Lybster, Caithness, Church, 162.
M‘Alpine, Kenneth, 14.
M‘Lean’s Cross, Iona, 21.
Madoe’s, St., Cross, 17.
Magnus’, St., Cathedral, 259.
Margaret, Queen, 15, 28, 29.
Markinch Tower, description, 193.
Martin’s, St., Church, Haddington, description, 362.
---- Cross, Iona, 21.
Mary’s, St., Lybster, 93, 94.
---- Ratho, description, 371.
---- Rutherglen, description, 372.
Meal Colvidale, Unst, 148.
Medan’s, St., Cave, 5.
Melrose Abbey, 30, 47, 49, 51, 52, 55, 58, 62.
---- Old, 11.
Michael’s, St., Barra, 95.
Middle Ages, art of, 2.
Middle Pointed Style, characteristics, 53.
---- ---- in Scotland, 55.
Moluac, St., Raasay, 98.
---- Teampull, Lewis, 99.
Monasteries established, 31.
---- in Scotland, proportions, 49.
Monkwearmouth, 12, 13.
Monymusk, 30;
description, 215.
Mugstot, Skye, 69.
Muir, T. S., 2, 26, 65.
Muthill Church, description, 196.
Nattes, J. Claude, 196.
Ness, North Yell, 151.
Netherlands, 2.
New Abbey, 50.
Newbattle Abbey, 30.
Nicholas’, St., Aberdeen, 39;
description, 426.
Nicholas’, St., Strathbroc, description, 342.
Ninian, St., 3.
Ninian’s, St., Sanda, 97.
Norman Architecture, 1, 28.
---- ---- in Scotland, 191.
---- Immigrants, 30.
---- Influence, 79, 84.
---- Style, 35.
---- ---- in Scotland, 38.
Norsemen, 14.
Northumbria, Church in, 11, 12.
Noss Kirk of Bressay, 146.
Nunnery, The, Iona, description, 421.
Nuntown, Benbecula, 83.
Ola’s, St., Kirkwall, 109.
Olrig, Caithness, 99.
Oran’s, St., Iona, 220.
Oratories, Irish, 8.
“Orders” in Architecture, 33.
Orkney, 3.
Orkney and Shetland, Churches, 101.
---- Characteristics, 159.
---- Dates, 162.
---- Monuments, 160.
---- Proportions, 161.
Ornament, 35.
Oronsay, Cross at, 22.
Orphir, Orkney, 141.
Oswald’s, St., Oxstall, 47.
Oxstall, St. Oswald’s, 47.
Pabba, Harris, 84.
Paisley Abbey, 47, 62.
Palladius, St., 5.
Papa Westray, 106.
Parochial divisions, 31.
Patrick, St., 5.
Pennygowan, Mull, 98.
Periods of Architecture, 2.
Perpendicular Style, 2, 57, 58.
Peterhead, St. Peter’s, 371.
Peter’s, St., Peterhead, description, 371.
Petrie, Dr., 3, 26.
Piers, 55.
Pillar Stones, 9.
Pluscardine Abbey, 58.
Pointed Arch, 79.
---- Style, 40.
Pre-Norman Churches, 13.
Ratho, St. Mary’s, description, 371.
“Raths,” Irish, 6.
Reeves, Dr., 3.
Regulus’, St. Andrews, 13, 28;
description, 185.
Reilig Oran, 28.
Restennet Priory, 13, 48;
description, 178.
Richard II., 51, 57.
Rievaux Abbey, 47.
Ripon, 12.
Robert I., 51, 55, 57.
Roman Church, 12, 14, 15, 65.
---- Masonry, 32.
Romanesque Architecture, 1, 28, 32, 35.
Ronan, St., 73.
Round Churches, 145.
Rossie Priory, Cross at, 19.
Royal Domain, France, 40.
Rutherglen, St. Mary’s, description, 372.
St. Andrews, 15, 30, 38, 47, 49.
Salisbury Cathedral, 41, 44.
Saxon Influence, 1.
Scone, 29, 47.
Sculptured Stones, 3, 15, 16.
Sculptures, Symbolic, 10.
Seven Hunters, 77.
Shetland, 3.
---- Churches in, 101, 145.
Skeabost, Skye, 68.
Skellig Mhichel, 7.
Skipness, St. Columba’s, 48.
Slabs, cross bearing, 9, 15, 17.
Smailholm Church, description, 378.
Spires with open work, 62.
Stobo Church, 39;
description, 329.
Stokes, Miss, 3.
Strathbroc, St. Nicholas’, description, 342.
Subordination of Arches, &c., 35.
Suger, Abbé, 40.
Sweudro, Rousay, 108.
Sweetheart Abbey, 49, 57.
Symbols, 16.
Teampull Chalumchille, 89.
---- Pheadair, Lewis, 83.
---- Rona, 73, 74.
---- Sula Sgeir, 75, 76.
---- Na-Trianaide, 81.
Thomas, Captain, 82.
Tigh Beannachadh, 76, 77, 78, 80.
Toehead, Harris, 83.
Transition Style, 387.
---- from Celtic to Norman, 174.
Tredwell’s, St., Chapel, 106.
Trinity College, Edinburgh, 57, 60.
Trophime, St., Arles, 33.
Trumpan, Skye, 84.
Turgot, 29.
Tynninghame Church, description, 326.
Vaults, Barrel, 33.
---- Groined, 34.
---- Late, 58.
---- Pointed, 40.
Vigeans, St., Cross, 20.
Uphall Church, 39;
description, 342.
Urquhart, 30.
Uya Church, Shetland, 149.
Wattle Construction, 6.
Wenlock Abbey, 47.
Westness Chapel, 108.
Westray, Orkney, 124.
Whithorn, Crosses at, 4.
William the Lion, 38.
Wilson, Sir Daniel, 2.
Winchester Cathedral, 61.
Winifred, St., 12.
Wooden Roofs, 60.
Wyre, Orkney, 113.
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] Skene’s _Celtic Scotland_, Vol. II. p. 46.
[2] Skene, Vol. II. p. 32.
[3] Romilly Allen, _Early Christian Symbolism_, p. 88.
[4] _Proceedings of Antiquarian Society of Scotland_, Vol.
IX. p. 568.
[5] For an account of explorations and illustrations of crosses
discovered by Sir H. E. Maxwell, see _Ayr and Galloway Association_,
Vol. V. p. 1, and Vol. VI. p. 34.
[6] T. S. Muir, _Ecclesiastical Notes_, p. 226.
[7] _Ayr and Galloway Association_, Vol. VI. p. 17.
[8] Skene, Vol. II. p. 56.
[9] Dunraven’s _Irish Architecture_, Vol. I. p. xviii.
[10] Reeves’ _Adamnan_, p. 177.--Dr. Reeves quotes many instances
of churches formed with wattles. Thus, the first church erected in
Britain, at Ynswitrin, had the walls of the chapel constructed of
twisted twigs; St. Gwynllyw, _circa_ 580, founded a temple constructed
with boards and twigs. In Ireland, when St. Kieran was preparing to
build his church, a friendly wild boar is said to have appeared and
cut off twigs and ploughed up turf with his tusks so as to furnish the
Saint with materials. St. Kevin constructed his oratory with wattles.
At Raithin, St. Carthacus built himself a cell with reeds which Columba
had provided. St. Voloc also built his abode with reeds and twigs.
[11] This name belonged to the Irish till about the tenth century, when
it was transferred to the inhabitants of the existing Scotland.
[12] Petrie, p. 446.
[13] For illustrations of raths and cashels, see Lord Dunraven’s _Notes
on Architecture_.
[14] Petrie, p. 129.
[15] J. Anderson, _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, 1st Series, p.
83.
[16] Petrie, p. 132.
[17] _Ibid._ p. 136.
[18] Dunraven, Vol. II. p. 141.
[19] Petrie, p. 162.
[20] Dunraven, Vol. I. p. xx.
[21] See Dr. J. Anderson’s _Lectures on Scotland in Early Christian
Times_.
[22] Romilly Allen, pp. 82, 84.
[23] _Ibid._ p. 136.
[24] Skene, Vol. II. p. 88.
[25] Skene, Vol. II. p. 121.
[26] _Ibid._ p. 128.
[27] _Ibid._ p. 137.
[28] Skene, Vol. II. p. 212.
[29] “Pre-Conquest Churches of England.”--_Reliquary_, 1893.
[30] Skene, Vol. II. p. 227.
[31] Skene, Vol. II. p. 229.
[32] _Ibid._ p. 268.
[33] Skene, Vol. II. p. 309.--This round tower, no
doubt, owes its origin to the Irish influence referred to, but, as
will be pointed out, there are architectural reasons for assigning the
structure to a later period.
[34] _Ibid._ p. 320.
[35] _Ibid._ p. 331.
[36] See _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, by Dr. Joseph Anderson,
Vols. I. and II.
[37] _Early Christian Times_, Vol. II. p. 95.
[38] Anderson, Vol. II. Lecture IV.
[39] Romilly Allen, Lecture VI.
[40] Anderson, Vol. II. p. 80.
[41] _Ibid._ p. 130.
[42] Romilly Allen, p. 238.
[43] _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_, Vol. III.
pp. 127, 153, 206, 225; Muir’s _Ecclesiastical Notes_, p. 65.
[44] Anderson, Vol. I. p. 64.
[45] For Illustration see p. 64.
[46] Anderson, Vol. I. p. 59.
[47] Petrie, p. 291.
[48] _Ibid._ p. 395.
[49] _Ibid._ p. 320.
[50] Reeves’ _Adamnan_, p. 410.
[51] Skene, Vol. II. p. 368.
[52] _Ibid._ p. 374.
[53] _Celtic Scotland_, Vol. II. p. 376.
[54] Innes, _Sketches of Early Scotch History_, pp. 10-12.
[55] Innes, _Sketches of Early Scotch History_, p. 17.
[56] “Scottish Churches and Cathedrals,” by Dr. Joseph Robertson,
_Quarterly Review_, 1849, p. 117.
[57] See _Castellated and Domestic Architecture_, Vol.
I. p. 90, and Vol. III. p. 72.
[58] _Castellated and Domestic Architecture_, Vol. III.,
Introduction.
[59] Muir, _Old Church Architecture of Scotland_, p. 67.
[60] _Castellated and Domestic Architecture_, Vol. V.,
p. 130.
[61] See Introduction, p. 8.
[62] _Characteristics_, p. 141.
[63] _Ibid._ p. 142.
[64] For a further example of a primitive church and cells, see the
Brough of Deerness, described by Sir H. Dryden in the following pages.
It will be observed that the simple oblong church, with door in west
end and one window in east end, is surrounded with a number of ruins of
stone huts, which were no doubt the dwellings of the monastic family
of the establishment; while near the land side are the remains of the
cashel or fortification of the platform.
[65] _Notes_, p. 35.
[66] _Ibid._ p. 272.
[67] _Characteristics_, p. 163.
[68] _Notes_, p. 50.
[69] _Notes_, p. 51.
[70] _Ibid._ p. 280.
[71] _Ibid._ p. 51.
[72] _Ibid._ p. 52.
[73] _Notes_, p. 93.
[74] _Notes_, pp. 97-98.
[75] _Characteristics_, p. 205.
[76] _Notes_, p. 60.
[77] _Notes_, p. 60.
[78] _Characteristics_, p. 180.
[79] The churches in Orkney and Shetland present many fine examples of
chanceled buildings. These, although described in Mr. Muir’s works,
are more fully treated in the descriptions and illustrations kindly
supplied by Sir H. Dryden, and now printed for the first time.
[80] _Notes_, p. 41.
[81] _Ibid._ p. 43.
[82] _Notes_, pp. 48 and 276.
[83] This church (Trinity) 61½ feet long; breadth, 21 feet. North wall
has a round-headed window of undressed stones at east end, 2½ feet
wide, splaying to 4½ feet inside. Arch of door obtusely pointed. On
north side a small chapel connected by round-arched porch, not bonded
into church. Entrance to chapel has inclined jambs. Chapel 23 feet
long by 13½ feet broad inside; walls 2½ feet thick. In east wall small
rectangular window, and an ambry on each side of window. Similar window
in south wall. Small chapel, believed to be very ancient. Chapel of
Carinish probably rebuilt by Amy M‘Ruari about 1390.--Captain Thomas,
_Archæologia Scot._, Vol. V. p. 226.
[84] _Notes_, pp. 11 and 264.
[85] _Notes_, p. 23.
[86] _Ibid._ p. 42.
[87] _Ibid._ p. 42.
[88] _Ibid._ p. 44.
[89] _Ibid._ p. 44.
[90] _Ibid._ p. 278.
[91] _Notes_, p. 61.
[92] _Ibid._ p. 269.
[93] _Ibid._ p. 270.
[94] _Notes_, p. 180.
[95] _Ibid._ p. 192.
[96] Dr. J. Anderson regards this as a church mentioned in a document by
Pope Gregory XI., of date 20th September 1375.--_Scotland in Early
Christian Times._
[97] _Notes_, p. 30.
[98] _Ibid._ pp. 49, 278; _Characteristics_, p. 226.
[99] Teampull Chalumchille, Captain Thomas, _Archæologia_, Vol.
V. p. 239.
[100] _Characteristics_, p. 132, and _Notes_, p. 200.
[101] _Notes_, p. 39.
[102] _Characteristics_, p. 50.
[103] _Ibid._ p. 51.
[104] _Notes_, p. 107. See also drawings and description of this church
by Sir Henry Dryden (below).
[105] _Notes_, p. 42.
[106] _Ibid._ p. 283.
[107] _Ibid._ pp. 10, 262.
[108] _Notes_, p. 13.
[109] _Ibid._ p. 13.
[110] _Ibid._ p. 14.
[111] _Ibid._ p. 15.
[112] _Notes_, p. 8.
[113] _Notes_, p. 55.
[114] _Ibid._ p. 25.
[115] _Ibid._ p. 26.
[116] _Ibid._ p. 28. See also illustrations and description of this
church by Sir Henry Dryden (below).
[117] _Ibid._ p. 38.
[118] _Characteristics_, p. 51.
[119] _Ibid._ p. 55.
[120] _Notes_, p. 43.
[121] _Ibid._ p. 109.
[122] See account of doorway in chapel on Brough of Birsay for notice
of this point.
[123] See account of doorway in chapel on Brough of Birsay for notice
of this point.
[124] See the first article on “Ancient Orcadia” in the _Orcadian_ of
... 1860.
[125] See account of Chapel on the Brough of Birsay.
[126] See account of windows in Egilsey.
[127] See observations on these entrances in notes on the Brough of
Birsay.
[128] See Petrie’s _Round Towers_, pp. 162, 181-5.
[129] Ecclesiastical Notes on the Orkneys, &c.
[130] See account of the early Bishops of Orkney by Professor Munch, in
_Bannatyne’s Miscellany_, Vol. III., 1855.
[131] See Petrie’s _Round Towers_, and Wilson’s _Prehistoric Annals_.
[132] See Petrie’s _Round Towers_.
[133] _History of Orkney_, p. 34.
[134] Britton, _Arch. Ant._, Vol. I.; North, _Arch.
Soc._, Part 10, 1860; Billings’ _Temple Church_.
[135] See _Scotland in Early Christian Times_, by Joseph Anderson,
LL.D., p. 62.
[136] See Introduction, p. 27.
[137] See Introduction, p. 14.
[138] _Ibid._ p. 11.
[139] In an interesting paper by him in the _Archæologia Scotica_, Vol.
V., Part 2.
[140] Figs. 146 and 147 are from sketches by Mr. T. S. Robertson,
architect, Dundee, whom we have to thank for assistance in connection
with this church.
[141] _Historical Manuscript Commission_, 14th Report, App., Part
III., p. 175 and 187.
[142] Page 11.
[143] _Quarterly Review_, June 1849, p. 120.
[144] The lines on south side of tower show foundations now exposed,
and a built-up door in south wall of tower is not shown, being
apparently not original.
[145] Introduction, p. 13.
[146] _Lecture II._, p. 24.
[147] Page 36.
[148] Page 38.