seated himself

in front on the _setíngel_. The deceased was buried at _Megíri_, and

his widow, _Rátu Kanchána_, attended the procession, distributing money

as she past along, to the amount of one thousand dollars and more.

As soon as the body was removed the _Pangéran Adipáti_ assembled all

his chiefs, and addressed them to the following effect: "All ye who are

present bear witness, that the _Pangéran Adipáti Amángku Nagára_ has

succeeded to the sovereignty of his late father, _Susúnan Mangkúrat_,

and as ye acknowledged and respected the father, now do the same to the

son;" to which they all ejaculated assent. To this _Ráden Subráta_, who

wished to shew his attachment to the young prince by raising him in

the eyes of the people, added, "the sovereignty descends to you by the

will of the Almighty; it has not been assumed by yourself;" but no one

answered. All the chiefs present, however, approached the prince and

kissed his feet, in proof of their acknowledgment of his authority. The

new _Susúnan_ then declared _Rátu Kanchána_ his queen, and nominated

the principal officers of state: and as soon as he returned to the

_dálam_ addressed three letters, one to the Governor General of

Batavia, one to the commandant at _Japára_, and one to the commandant

at _Semárang_, informing them of his having assumed the sovereignty

in succession to his ancestors. He likewise entrusted a letter for

Batavia, and another for the Governor General, to the care of Captain

Knol at _Semárang_.

On first granting their support to the deceased prince, the Dutch

required that he should enter into a bond, dated 10th October 1677,

confirming the treaty of the 25th February preceding, and acknowledging

a debt to the Dutch of thirty thousand dollars, together with three

thousand _kóyans_ of rice, as a security for which he was required to

mortgage to the Dutch all the sea-ports from the river _Kráwang_ to the

eastern extremity of the island. The whole revenues of these places,

including in particular all the rice deliverable to the state, were

also to be received by the Dutch in diminution of this debt.

At the same time, also, the _Susúnan_ was called upon to execute a

deed of cession, confirming the act of the 28th February preceding,

and setting forth that his father, having already verbally expressed

an intention to make over to the Dutch his rights on the kingdom

of _Jákatra_ (or land lying between the river of _Untúng Jáwa_ and

_Kráwang_ and the northern and southern sea-coasts), the said grant

was further confirmed, and the whole of the province of _Jákatra_

ceded accordingly, the inhabitants who wished to remain being ordered

to acknowledge the Dutch as their lawful sovereign, but all being at

liberty to place themselves under the _Susúnan_ and to leave the Dutch

territory, till the expiration of twelve months after the publication

of this act.

By this deed of cession, the _Susúnan_ also ceded to the Dutch, in

acknowledgment of the services rendered by Admiral Speelman against the

rebels, the country between the _Kráwang_ and _Pamanúkan_ rivers, in a

straight line to the South Sea, with all the immunities and privileges

attached to it.

This document further prohibited the importation of cloths and opium

by any one except the Dutch, and contained the appointment of _Adipáti

Mandaráka_ to be chief of _Tegal_ and the western, and _Aria Urawán_ to

be chief of _Jápara_ and the eastern sea coast.

On the 15th January 1678, a charter was procured from the _Susúnan_,

placing the sugar trade of _Japára_ entirely in the hands of the Dutch.

A grant was made them of the management of the town and jurisdiction of

_Sámrang_ and the village of _Kaligwái_, that is to say, the right of

appointing governors of their own at those places, without the least

interference on the part of the _Susúnan_; on condition, however, that

the revenues should be duly accounted for and paid to his highness's

officers by those of the Dutch. But as his highness was still in debt

to the Dutch, those revenues were provisionally taken in diminution of

the debt.

In Bantam the Dutch had made various treaties with the princes.

On the 17th April 1684 a contract was signed with the sultan of Bantam,

by which it was stipulated, among other articles, that the contract of

the 10th July 1659 should be renewed and confirmed; that the sultan

should give no kind of assistance to the enemies of the Dutch, and

undertake nothing hostile against their allies, particularly the

_Susúnan_ and the prince of _Chéribon_; that the _Táng'ran_ river, from

its mouth to its origin, and from thence a line drawn from south until

it meets the South Sea, should be the boundaries fixed upon between the

Dutch jurisdiction and the Bantam country, it being understood that the

whole of the _Táng'ran_ or _Untong Jáwa_ river, with its mouths, should

be the property of the Dutch, together with six hundred rods of land

to the northward from fort _Bábakan_ to the sea, with liberty to erect

such _pággars_, or forts, on the western banks of the river, as should

be deemed necessary for purposes of safety; the inhabitants of the

Bantam side to be permitted to fish in the river, and to appropriate

its waters to the purposes of cultivation, but no vessels to be allowed

to enter the river from the sea without Company's passes; that the

claims of the Dutch on the government of Bantam should be reduced to

twelve thousand rix dollars, or one-eighth of its original amount;

that his highness should give up all claims to the principality of

_Chéribon_; that the fourth article of the contract of 1659 should

remain in force, and consequently that no ground or factory rent should

be paid by the Dutch, but that the sultan should give as much ground

gratis, as the purposes of the factory might require; that his highness

should conclude no contracts with other powers contrary to the present

treaty.

On the same day, however, a bond was executed by the Sultan, in favor

of the Dutch, for the payment of the expenses incurred in assisting

his highness against the rebel sultan, and his friend the British

resident, who it is stated in this document would have received the

punishment due to his conduct but for the interference of the Dutch,

to whose protection he was indebted for the moderation with which his

highness had restricted his punishment to a final removal from Bantam.

This obligation states the sultan's debt to be six hundred thousand

rix-dollars, which he promises to pay either in specie or pepper,

or by remission of duties; and he also grants therein to the Dutch

the sole trade in pepper and cloths, in the countries of _Bantam_,

_Lampung_, and _Silebar_.

On the 28th April 1684, a deed was executed, by which the sultan of

Bantam's debt of six hundred thousand rix-dollars was remitted, on

condition that the Company should enjoy the privileges mentioned in

the bond of the 17th instant; but whenever the above privileges were

violated on the sultan's part, the Dutch held themselves justified in

requiring payment of the debt in question.

On the 15th February 1686, an agreement was entered into with the

sultan of Bantam, by which, among other stipulations, the Dutch

engaged to assist the sultan against his rebellious subjects, with

men, ammunition, and vessels, on condition that he would pay the

expense; it being stipulated that they should not leave their factory

during the night; that they should not be permitted to walk outside

the town without the sultan's and the Resident's permission; that

they should not enter the houses of the natives, much less stay there

during the night; that they should not take away any articles in the

bazars without duly paying for the same; that they should not enter

any gardens or premises without permission from the proprietors; that

they should not enter any temples without previous leave; that they

should not detain any females in their houses, nor stop them in the

streets; on meeting the sultan in the streets, that they should shew

his highness the accustomed honours; that they should not stop whenever

the sultan or sultana bathed in the river, but pass without looking at

their highnesses; that they should not interfere with the disputes and

judicial proceedings of the natives. By the eighteenth article it was

mutually agreed, that offenders, of either party, should be punished

according to their respective laws, and each by his own nation; and

that the whole of the black and white pepper produced at Bantam should

be sold to the Dutch at a fixed price.

On the 4th December 1687, on the occasion of the accession to the

throne of a new sultan of Bantam, an act of renovation of all former

treaties was passed, together with a renewal of the bond for six

hundred thousand dollars, and of the deed remitting the same, on

condition that the privileges heretofore specified were granted to the

Dutch at Bantam.

On the 3d March 1691, on occasion of the elevation to the throne of

another sultan, an act of renewal was passed of the contracts concluded

at different periods between the Dutch and the sultans of Bantam.

On the 6th January 1681 an agreement was signed with the three chiefs

of _Chéribon_, setting forth the gratitude of those princes for the

signal services rendered them by the Dutch, and their determination

to follow the Dutch Company's advice under all circumstances, and to

assist the Dutch government whenever their aid might be required, on

condition that they should, in like manner, be assisted by the Dutch

in cases of emergency, each party bearing the expense of all armaments

undertaken for his benefit. The three princes promised to live upon

good terms with the _Susúnan_.

In the event of one of the three princes, or other persons, committing

any acts prohibited by the present articles, or derogatory to his

highness the _Susúnan_, it was agreed, that such conduct should be

punished with the utmost severity.

The other stipulations of importance were, that no fortifications

should be erected by the princes without the consent of the

Governor-General, who should have leave to build a factory at

_Chéribon_, and to cause all species of merchandize to be imported

_duty free_. That all pepper growing in the kingdom of _Chéribon_

should be disposed of to the Dutch at the bazaar price; that the trade

in sugar and rice should be free to all, upon payment of an export

duty of two per cent. to the princes; that vessels belonging to powers

at war with the Dutch should not be permitted to enter the ports of

_Chéribon_, but be dealt with as enemies.

On the 7th September 1680, another contract was entered into with the

princes of _Chéribon_, by which all former differences were declared

to be forgotten, and _Panambáhan_, _Chéribon_, and sultan _Anom_,

promised to respect and honour their elder brother, sultan _Sépu_, as

the first-born of their _Panambáhan Kiái Gíri Láyah_. Sultan _Sépu_

promised, on the other hand, not to slight his brothers in any way, but

on the contrary to treat them, on every occasion, with the deference

due to their rank. It was agreed, that there shall be one place only

for holding tournaments, where the royal brothers would appear every

Saturday in their state dresses, attended by their _mántris_, and

that, to prevent disputes, they should be seated to the right and

left of sultan _Sépu_, and all the _mántris_ below; but that, should

indisposition prevent one of them from attending the tournament,

they should send due notice thereof on the Saturday morning. At the

tournament the sultan only had the right to speak; but sultan _Sépú_

not being present, that right was to devolve on the second, and in

his absence on the third chief. In the event of all the princes

being prevented from attending, the eldest sons of sultan _Sepu_ and

_Anom_ should make their appearance, and the command devolve on the

_Pangéran_. That in consequence of frequent disputes having arisen

among the princes, with reference to the appointment and super-cession

of prime minister, the right of nominating to that office was vested

exclusively in the governor-general of Batavia. That in the event of

any difference occurring between the princes, which they could not

adjust themselves, the resident of _Chéribon_ should be requested to

act as arbitrator on the part of the Dutch. That should one of the

princes refuse to comply with this article, the other brothers should

on no account molest him, but simply report the matter to the Batavian

government, through their ambassadors. The dissenting prince should,

however, in that case, voluntarily place himself in the resident's

custody, who should not be permitted to convey him out of _Chéribon_.

Mr. Middlekoop mentions, that during the reign of this prince, the

principality of _Madúra_ was conferred by the _Susúnan_ on _Chákra

Diníngrat_; but the inhabitants of _Súmenap_ being discontented with

this choice, they informed the _Susúnan_ that they would rather die

than submit to that authority; upon which the _Susúnan_ thought proper

to divide that country into two parts, giving to _Chákra Diníngrat_

the western district, and the eastern, or _Súmenap_ district, to _Mas

Yáng Wúlan_, who took the name of _Yúdha Nagára_. In the year 1683,

the whole island of _Madúra_ revolted, and became subject to the Dutch

government.

But to return to _Pangéran Adipáti Amángku Nagára_, usually called

_Mangkúrat Más_. The authority of this prince seems to have been

attacked almost immediately after his accession to the throne; for

_Ráden Súria Kasúma_, a son of the _Pangéran Púgar_, having accompanied

the procession which attended the body of the late _Susúnan_ to the

grave, persuaded many of the party to declare him sovereign of Java,

under the title of _Súnun Panatagáma_. The _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_ no

sooner heard of this, than he became highly enraged with his uncle, the

_Pangéran Púgar_, and sent back to him his daughter, the queen _Ratu

Kanchána_. He afterwards ordered the _Pangéran_ with his wives and

children into his presence, and commanding them to be seized, publicly

exposed them on the _alun alun_, in a pen or railing made for that

purpose, which the Javans call _betek_. _Ráden Suria_ was apprehended.

On the one hundredth day after the death of the late _Susúnan_, the

wives of the chiefs being assembled to prepare a customary feast,

intended "to give a blessing to the journey of the deceased," the

_Susúnan_ conceived a passion for _Ayu Pakúwati_, the wife of the

_Adipáti_ of _Madúra_, and availed himself of his power over her

to gratify it. She, however, soon made her escape, and reported

the particulars to her husband, who in revenge concurred with the

_Adipáti_ of _Semárang_, in urging the _Pangeran Púgar_ to assume the

sovereignty. "So large a party," said these chiefs, "being in favour

of your pretensions, you can never be condemned for assuming the

government; for as with men who drink a bottle of wine, if there are

few of them they must necessarily become intoxicated, but if there are

many, truly it is nothing at all."

Being assured by the _Adipáti_ of _Semárang_, that the Dutch were

not cordial friends of the present _Susúnan_, the _Pangéran_ was at

last prevailed upon to escape with his family and a chosen band to

_Semárang_, where the Dutch received him, and conditionally proclaimed

him sovereign of Java.

As soon as the _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_ was informed of the departure

of the _Pangéran_, he applied to the commissioners at _Semárang_ to

have him delivered up; but received for reply an intimation, that

he was under the protection of the Dutch, and that if the _Susúnan_

wanted him he must come for him himself. Enraged at this evasion, he

ordered that _Ráden Súria Kasúma_, the son of the _Pangéran_, should

immediately be put to death. The young prince was accordingly brought

into his presence for the purpose, when a great eruption suddenly

took place from _Merápi_, the mountain emitting a sound louder than

thunder, and flame which enlightened all _Kérta Súra_. The _Susúnan_,

thinking that his end was approaching, sent the young king back into

confinement, when the sounds immediately ceased, and the mountain

emitted no more flame. The _Susúnan_ conceiving all danger at an end,

once more ordered the execution of the prince, but a more violent

eruption than the first instantly rent the mountain asunder. The alarm

of the _Susúnan_ was increased, and considering this was a _gáro-gáro_,

or sign, that the prince was favoured by the Almighty, he altered his

intentions, received his intended victim into favour, and appointed him

a _Pangéran_, under the title of _Pangéran Ang'ebái Saléring Péken_,

with an assignment of one thousand _cháchas_ of land.

He appointed the _Adipáti_ of _Madúra_, under the name of _Panambáhan

Chakra Níngrat_, chief over all the coast districts, from _Brébes_

to _Banyuwángi_, and the _Tumúng'gung_ of _Surábaya_, under the name

of _Adipáti Jaeng Rána_, to be his _Páteh_. To the _Tumúng'gung_ of

_Semárang_ he also gave the title of _Adipáti Súra Adimang'gála_.

Immediately after his accession he had written to the Dutch government;

but it appears that the letter was not forwarded from _Semárang_ to

Batavia until after the _Pangérang Púgar_ had taken part against him.

According to the Dutch accounts, the ambassadors of both parties

arrived nearly at the same time at Batavia, were admitted to audience

the next day, and were received, not like ambassadors, but rather as

messengers.

The objections urged by the Dutch to the acknowledgment of the

_Susúnan_ were the following:--1st. Because he was a great tyrant, and

well known to have instigated his father to a rupture with the Dutch,

and to have himself menaced hostilities against them, as soon as he

should have mounted the throne. 2d. Because his embassy did not consist

of princes of his family, and the prime minister, as usual, but of

two common regents only. 3d. Because the letter which communicated

his father's death, and announced his own accession, although it

contained a request for protection against his enemies, did not apply

for their sanction or confirmation, nor declare his readiness to renew

the contracts, to acknowledge the debts, and to fulfil the engagements

formerly stipulated, though he ought to have known that this was the

basis upon which alone the Dutch could have recognized his title as

sovereign of Java. 4th. Because letters had been intercepted, in which

he invited the prince of _Madúra_ to join him against the Dutch,

calling them his mortal enemies, whom he intended to expel from the

island of Java.

These combined circumstances induced the Dutch government not to

acknowledge him as successor to his father, although they, with a view

to gain time until the arrival of a fleet expected from Holland with a

reinforcement of troops, wrote to him, merely declining to receive his

ambassadors as such, and requiring him to send others, whose family

connections and rank might entitle them to more consideration, and with

whom they might treat.

After it was arranged that _Pangéran Púgar_ should become sovereign,

the three chief Dutch authorities then at _Semárang_ waited upon him,

to inform him thereof, at the same time requiring that, in return for

the assistance intended to be afforded him, he should, on assuming

the authority, cede to the Dutch the provinces of _Demák_, _Japára_,

and _Tégal_, in compensation for the expenses they might incur on his

account. _Pangéran Púgar_ feeling no inclination to comply with these

conditions, though anxious to avoid a rupture with the Dutch, proposed,

instead of a cession of territory, that he should become generally

responsible for all the expenses of the war; "for," said he, "if it is

through the assistance of the Dutch that I am placed upon the throne,

of course it would not be becoming in me to refuse them any thing they

require: but with respect to this request, is it not better that, at

present, we attend to what is necessary to secure the throne, and

afterwards talk of minor matters? I am willing to pay all the expenses

which it may occasion to the Dutch." With this the commissioners were

satisfied; and the troops having arrived from Europe, it was resolved,

on the 18th of March, 1704, to place _Pangéran Púgar_ upon the throne,

and to maintain him on it.

The Dutch ships and troops having reached _Semárang_ in April, and the

part they intended to take being now for the first time manifest to

_Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_, he dispatched three messengers to the Dutch

representative at _Semárang_, with the sum of seventy thousand dollars

in specie, and authority to renew former contracts, and comply with

every requisition which the Dutch might make, provided they would

acknowledge his succession to the throne; but these messengers had only

reached _Tínker_ when they fell in with the Dutch troops, and were

obliged to secure their safety by flight, leaving the money behind.

The _Pangéran Púgar_ was publicly installed by the Dutch at

_Semárang_[273] on the 19th of June.

The districts of _Demák_, _Grobógan_, _Siséla_, and all the lands

beyond _Semárang_ as far as _Un'gárang_, were immediately taken

possession of by the Dutch, and the troops of the _Susúnan Mangkúrat

Mas_, which had moved towards _Semárang_, were forced to retreat on

_Kerta Súra_.

Before the departure of the _Pangéran_, the Dutch had again pressed

him to cede the provinces of _Semárang_, _Tégal_, and _Japára_, but by

the advice of the _Panumbáhan_ of _Madúra_ and his principal chiefs,

he still refused compliance, and they were not able to obtain any

decided promise from him, beyond reimbursement for the expenses of

the war. When they were arrived, however, at _Ung'árang_, the prince

happening to be alone, unattended by any of the _Bopáti_, the Dutch

commander seized the opportunity which he had been so long watching

for, to assure him how truly and sincerely the Dutch were inclined to

assist him, not only on the present occasion, but hereafter, whenever

he might require their aid. "The Dutch," added he, "are in great want

of rice, and request your highness will have the kindness to grant them

a thousand _koyans_ (two thousand tons) a year without payment."

The _Pangéran_ made no reply: he wished for time to think upon it;

but the chiefs of the Dutch came up to him, and returned him many

thanks and compliments for his having thus, as they said, agreed to

their request. The prince, though he wished to say he had not given

his promise, yet felt ashamed, after the thanks and compliments he had

received, to express what he thought. He therefore bowed his head and

was silent. They then entreated him to draw out his assent in writing,

and to affix his seal to it, as a proof of his voluntary surrender of

the present. With this he complied.

The paper was no sooner obtained, than the Dutch officers again

returned their thanks. They then withdrew, and the troops being under

arms, a salute was fired on the occasion. When this circumstance

came to the ears of the _Adipáti_ of _Semárang_, he hastened to the

_Pangéran_, and thus addressed him, "Be not offended, my prince, if I

presume to open your eyes to the proceedings of these Hollanders, who

are so rapacious in their demands. They had already consulted with me

on the subject of this rice, and they knew the opinion of your advisers

to be against it, they therefore watched for their opportunity to find

you alone. I little thought you would have taken upon yourself to

act thus, without consulting your chiefs. I imagined the Dutch were

satisfied with the answer I had given them, and would not have thought

of going to you about it." The _Susúnan_ gave him in return the history

of the grant, and promised faithfully that, if ever they made another

request of the kind, he would send for his advisers immediately.

Before the Dutch moved towards the interior, they contrived to bribe

_Jága Diníngrat_, the chief who commanded the _Kérta-súra_ troops, and

with his assistance possessed themselves without difficulty of the

fortified stations of _Pedak-páyang_, _Ung'árang_, and _Selatíga_.

The main force of the _Kérta-súra_ troops, consisting of about

forty thousand men, was encamped in a strong position, not far from

the latter place. After making considerable resistance, they were

obliged to retreat in confusion, and the combined army prosecuting

its march towards the capital, carried _Asem_ by assault, and reached

_Kérta-súra_ shortly after _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_ had quitted it.

All the chiefs who remained submitted to the new authority, and were

received under its protection, with the exception of the son of

_Pangéran Púgar_, who was strangled. _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_, called

also _Susúnan Pínchang_, on account of his lameness, was at this time

about thirty-four years of age. His reign was short, but remarkable for

severity and cruelty.

_Pangéran Púgar_ was fifty-six years of age when he ascended the

throne. He had seven legitimate children, _Pangéran Matáran_, _Ang'ebái

Léreng Páser_ (who had remained with the deposed _Susúnan_), _Jága

Rága_, _Mángku Nagára_, _Mángku Búmi_ (who was declared hereditary

prince, and succeeded his father), _Blítar_, and _Tepa Séna_.

The title assumed by _Pangéran Púgar_, with the concurrence of the

Dutch, was _Susuhúnan Pakabúana Senapáti Ingalága Abdul Ráchman

Panatagáma_, which may be rendered "The saint who is the nail of the

empire, the chief commander in war, the slave of God, and propagator of

the true faith."

An occurrence which took place shortly after the assumption of the

government by this prince is noticed by the Javan writers, and argued

highly in favour of the justice and impartiality of this prince.

The wife of _Mérta Yúdha_, writer to the _Susúnan_, and nephew of the

_Adipáti_ of _Semárang_, presented herself before him, alleging that

her life was endangered by the cruel treatment of her husband, and

imploring that she might be divorced from him, or protected against his

ill usage. The _Susúnan_ inquiring into the particulars, ascertained

from the testimony of the woman herself, that she was attached to

_Pangéran Adipáti_, the son of the _Susúnan_, who had frequently

visited at her house in the absence of her husband, and that the

severities she had suffered were the consequence of the rage which a

discovery of that fact had occasioned. He called upon the _Pangéran

Adipáti_ to say if it was correct; and the prince, being ashamed to

tell a falsehood, acknowledged the fact: wherefore his father reproved

him in the strongest terms, and cautioned him not to be guilty of a

like transgression a second time. Then calling for _Mérta Yúdha_, he

thus addressed him: "_Mérta Yúdha_, your wife has come to me requesting

my interference to procure her a divorce from you, or that I should

prohibit you from again ill-treating her in the same severe manner you

have before done, on account of her attachment to my son, the _Pangéran

Adipáti_." To which _Mérta Yúdha_ replied, "Respecting this affair,

allow me to explain. She committed an offence towards me, and she now

comes to you to complain of me, saying I had beaten her until she was

nearly dead. That I did beat her is true, but that I did so until she

was nearly dead is utterly false. I beat her when I was enraged; but,

as my anger subsided, I quickly became kind to her again; and yet she

has the audacity to request a divorce. This completes three offences;

in the first place, she committed the fault; in the second, she has

told a falsehood; and in the third, she has requested a divorce. These

points I submit to the justice of your majesty." The _Susúnan_ then

reflected that as the _Pangéran Adipáti's_ conduct had been the cause

of this woman's offence, it would not be just to punish her, without

also punishing his son; and being disinclined to be severe with him on

account of his youth, he felt at a loss how to decide with justice.

At length, seeing but one way to get rid of the difficulty, he thus

addressed _Mérta Yúdha_: "Enough, _Mérta Yúdha_; the fault rests with

my son the _Pangéran Adipáti_, and your wife cannot be condemned to

punishment, unless my son be also condemned. Now I have not the power

to condemn my son, on account of his youth; therefore, I publicly

request your pardon for my son's offence. If you wish to be divorced,

the permission is granted, and I will provide you with another wife.

You want her immediately--it is well;--but I have no women at present

except my own, none but the _Rátu_ and my own daughters. Make your

choice, and whichever you prefer of them, I will present to you in

marriage. Place your confidence in what I say, and believe that I say

no more than what I will do."

_Mérta Yúdha_, struck with astonishment, knew not how to reply. At

last, after bowing his head several times to the ground, he declared

that he was overcome by this act of magnanimity; that he forgave the

young prince from his heart, and would willingly receive his wife back

again, and treat her with kindness. The _Susúnan_ then dismissed the

parties, giving them advice as to their future conduct, and presenting

them with a sum of money and several rich presents. _Mérta Yúdha_

and his wife, say the Javan writers, afterwards lived most happily

together, and never ceased to praise the justice and magnanimity of the

prince.

In the spring of 1705, the Dutch government again sent a force to

_Semárang_, which was joined by seven thousand Madurese, under the

command of _Panambáhan Chákra Diníngrat_.

At this time _Surapáti_, who, after his first arrival at _Matárem_,

had offered to surrender, again made an application to the Dutch for

protection, and offered to send six thousand auxiliaries, promising at

the same time to conduct himself as a faithful subject; but his offer

was rejected.

On the 5th October, 1705, a contract was entered into by the new

sovereign with the Dutch, by which, 1st, the contracts of the 24th

September, 1640, and 20th October, 1677, and all privileges and

immunities granted by _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_ to Messrs. Speelman

and Cooper, were confirmed. 2d. His highness ceded to the Dutch the

district of _Gebáng_ as situated within the following boundaries; viz.

"From the mouth of the _Dónan_, on the southern shore, in a westerly

direction along its banks as far as _Pasúruan_, where there is an

inland lake; thence along the north-eastern sea-shore to the mouth of

the river _Che-brom_, and further on along the north-eastern side of

an accessible swamp to _Che-satia_, near the village _Madúra_, thence

in a north-easterly direction over the mountains of _Dáyu-luhur_ to

mount _Sumána_ or _Subáng_, and then south-east over the mountains

of _Bonkok_, where a northerly direction is taken, and continued to

the river _Losári_, and further on along the banks of that river to

its mouth on the northern coast of the island." 3d. The _Susúnan_

acknowledged _Chéribon_ as an independent state, in consequence of

that country having, in 1680, been saved by the Dutch from the ravages

of a banditti. 4th. The _Susúnan_ resigned to the protection of the

Dutch the countries of _Súmenap_ and _Pamakásan_, stated to have been

forced on them during the reign of _Susúnan Tegál-arom_, by the chief

_Yúdha Nagára_. 5th. The _Susúnan_ renewed and confirmed the cession

of _Semárang_ and _Kaligawé_, as stated in the transfer of 15th

January, 1678. He further ceded to the Dutch the ports of _Torbáyá_

and _Gumúlak_, on condition that the tolls continued to be collected

for his own benefit, as at _Sámárang_. The Dutch, on the other hand,

agreed to restore about fifty villages which belonged to _Demák_ and

_Kaligáwe_.

It was agreed that the tolls on goods imported into, or exported from,

the _Susúnan's_ dominions by the Dutch, should be levied according

to the above-mentioned contract of 25th February, 1677, and that the

_Susúnan_ should in future require a duty of three instead of two

per cent. from individuals trading with Dutch passes, it being left

to his highness to fix the duties to be levied on goods belonging to

persons who were not furnished with licences from the Dutch. 7th.

The Dutch obtained liberty to establish factories in every part

of the _Susúnan's_ dominions, for which sufficient lots of vacant

ground were to be given them, to answer every purpose of safety and

convenience, and also to establish yards for building vessels. The

Javan chiefs were bound to supply the Dutch at all times, payment

being made for the same, with timber, labourers, &c. but they were to

pay no capitation, and only to be considered as Company's subjects,

as long as they should be employed by the Company. 8th. His highness

promised to supply the Dutch with as much rice as should be required,

at the market price, the Dutch being also at liberty to purchase that

article from his highness's subjects, who were also allowed to export

rice to Batavia, and all countries at peace with the Dutch. 9th.

Pursuant to the contract of 1677, the _Susúnan_ agreed to continue

to shut his ports against _Makásars_, _Búgis_, _Maláyus_, _Bálians_,

and other foreigners, except such as should obtain the permission

of the Dutch. 10th. It was agreed that the Dutch, and all persons

authorized by them, should continue to enjoy the exclusive privilege

of importing and selling opium and clothes, as granted to them by

_Susúnan Mangkúrat_, on the 20th October, 1677: that the native chiefs

should carefully prevent all encroachments on this monopoly, and that

all seizures of prohibited goods made by them and by the Company's

servants, should be for the profit of his highness, to whose discretion

it was left to remunerate the officers making the seizure. 11th. That

all seizures made at sea by the Company's cruizers should be for the

sole benefit of the captors, although afterwards brought into his

highness's ports. 12th. The _Susúnan's_ subjects were to be prohibited

from trading otherwise than with Company's passes, and their trade

eastward was restricted to _Bálí_ and _Lómbok_, northward to Borneo

and _Banjarmásin_, and westward to _Bantám_, _Lámpung_, _Jámbi_,

_Indragíri_, _Johór_ and _Malácca_. They were prohibited from visiting

the eastern governments, or _Búton_, _Tímor_, _Bíma_, &c., on pain of

confiscation of vessels, cargo, &c. It was declared, that whenever his

highness should be desirous of sending vessels to these quarters on his

own account, the Dutch should attend to his wishes, as far as might be

consistent with their regulations. 13th. The balance remaining due to

the Dutch of the debts of his highness, adverted to in the contracts of

25th February and 15th October, 1677, was remitted, together with the

sum to be paid to Captain Jonker for the delivery of the rebel _Trúna

Jáya_, and all other claims of the Dutch on his highness, for expenses

incurred in re-establishing him on the throne, &c. on the express

condition that this contract should be faithfully observed; otherwise

the said claims and pretensions to retain their former validity. In

consideration of this important remission, his highness promised to

supply the Company during twenty-five years, commencing in 1706, with

eight hundred lasts of good rice annually, deliverable at Batavia by

his highness's own vessels. An article was afterwards added to this

treaty, by which it was stipulated, that no other European nation than

the Dutch should ever be permitted to trade or build factories on Java.

On the 11th October, 1705[274], a further agreement was entered into

by his highness, by which he promised to bear the expense of keeping a

detachment of two hundred men of the Dutch troops at _Kérta-súra_, for

his highness's protection and security, amounting to thirteen hundred

Spanish dollars per month.

On the 12th July, 1706, a treaty for determining the boundaries between

the territories of the _Susúnan_ and those of the Dutch was entered

into.

The deposed prince, _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_, after flying from his

capital, proceeded to the eastern districts, and joining _Surapáti_,

reduced the eastern provinces under their authority, and appeared

confident of success, being possessed of immense treasures in specie

and jewels, which he had carried off with him.

In 1706, however, the army of _Surapáti_ was defeated by the allied

Dutch and Javan forces, and _Kedíri_ was taken. Subsequently, the

large combined army of _Mangkúrat Mas_ and _Surapáti_ was put to the

rout and dispersed. _Surapáti_ shortly after died in the mountains of

_Bángil_, according to some accounts, of the effect of his wounds. He

was succeeded in office by his son, _Pangáting_, who took the name of

_Adipáti Wíra Nagára_, and being allied by marriage to the chiefs of

_Kedíri_, _Balambáng'an_, and _Grésik_, brought many of the eastern

districts again to acknowledge the authority of _Mangkúrat Mas_.

Additional forces were, in consequence, sent from Batavia by the Dutch,

which arrived at _Semárang_ in 1707, and immediately proceeded, first

to _Kérta-súra_, and then to the eastward. Falling in with the enemy

of _Mádion_, they put him to flight, and continued their march to

_Surabáya_, where the disturbances which had broken out on the island

of _Madúra_ obliged them to halt.

On the death of the native chief of _Madúra_ his eldest natural son,

_Sástra Nagára_, had declared himself his successor, and placed troops

round the island to oppose the landing of his uncle, _Ráden Súria

Nagára_, who had been appointed to the succession by the Dutch. The

Dutch, however, found means to satisfy both parties, by conferring the

separate charge of _Sámpang_ on _Sástra Nagára_.

At _Súmenap_ they met with greater difficulty. The native chief,

_Nága Sidérma_, had been stabbed by his secretary: the secretary was

afterwards killed by the slave of the chief. A tumult was thus excited,

and the Dutch commanding officer having given offence to the principal

inhabitants they proceeded with a large proportion of the population

to the northern part of the island. The Dutch at length succeeded in

establishing the infant son of the deceased as chief of _Súmenap_,

with the title of _Ráden Tumúng'gung Príng'ga Kasúma_, under the

guardianship of his mother, _Rátu Sidáyu_. With these proceedings the

campaign closed for that year[275].

In the following year, 1708, the Dutch sent further reinforcements to

the eastward, and preparations were making for opening the campaign,

when the fugitive _Susúnan_, hearing of the arrival of the Dutch at

_Surabáya_, sent ambassadors to their representative (Knol,) soliciting

his pardon, and an assignment of some lands, independent of any other

authority than that of the Dutch government. No sooner had he been

promised this than he came to _Surabáya_, where he was received on the

17th July by Knol, who delivered to him a letter of pardon written

in the Dutch and Javan languages, promising to him the independent

possession of a district as a principality, subordinate only to the

Dutch government. But, alas! these concessions were soon found to be

nothing more than a stratagem to get possession of the prince's person.

The unfortunate _Susúnan_, unsuspicious of the treachery, was quietly

embarked at _Surabáya_ on the 24th August, and with his three sons, his

wife, concubines, and attendants, conveyed to Batavia.

The Dutch accounts relate, that as soon as the prince arrived at

Batavia, the commissioners, who had received him on board and

accompanied him to the castle, demanded that he should deliver up his

_kris_ before being admitted to an audience, which he refused to do.

When, however, introduced to the high regency, who had been especially

assembled for his reception, he prostrated himself at the feet of the

governor-general, surrendered his _kris_, and implored the fulfilment

of the conditions on which he surrendered. The governor-general

replied, that Mr. Knol had not been authorized either to grant him a

pardon or to make promises, yet that government would take the matter

into consideration: his _krís_ was then returned to him. He was lodged

in the castle as a prisoner of war, and soon afterwards transported to

Ceylon.

The account of this transaction by the Javan writers is as follows:

"The _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_ and the _Adipáti Wíra Nagára_ (son of

_Surapáti_) had not been long at _Málang_ before they were attacked

by _Pangéran Blítar_, and forced to seek safety in the forests with

only a few followers. There they suffered severely from disease;

and most of them dying, the rest removed to the land of _Blítar_,

whence the _Susúnan_ sent a letter to the chief Dutch authority at

_Surabáya_, asking him why the Dutch had thus assisted the _Pangéran

Púgar_ against him, and deprived him of the sceptre which had descended

to him from his ancestors, adding that he was himself equally the

friend of the Dutch, that he had never harboured a thought injurious

to them, and that if they still believed that he had been guilty of a

fault against them, it would be well if they would point it out that

he might exert his utmost to make amends: for this they might fully

depend on him; 'therefore,' said he, 'let the Dutch place confidence

in me, let them consider my youth, and that it is yet but a short time

that I have been a sovereign.' To this the Dutch authority replied,

'If the _Susúnan_ wishes to act thus, and his intentions are good, let

him come to _Surabáya_.' _Susúnan Mangkúrat_ then requested, that if

the Dutch would not again place him on the throne, they would assign

him a province, in which he and his family might reside in peace.

A promise being given to that effect he immediately proceeded to

_Surabáya_, where he was received with all honours and the customary

salutes, and afterwards entertained with the Dutch officers in the

_Passangráhan_ of the _Adipáti_ of _Surabáya_. The Dutch authority at

last said to him, with the utmost kindness and softness of speech,

'If the _Susúnan_ has no objection, I am anxious that we should go to

_Semárang_ to see the commissary; from thence the _Susúnan_ can at once

proceed to _Kérta-súra_, and request the Dutch again to acknowledge

him as sovereign of Java.' The _Susúnan_ immediately assented to this

arrangement. He was then, with his family and followers, embarked on

board a ship; but instead of being conveyed to _Semárang_, he was taken

to Batavia, and afterwards banished to Ceylon."

It appears, that after the arrival of _Mangkúrat Mas_ at Ceylon he

found means to dispatch letters of complaint to the prince of Orange

and the Court of Directors in Holland. Two Mahomedan priests were

charged with the mission, but the letters being intercepted, the

messengers were subjected to severe punishment.

With _Mangkúrat Mas_ was lost the celebrated _makóta_, or crown of

_Majapáhit_. The regalia of the sovereigns of Java, with the exception

of this important article, were duly delivered over, by order of the

Dutch, to the acknowledged sovereign _Pakabúana_, but nothing more was

ever heard of the crown, and since that time, the princes have worn

a _cap_, as described in another place. As the Dutch were now become

supreme on Java, a crown was perhaps but an empty pageant. It cannot,

however, escape notice, that this proud ornament of state should first

have been deprived of its brightest jewel, and afterwards, as there is

too much room to suspect, filched by the Dutch, who probably stripped

it of its remaining jewels, and melted down the gold for its value!

The removal of _Mangkúrat Mas_ did not, however, extinguish the flame

of internal discord which still blazed forth in the eastern provinces

of Java, and which increased till the year 1712-13. The _Susúnan_ sent

several embassies to Batavia, requesting assistance against the chiefs

of _Balambángan_ and of the island of _Madúra_, as well as against

the sons of _Surapáti_, who had their hiding places in the mountains.

On this occasion the Dutch sanctioned the nomination of the _Pangéran

Mángku Nagára_ as the hereditary prince, and promised the required

succours against the rebels, but took care to point out the value

which they put upon their assistance: a piece of policy which, on no

occasion, they seem to have forgotten. They adverted to the immense

sums they had at different times advanced, and the extent of the

obligations which the _Susúnan_ lay under to them, admonishing him to

act with greater circumspection in future, and to adopt such measures

as might put a stop to the civil wars and commotions which desolated

the country.

It was not long, however, before various circumstances concurred to

render the rebels still more formidable. The chiefs of _Surabáya_,

_Probolíng'o_, and _Kédíri_, as well as those of _Madúra_ and

_Balambáng'an_, united at the instigation of the chief of _Wináng'un_

(whose life had been unjustly attacked,) in a league to shake off the

yoke of the _Susúnan_, and at the same time to rid themselves of the

Dutch, whose aim they conceived to have been eventually to depose the

_Susúnan_, and to render themselves sovereigns of the whole island.

A circumstance is related by the native writers, which is said to have

contributed essentially to the distractions which at that time existed

in the country.

"The Dutch requested that the _Susúnan_ would immediately put the

_Adipáti Jaíng Rána_ of _Surabáya_ to death, alleging that he was

attached to the cause of the rebels, and that if an example were made

of this chief, it would strike fear into the others. On this the

_Susúnan_ became excessively grieved at heart, for he was sincerely

attached to the _Adipáti_; and now that the _Panambáhan_ of _Madúra_,

who had been as his right hand, was dead, if he were to lose the

_Adipáti_ of _Surabáya_ also, who had been as his left hand, he would

in truth find that he had lost both hands. He wished, therefore, to

refuse compliance with this request; but at the same time feared, that

if he disappointed the Dutch, there would be an end of his friendship

with them. On these two accounts he gave the subject his deepest

consideration. At length he wrote a letter to the _Adipáti_, informing

him of the request made by the Dutch; and to the Dutch at Batavia he

wrote in reply, that he wished to reflect upon the affair, until the

time appointed for the chief to pay his usual visit to the capital

should arrive.

"As soon as the _Adipáti_ of _Surabáya_ received these tidings he

assembled his brothers and his _Páteh_, named _Wíra Tantáha_, and

showed them the letter. His brothers immediately advised that they

should unite and oppose any one, whoever it might be, who should

attempt the life of the _Adipáti_; for, said they, 'Is it not better to

die nobly 'in war, and to let one's enemies know how dearly the death

of our brother is to be purchased, than to be quietly killed in one's

bed? will only know of the death and not of its value.' But the _Páteh_

replied to them, 'What you say is correct, and in the service of the

state we are bound to act as you advise; but this is a request made

by the general, that the _Adipáti_ should be put to death. Is it not

better that he should deliver himself up? for if he does not there will

be a rupture between the general and the _Susúnan_, and then (which

God forbid) the land of _Jáwa_ will be destroyed, and universal misery

will follow. You have now, for a long time, enjoyed happiness and a

good name, and now that you have grown old in honour, it would not be

fitting in you to do any thing that could bring sorrow or ruin on your

sovereign, or that would disgrace your followers or descendants, which

would be the case if you now got a bad name.' The _Adipáti_ was well

pleased with the advice of his _Páteh_, and after considering for a

short time, then addressed him, 'What you say is true, oh _Páteh_! I

am old, and have not long to live. It is indeed right that I should

deliver up my life for the benefit of my sovereign and the character of

my family.'"

This resolution being taken, the _Adipáti_ shortly after set out

for _Kértasúra_, accompanied by his brother and about two thousand

followers. When he arrived, the _Susúnan_ inquired how he wished to

act; to which he replied, that he preferred to die rather than to be

the cause of misfortune to his sovereign or to the people of Java; that

he was now old; that if his life was spared on this occasion he could

not expect to live many years, and that he was already satisfied with

this world. The _Susúnan_ then said, if such was his determination and

wish, he must of course follow it, but urged him to speak his mind

freely, adding that he would think of it, and do what would turn out

best for him: but the _Adipáti_ replied, that he had no other wish than

what he had already expressed; that it was much better that he should

die, than become the cause of misfortune to others. All he requested

was, that after his death the _Susúnan_ would not be forgetful of

his family and children, and that until his son was of a proper age,

his brother, _Ráden Jáya Puspíta_, might succeed him in his public

administration. The _Susúnan_ then said, "It is well. If the Dutch

again make the demand you must prepare for your fate; and I promise

you that, in that case, your request shall be complied with." At the

expiration of about a month, during which period the _Adipáti_ clothed

himself in white and gave himself up entirely to his devotions, another

letter arrived from the Governor General, making a peremptory demand

that the _Adipáti_ should be immediately executed. The _Susúnan_ then

sent for the _Adipáti_, and directed that he should be brought into

the _dálam_. Dressed in white, he immediately attended the summons.

When he reached the entrance _sri meng'ánti_, he quitted his followers,

who were not allowed to come further but remained without; and the

people who guarded the entrance of the _kráton_, having received the

orders of the _Susúnan_ to that effect, seized him, and plunging their

weapons into his body, immediately dispatched him. They then carried

out the corpse and gave it to his followers, charging them to give it

proper burial. They were all struck with deep grief at the sight, for

the _Adipáti_ was much beloved. They interred the body at _Lawéan_,

but immediately afterwards the brother, with about two thousand

followers, assembled in the _alun alun_, determined upon vengeance, and

the disturbance was not quelled until the _Susunán_ entered into an

explanation. He then appointed _Jáya Puspíta_ to succeed provisionally

to the administration of his deceased brother, and otherwise

conciliated the parties, who were at last induced quietly to return

to _Surabáya_; not, however, without a determination of one day being

revenged on the authors of this calamity. On receiving the appointment

from the _Susúnan_, while _Jáyá Puspíta_ returned their grateful

acknowledgments for this mark of kindness, they as openly avowed that

they would never rest in peace, until they had given a due return to

whoever was the cause of their brother's death.

"In pursuance of this determination, _Jáya Puspíta_ took an early

occasion to league with other discontented chiefs, and soon became the

most formidable enemy to the tranquillity of the country.

"The forces of the _Susúnan_ were completely defeated in a pitched

battle, and the rebels made themselves masters of several important

provinces to the eastward of _Pasúruan_, which place they also besieged

until the arrival of the Dutch auxiliaries. They were then driven

beyond _Panarúkan_; but being reinforced from _Báli_, soon forced the

combined Dutch and Javan troops to retreat again to _Pasúruan_."

The effect of this civil war was now severely felt at Batavia. The

country was laid waste, cultivation was neglected, and a great scarcity

of rice was felt at Batavia. This induced the Dutch to march a more

considerable force in 1717, and again to take an active part in

re-establishing the tranquillity of the country.

On the arrival of this force at _Madúra_, it was found that the chief

of that island had made two unsuccessful attacks on the troops of

_Pamakásan_ and _Súmenap_, and been forced at last to leave his capital

with his son, brother, wives, and relations, and seek safety with the

Dutch.

"When _Pangéran Chákra Deníngrat_," say the Javan authors, "saw that

nothing more was to be done against his enemies," he resolved to throw

himself on the protection of the Dutch; and a Dutch ship arriving

at _Madúra_ he dispatched a letter, soliciting their assistance.

This letter the captain forwarded to _Surabáya_, and received the

instructions of the admiral to take the chief and his family on

board, and convey them to that capital. The captain immediately sent

a messenger on shore to the _Pangéran_, informing him of the wishes

of the admiral, and inviting him to come on board with his family.

_Pangéran Chákra Deníngrat_, who was unconscious of treachery or

duplicity, and consequently void of suspicion, with a joyful heart

accepted the invitation, and, accompanied by his family, immediately

went off in a small fishing-boat. When arrived alongside of the ship,

the followers who carried the _upachára_ (emblems of state) were

ordered to go on board: after them the _Pangéran_ himself ascended, and

then his wife, _Ráden Ayu Chákra Diníngrat_. When the _Pangéran_ came

upon deck, Captain Curtis took him by the hand, and delivered him over

to one of his officers, who immediately led him into the cabin. The

captain remained till the _Ráden Ayu_ had ascended, and as soon as she

came on deck he likewise took her by the hand, and after the European

manner kissed her cheek. Not understanding the custom she became

alarmed, and thinking that Captain Curtis was offering an insult to

her, screamed out, and called aloud upon her husband, saying, "the

Captain had evil intentions." The _Pangéran_ hearing the cries of his

wife became furious, and drawing his _kris_ rushed out, and without

further inquiry stabbed the Captain. The attendants of the chief, who

had come on board with the state ornaments, following the example of

their master, raised the cry of _amók_ and immediately fell on the crew

of the vessel. The latter, however, were too powerful for them, and in

a short time the whole of the Madurese party were killed, together with

the chief and his wife.

When a question arises respecting the chastity of the Javan women, this

story is usually referred to.

The rebels, both in the eastern provinces of Java and on _Madúra_,

were joined by auxiliaries from _Báli_. Those, however, on _Madúra_

were soon overmatched by the Dutch troops, and obliged to fly again

to _Báli_. _Jáya Puspíta_ was more successful. Moving from _Surabáya_

through the central districts towards _Kérta-súra_, he subjected the

provinces of _Jápan_, _Wírasába_, _Kedíri_, _Mádion Sukawáti_ and the

neighbouring districts. While his head quarters were at _Kedíri_, he

was joined by _Pangéran Dípa Nagára_ one of the sons of the _Susúnan_,

who setting himself up as sovereign of Java, under the title of

_Panambáhan Héru Chákra Senapáti Panatagáma_ appointed _Jáya Púspita_

to be his _Páteh_, with the title of _Ráden Adipáti Panatagáma_, and

commenced the establishment of a government at _Mádion_.

An army was sent from _Kérta-súra_ against _Mádion_, under the command

of _Pangéran Blítar_, another son of the _Susúnan_; but before

they reached that place the _Pangéran_ was summoned to return, in

consequence of the severe indisposition of his father. This prince died

in the Javan year 1648, and was buried at _Megíri_. He had previously

written to the Dutch authorities, requesting them to select one of his

three sons _Pangéran Adipáti Amángku-nagára_, _Pangéran Purbáyá_, or

_Pangéran Blítar_, to succeed him in the government.

Thus ended the reign of a prince, which had been one constant scene

of commotion and rebellion, directed perhaps not so much against the

authority of the prince himself, as against the Dutch, who now took

so active a part in the affairs of Java, that the power of the native

sovereign was merely nominal.

The Javan writers, whether from a desire to exclude from the regal line

a prince who thus became the mere puppet of the Europeans, or from a

conviction of the truth of the circumstance, seem anxious to prove

that he was not the real son of _Susúnan Tegál Arom_, as related, but

a son of the _Pangéran Kajuran_, father-in-law of _Trúna Jáya_, and

who afterwards, when he established himself in the southern hills,

took the name of _Panambáhan Ráma_. The story runs, that the _Rátu_

of _Mangkúrat_ being delivered of a deformed and imperfect offspring,

the _Susúnan_ secretly sent the child to _Kajúran_, who was supposed

to deal in witchcraft, and that the _Pangéran_ took the opportunity of

destroying it, and substituted his own child in its place. This child,

however, was born of a daughter of _Pangéran Purbaya_, the younger

brother of Sultan _Agong_; so that on the mother's side it was of royal

extraction. "But," say the Javan writers, "as the present princes of

Java are descendants from _Pakubuána_, this story is not talked of in

public; although in private societies there are many who put faith in

it."

On the 13th of December, 1705, articles were agreed upon with the

Sultan of Bantam, to ensure the weight and quality of the pepper to be

delivered.

On the 9th of October, 1708, a further contract was entered into with

the sultan, with the view principally of renewing and confirming the

contracts, bonds, deeds of remission, &c., entered into and concluded

with his predecessors.

In August, 1731, another contract was entered into with the sultan, of

which the following were the most interesting articles.

That all Búgis, Maláyus, Javans, and other native traders, shall

be allowed freely to dispose of their wares at Bantam, without any

interference on the part of the Dutch Resident, provided they do

not trade in articles which constitute the Company's monopoly. The

subjects of Bantam shall be permitted to trade to Java on condition

that they do not abuse the confidence thus placed in them by engaging

in illicit commerce. The sultan promised to adopt immediate measures

for increasing the annual deliveries of pepper to the Company, and

engaged to hold out every possible inducement to the _Lámpung_ people

to extend the cultivation of the article, instead of depressing them

by unnecessary acts of severity. A deed was also executed about this

time ceding _Púlo Pánjang_ to the Dutch, for the purpose of keeping an

establishment on it for assisting vessels in distress.

On the 9th December, 1733, a further contract was entered into with the

sultan of Bantam, by which many regulations were made respecting the

pepper monopoly.

Being called upon to renew the bond for the sum of six hundred thousand

Spanish dollars in favour of the Dutch, the sultan, after previously

stating whence this _lawful_ debt originated, bound his kingdom and

revenues for the same, and at the same time conferred on the Dutch the

exclusive trade in pepper and other privileges. The deed of remission,

bearing date 28th April, 1684, was further renewed, by which a

conditional remission of the above-mentioned bond was granted. An act

of donation from the price of ground, called _kámpung báli_, was at the

same time granted.

Of the three sons of the deceased _Susúnan_, the Dutch government made

choice of the _Pangéran Adipáti Amángku Nagára_, as his successor; he

was accordingly publicly installed, under the title of _Susûhunan Prábu

Senapáti Ingalága Abdul Ráchman Sahídin Panatagáma_.

The first and principal event in this reign was the rebellion of the

younger brothers of the prince, _Pangéran Purbáya_ and _Blítar_,

occasioned principally by their being deprived of the lands and

honours which they had enjoyed during the lifetime of their father.

They first raised a party in the capital, and made an attempt, during

the night, to enter the _kráton_ and put the _Susúnan_ to death, but

being repulsed, they fled to _Matárem_, and collecting their followers,

the youngest (_Blítar_) assumed the title of _Súltan Ibni Mustápha

Pakubúana Senapáti Ingalága Abdul Ráchman Patagáma_. His brother,

_Purbáya_, was satisfied with a secondary authority, under the title of

_Panambáhan Senapáti Ingalága_.

In a short time the provinces of _Bányumas_, _Matárem_, and _Kedú_,

submitted to these chiefs, and a union taking place with the party

under _Panambáhan Héru Chákra_, the authority of the newly elected

_Susúnan_ became endangered.

_Pangéran Aria Matárem_, uncle of the _Susúnan_, at the same time

quitted _Kérta Súra_, and reared the standard of rebellion in

_Grobógan_ and _Blóra_. This chief was, however, soon after decoyed

into the hands of the Dutch in the following manner.

"The _Pangéran_ was induced to go to _Páti_, and afterwards to

_Japára_, on an understanding that the Dutch would raise him to the

throne, where troops were immediately assembled, apparently for that

object, but in reality to secure his person. On his arrival at the

fort with his family, he was received with salutes of cannon and small

arms, and separated from his followers, who were excluded. After he

had been seated a short time, the gates of the fort were shut, and the

_Pangéran_ and his sons were disarmed, and placed in close confinement.

He died in a few days. When the gates of the forts were closed, the

followers of the _Pangéran_ suspecting the treachery, would not

disperse, until many were destroyed and the rest fired upon."

The Dutch force uniting with those of the _Susúnan_, the rebels, who

were now united under the sultan _Ibni Mustápha_, were defeated,

and obliged to retreat to _Kedíri_. Here they were pursued, again

beaten, and driven in disorder to _Málang_. The sultan fled to _Gúnung

Dampúlan_ with only a few followers, while _Panambáhan Senapáti_ and

_Panambáhan Héru Chákra_ rallied their remaining forces at _Lamájang_.

The Dutch army now returned to _Kérta Súra_, and the tranquillity of

the country was once more for a short time restored.

_Sultan Ibni Mustápha_ having returned to the village of _Káli Gángsa_,

was seized with a violent illness and died, and his family and

followers, worn out with fatigue, conveyed the body to _Kérta Súra_,

and threw themselves on the mercy of the _Susúnan_. Notwithstanding

this unconditional submission, their chief, _Jáya Bráta_, was

immediately put to death, and his body thrown into the river: the body

of the deceased sultan, however, received honourable interment.

The rebels established at _Lamájang_ still held out, and it was

not until the arrival of a considerable Dutch force at _Surabáya_

that they were induced to submit. According to the native writers,

"The Dutch commander wrote from _Surabáya_ to the rebel chiefs at

_Lamájang_, informing them that he had been ordered to the eastward

with a formidable force purposely to destroy them, and that if they

did not quietly submit, he would force them to do so, in which case no

quarter should be given, adding at the same time, that if they were

willing to submit quietly, they should be received with favour, treated

with kindness, and want for nothing during their lives. The chiefs

seeing no prospect of success from further opposition, were induced to

close with these terms. Accordingly _Panambákan Senápati_ and _Héru

Chákra_, with _Adipáti Náta Púra_, attended by only a few followers,

surrendered themselves at _Surabáya_, where they were received with

great honour, the firing of cannon and musketry, and by the sound of

the _gámelan_, which struck up on their approach. It was not long,

however, before their persons were placed in confinement, and they were

embarked on board a ship from Batavia, from whence _Panambáhan Héru

Chákra_ and _Adipáti Náta Púra_ were afterwards banished to the Cape."

The only circumstance from which the peace of the country appears to

have been subsequently disturbed during the reign of this prince, was

by a kráman, or rebel, named _Ráden Ibráhim_, who gave himself out as a

descendant of _Surapáti_; but this movement was instantly suppressed,

and all that arose out of it appears to have been an attempt on

the life of the _Susúnan_, made by a woman, who with a small party

endeavoured to force her way into the _kráton_, but with several of

her followers was killed in the attempt. The authority of the prince

was now fully established; and in return for the services rendered by

the Dutch in the late war, he was required to enter into a new treaty

with the Dutch, containing the following, among other less interesting

stipulations.

In acknowledgment of the services lately rendered, and also to his

highness's forefathers, and in consideration of the considerable

quantity of rice still owing by him to the Dutch, on the deliveries

stipulated by the contract of 1705, his highness now promised to

deliver to the Company annually at Batavia, with his own vessels, for

a period of fifty years, to commence from the year 1734, a quantity

of one thousand _koyans_ of good rice, or its equivalent in money, it

being at the same time understood that the Dutch are not bound to take

money for any proportion of the said annual delivery, except when it

was sufficiently proved that a failure of the crop of rice rendered it

impossible to supply the whole quantity.

That with the view to encourage the cultivation of pepper, the Dutch

should, in future, pay five rix-dollars for each _píkul_ of that

article; while, on the other hand, the _Susúnan_ engaged to issue an

edict, directing the total annihilation of the coffee culture, with

the exception of a few plantations near the houses of the regents,

for their own amusement and consumption, but by no means for trade,

on severe penalties. The _Susúnan_ moreover authorized the Dutch to

cause all plantations, without distinction, in the low countries, on

the coast, or in the mountains, to be destroyed, and to confiscate,

for their joint profit, any quantity of coffee which might be found,

for purposes of trade, in the hands of any of his highness's subjects,

at the expiration of six months from the date thereof. That his

highness should direct the coast regents to deliver, in the year

1734, the annual quantity of timber for repairing and extending the

forts of _Semárang_ and _Japára_, the other materials being furnished

by the Company. The seventh article stipulated for the delivering

annually about ten thousand beams of teak timber (specified) at

_Japára_, _Demák_, _Walíri_, and _Brébes_, the same to be duly paid

for on delivery; and the Dutch engaged to assure themselves that the

regulation should be complied with, by causing the residents of the

timber places to transmit the receipts and other vouchers relative

thereto, while, on the other hand, the _Susúnan_ promised to take

care that the timber should be of good quality and of the stipulated

dimensions.

The Dutch remitted to the _Susúnan_ the arrears on account of the

quantity of rice (the delivery of which was stipulated by the contract

of October, 1705), consisting of no less than 6,537 _koyans_; and also

the sums advanced by them in the wars and during his minority, on

condition that, on the part of the _Susúnan_, all previous treaties,

deeds, and charters, contracted and granted by his highness's

predecessors, should be fulfilled by him; in default whereof the above

pretensions were to regain their full force and value. It was further

agreed that the Dutch should remain in possession of their former

commercial privileges at Java, his highness promising to render the

Dutch trade still more flourishing and considerable, and to increase

the deliveries of cotton thread. His highness further bound himself to

supply every day two hundred and forty _báturs_, or Javan labourers,

for the service of the fort, free of expense to the Dutch.

The act which closed the reign of this prince, and which affords good

evidence of the undisturbed state of public affairs at the period, was

a visit to the burial-place at _Bútah_, where _Kiái Agong Bútuh_, and

sultan _Pájang_ had been interred. The Javans have such a superstitious

veneration for this spot, that they declare it is never overflowed,

notwithstanding the waters rise to a considerable height round it, and

that it is lower than the adjoining ground. Here the prince was taken

ill, and after a long confinement died, in the Javan year 1657.

He was succeeded by his son, under the title of _Susúnan Pakubuána

Senapáti Ingalága Abdul Ráchman Sáhedin Panatagáma_, who ascended the

throne when he was only about fourteen years old, and was yet unmarried.

The young prince was entirely under the superintendance of _Dánu Réja_,

his father's prime minister, until, as he attained maturity, he by

repeated acts shewed a disposition to shake off the controul of that

chief. He was desirous of appointing _Chákra Níngrat_ to be _Widána_

of the eastern districts of _Pasúruan_, _Bángil_, and _Probolíng'o_;

but that chief being on bad terms with the minister _Dánu Réja_, the

_Susúnan_ privately, and without the knowledge of the minister, wrote

to the Governor-general at Batavia, requesting his sanction to the

measure. Shortly after this the _Susúnan_ made a further application to

the Dutch, that they would remove from Java the person of _Pangéran Ria

Mángku Nagára_, on a plea that he had been discovered in an improper

intimacy with one of his concubines. On this occasion the minister,

_Dánu Réja_, was dispatched to Batavia; and the interview he had with

the Governor-general is thus related by the native writers:--"The

General was displeased with _Dánu Réja_, because he had not adjusted

these two affairs; and afterwards, when he went to Batavia with

presents from the _Susúnan_, the General asked him if he was willing

that _Chákra Níngrat_ should be _Widána_ of the three districts? _Dánu

Réja_, not aware of the application made by the _Susúnan_, replied,

that if that chief was entrusted with so extensive an authority he

should tremble, as the heart of _Chákra Níngrat_ would thereupon become

great; for he had already been married to the _Susúnan's_ sister. The

General observed, that it was easy to remove this uneasiness from his

mind. 'Let,' said he,'this chief be under the authority of the Dutch

only. Let him pay the money tribute to the _Susúnan_, but in other

respects let not the _Susúnan_ trouble himself about him. Let him look

to the Dutch only for keeping him under due restraint.' To this _Dánu

Réja_ replied, 'If such is the wish of the General, I cannot follow it,

because I fear that hereafter the _Susúnan_ would object to such an

arrangement, and, repenting of having followed the General's advice,

would be justly enraged against me and my successors, for having in

any way consented that _Chákra Níngrat_, or these lands, should be

placed under the immediate authority of the Dutch.' A pause then

ensued. At length the General resumed, and in a peremptory and angry

manner demanded of the minister, why he had not prevented the _Susúnan_

from applying for the banishment of his brother, _Ria Mángku Nagára_,

observing that it had not yet been proved, that he was guilty of any

offence against the _Susúnan_. _Dánu Réja_ replied, 'The offence of

the _Pangéran_ is clear and decided; it is known to many that he had

an attachment for the _Susúnan's_ concubine.' He therefore requested

he might be banished the island, adding, that he would request the

_Susúnan_ to make a proper provision for his maintenance. The General

conceiving that _Dánu Réja_ was not inclined to follow his wishes,

became enraged, and desired him not to trouble himself further about

the _Pangéran_, saying that, whether he was banished or not, was not

his business; it depended entirely on the government. He then dismissed

him to his _póndok_, where the minister was allowed to remain upwards

of a year, until the death of the General, when, on the elevation

of his successor, he was directed to return to _Kérta-súra_. While

thus detained at Batavia, he was repeatedly visited by some of the

counsellors, urging him to accede to the wish of the General respecting

the lands; but he continued to use to them the same arguments he had

before used to the General."

After the return of _Dánu Réja_ to _Kérta-súra_, he is represented as

having had an interview with _Wangsarána_, a celebrated devotee, who

resided in the first _Kalángbrit_, and who foretold the misfortunes

which were to ensue.

On demanding of this _tápa_ what would be the future fate of

_Kérta-súra_, he replied, "that it was destined to misfortune,

destruction, and sorrow: _Ráden Más Sujána_ and _Ráden Mas Sáyed_ will

however profit by it." This _Ráden Sujána_ was a younger brother of the

_Susúnan_ by a concubine, and afterwards took the name of _Pangéran

Mangkubúmi_. _Ráden Mas Sáyed_ was a cousin to the _Susúnan_, son of

his elder brother, _Pangéran Mangku-nagára_, who had been sent to

Batavia with a request that he might be banished. They were both at

this time youngest children (_timur_).

This prophecy made a deep impression on the mind of the minister; and

his uneasiness became still greater, when one day a woman, named _Niái

Súka Wáti_, came to him from her mistress, _Rátu Agong_, the mother of

the _Susúnan_, saying that the _Rátu_ had just dreamt that she beheld

the moon descend from the heavens and rest on the top of the large

_dúku_ tree in the _kráton_; and that this had no sooner occurred, than

that _Ráden Mas Sujána_ immediately came, and seizing hold of the moon

swallowed one-half of it, the other half slipping from his grasp, and

resuming its place on the top of the tree: the _Rátu_ then awoke and

found it daylight. These were the first signs of what was soon to befal

_Kérta-súra_.

The fate of the minister was, however, to be first decided; for on the

occasion of the _Susúnan_ raising a chief, named _Súra-Diníngrat_,

to be _Bopáti of Pakalúngan_, with a thousand _cháchas_, without the

knowledge of the minister, the latter refused to acknowledge him in

that capacity; in consequence of which the _Susúnan_ requested the

Dutch to arrest him, and banish him from the island. As soon as the

Dutch had consented to do so, the unfortunate minister was dispatched

to _Semárang_ on a special embassy from his master, where he was

decoyed into the Dutch fort and confined. He was soon after embarked

for Ceylon, in the same vessel which conveyed _Pangéran Ria Mángku

Nagára_, at whose feet he fell, acknowledging the justice of his own

punishment, for having assisted in the banishment of that chief, who

had in fact committed no fault. The _Susúnan_ then appointed _Nátu

Kasúma_ to be his minister.

Accounts were now received from Ceylon of the death of the ex-_Susúnan

Mangkúrat Mas_, and at the request of the _Susúnan_, the family of

the deceased were permitted to return to _Kérta-súra_. On these were

conferred distinguished titles and considerable assignments of land.

To _Mángku Nagára_ the _Susúnan_ gave the name of _Wíra Mengála_, with

one thousand _cháchas_ of land; to _Mángku Níngrat_ he gave the name of

_Pangéran Tépa Sána_, with nine hundred _cháchas_; and to _Ráden Jáya

Kasúma_ he gave the title of _Pangéran_, with three hundred _cháchas_.

_Pangéran Purbáya_, who had assumed the title of _Panambáhan Senapáti

Ingalága_, shortly after died at Batavia, and his body was conveyed

to _Megíri_. The eldest son of this chief married a younger sister of

the _Susúnan_, and received the title of _Pangéran Purbáya_, with an

assignment of _sáwa_. The _Susúnan_ became much attached to him, and at

length followed his counsel in all things. "What was right was declared

wrong, and what was wrong, right, just as he pleased, and the _Susúnan_

believed it."

This increasing influence of the _Pangéran Purbáya_ alarmed the

minister, who secretly acquainted the Dutch with it, and by their

interference the _Pangéran Purbáya_ was removed from the councils of

the prince, and obliged to fix his residence at a distance from the

capital.

Various signs now foreboded approaching war and misfortune, and led

the people to expect that _Pangéran Tépa Sána_ would attempt to

regain the throne of his ancestors. The _Susúnan_ and his ministers

entirely disregarded these signs; but _Pangéran Wíra Mengála_ sought

the friendship of the Dutch commandant, in the hope of obtaining his

assistance.

At this time occurred the rebellion of the Chinese at Batavia; and

as the Dutch accounts of the transaction are far from complete or

satisfactory, I shall quote two Javan records without variation. One of

them is as follows:

"The city of Batavia was now in the highest state of prosperity:

traders came from all quarters, merchandize was in abundance, and the

slaves were numerous. The latter becoming arrogant, in consequence

of the wealth and power of their masters, committed outrages on the

Chinese, in the first instance by beating them, and afterwards by

attempting their lives. At first there were but few who committed

these outrages, but at last they formed themselves into parties and

committed more public acts of hostility. The Chinese applied to the

European officers in authority, to put a stop to these outrages, or

to punish those who committed them: they could, however, obtain no

redress, the slaves testifying with one accord that the Chinese were

the aggressors. The Chinese finding they could not obtain justice from

the great people, assembled near the sugar mills at _Gandária_[276],

to the number of more than a thousand, and chose a chief, with the

determination to oppose the Dutch and the slaves; but as yet they

thought it advisable not to do so openly, and therefore committed their

depredations in small parties during the night. The Dutch, as soon

as they heard of this, empowered several natives from _Sábrany_ (of

the opposite coasts and islands) to take up the Chinese who were at

_Gandária_; these people succeeded in apprehending the Chinese one by

one, and as soon as they gave them over to punishment they received a

reward of six ducatoons for each. In this way they secured about two

hundred. These were immediately embarked on a vessel to be banished to

another country, but when they had got out to sea they were all thrown

overboard. Many of them who could not swim perished; but a few having

succeeded in reaching the shore, found their way to _Gandária_, and

related to their companions how they had been treated. The Chinese,

upon this, concluding that the Dutch had resolved to extirpate their

race, now openly prepared their warlike instruments, gave notice to

their countrymen at Batavia of the manner in which the Dutch had

determined to destroy them, and requested that those who were willing

to join them would immediately repair to _Gandária_. The Chinese in

other quarters, equally harassed by the slaves, against whom they

could gain no redress, became of one mind, when they received the

intelligence of their countrymen having been thrown overboard by the

Dutch, and when they reflected that the destruction of their race was

determined; they therefore collected quietly at _Gandária_, until their

numbers amounted to upwards of five thousand. Here the whole placed

themselves under the orders of a chief, named _Sípanjang_."

The other account is as follows:

"It is related of Batavia, that General Valkenier was excessively

liberal in his favours to the Chinese. The consequence of this was,

that of all the races then resident at Batavia, with the exception of

the Dutch, none were so wealthy as they. Whatever was profitable fell

into their hands, while the other races, the natives of the country

and the adjacent islands established there, found it difficult to

discharge the duties and demands made upon them. On this account all

these races became discontented with the Chinese; and as it is usual

with the latter for their hearts to swell as they grow richer, quarrels

ensued, and disputes continually took place between the parties. These

increased, until complaints were carried before masters of slaves,

where slaves were concerned, and before the regular courts, where free

people were concerned. But the Chinese being always defeated in these

suits, and fined for their conduct, they assembled in bands, for the

purpose of revenging themselves, and began to plunder the villages in

the neighbourhood of the town. This happened in the Javan year 1663

(_gúna-rása-móbah jalma_)[277].

"It is related that at this time there was at Batavia a certain

_Edel Heer_, the Baron Van Imhoff, who had arrived from Ceylon. On

his arrival at _Jokarta_, he learned from General Valkenier the

particulars of the conduct of the Chinese, who were thus committing

depredations in the villages; he said there were too many Chinese at

Batavia, and proposed that a proportion should be sent to Ceylon. This

was accordingly agreed to by the high council, and a search was in

consequence made to take up the poorest of these, that they might be

transported to Ceylon. The expences, in the first instance, were to be

advanced by the Dutch, who were afterwards to be reimbursed when the

Chinese should have acquired the means at Ceylon. The Chinese captain

was accordingly directed to beat the _gong_, and give public notice of

this order; but there was not one Chinese inclined to follow it: and in

order to carry the proposition of Van Imhoff into effect, it was agreed

to arrest all the Poor Chinese. This order was given to the captain of

the Chinese, but he declined to arrest his countrymen. Van Imhoff then

inquired by what distinction of dress he might know the rich from the

poor? The captain replied, "the clothing of the Chinese which may be

considered a proof of their being poor, is black (blue)." Upon this

the governor directed the _Baillieu_ to arrest all Chinese so dressed;

and the _Baillieu_ again entrusting the execution of this order to

his _Máta Máta_, who belonged to the races inimical to the Chinese,

the latter, to gratify particular enmities, arrested many who did not

wear blue, some of them of the most respectable families. The Chinese,

in general, were much offended, when shortly the whole of those who

were arrested, were embarked on board ship apparently for Ceylon; but

they had been only a few days at sea, when they were _amók'd_. Most of

them were killed, and the rest were thrown overboard. Of these some

escaped to land, and arriving secretly at Batavia, communicated to

their countrymen the particulars of the cruel treatment of the Company

towards them. On this all the chiefs of the Chinese entered into an

agreement to raise the standard of rebellion against the Dutch, and to

endeavour to carry the fort of Batavia. There were, however, one or two

who did not chuse to become the enemies of the Dutch.

"A Chinese named _Liu Chu_, informed the government of what was

going on among his countrymen, for which he received a reward of

eighty ducats, and other valuable presents, with a promise of future

patronage. This man went as a spy to the Chinese at _Gandária_, and

endeavoured to persuade the chief to submit to the Dutch, promising

him free pardon; but _Si-pánjang_ suspecting that, however fair might

be the promises of the Dutch in the first instance, they would not

fail to revenge themselves upon him, by seeking out some offence of

which to accuse him, would not listen to these overtures. The Dutch

then ordered, that of the Chinese who were at Batavia, such as wished

to join their countrymen at _Gandária_ might do so, but that such as

wished to follow the Dutch, must shave their mustaches as a sign, and

deliver up all their sharp instruments of every description, even to

the smallest knife, and neither burn a lamp nor make a fire at night.

All the Chinese within the city were inclined rather to remain in their

houses, and conform to the wish of the Dutch according to this order,

than to quit their houses and join their companions at _Gandária_.

The Dutch troops were now making preparations in the fort, and shut

the gates of the city, hearing that the Chinese from _Gandária_ were

approaching. These came towards Batavia in three parties, burning

and laying waste every thing in their way, until they arrived close

under the walls, in numbers not less than ten thousand. Some of the

guns being inefficient, the Chinese became bolder, and made a furious

attack in which they were repulsed with great slaughter. In this affair

the Chinese are estimated to have lost one thousand seven hundred and

eighty-nine lives. They retreated in confusion, but assembled again at

_Gáding Meláti_.

"The next morning the Dutch landed all the sailors from the shipping in

the roads, and having confined the Chinese to their houses, according

to the regulation, the Dutch government gave orders for their own

people, the free black inhabitants, and the native Christians belonging

to the fort, to slay all the male Chinese, old and young, who were

within the city. Of these, amounting to nearly nine thousand souls,

only one hundred and fifty escaped to join their countrymen at _Kámpung

Meláti_. The property of all the Chinese was seized by those who

committed the slaughter, not one of whom was killed, the Chinese having

previously, as before related, delivered up their weapons to the Dutch.

"After this the Dutch troops, to the number of eight hundred Europeans

and two thousand natives, under the orders of the Baron Van Imhoff,

proceeded to _Kámpung Gáding Meláti_, where the Chinese under

_Si-Panjang_ had entrenched themselves in considerable numbers, and

soon drove them from this position. The Chinese then retreated to

_Paning'-gáran_, where also they were defeated. The loss of the latter

affair was on the part of the Dutch four hundred and fifty, on that of

the Chinese eight hundred."

While these transactions were going on at Batavia, many of the

_Bopátis_ of the coast provinces had arrived at _Kérta Súra_, to

present themselves at court, according to custom, at the ensuing

_múlud_. The _Bopáti_ of _Demák_ informed the minister, _Nála Kasúma_,

that before he quitted his district, the Chinese, in considerable

numbers, had assembled in arms and elected a chief of their own nation,

named _Síngseh_. The _Bopáti_ of _Grobógan_ also reported, that the

same thing had taken place in his district, in consequence of their

having heard that the Dutch at Batavia were determined to destroy every

Chinese on the island. On this the minister waited upon the _Susúnan_,

and informed him of these commotions. The _Susúnan_ replied, that

he had already heard of what was going on at Batavia, and was much

surprized that the general had not sent him any intimation of the

insurrection. The _Ráden Adipáti_ observed, that perhaps it would not

come to any thing, and that very probably the disturbance would subside

of itself. To this the _Susúnan_ replied: "if so, it was well; but if

the war was brought into his country, what was he to do? He feared

this was to be apprehended, or why should the Chinese on his lands be

thus preparing to defend themselves against the Dutch. It is proper

at any rate," added the _Susúnan_, "that we should agree with all the

_Bopátis_ who were assembled, whether it would be most advisable to

assist the Dutch or the Chinese, for if the war is to be brought into

my country, it appears to me that this point must soon be determined.

In the mean time should this event happen, let them fight between

themselves, don't let us interfere or assist: don't drive the Chinese

away." On this the _Ráden Adipáti_ observed, "that if the general

requested their assistance, they were bound, according to treaty, to

afford it." The _Susúnan_ replied, "if the general requests assistance

from me in men, it is an easy matter, and we can readily chuse the

right course, but he must not force me to render assistance." The

_Ráden Adipáti_ then said, "as this was the wish of the prince, he

would assemble the chiefs and be ready to give assistance to the Dutch,

should they request it." The _Susúnan_ replied, "very well, let them

agree how to act."

The _Ráden Adipáti_ then proceeded to his house, where, assembling the

chiefs, the point was discussed as follows. The _Ráden Adipáti_ having

informed them of the desire of the _Susúnan_, that they should agree

how to act, in the event of the war between the Chinese and Dutch being

brought into the _Susúnan's_ country, whether they should assist the

Dutch or the Chinese. The _Adipáti_ of _Pakalóng'an_, _Jáya Níngrat_,

first delivered his sentiments. "I think it is best," said he, "that

the _Susúnan_ should assist the Dutch, but on condition they should

release him from all the burthens which have been imposed upon his

ancestors." The _Ráden Adipáti_ said, "That is good; but I must remain

of opinion, that the Chinese who are on Java do not concern our affairs

as to the Dutch: they are not under my orders; they are only engaged

in trade; they have done good, and brought profit to Java: why must

we assist the Dutch, and destroy the Chinese?" _Depáti Jáya Nígrat_

replied, "It is true the Chinese do not interfere with our business,

and it is our own fault that we have any thing to do with the Dutch.

Is it not better to take this opportunity of ridding the _Susúnan_

of the exactions he is under to the Dutch? Let us assist them; they

are strongest. The Dutch are as iron, the Chinese as tin: therefore

it is better to assist the party most likely to be victorious." The

_Ráden Adipáti_ observed, "that it was on account of the Dutch being

so strong that he thought it wrong to assist them; for," added he, "if

we do they will only become more powerful and great, when perhaps we

shall not be able to oppose them, and must remain entirely at their

mercy. Is it not better, therefore, to destroy their strength while

they are not too powerful for us?" The _Depáti Jáya Níngrat_ then

said, "If on this account we do not like to assist the Dutch, let us

not assist the Chinese, but remain neutral, and leave them to fight

it out among themselves." The _Ráden Adipáti_ said, "That would not

be according to the will of the _Susúnan_: he wishes to take part

with one or the other, and he only asks which." The other _Bopátis_

inclined to the advice of _Jáya Níngrat_; but observing the desire of

the _Ráden Adipáti_ to assist the Chinese, were silent, concluding that

the part he took was in conformity with the wish of the _Susúnan_.

The _Tumúng'gung_ of _Grobogán_, _Ráden Mérta Púra_, then said, "We

are as the people who bear two burthens: the Dutch are on the right

shoulder, the Chinese on the left; if we throw off one the other still

remains. If we can accomplish it, why should we not get rid of both?

In the first instance, let us assist the Chinese, and get rid of the

Dutch; when that is done we can easily get rid of the Chinese also."

_Depáti Jáya Ningrat_ replied, "It is very well for you to wish this,

but perhaps you are not sufficiently strong to effect it. In an affair

of this importance we should consider the consequences. If we succeed,

it is well; but if we destroy one party we commit an offence against

the Almighty: what then if we destroy both parties, who have done us no

harm? You must have read in history what has happened in the land of

Java, and what occurred to those who injured others who did not offend

them. Recollect, for instance, the case of _Jaing Rána_ of _Surabáya_,

who was put to death unjustly: was his death not avenged, and for this

one innocent life was there not afterwards a retribution of sixteen

lives?" _Mérta Púra_ was embarrassed, and knew not what answer to make.

The _Ráden Adipáti_ laughed, and was followed by all the chiefs; he

afterwards said, "This is the effect of experience. _Mérta Púra_ is

a young man, and not able to contend in argument with _Adipáti Jáya

Níngrat_, his elder." However, _Ráden Mérta Púra_, taking a cup of tea,

recollected himself, and prepared to reply. After drinking the tea, and

replacing the cup, he immediately addressed _Adipáti Jáya Níngrat_:

"How can you talk thus? Is it not better to finish the business at

once, and not by halves? Of what use is it to talk of precedents? What

was the case formerly is one thing; the present affair is altogether

different: they cannot be compared together. We have now our own

master, whose wishes we must follow. We must make a new example, and

leave others to act up to it." The _Ráden Adipáti_ then demanded of

all the other _Bopátis_ their opinion in this affair, to which they

replied, "Let us advise the _Susúnan_ to follow his own inclination,

either to assist the Dutch according to treaty, on condition that they

cancel all obligations, &c. on the part of the _Susúnan_ to the Dutch,

or to assist the Chinese in destroying the Dutch, and after that to

get rid of the Chinese altogether, or allow them to remain, as the

_Susúnan_ may think proper."

This opinion was on the next day carried to the _Susúnan_ by the _Ráden

Adipáti_, who further suggested, that it would be well to encourage

the Chinese to act against the Dutch; that when the war took place

it would be easy to perceive which was the best side to assist, and

that the _Susúnan_ should appear to remain neutral for the present.

The _Susúnan_ having listened to this advice approved of it. He in

consequence directed that _Mérta Púra_ should quietly return to his

province, and should encourage the Chinese to act against the Dutch,

and promise them, that in the event of their success the _Susúnan_

would join them. He also directed that the other _Bopátis_ should make

preparations for collecting their forces.

In pursuance of these orders _Mérta Púra_ secretly proceeded to

_Grobógan_, and communicated with the chiefs who had been elected

by the Chinese, named _Inchi Máchan_ and _Múda Tik_. The Chinese of

_Grobógan_ immediately wrote to _Síngseh_, the chief at _Tánjung

Welakan_, who was equally pleased with this promise of support.

The Chinese from _Grobógan_ then went and joined those at _Tánjung

Walákan_, it being arranged that _Mérta Púra_ should make a sham attack

upon them, from which they should appear to fly.

_Mérta Púra_ then wrote to the Dutch commander at _Semárang_, telling

him that he had orders from the minister to attack the Chinese, and

requesting to be supplied with ammunition, which was immediately sent.

The Dutch were completely deceived. They furnished _Mérta Púra_ with

twenty muskets, eight carbines and eight pistols, and eight barrels of

powder: they also sent thirty Dutch soldiers. _Mérta Púra_ commenced

the attack before they came, and thus secured the retreat of the

Chinese. On this occasion he shot three horses with ball, and shewed

them to the Dutch as having been wounded under him.

In the mean time the commandant at _Semárang_, deceived by the

assurances of _Mérta Púra_, requested the officers at _Kérta Súra_

to call upon the _Susúnan_ for assistance. He directed that _Mértu

Púra_ should be reinforced, but that the chief who commanded the party

should receive secret instructions not to annoy the Chinese in earnest,

but to act as _Mérta Púra_ had done. With respect to the Chinese at

_Kérta Púra_, he directed that they should be informed that on the next

morning the Javans would make a sham attack upon them, when they must

retreat and join a party of Chinese assembled at the _Désa Sarója_ in

_Kedú_, to which place they would be pursued, and from whence the Javan

chief was to return, saying, that on account of their numbers he could

advance no further.

Secret orders to this effect were immediately given to all the chiefs.

The _Adipátis_ of _Páti_, _Demák_, and _Kedú_ were at the same time

directed to go and make a false attack upon the Chinese at _Tánjung

Waláhan_, and afterwards to retreat to _Semárang_, as if beaten,

in order that the commander might believe that the _Susúnan_ was

determined to assist the Dutch.

The captain and lieutenant of the Chinese at _Semárang_ having been

put in confinement by the commandant, all the Chinese at that place

joined their countrymen at _Tánjung Waláhan_. The Chinese then moved

to _Kárang Anyer_, where they were attacked. The Javans retreated to

_Semárang_, and were assisted by the Dutch. The chief, _Síngseh_, in

concert with _Mérta Púra_, now laid siege to _Semárang_.

The commander at _Kérta Súra_ requested assistance against the Chinese

at _Ambaráwa_, which was granted, with the same instruction to the

chiefs as in the former instances. These marched as far as _Salíatga_,

where they held secret communication with the Chinese; but the chief,

_Aria Pringaláya_, caused ten Chinese to be put to death while both

parties were about to meet privately, and sent the ten heads to

_Kérta Súra_, which were delivered to the commandant. This at first

exasperated the Chinese leader at _Semárang_, but he was soon pacified.

At this time the _Susúnan_ discovered that one of the sons of

_Mangkúrat Mas_, _Tépa Sána_, was carrying on an intrigue with

the commandant of the fort at _Kérta Súra_, and caused him to be

bow-stringed. _Wíra Méja_ and _Ráden Garendi_, the two sons of _Tépa

Sána_, with his other relations, joined _Pangéran Wíra Meng'ala_, and

quitted _Kérta Súra_: they were well received by the Chinese.

The Chinese, besides laying siege to _Semárang_, had also by this time

taken and destroyed _Rémbang_. _Jawána_ and _Demák_ were abandoned by

the Dutch troops, and a want of provisions was felt through the country.

Affairs had come to this pass, when the _Susúnan_ resolved to massacre

the Dutch garrison at _Kérta Súra_. The Javans were collected under the

fort, as by order from the _Susúnan_, in readiness to march against

the Chinese, when one of them who had entered within the walls fired

a shot. The cry of _amók_ was given, and many lives were lost on both

sides; but the plan did not succeed, and it was not till after he was

reinforced by the Chinese that he could effect his object. On the

renewal of the attack, the garrison was compelled to surrender. The

commanding officer and some others were barbarously murdered in cold

blood; the rest of the troops, with their wives and children, made

prisoners, and distributed among the Javans: the greatest part of the

men being circumcised and forced to adopt the Mahomedan religion.

The Dutch authorities, in endeavouring to account for this act, incline

to an opinion that the _Susúnan_ was (not without an appearance of

probability) immediately impelled to it by many acts of oppression and

injustice exercised against his subjects, by a total disregard of all

his representations for redress, by an evident intention on the part

of the Dutch to become masters of the whole island, and by the harsh

and uncivil conduct of the Resident towards the first men of the court,

which was the more obnoxious from his being the son of a Javan woman,

and for that reason, and the illegitimacy of his birth, much despised

by the natives.

When this intelligence reached _Semárang_, the Dutch began to open

their eyes. The first step that was taken was to pass a decree,

absolving the _Pangéran_ of _Madúra_ from his allegiance to the

_Susúnan_. This decree was formally signed by the government of

_Semárang_, and accepted by the _Pangéran_, who being married to a

sister of the _Susúnan_, returned his wife back to her brother. No

sooner had he declared himself the ally of the Dutch, than he ordered

all the Chinese on the island of _Madúra_ to be put to death, and

embarking his forces immediately, took possession of _Sidáyu_, _Tuban_,

_Jípang_, and _Lamúng'an_. At _Grésik_ about four hundred Chinese were

put to death.

The Chinese, in the meantime, finding themselves reinforced by the

Javans, spread over the whole country without encountering opposition,

and laid siege at the same time to nearly all the Company's settlements

along the coast, from _Tégál_ to _Pasúruan_.

After many feeble and unskilful attacks on the fort of _Semárang_, and

the loss of many lives, the united forces of the Javans and Chinese

were compelled to raise the siege.

A negociation was now brought about by means of the _Pangéran_ of

_Madúra_, who represented to the Dutch that the attack upon the fort,

as well as the subsequent part taken by the Javans, was solely at the

instigation of the minister, _Náta Kasúma_, and that the _Susúnan_

himself was personally averse to these measures. The _Susúnan_,

according to the Dutch accounts, regretted the precipitate steps he

had taken, either as beginning to fear that the Dutch might again, as

in former wars, obtain the ascendancy, and make him pay dear for his

temerity; or, which appeared to him most likely, apprehending that the

Chinese, who, though comparatively few and unused to arms, had hitherto

taken the lead in every affair of consequence, and evinced their

superiority to the Javans in ability and courage, should become too

powerful, and might, in concert with some discontented chiefs, think

fit to depose him. From one or other, or both of these motives, the

_Susúnan_ desired to renew his alliance with the Dutch.

The Dutch, on their part, considering the precarious state of the time

and circumstances, found it advisable to enter into amicable relations,

and accordingly concluded a peace, by which were ceded to them the

island of _Madúra_, the sea-coast, and _Surabáya_, with all the

districts to the eastward, as _Balambáng'an_, and _Rembáng_, _Japára_,

and _Semárang_, with all their subordinate posts.

According to the Javan accounts, this treaty was concluded without

the knowledge of the minister, _Náta Kasúma_, who with the Javan and

Chinese forces still lay encamped not far from _Semárang_: and it was

agreed upon by the _Susúnan_, at the request of the Dutch, that the

Chinese should be kept in ignorance of what was passing, in order that

they might be the more easily massacred by their supposed friends the

Javans. _Náta Kasúma_, however, no sooner heard of the conditions on

which the peace had been concluded, and of the intention to massacre

the Chinese, than he took part with them, and revealed the whole plot.

To preserve appearances, however, he made a sham attack on the Chinese,

in which the sick alone were sacrificed. The rest moved off unmolested

to the eastward, meditating vengeance against the _Susúnan_, by whom

they had been thus deserted. Their principal force was now assembled in

the districts of _Páti_ and _Jawána_, where they were joined by many

of the chiefs who had hitherto been attached to their cause. Here they

proclaimed as _Susúnan Ráden Mas Garéndi_, son of _Pangéran Tépa Sána_,

who had recently been put to death by the _Susúnan_, and grandson of

_Susúnan Mangkurat Mas_, who had died at Ceylon. He assumed the title

of _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas Prábu Kúning_, but is usually distinguished

by the name of _Susúnan Kúning_. This prince was about ten years of

age, and therefore the transactions which ensued are to be attributed

to his ministers, _Mangunónang_ and _Mérta Púra_, and to the Chinese

chiefs, _Síngsih_ and _Pánjang_.

_Náta Kasúma_, the minister, still feigning allegiance, returned to

_Kérta Súra_; but the part he had taken being discovered, he was sent

to _Semárang_ on a false mission, as was customary in such cases, and

there entrapped by the Dutch and conveyed to Ceylon.

The Chinese, with their emperor, now marched with great expedition

to _Kérta Súra_, in order to attack the _Susúnan_, and met with but

little resistance. The troops of the _Susúnan_, under the command

of _Ráden Prínga Láya_, were defeated, _Kérta Súra_ was surprised,

and the _Susúnan_ was obliged to leave his court, and treasures to

the enemy. His queen, sister, and children, on horseback, together

with his mother, carried by two Europeans, under the conduct of two

Dutch officers, through a back gate of the _dálam_, were pursued and

overtaken. The _Susúnan_ and the hereditary prince only were enabled to

save themselves by flight.

It was not likely that an alliance between the Chinese and Javans,

people so different and hostile to each other, could be of any long

duration. While the Chinese became relaxed in their discipline, and

indulged in every species of irregularity, the fugitive emperor, being

now joined by the Dutch and _Madurese_, received the submission of

many of the rebel chiefs, and pardoned them; but he refused to pay

attention to the offers of submission made by the Chinese. The prince

of _Madúra_, at length, succeeded in making himself master of _Kérta

Súra_, from whence the _Susúnan Kuning_ was obliged to fly, after a

reign of four months.

The Chinese being afterwards defeated in a pitched battle at _Asém_,

retreated to _Brambánan_, and the _Susúnan_ again arrived in his

capital. When, however, the prince of _Madúra_, who was by no means

well inclined to the _Susúnan_, found himself in possession of _Kérta

Súra_, he made an attempt to raise to the throne _Pangéran Angebai_,

the _Susúnan's_ brother. The _Susúnan_ was once more obliged to quit

his capital, and it was not until after much negociation between the

Dutch and the Javans, that he was re-established. Whether this attempt

on the part of the Madurese prince was serious, or only intended to

render the sovereign more complying to the demands of his allies, is

not known. The negociation, however, as was usual in similar cases,

turned out highly advantageous to the Dutch interests, a treaty being

dictated by them without the walls of the palace, and before the prince

was permitted to enter it.

The Chinese, who had meanwhile remained at _Brambánan_ unmolested for

two whole months, were now joined by _Páku Nagára_, a man noted among

the Javans for his eminent abilities, and distinguished afterwards for

the conspicuous part he acted in what is called "the war of Java," and

through his means the party were enabled still to make a stand: they

were at length, however, defeated by the Dutch troops, and compelled to

retreat over the southern hills. A general amnesty being proclaimed,

and the Chinese having availed themselves of it, the ex-emperor at

length surrendered to the Dutch at _Surabáya_, by whom he was banished

to Ceylon, where he died. This event happened in the Javan year 1667,

and terminated the Chinese war.

After a few months the _Susúnan_, in conformity with ancient custom,

removed the seat of government from _Kérta Súra_ to the village of

_Solo_, about six miles distant, where a palace was built. The new

capital was called _Súra Kérta_, and is the present residence of the

emperors of Java.

On the subsequent accession of Mr. Imhoff to the post of

governor-general, he was of opinion that, notwithstanding the

favourable terms of the treaties granted by the _Susúnan_, sufficient

atonement had not been made to the Dutch nation for the outrage

committed against the Christian religion, and the barbarous treatment

of the garrison of _Kérta Súra_. He therefore required that the two

principal ringleaders should be delivered up and punished; and to

ensure compliance, measures were taken for seizing upon the _Susúnan_

and his son, and bestowing the throne on the eldest son of _Pangéran

Mángku Nagára_. But the _Susúnan_ thought it prudent to comply, and

delivered over two priests to the Dutch; and a new treaty was on this

occasion concluded with the _Susúnan_.

Fresh disturbances soon succeeded. The _Pangéran_ of _Madúra_, _Chákra

Deníngrat_, a man of a selfish and haughty character, considered

himself, in consequence of the part he had taken, so far exalted above

the other chiefs, that he neglected to make his annual appearance at

court. Of this the _Susúnan_ complained to the Dutch, who interfered,

but without effect. The _Pangéran_, who, as before stated, had taken

possession of the provinces of _Sidáya_, _Túban_, _Jípang_, and

_Lamúng'an_, now refused to restore them either to the _Susúnan_ or

the Dutch, to whom they had been ceded, claiming them, as well as all

the plunder he had obtained at _Kérta Súra_, as conquered property.

Determined to keep them by force, he engaged in his service a number of

men from _Báli_, and fortified the island _Menári_, so as to command

the harbour of _Surabáya_.

He now commenced open hostilities by attacking a Dutch vessel, and

putting to death several European seamen. Two thousand Madúrese entered

the district of _Surabáya_, burnt some villages, and laid the country

waste; and five thousand _Bálians_ were posted on the frontiers of

_Pamakásan_. After having been twice or thrice defeated, the _Pangéran_

made a sudden attack upon _Súmenap_ and _Pamakásan_, and gained a

complete victory over the natives fighting under a Dutch commander, who

lost six thousand men on the occasion, the chief being obliged to fly

the country.

It was not long before the Dutch regained possession of _Súmenap_ and

_Pamakásan_, on which occasion a brother-in-law of the _Pangéran_,

with two chiefs, submitted to them; but the Dutch troops were no sooner

withdrawn, than those provinces again fell under the authority of the

_Pangéran_, who laid them waste with fire and sword. The Dutch tried

in vain to dislodge him. _Rémbang_ was now besieged by an army of fire

thousand Madúrese and Javans. _Lásém_, _Pájang-kungung_, and all the

villages as far as _Paradésa_, were in possession of the _Pangéran_,

who made himself master also of the fort of _Rémbang_, and of the

building yard established there; but his fortune suddenly changed.

The prince was, in his turn, defeated in several engagements, and at

length compelled to fly from Java; and the Dutch forces landing on

_Madúra_, took the capital _Sámpang_, by storm, and in a short time

made themselves masters of the whole island.

In this extremity, the prince of _Madúra_ still refused to come to

terms, and went with his sons, _Sásra_ and _Rána Deníngrat_, to

_Banjermásin_ on Borneo, where he engaged his passage on board an

English ship bound to Bencoolen; to which place he had previously,

on his affairs taking an unfavourable turn, sent his son, _Ráden

Tumúng'gung Wíra Deníngrat_, to request assistance from the English,

and procure men and warlike stores. His plan, however, of proceeding

to Bencoolen was frustrated; for the sultan of _Banjermásin_, on

application from the Dutch, sent him, with his son _Sásra_, to Batavia,

whence the father was banished to the Cape of Good Hope, and the son to

Ceylon.

In effecting a settlement of the country, the Dutch were compelled to

appoint another son of this prince, _Súra Diníngrat_, to succeed as

chief of _Madúra_, under the name of _Sécha Deníngrat_. In the year

1758, this chief was also appointed _Widána_, or chief, of several of

the eastern districts.