more.
LIBER II.
The chronological part of the work; which does not appear to have been
taken from other authors now known: it chiefly handles the chronology
of Britain, and its history, in matters not mentioned in other
chronologies.
All the imperial expeditions hither, those of legates, proprætors, in
their successive order; the taking of particular cities; the moving off
of British people into Ireland; the building of the walls; the Romans
abandoning _Vespasiana_ province; the persecutions of the christians.
The passage of the Scots from Ireland.
I need add no more, than, if Camden and Barton, Gale and Horsley, had
had Richard of Cirencester’s work, there had been nothing left for
others to do in this argument.
A very lively proof of the Romans conquering Scotland by Agricola in
Martial’s epigram,
_Nuda Caledonio dum pectora præbuit Urso
Non ficta pendens in cruce Laureolus._
Domitian was extravagantly fond of exhibitions in the amphitheatre:
Martial’s I. Lib. intirely taken up therewith; nothing more engaging
the emperor’s vanity, than for Agricola to send him some bears from
Scotland, for his shows.
* * * * *
Cap. II. An _elenchus_ of the Roman emperors and legates commanding in
Britain. The end is wanting.
II.
ON THE
MAP of BRITTANIA ROMANA
OF
RICHARD of CIRENCESTER.
A. D. 1338.
Read at the +Antiquarian Society+, April 8, 1756.
At first sight, this map appears very extraordinary; but when I
came to compare it with those of Britain, in Ptolemy, and other old
geographers, I was much surprised to find how far it exceeds them:
_that_ in the oldest editions of Ptolemy is very mean, and especially
erroneous, in turning all the major part of Scotland toward the east,
instead of the north. Printed at Ulm, 1482.
I have Schottus’s edition at Argenson, 1513, with Mirandula’s
translation.
Also another edition, 1540, at Basil, by Munster: but the map of
Britain and Ireland, in all, poor and jejune.
The description in Ptolemy is composed from two separate pieces; one,
a map of all the country north of _Coria_, or of the _prætentura_ in
Scotland, which Agricola made: this, I say, when they came to join
it to the map of the rest of the island, they placed it eastward,
instead of northward; and from this erroneous map Ptolemy composed his
description of Britain. This map, in other respects, is very empty and
incorrect: our author himself finds fault with it.
Mercator afterwards made his map for the next edition of Ptolemy,
somewhat improved; but the northern part, or that of Scotland, still
aukwardly bent toward the east.
Consequent to this, Ortelius his map is much improved; the northern
part placed properly: yet in an unseemly manner, as well as out of the
rules of geography, he turns the western side of Britain and Ireland
upward in the plan, instead of the northern, agreeable to our present
geographical charts.
Next follows our Richard of Cirencester’s map, which exceeds them all,
beyond compare; and the more we consider it, the more we approve: it is
only equalled by his written description, or chorography of Britain;
but he turned his map with the east side uppermost, instead of the
north. We easily discern, how far it is preferred to the _Brittania
Romana_ of the excellent Mr. Camden, whose judgement and diligence we
have reason to admire.
There are in Brittain, says our author, cities of greater eminence
XCII. of greatest XXXIII. I give the modern names.
Municipia II.
_Verolanium_, _Verlam cester_, St. Alban’s.
_Eboracum_, York; _olim Colonia_, _legio Sexta_.
Colonies IX.
_Londinium Augusta_, London.
_Camulodunum: legio gemina Martia_ +XIV.+ Colchester.
_Rhutupis_, Sandwich. Richborough.
_Therma_, _Aquæ Solis_, Bath.
_Isca Silurum_, _legio secunda_, _Augusta_, _Britannica_, Caerleon,
Wales.
_Deva_, _legio Cretica_, +XX. V. V.+ West Chester.
_Glevum_, _legio Claudia_, +VII.+ Gloucester.
_Lindum colonia_, Lincoln.
_Camboritum_, Chesterford, Cambridgeshire.
_Civitates Latio jure donatæ_ X.
_Durnomagus_, Caster by Peterborough.
_Cataracton_, Catteric, Yorkshire.
_Cambodunum_, Alkmundbury, Yorkshire.
_Coccium_, Burton, north of Lancaster.
_Lugubalia_, Carlisle.
_Pteroton_, _Alata castra_, Inverness.
_Victoria_, Perth.
_Theodosia_, Dunbriton.
_Corinium Dobunorum_, Cirencester.
_Sorbiodunum_, Old Sarum.
_Stipendiariæ_ XII.
_Venta Silurum_, Caerwent.
_Venta Belgarum_, Wintchester.
_Venta Icenorum_, Caster by Norwich.
_Segontium_, Carnarvon.
_Muridunum_, Seaton, Dorsetshire.
_Ragæ Coritanorum_, _Ratæ_, Leicester.
_Cantiopolis_, _Durovernum_, Canterbury.
_Durinum_, Dorchester.
_Isca Dumnoniorum_, Exeter.
_Bremenium_, Ruchester.
_Vindonum_, Silchester.
_Durobrovis_, Rochester.
This is a most curious catalogue of matters hitherto we were ignorant
of; what British cities were _municipia_, what Roman colonies, what
free of Rome, what stipendiary. Colonies lived under the Roman laws;
_municipia_, under their own.
Ninnius and Gildas name twenty-eight most famous Roman cities in
Britain, which the excellent archbishop Usher has commented upon; but
the catalogue is quite different from ours: yet therein our author is
confirmed in calling Verulam a _municipium_. In Ninnius it is called
Caer, _municip_.
From ours we learn, in the early time of the empire, where the Roman
legions were quartered: the _legio gemina Martia victrix_ was the
XIVth, here said to be at _Camulodunum_, Colchester; it was left here
in Claudius’s time: this legion vanquished Boadicia; was called out of
Britain early by Vespasian. Here then we see our author’s manuscript
was prior to that time, viz. A. D. 70. I mean _that_ from whence he
extracted his work; the original manuscript: for we are to understand
of it, as we do of that called _Antonini Itinerarium_, that it was a
parchment roll made for the use of the emperor and his generals; which
being transmitted down from one general to another, and frequently
copied and transcribed, received from time to time several additions
and interpolations of cities new built; and likewise others struck out,
which were then in ruins.
The _legio Claudia_, quartered at Gloucester, was the VIIth _Aug._ This
legion came over into Britain with Julius Cæsar; he calls it _veterrima
legio_; it was named _Claudia_ from the emperor, and called _pia
fidelis_ by the Roman senate. Hence Gloucester was called _Claudio
cestria_, from its residence here: and that it resided here, we learn
from our author, who says he has it from writers of most ancient Roman
times. It remained here in Carausius’s time.
The _legio Cretica_, quartered at Westchester, was the XX. V. V. they
were in Britain in Nero’s time; settled here by Agricola, A. D. 84.
From our author only, we learn this title of _Cretica_, as having been
originally levied in _Crete_. This was here in Carausius’s time.
_Legio_ II. _Aug._ quartered at Caerleon in Wales, came into Britain in
the reign of Claudius, under the command of Vespasian. This legion was
stationed at Canterbury in some later times, according to our author,
C. VI. whence we gather, he compiled his work out of old writers of
different ages.
The _legio_ VI. came into Britain with Hadrian, settled at York; by
Mr. Gale thought to be called _Gordiana_. York was made a colony of
that legion. Antoninus Pius made it a _municipium_, and continued this
legion there: it was concerned in perfecting the Carsdike navigation to
Peterborough.
These legions are all mentioned in our author. Before the time that
Vespasian was emperor, Josephus relates, _Bell. jud._ II. 16. that king
Agrippa, in his speech to the Jews, in Nero’s time, and before that
emperor called the XIVth legion from Britain, speaks of four legions
then in Britain.
I have this further to add, in relation to our map: when I began to
consider it with that attention which it deserves, I was a little
surprised to see the river Trent, instead of falling northward into the
Humber, to be carried eastward through Lincolnshire, into the East sea.
I presently suspected, this was owing to the artificial cut of the
Romans, called Fossdike, part of the Carsdike; which Fossdike is drawn
from Torksey at the Trent, to Lincoln: there it meets the river Witham
coming from the south, and proceeds eastward toward Boston.
Ever since I was capable of observation, I often took notice, that the
whole flat, or fenny country of Lincolnshire, has a gentle declivity,
or natural descent eastward. This is owing not only to the sea lying
that way, but is the case of all levels in the whole globe: the cause
must be asserted to be the earth’s rotation upon its _axis_; which
observation I printed, long since, in my _Itinerarium Curiosum_.
It is a principle in nature, that, when a globe is turned on its
_axis_, the matter on the surface flies the contrary way to its motion.
The philosophers call this improperly a _conatus recedendi ab axe
motus_: it is not owing to an endeavour of matter to fly the contrary
way, but to the innate inactivity of matter that resists the motion;
does not readily follow it.
But it is evident from hence, that the earth, receiving its motion
before the surface was perfectly consolidated, the moistish matter
would be left westward, as far as it could be, and produce an extended
and gentle declivity on the east; and at the same time, by stiffening,
would render the west side of all hills steep.
This is a fact throughout the whole globe. Hence it is, that all plains
and levels have naturally their descent towards the east; and hence it
is, that the river of Witham, from Grantham side, running northward to
Lincoln, readily takes its course thence eastward, to meet the ocean
over the fenny level.
The Romans, when they made the artificial canal, the Carsdike, from
Peterborough along the edge of the Lincolnshire fens, introduced it
into the river Witham, three miles below Lincoln. The purpose of this
artificial cut was, to convey corn in boats, from the southern parts
of England, to the northern _prætentura_’s in Scotland for maintenance
of the forces kept there: therefore the canal, entering the Witham,
passed through Lincoln, and then was continued by another artificial
cut, called the Fossdike, from Lincoln to Torksey, where it enters the
Trent, in order to go down the stream to the Humber: from thence the
fleet of corn-boats passed up the river Ouse to York, by force of the
tide; for so high will the tide carry them; which was the reason of
building the city there.
After this Fossdike, between the Trent and Witham rivers, was made
by the Romans, it is easy to imagine, that the extensive river of
Trent, which runs altogether northwards, would very readily, upon
great floods, discharge part thereof into the Fossdike; for there
is a descent that way, as being to the east: and this might be the
occasion of the geography in our map, mistaking the Fossdike, and the
continuation of the Witham, for that of the Trent.
The river Witham, from Lincoln, goes south-east into the sea, by
Boston; and it seems to me, that in very early times it might (at least
in great floods) have another channel running over the East fen (as
called) along that natural declivity, full east, into the sea, as in
the map of Richard of Cirencester.
This channel might pass out of the present river of Witham a little
below Coningsby, where the river Bane falls into it, at Dockdike and
Youldale, by the water of Hobridge, north of Hundle-house; so running
below Middleholm to Blacksike, it took the present division between the
two wapentakes, all along the south sides of the deeps of the East fen;
and so by Blackgote to Wainfleet, the +Vainona+ of the Romans.
My friend, John Warburton, Esq; Somerset herald, has some manuscripts
of our Lincolnshire antiquary, some years ago, Mr. De la Pryme, who
was perfectly acquainted with that part of Lincolnshire, and therein
discovers some suspicions of the Trent running toward Lincoln in
antient days; but I think, all we can certainly conclude from our
map is the extreme antiquity of it: as the Carsdike must have been
projected and done by Agricola, on his conquest of Scotland, we may
reasonably judge this to be in the main his map, i.e. copied from his,
though with some additions by our author.
This consideration, duly attended to, shows the antiquity of the
Fossdike, and Carsdike, and of our map.
We are told in the History of Carausius, that he repaired the
_prætentura_ made in Scotland by Agricola, and added seven forts to it:
a wise and politic prince knew the necessity of it; and consequently
infer we, that he as surely repaired the Carsdike navigation, to supply
the soldiers with corn, in that northern situation: and I have several
reasons to induce me to conclude, he not only did so, but carried
it further southward than before, viz. from Peterborough quite to
Cambridge; some of which reasons I shall recite in the history of that
hero. At present I shall only hint, that his name has ever been affixed
to this famous canal, which has never been regarded by writers. It is
of utmost importance in the knowledge of Roman antiquity; and it is an
affair of such public emolument, as not to be unworthy of the notice of
the legislature; where an inland water-carriage is made, for 200 miles
in length, from Cambridge to Boroughbridge.
The Roman provinces, as we find them in our map, are these. _Maxima
Cæsariensis_, or _Brittania superior_, chiefly the country of the
Brigantes, conquered by Cerealis, and so named by him, in the beginning
of Vespasian’s reign.
_Valentia_, all that country comprehended between the two
_Prætentura_’s.
_Brittania prima_, or _inferior_, that part of the island south of the
Thames.
_Brittania secunda_, being Wales.
_Flavia Cæsariensis_, that part between the Humber and the Thames;
denominated from the family-name of Vespasian.
_Vespasiana_, that part of Scotland between the _Varar Æstuary_, or
highland boundary, and the northern _Prætentura_.
Lastly, _Caledonia_ properly, or the Highlands, which the Romans never
conquered; and that part called _Vespasiana_, after Agricola returned,
was neglected by Domitian, and recovered by the Scots; at least, to the
first _Prætentura_: and it is from Richard of Cirencester alone, that
we have an Itinerary of it from the _Vararis Æstuary_, on which is the
last Roman station, called _Alata castra_, now Inverness.
I shall next recite all the places, rivers, mountains, &c. specified in
our map, the provinces they are in, and _that_ in alphabetical order;
together with the modern names of each, according to the best of my
knowledge; whereby the value and excellence of our manuscript will more
easily appear; seeing so many of them we were hitherto unacquainted
withall, which I shall mark particularly thus *, as also those wherein
we are able to correct former writers.
Places mentioned in the Map.
* _Abona fluvius Caledoniæ_, Frith of Dournoch.
_Abona fl. Brittaniæ Primæ Provinciæ_, Avon by Bath.
_Abus fl._ the Humber.
* _Albanii_, Broad albin.
_Alauna_, Sterling.
* _Alpes_, _Valentiæ Provinciæ_, hills of Lothlers.
_Alauna fl._ Aylemouth, Northumberland, Awne.
* _Alauna fl. Maximæ_, Lune r. of Lancaster.
_Alauna_, _Flaviæ_, Aulcester upon Arrow r. Warwickshire.
_Alauna fl._ by Blandford, Dorsetsh.
_Antona fl._ Avon, or Nen of Northampton.
_Antivestæum Promontorium_, Penros, Cornwall.
_Anderida_, Newhaven, Sussex.
* _Aræ finium Imperii Romani_, Chanary.
_Artavia_, Tintagel, C. Cornwall.
_Ariconium Secundæ_, Kenchester, Herefordshire.
* _Attacotti_, _Vespasianæ Provinciæ_, Lochabar.
_Atrebates_, Berkshire people.
* _Aquæ_, Buchan.
_Banatia_, _Vespasianæ_, by Fort-William, Lochabar.
_Banchorium_, Banchor.
_Berigonium_, _Valentiæ_, Dunstafag, in Lorn.
* _Berigonius finus_, by Cantyre.
_Belisama fl. Maximæ Cæasariensis_, Rible r. Lancashire.
_Benonæ_, Highcross, Northamptonshire.
* _Bibrax_, Madanhead, Bray, Berkshire.
_Bodotria æstuarium_, Frith of Forth.
_Boduni_, Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire.
_Bolerium prom. Primæ_, St. Ives, Cornwall.
_Bremenium_, Rochester, Northumberland.
_Brigantes_, Yorkshire men.
* _Brigantum extrema_, Flamborowhead, Yorkshire.
_Brangonium_, _Flaviæ Provinciæ_, Worcester.
* _Caledoniæ extrema_, _Caledoniæ_, Dungsby head.
_Caledonii_, Inverness county.
_Caleba Attrebatum_, Wallingford, Berkshire.
_Cambodunum_, _Latio jure donata_, Alkmonbury.
* _Camboritum colonia_, Chesterford, Cambridgeshire.
_Camulodunum colonia_, Colchester, _legio gemina martia_ XIV.
* _Cambola fl._ Padstow haven, Cornwall; Camelford.
* _Cantæ_, Kent.
* _Cantiopolis_, _Primæ_, Canterbury; _stipendiaria_.
* _Canganus sinus_, by Harley, Merionidshire.
_Cantæ_, Cromarty.
_Candida casa, s. Lucopibia_, Whithern.
_Carronacæ_, Strathnavern, _Carnovacæ_.
* _Carnabii_, Sutherland.
_Carbanticum_, Kirkcubright, Treefcastle on Dee r.
* _Carnabii_, _Flaviæ_, Cheshire and Staffordshire.
_Cassii_, Middlesex.
_Cassiterides ins._ Scilly islands.
_Cataracton_, _Maximæ_, Catteric, Yorkshire; _Latio jure donata_.
* _Cattini_, Cathness.
* _Cauna ins._ Shepey isle.
_Celnius fl._ Davern r.
_Cenia_, Tregeny, Falmouth.
_Cenius fl._ Tregeny, Cornwall; Falmouth haven.
* _Cenomani_, Huntingdonshire, Cambridge, Suffolk.
_Cerones_, Inverness county.
* _Cimbri_, _Primæ_, Somersetshire.
_Clausentum_, Southampton.
_Clota insula_, _Vespasianæ_, Arran isle.
* _Clita fl. Secundæ_, Clvyd r. St. Asaph.
_Clotta æstuarium_, _Valentiæ_, Cluyd fryth.
_Cluda fl._ Cluyd r.
* _Coccium_, Burton n. of Lancaster; _Latio jure donata_.
_Colanica_, _Valentiæ_, Peblis.
_Conovius fl._ Conovy r. Aberconway.
_Coria_, Carstownlaw in Lothian.
_Corinium Dobunorum_, Cirencester.
* _Coritani_, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire.
* _Corium_, Corsford in Cluydsdale.
* _Creones_, Ross.
* _Damnii_, _Valentiæ_, Lorn.
_Damnii_, _Vespasianæ_, Argyleshire.
_Damnonii_, _Primæ_, Somersetshire.
* _Dena fl._ Cree r. by Withern.
_Derventio fl. Maximæ_, in Cumberland.
_Derbentio_, Little Chester by Derby.
_Deva fl._ Dee r. by Kirkcubright.
_Deva colon, leg. creticæ_ XX. V. V. _Flaviæ_, Dee r. W. Chester.
_Deva fl._ Dee r. of Aberdeen.
* _Dimeti_, _Secundæ_, Cardiganshire.
* _Durius fl._ Dart r. Devonshire.
* _Durinum_, Dorchester, Dorsetshire.
_Durobris_, Rochester.
_Dubris_, Dover.
* _Durnomagus_, Caster by Peterborough; _Latio jure donatus_.
_Eboracum, municipium_, York, formerly a colony of leg. VI.
_Ebuda ins. Caledoniæ_, Hebrid islands.
* _Epidia ins. superior_, _Vespasianæ_, Northvist. _ins. inferior_, Southvist.
* _Epidii_, Cantyre.
* _Epiacum_, _Maximæ_, Chester in the Street.
_Etocetum_, _Flaviæ_, Wall by Litchfield.
* _Forum Dianæ_, Market Street, by Dunstable.
* _Fretum Menevicum_, _Secundæ_, Cardigan bay.
_Gadeni_, _Valentiæ_, in Northumberland.
* _Galgacum_, _Maximæ_, Lanchester, Durham county.
_Garion fl. Garienus_, Yare, _velox_.
_Glevum Flaviæ_, Glocest. _colonia leg. Claud._ VII.
_Gobanium_, _Secundæ_, Abergavenny.
_Grampius m. Vespasianæ_, Grantsbein.
* _Halengum_, Hailston, Cornwall.
* _Hedui_, Somersetshire.
* _Helenum prom._ Berry point, Devonshire.
* _Hereclea ins. Primæ_, Lundy isle.
_Herculis prom._ Hertford point, Devonshire.
* _Heriri m. m. Secundæ_, Wales.
_Horestii_, _Vespasianæ_, Fife.
_Icenii_, _Flaviæ_, Rutlandshire.
_Idumanus fl._ by Chelmsford.
_Ila fl. Caledoniæ_, Ale r.
_Isca fl. Primæ_, Ex by Exeter.
_Isca Dumnoniorum_, Exeter.
_Isca colon. Silurum_, _leg. Secundæ_, _Aug._ Caerleon.
_Isca fl._ Uske r. Monmouthshire.
_Isurium Brigantium_, _Maximæ_, Aldwark by Burrow-bridge.
_Ituna fl. Vespasianæ_, Ythan r.
* _Ituna æst. Valentiæ_, Eden.
* Κριου μέτωπον, _prom. Primæ_, Ramhead.
_Lelanonius sinus_, _Vespasianæ_, Loch luven.
_Lemanus_, _Primæ_, _Limne_, _Portus_.
_Lemana fl._ Lime water.
* _Lincalidor lacus_, Loch lomund.
* _Lindum_, Dunblain.
_Lindum colon._ Lincoln.
* _Logi_, Sutherland.
_Londinium Aug. Flaviæ_, London; _colonia_.
* _Longus fl._ Loch loch.
* _Loxa fl. Caledon._ Frith of Cromartie.
* _Lucopibia, s. candida casa_, _Valentiæ_, Whitehern.
_Lugubalia_, _Maximæ_, Carlisle.
* _Luanticum_, _Secundæ_, Cardigan.
_Magna_, old Radnor.
_Maleos ins._ Mull isle.
* _Mare Orcadum_, Pentland fryth.
* _Mare Thule_, _Caledon_, the North-British sea.
_Mediolanum_, _Secundæ_, Myvod, Montgomeryshire.
* _Menapia_, St. David’s South Wales.
* _Menapia ins._ Ramsey isle. _Mertæ_, Murray.
* _Merseja fl._ Mersey r. Cheshire.
_Metaris æst. Flaviæ_, Boston deeps, Washes, Lincolnshire.
_Mona ins._ Anglesey in North Wales.
* _Monada ins._ Isle of Man.
* _Morini_, Somerset and Dorsetshire.
_Moricambe fl. Maximæ_, Decker r. Lancashire.
* _Muridunum_, _Primæ_, Columb, Cornwall.
_Muridunum_, Caermarthen, South Wales.
_Nabius fl. Caledon_ Navern.
_Nidus fl._ Nith. r. Nithisdale.
* _Nidus fl. Secundæ_, Neath r. Glamorg.
_Novantæ_, _Valentiæ_, West Galway.
* _Noviomagus_, _Primæ_, Croydon.
* _Oceanus Deucalidon_, Western British sea.
* _Ocetis ins. Caledon_, Strom. isle.
_Ocrinum m. Primæ_, Penryn, Cornwall.
_Octurupium prom. Secundæ_, Bishop and Clerks, Pembrokeshire.
* _Olicana_, _Maximæ_, Wetherby on Wherse.
_Orcas prom. Caledon._ Farro head.
* _Orrea_, _Vespasianæ_, Perth, St. Johnston.
* _Otys fl._ Loch Soil, Lochaber.
_Oxellum prom._ Spurn head, Yorkshire.
_Parisii_, Holderness, Yorkshire.
* _Penninæ m. m. Maximæ_, the Peaks.
* _Penoxullum prom._ Terbaetness, in Ross.
* _Petuarium_, Brough on the Humber.
_Pomona ins. Caledon._ Mainland isle Orkneys.
* _Portus fœlix_, Bridlington bay.
* _Pteroton, alata castra_, _Vespas._ Inverness.
_Ragæ_, _Flaviæ_, _Ratæ Coritanorum_, Leicester.
* _Regnum_, Chichester.
_Sabrina æst. Primæ_, Severn.
* _Salinæ, Flaviæ_, Droitwich, Worcestershire.
* _Salinæ_, town of Saltwarp, river Saltwarp, Droitwich; a branch of the
Severn.
_Segontiaci_, about Silchester, Hampshire.
_Segontium_, _Secundæ_, Caernarvon.
_Selgovæ_, _Valentiæ_, Annandale, Solway frith.
_Silures_, Herefordshire.
* _Silva Caledon._ _Caledoniæ_, Stetadel forest, Sutherland.
* _Silva Caledoniæ_, Rockingham forest.
* _Sistuntii_, _Maximæ_, Lancashire.
_Sorbiodunum_, Old Sarum.
* _Strabo fl._ Ouder gill r. Ross.
_Stuccia. fl._ Rhydel r. by Aberystwth, S. Wales.
* _Sturius fl._ Stour, r. by Sudbury, Essex.
_Taixalorum, prom._ Buchan ness.
_Tamara_, by Tavistoke upon Tamar r.
_Tamarus fl._ Tamar r. Devonshire.
* _Tamea_, Brumchest by Blair.
* _Tavus æst._ Tay frith.
_Tavus fl._ Tay r. by Perth.
* _Tebius fl._ Tewy r. by Carmarthen.
* _Termolum_, _Primæ_, South Molton, Devonshire.
* _Texalum_, Castle in Mearns.
_Thamesis fl._ Thames r.
_Thanatos ins._ Thanet isle.
* _Theodosia Vespasianæ_, Dunbriton.
* _Thermæ colon._ Bath; _Aquæ Solis_.
_Thule ins. Caledon._ Iceland.
_Tina fl._ by Montrose.
* _Tisa fl. Maxim._ Tees r. Yorkshire.
* _Tobius fl. Secund._ now Chymny, by Cardiff.
_Trinobantes_, Middlesex.
_Trisanton fl._ Newhaven, Sussex.
* _Trivona fl. Flav._ Trent r.
_Tuæssis_, upon Spay r.
* _Tuerbius fl._ Tyvy r. by Cardigan.