two-handed swords; and a wood-cut of Paulus Kall’s illustrates a combat
of the kind, in which the duelists are clad in jerkins and long hose.
The swords appear to measure about five feet in length. These clumsy
and unwieldy weapons were for striking and parrying, but could not be
employed effectively at close quarters.
An original manuscript in the possession of Mr. Richard Bull, F.S.A.,
at the commencement of the nineteenth century, contains the orders,
rules and regulations issued by Thomas Duke of Gloucester, the
Constable of England, in the reign of King Richard II, 1377-99, for
observance in cases of trial by combat.[265] They differ little from
those of an earlier period, but the particulars given of the lists may
be noted with advantage. They run:—
“The Kinge shall finde the feeld to fight in and the listes shalbe
made and deuised by the Constable and it is to be considered that the
listes must be 60 pace longe and equally made without greate stones the
grounde flat and 40 paces brode in good order and that the grounde be
harde stable and firme and that the lists be strongly barred abowt with
one dore in the este an other in the weste with good and stronge barres
seven foote highe or more than a horse can leape over them.”
The weapons were to be “glayues,”[266] long sword, short sword and
dagger.
There are other copies of these rules extant besides the one given in
the _Antiquarian Repertory_, viz., Ashmole MS. 856, 83-89, and that
among a MS. Collection of Ordinances of Chivalry of the fifteenth
century, belonging to Lord Hastings. The last-named document is copied
in Lord Dillon’s paper on these Hastings MS.,[267] published in
_Archæologia_, Vol. LVII, and is reproduced in our Appendix H, but
with the long preamble left out. These three copies of the rules for
conducting judicial duels in the reign of Richard II vary somewhat; for
instance, glaives[268] are mentioned in the two first copies as being
among the weapons employed in these combats, but not in the last.
RULES FOR JUDICIAL COMBATS IN THE REIGN OF RICHARD III[269]
A case lodged by an appellant should be pleaded in the court before the
constable and marshal, and if the accusation cannot be substantiated by
witnesses, a recourse to trial by combat may be granted by the Crown.
Should a judicial duel be decided on, the time and place of combat are
fixed by the constable; the weapons to be “glayves,” long-swords, short
swords and daggers. Sureties to be found by both parties to keep their
day, and no attempt shall be made to injure the plaintiff or defendant
before the day of battle.
The general rules and arrangements do not differ materially from
those of earlier reigns, though here it is mentioned that spears of
equal length were issued to the combatants, thus explaining the term
“glayves.”
If the charge be one of treason the vanquished shall be stripped of his
armour, and a piece of the railings of the lists broken down, and he
shall be drawn through the lists by horses to the place of execution.
A judicial combat took place at Quesnoy in 1405, Duke William, Count of
Hainult, sitting as judge. The parties were two gentlemen, Bournecte
the appellant and Bounaige the defendant. The accusation was that of
murder. Lists were erected at the expense of the Duke, and the fight
commenced by each combatant hurling his lance at the other, but without
effect; they then drew their swords, and Bournecte soon overcame his
adversary, who confessed his crime, and was ordered by the judge to be
beheaded. This was a duel between members of the privileged class.
A challenge for a duel between Henry Inglose, Esq., and Sir John
Tiptoft, Knt., to be fought before the Duke of Bedford, high constable,
in 1415. (Cotton MS. Titus. C. 28.)
A trial by combat took place at Arras in the year 1431, the Duke of
Burgundy sitting as judge. The charge was one of treason, and about
the time of the duel many allegiances were being transferred from
Burgundy to France. The appellant, Maillotin de Bours, had charged
the defendant, Hector de Flavy, with having expressed the intention
of deserting the Burgundian interest in favour of that of France and
with other contemplated acts of treason. On this information the Duke
had de Flavy arrested and lodged in prison. The defendant, however,
had many influential friends at Court, and through their good offices
and representations he was at length received in audience by his
sovereign, when he solemnly denied the charge, alleging that it was
de Bours himself who had suggested the treason. The Duke then sent
for the appellant, and the discussion between the parties waxed very
violent until at length de Bours flung down his glove and demanded a
trial by combat, God showing the right. The defendant, with the Duke’s
permission, took up the glove and a day was fixed for the combat to
take place, both parties giving security to keep their tryst. Lists
were prepared and erected. Within them was the model of a sepulchre,
for de Flavy had been dubbed a knight before the Holy Sepulchre at
Jerusalem. On the day of combat the Duke took his seat on the tribune
prepared for him. De Maillotin first entered the lists armed at all
points, attended by the Seigneur de Charny and other sponsors. He
held a lance in one hand and one of his two swords in the other, and
after making his obeisance to the Duke he retired to his pavilion. Sir
Hector de Flavy entered the lists in like manner; he was influentially
attended, and his charger was led in by the two sons of the Comte de
St. Pol. After saluting the Duke he also retired to his pavilion. Both
knights on re-entering the lists were led before the judge and swore
on the Evangelists that their cause was just and true. They then took
up their positions for combat and the onset was sounded, the fight
beginning by each hurling his lance at the other, but without hurt
to either. They then attacked with swords, each champion displaying
the utmost courage and dexterity. The Duke at this juncture quite
unexpectedly cast his bâton, thus putting an end to the fight. He
commanded the attendance of the combatants to dine at his table on the
morrow, when he reconciled them to each other.[270]
“In the foure and twentith yeare” of the reign of King Henry VI (1446)
“the prior of Kilmaine appeached the earle of Ormond of treason. For
triall whereof the place of combat was assigned in Smithfelde, and the
barriers for the same there readie pitcht. Howbeit, in the meane time a
doctor of diuinitie, named maister Gilbert Worthington, parson of saint
Andrews in Holborne, and other honest men, made such sute with diligent
labor and paines taking to the kings councell, that when the daie of
combat approched, the quarell was taken into the kings hands and there
ended”.[271]
“In the same year also, a certeine armourer was appeached of treason by
a seruant of his owne. For proofe whereof a day was giun them to fight
in Smithfield, insomuch that in conflict the said armourer was ouercome
and slaine; but yet by misgouerning of himselfe. For in the morning,
when he should come to the field fresh and fasting, his neighbours
came to him, and gaue him wine and strong drinke in such excessiue
sort, that he was therewith distempered, and reeled as he went, and so
was slaine without guilt. As for the false seruant, he liued not long
vnpunished; for being conuict of felonie in court of assise, he was
judged to be hanged, and so he was, at Tilburne.”[272]
A good example of a judicial duel, fought in the year 1455, is given in
_Histoire des Ducs De Bourgogne_.[273] It took place at Valenciennes,
a town then belonging to the county of Hainault, which, with so many
other rich manufacturing territories had fallen under the dominion
of the dukes of Burgundy, by marriage or conquest. The privilege of
sanctuary had been conferred on the town by its ancient counts, and
the old rights and charters had been confirmed by the dukes their
successors. A person named Mahiot Coquel, a tailor of Tournay, had
murdered a man in that town, and he took refuge from justice in
Valenciennes, claiming the right of sanctuary. Soon after his arrival a
near relative of the murdered man named Jacotin Plouvier, met him in a
street of the town and threatened vengeance against him for the murder
of his kinsman; upon which Coquel applied to the magistracy, demanding
their aid and counsel. The syndic then sent for Plouvier and reproached
him with having the intention of violating the franchise of his town;
but he denied this and claimed the right of lawful combat as against
Coquel, at the same time throwing down a gage of battle. This, after
some hesitation, Coquel lifted up; and a combat was allowed as being
the law of the land, without being any infringement of the principle
of sanctuary, which only applied to protection from the officers of
justice. The parties were lodged in prison in separate cells, and
seconds were appointed to arrange the preliminaries for the fight;
when the Comte de Charolais, afterwards Charles the Bold, on being
informed of the case, acting in the capacity of lieutenant-general for
his father Duke Philippe le Bon, of Burgundy, ordered the matter to be
referred to his council for judgment. The town authorities then applied
to the Duke their sovereign lord for the maintenance of their ancient
rights, when all opposition to the combat was withdrawn; the Duke
announcing his intention of being present, with his son the Comte de
Charolais, to view the fight. Lists were erected, not in the form usual
for the tourney, but round and with only a single entrance. The judges
of the fight were the provosts of the town of Valenciennes and of the
county of Hainault, the Duke and his son being merely spectators. Two
seats draped with black cloth were placed facing each other in the
middle of the lists, and the combatants were conducted to them and
sworn on the Evangelists. The two champions were clad in leathern
garments, close-fitting and laced down the middles, the arms and legs
bare. These corselets were well greased so that neither of the parties
could easily grip the other. Their hands were rubbed with ashes for the
better grasping of their weapons, and each held a piece of sugar in his
mouth as a preventive against their throats becoming parched with the
heat. Their weapons were knotted clubs, equal in weight and length and
obtusely pointed at the narrower ends, and triangular shields, painted
red. When the signal for combat had been given Mahiot Coquel, who
was the shorter and weaker man of the two, grasped a handful of sand
with which the lists were strewn, and threw it into the eyes of his
opponent. This nearly blinded Jacotin for the moment, and he received
a heavy blow in the face from the club of his adversary, but on
recovering somewhat he set upon Mahiot and seizing him by the arm threw
him violently to the ground, then placing his knees on his stomach, to
the horror of the spectators, he kept steadily prodding Mahiot between
the eyes with the pointed end of his club until he was dead. The body
was then dragged by the hangman from the lists to the gallows.
Lacroix in _Military an Religious Life in the Middle Ages, ＆c._, gives
a picture of a judicial duel of the knightly kind, fought on foot. It
is copied from a miniature in the _Conquêtes de Charlemagne_, a MS.,
in the National Library at Paris. The combatants are armed at all
points; their weapons are swords; and the lists, of open railings, are
octagonal in form.
The general course of procedure in these matters continued much the
same up to and including the reign of Henry VIII. A manuscript of
that reign, sometime belonging to Sir Edward Wyndham, Kt., Marshal to
the Camp, gives particulars,[274] The form and size of the lists and
counter-lists are as before; also the kind of weapons to be employed.
The defendant, if he appear not, is called by proclamation, made by the
marshal of the king of “Heraults of that province wherein the Battail
is to be deraigned.” The bill of challenge of the appellant and the
answer of the defendant is read to them and they take their oaths:—
1. That their appeal and defence is true.
2. That neither hath advantage of the other in weapons.
3. That each will do his best to vanquish his enemy.
The combatants being ready, the constable and marshal, sitting at the
king’s feet, order the onset to be sounded, pronouncing the words in
high voice, “Lesses les aller et fair leur devoir.”
“In the fight if either of the parties do give sign of yielding or if
the king, being present, do cry ‘Hoe,’ the constable and marshall do
part them and observe precisely who hathe advantage or disadvantage
either of the other at that instant, for if they should be awarded
to fight again, they are to be put in the same position as they were
before.”
“If the king take up the matter they are brought honourably out of the
lists, neither having precedency over the other.”
If the “Battail” be performed and one party be vanquished then “in
case of Treason the rayles of the lists are broken down, and the party
vanquished is drawn at a Horse-tayl and carried presently to execution.”
The last instance of a duly authorised legal duel in France was
that between François de Vivonne de la Chataignerie and Guy Chabot
de Jarnac, which took place at St. Germain-en-Laye in 1547, in the
presence of the king (Henry II.) It is doubly remarkable in that it
contributed a new and subtil stroke of the sword, the “coup de Jarnac,”
and that it led to an edict being issued against duelling. This ordeal
by combat resulted in the death of de la Chataignerie.
Judicial Duel in 1548, 2nd Edward VI, between one Newton, a Scot, and
a gentleman named Hamilton; the former being charged with uttering
opprobrious epithets against His Majesty of England. Lists were
erected in the market-place of Haddington, and at the time appointed
the parties entered them for combat, clad in their doublets and hose,
and armed with sword, buckler and dagger. The fight began with great
spirit, Hamilton following his adversary up to the very railing of the
lists, whereupon Newton struck him on the leg with his sword inflicting
a great gash, upon which he fell to the ground and was slain. This
ending of the fight was looked upon as a miscarriage of justice.[275]
The Abbé de Brantôme reports a trial by combat which took place about
the middle of the sixteenth century, without the sanction of either
king or parliament. The appellant was a Seigneur de Fandilles who
charged the defendant, the Baron de Guerres of Lorraine, with an odious
crime; and it was mutually agreed that the matter be referred to the
judgment of God, in battle in the lists. The fight took place on foot
with “bastardes” (hand and a half swords) in the lists at Sedan, a
M. de Bouillon acting as judge. De Fandilles severely wounded his
adversary in the thigh with a stroke of his powerful weapon, and the
loss of blood was so great that the defendant could hardly keep his
feet, at length falling to the ground. The lists were as usual freely
strewn with sand, and the baron clutched handfuls of it which he threw
into the eyes of his opponent, who was blinded for the time being and
incapacitated from continuing the combat. This ending of the duel by
means of an action strictly forbidden by the laws of the duello caused
great disputes between the seconds and friends of both parties; and the
matter was further complicated by a fall of the stand which afforded
accommodation to the judge and spectators. This was certainly an
irregular judicial duel, without any sanction at law, though the legal
forms were observed.
Brantôme narrates several other duels.
In Harleian M.S., Vol. III, 505, 7021-22, is a catalogue of judicial
combats anciently granted by the kings of England.
In the reign of Queen Elizabeth judicial duels had become rare, and the
crown employed all its influence in their restraint. Fierce polemics
had arisen in regard to the lawfulness or otherwise of the practice,
and the conscience of the nation had been thoroughly aroused against
them by reason of cases of more than suspected miscarriage of justice
coming to light. Strong influence was brought to bear on the law courts
to place all possible obstacles in the way of granting licences for
such combats, and judges, at that time more especially, usually managed
that disputes concerning the possession of land should be settled
in the law courts without any resort to the ordeal of battle. Many
treatises were written against the practice, examples of which follow:
Ashmole MSS., No. 856, p. 10. “Duello foild. The whole proceedings
in the orderly dissolveing of a designe for single fight betweene
two valient gentlemen; by occasion whereof the unlawfulnesse of a
duello is preparatorily disputed, according to the rules of honour and
right reason; written by the Lord Henry Howard Earle of Northampton.”
126-145, p. 11. “A Discourse touching the unlawfulnesse of private
combates, written by Sir Edward Cooke Lord Chiefe Justice of England,
at the request of the Lord Henry Howard Earle of Northampton.” (3 Oct.,
1609.) 146-148. “Ex MS. in Bibl’ Hatton.”
Cotton MS. Titus. Fol. 33. A treatise on duels, in two books. (239.)
Fol. 38. Two papers on measures taken against duels. (402.) Fol. 44. A
paper concerning laws against duels. (416.)
On the 18th June, 1571, a judicial duel was ordered to take place, the
principals being Simon Low and John Kime, who were to fight by proxy in
the persons of George Thome and Henry Nailer, respectively. The dispute
between the parties related to the possession of some land; and the
weapons for the intended fight were to be bastons and leathern shields.
A plot of ground, 21 yards square, in Tothill Fields, was doubly railed
in for the fight, and a stand connected with it was erected for the
chief justice, as representing the court of common pleas. Behind it two
tents were pitched for the use of the combatants. The Queen was much
against the fighting, and the combat did not come off after all, for
the champion of the appellant failed at the last moment to put in an
appearance, so the plaintiff was non-suited.
Duels of the privileged order naturally survived those of the
proletariat. Ashmole MS., No. 856, p. 7, gives “The manner of the
challendge made by the Earle of Northumberland against Sir Francis
Veare,” both by letter dated 24 Apr. 1602, and by inter-messages, until
forbidden by the Queen’s commandment. (107-111.) Ex. MS. in Bibl’
Hatton, and, under the same number, P. 16. “The manner of Donald Ld
Rey, and David Ramsey esq. their comeing and carriage at their tryall,
upon monday, the 28 of November, 1631, before the Ld of Lynsey, Lord
High Constable of England, and others.” This is a very full report of
the trial. (175-227.) Under No. 856, p. 15. “His MAᵗˢ: declaration
against duells, published at his chappell at Bruxells upon sonday the
24th of November 1658.” (172.)
Though practically in abeyance for a long period the law for an appeal
to combat had remained on the statute book; and a trial by battle
was demanded as late as the year 1817, in the case of Thornton _v._
Ashford. The judge, Lord Ellenborough, pronounced “that the general law
of the land is that there shall be a trial by battle in case of appeal
unless the parties bring themselves within the scope of one of the
exemptions.” The suit was allowed, but the challenge being refused no
combat ensued. The law was repealed in the following year (1818).[276]
FOOTNOTES:
[244] _Origines Juridiciales_, p. 65.
[245] Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law_, I, 39.
[246] Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law_, I, 147.
[247] _Origines Juridiciales_, p. 79.
[248] Published in 1671, by William Dugdale Esquire, Norroy King of
Arms, later Sir William and Garter King of Arms; the ordinances, etc.,
being those in operation in the reign of Henry II, set forth by Ranulph
de Glanville, Justice of England, page 65.
[249] _Origines_, p. 68.
[250] Bastons were sometimes headed with a double beak, like a pick.
Their usual length was three feet, though shorter ones could be used in
the event of combatants mutually wishing it.
[251] Vol. I, p. 375.
[252] _Theatre of Honour and Knighthood_, Chap. II, p. 423, written at
Paris _anno_ 1619.
[253] Chap. 2, p. 423.
[254] _Anciens Mémoires Du XIV Siècle_, I, 505.
[255] See Montfaucon, Tom III, Pl. 18.
[256] Holinshed’s _Chronicles_, II, 727.
[257] _Ancient Armour and Weapons of War_, II, 342.
[258] Plate 58.
[259] Page 371.
[260] Holinshed, II, 844. Harleian MS., III, 6079, Art. 36, gives an
account of this duel.
[261] _Theatre of Honour, etc._, p. 459.
[262] _Theatre of Honour, etc._, p. 459.
[263] _Archæologia_, XXIX, 348.
[264] Probably a fencing master.
[265] _Antiquarian Repertory_, II, 210.
[266] The glaive here mentioned is not the weapon usually known by that
name, but the lance: for it will be observed in some later rules given
on these pages that “spears of equal length” were to be issued to the
combatants. Lances were often termed glaives at this period, and in
such combats were shortened to five feet.
[267] Appendix B.
[268] Clayues.
[269] _Antiquarian Repertory_, 1, 152.
[270] _Chronique de Monstrelet_, Liv. II, Chap. CII.
[271] Holinshed, III, 210.
[272] _Ibid._
[273] II, 182.
[274] _Origines Juridiciales_, p. 78.
[275] Holinshed III, 890.
[276] 59 Geo. III, c. 46.
APPENDIX A
TOURNEY
ABSTRACTS of the Ashmolean Manuscripts, regarding the Tourney.[277]
No. 764.
p. 6. “Cy sensuyt la façon des criz de Tournois et des
Joustes. _Cy peut on à prendre à crier et à
publier pour ceulx qui en seront dignes._” 31-43.
On the reverse of the last leaf is a picture
of the Joust, whereon two combatants on horseback,
bearing their crests, are fighting with lances
within the lists.
No. 1105.
p. 9. Extracts from various records about Tournaments and
Knighthood. 200 _et seq._, 210.
No. 840.
p. 73. A Justing-cheque, showing how the spears were broken.
298.
No. 763.
II. p. 5. Rules, etc. 148-149.
“The Ordinaunce, statutes and rules made by John
Lord Typtofte, Erle of Worcester, Countstable of
England by the Kinges commaundment, at Windsour the
29 of May ao sexto Edwardi quarti, to be observed and
kepte in all manner of Justes of pees royall with in
this realme of England.”
MS. copies of these ordinances are not uncommon,
and much differing from each other. They are printed
in _Harrington’s Nugae Antiquae_ by Park; and in
Dr. Meyrick’s _Critical Essay on antient armor_, II,
179-186, with valuable notes from the MS. M. 6, in the
Heralds’ College.
No. 763.
p. 5.
6. The same Ordinaunce and statutes. 181.
Rules for combatants “At Tornay.” 149b.
No. 857.
p. 213. “Rights due att the tournay. _Firste the Kinge
of Armes._...” 506.
No. 1115.
p. 43. Preamble to articles of tilting, addressed unto
the King. 92.
No. 860. The “Round Table” prohibited, 36 Hen. III, 88.[278]
No. 1109.
p. 191. Tournament at Windsor, Names of the combatants and
judges in a “Course at feild at Windsor the 17th of
Nov: 1593, ao regni reginae.” 36. 154b.
No. 856.
p. 5. Justing at the marriage of Richard Duke of York
(1477). A narrative, by an eye-witness, of the
marriage of Richard Duke of York, and Ann daughter of
the Duke of Norfolk, and of the grand justing then
celebrated in 1477, _and the 17th yeare of King Edward
IV_. 94-104. Transcribed “Ex MS. in praefat’ Bibl’
Hatton.”
This article is fully as curious as the narrative
of the justing of Anthony Lord Scales, which was
published by W. H. B. in the _Excerpta Historica_,
in June, 1830.
No. 1116.
p. 10. Justs at Westminster. (1511.)
“Justes houlden at Westminster the xijth daie of
Februar by the Kinges grace (Henry VIII) called _Cueur
Loyal_, the Lord William of Devon _Bon Voloir_,
Sʳ Thomas Knivet _Valiant Desire_, and Edward Nevell
_Joyous Penser_, with the articles and courses of the
said Justes etc.” 109-110b.
The articles begin thus—“The noble lady Renowne
considering the good and gracious fortune....”
The “courses” are tilting lists for the two days
(Wednesday and Thursday, 12-13 Feb., 1511,) marked
with strokes, and accounts of the “best joustres.”
p. 56. “The appoynctement of the standinge schaffoldes in
the Kinges pallace of Westminster, at his justes.
_First next unto the King on his right hande the
Earles_,” _etc._ 47 b.
No. 837.
p. 17. The Field of the Cloth of Gold at Guisnes (1520).
“Ce sont les noms des princes, prellatz, et grans
seigneurs de France, qui estoient en la compaignie de
Roy de France quant le Roy (Henry VIII) Dengleterre et
led’ sr le Roy (Francois) sentrevyrent et ordonnerent
les Joustes et Tournoys qui sensuyvent.” 179ba.
Prefixed to the title is a stanza of 5 lines,
inviting to the justs.
No. 1116.
p. 7*. The Field of the Cloth of Gold at Guisnes (1520).
“The proclamacōn in Frenche of the articles of the
Justes and other feates of armes at the meeting of
the aforesaid Kinges (Henry and Francois) at Guisnes,
proclaimed through the realme of France by Thomas
Benolt al’s Clarencieux King of Armes. _Comme ainsi
soit louange_ ...” 105-7b.
p. 8. “The lettres of savegarde given by the said King of
England unto Thomas Walle al’s Norrey King of Armes,
for the proclamacōn of the same Joustes in the
parties of Almayn and the contrye of Germania, wch
Norrey proclamed thē as welle in French for the lowe
contreys, as in high Dutch as hereafter followeth etc.”
107b-108b. Dated 1520.
p. 5*. Narrative of “The meating of the King of England
(and) the Emperor at Canterburie, and the meating of
the said King and the French King at Guysnes, Anno
D’ni 1520.” 100-3b.
No. 837.
p. 21. Running at the Ring (t. Edw. VI?).
“These persones[279] here underwrytten beinge one of
the Kinges part the playntyff, and the other wt th
erle of Rutland defendant, dyd run at ye rynge iiij
course every man, at wch tyme mone toke the ryng but
only Mr. Hayward and Mr. Constable beinge wt the
defendant,” etc. 185a.
Tourneys t. Eliz.
p. 43. The Challenge of four Knights errant, the Earl of
Oxford, Charles Howard, Sir Henry Lee, and Sir Chr.
Hatton; against all comers, at the tilt, tourney and
barriours; addressed unto the Queen for permission
to perform the same. 245.
Note that the said challenge was proclaimed by
Clarencieux, on twelfth-night, 1570; and that the
exercises were performed on 1, 2, and 6 May. 245b.
Written invertedly by another hand. Other papers
relating to the same affair are in No. 845, artt.
37, 39. No. 845. II, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, and
at p. 599.
No. 845.
p. 36. Tilting-list and cheque, at a tourney between the
Earl of Oxford, Charles Howard, Sir Hen. Lea, and
Chr. Hatton, challengers, and seven sets of comers;
with their arms tricked. 164.
See No. 837, Art. XLIIII.
p. 38. A Tilting-list, showing the antagonists of the Earl
of Oxford and others. 167a.
p. 37. “These be the names of the noblemen and gentlemen,
that for the honor of the Queenes Maᵗⁱᵉ did their
endevor at the Tylt at Westminster on the xvijth day
of November, being the first day of the xxiiijth
yere of the reigne of queene Elizabeth,” etc.
(1581). 165.
p. 39. “Hastiludium apud Westm’ die Solis 6. Decembris 1584,
coram Regina, inter nuptos decem et tot coelibes.” 168.
p. 37. “The Tourney holden at Westminster, on monday the
15 of May, 1581, when the prince Delphine of Auvergne
and other the Frenshe commissioners were here.” 166a-5b.
p. 40. Proclamation (in French) of the adjudged conduct of
combatants, and award of the prize, at a jousting before
Queen Elizabeth. 171b.
p. 41. Proclamation (in English) of the adjudgement of prizes
to Don Fredericque de Teledo, and other foreign nobles,
on an other occasion. 171a.
Draught of another proclamation (in English) concerning
the conduct of gentlemen at the tilt and tourney, not
named. 170a.
No. 837.
p. 5. “The manner of the first cominge into the tiltyard, of
the most high and mighty prince Charles Prince of Wales,
sonne and heir apparent of our sovereign lo. Kinge James,
on friday the xxiiijth of March 1619; which was in the
most princely and royall manner that had bene sene many
yeares before.” 129-132.
An original paper, with notes and corrections by one
of the Heralds. This art. is recorded in the Heralds’ MS.,
M. 3. f. 1-3b.
No. 1127.
p. XIV. 2. Tournament of the Knight of the Royal Amaranthus.
In the first quarter of the 17th century. 198-9b.
No. 1116.
p. 9*. “The manner how the price[280] shall be given at
Joustes of peace royall, and for what considercōns it
should be forfeited and lost.
First who so breaketh most speeres,” etc. 108b.
p. 11*. “A demonstracōn by John Writh alias Garter, to
King Edward the Fourth, touching three Knyghtes of
high Almayn wch came to do arms in England, with the
instruccōns by them geven unto the saide Gartr and
the articles of their feates and enterprise.” 111-3b.
The year must have been 1473.
No. 763.
p. 16. “The office of a Kinge at Armes. Fyrst as nyghe as
he canne he shall take knowledge and kepe recorde of
creastes cognissances and auntient used wordes,” etc.
158ab.
No. 837.
p. 8. “The definition of an Esquire, and the severall
sortes of them according to the custome and usage
of England. _An esquire called in Latine armiger_ ...”
162a.
No. 1116.
p. 111. The Names and Arms of the Sovereigns and Knights or
the Order of the Golden Fleece (Toison d’or), from its
institution in 1429 to the twenty-third festival of
the Order, which was holden by King Philip of Spain,
12 Aug. 1559; historical accounts of the celebration
of the feasts, in French. ff. 137b-186.
The MS. is beautifully written, with the arms
tricked (four on each page), by Robert Glover,
Somerset Herald.
p. 88. Lists of the Knights, and notes of the celebration
of S. George’s feast, in 1589 and 1593, at Westminster.
67a.
p. 89. Lists of Knights, and notes of the celebration of S.
George’s feast, in 1584, at Westminster, and 15 Apr.
1585, at Windsor. 67b.
No. 837.
p. XXVI. “The Office of ye Marshall.” 198ab.
No. 1127.
p. XIII. “The Statutes of the Order of the Golden Fleece” (27
Nov. 1431); and “The Ordinances for the Officers of
the Order.” 139-166-167-175b.
FOOTNOTES:
[277] Catalogue by William Henry Black. Oxford. 1845.
[278] Though indexed this item is not in the catalogue.
[279] The Marquis of Northampton and others, 14 on each side.
[280] Prize.
APPENDIX B
HARLEIAN MS. RELATING TO THE TOURNAMENT
CATALOGUE
Vol. Page Cod. Art.
I. 17 69 1-3. Tournament held on the marriage of
Richard Duke of York, son of Edward IV.
I. 17 69 4-5. On the birth of Princess Mary? Daughter
of Henry VIII.
I. 17 69 6-7. Creation of Henry VIII.
I. 17 69 8. Challenge to hold a Justs-Royall and
Tourney at Westminster.
I. 18 69 13. At Greenwich, _temp._ Henry VIII.
I. 18 69 16. Westminster, _temp._ Henry VIII.
I. 18 69 24. On the marriage of Prince Arthur.
I. 18 69 11. Challenges to tournaments of Philip de
Bouton and others.
I. 18 69 12. Uladislaus of Bodna and others.
I. 18 69 20. Frederick de Toledo and others.
I. 18 69 14. Regulations concerning tournaments by
Parliament of England.
I. 165 293 123-4. By Richard I.
I. 18 69 10. Relation (in French) of Battel of Justs
held in the city of Tours.
I. 18 69 15. Copy of Chapitres of certain Feats of
Arms.
I. 18 69 18. Declarations and Conditions of
Performing Feats of Arms.
I. 18 69 19. Chalenge of 6 Noble Persons to the
Justs.
I. 18 69 21. Form of Proclamation to be made by the
King of Arms.
I. 18 69 22. Fees appertyning to the Officers
of Armes.
I. 18 69 23. The Maner ＆ Order of Combating within
Lystes.
I. 18 69 17. }
II. 12 1354 11. _et seq._ } Regulations Concerning
} Tournaments. By John
} Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester.
II. 226 1776 43. }
III. 316 6064 80. }
III. 215 4888 20. General Challenge of Earls of Lenox, etc.
EXTRACTS
I. 17 69 1-3. 1. The Proclamation, whereby Six
Gentlemen challenged all Comers
at the Just-Roiall: To Runne in
Ostling-Harneis alonge a Tilt: And
to strike 13 strokes with Swords;
upon the Marriage of Richard Duke
of York (son to K. Edward IV.) with
Anne Mowbray Daughter to the Duke of
Norfolk. After which Proclamation,
follow the Articles, ＆ Draughts of
the Shields. 1
2. The Challenge of the LadieMaie’s
Servants, to all comers, to be
performed at Greenwich.
To Runne 8 Courses.
To shoot Standart Arrowe, or Flight.
To strike 8 Strokes with Swords Rebated.
To wrestle all manner of Wayes.
To Fight on Foot with Speares Rebated,
and afterwards to strike 8 Strokes
with Swords, with Gripe, or
otherwise.
To Call the Barre on Foote, and with
the Arme; both Heavie and Light. 2b
Vol. Page Cod. Art.
I. 17 69 1-3. 3. Here followe the Articles which
fower Gentlemen have Enterprised
to doe by the Kings Commaundment
＆ for the Pleasure of the Ladyes,
which alsoe the Kings Highnes hath
Lycenced them to Aunswear to all
other, ＆ all other to aunswear
to them, according to the same
Articles. 3b viz. to Answer all
Comers, at the Kings Mannour of
Sheene, to run fower Courses.
4-5. 4. Proclamation And Articles of a
Tilting to be held at the Palace
of Richmond, upon the birth of a
young Princess (Mary?). Tempore
Henrici VIII. where the 4 Knights
Challengers are to Runne 6 Courses. 4b
5. Petition ＆ Articles of 4 Gentlemen
Challenging all Comers (to the
Lawnde of Greenwich). To the Feate
called the Barriers, with the
Casting Speare, ＆ the Targett, ＆
with the Bastard-Sword, Point ＆ Edge
Rebated. 5b
6-7. 6. Petition ＆ Articles of the
Justs-Royall to be held at
Westminster, by 4 Gentlemen
Challenging all comers, (upon the
Creation of Henry second Sonne to
King Henry VII). To Run 6 Courses
with Speares. To Tourney 18 Strokes
with Swords.
7. Petition of 4 Gentlemen to K. Henry
VII. to be received into his Royal
Army purposed for Fraunce; but
first that he would Authorize their
Challenge of all Comers to the Tilt,
To run 6 Courses; for two days
together: which being performed,
they will be ready (upon 8 days
warning) to answer all comers, in
any Realme or Place where the King
shall be, for one year and a day
longer. 7
8. 8. Challenge of 6 Noble Persons to
hold a Justs-Royall ＆ Tourney at
Westminster, for the Pleasure of the
King, the Queene, and the Princess
the Kings Eldest Daughter, where the
6 Challengers ＆ Six Answerers shall
together Run against each other with
Spears on Horseback; and after the
Course Passed, to Fight with Swords
till the King commaund them to Cease.
7b
10. 10. Relation (in French) of the Battel
of Justs held in the city of Tours,
between Jelcan (or Jehan?) Chalons,
a Native of the Kingdom of England,
＆ Loys de Beul who took the part
of King Charles of France. A.D. 1446.
wherein Loys de Beul was killed. 9
I. 18 69 11. 11. Le Chalenge Philip de Bouton, Natif
de Pais Burgoigne, premier Esquier
a Monsser le Conte de Charollois:
qui ait Charge ＆ Esleve Emprise de
un Fleuer Penser a tacher a son Bras
dextre, lequelle il portra ouverte
jusque autant que il defendra
Royaulme d’Angelterre, en la
Campagnie de son Seigneur Monsieur
le Bastard le Burgoigne, comme a la
Roche. Dat. 1. may. 1467. 11
12. 12. La Declaracon du Pas a l’Arbe D’Or,
i.e. How the Lady L’Isle sent her
Knight with a Rich Tree of Gold, for
him to sett near Brughes, ＆ there to
Challenge the Nobles of the Duke of
Burgundies Court both to the Justs,
＆ to the Tourney: the Articles
whereof do follow. Dated July ...
A.D. 68. i.e. 1468.
Vol. Page Cod. Art.
I. 18 69 12. *12. The Relation made by Garter King
of Arms to K. Edward IV. concerning
the Arrival of 3 Knights of the K.
of Hungaries Court, named Uladislaus
of Bodna, Fredericus of Waredma,
＆ Lancelagus of Trefulwane, who
desired to performe some Feats of
Armes with the English Gentlemen.
With their Instructions given to the
said Garter touching his Declaration
of their Desires, ＆ the Articles of
the Jousts ＆ Tourney. 14
13. 13. Justs at Greenwich, the 20th daie
of Maye, the 8th yeare of the Raigne
of our Soveraigne Ld. K. Henry VIII.
(with the then usual Notes or Marks
of each Persons Performance). 16b.
14. 14. Le Statute d’Armes de Turnoys par
le Parlement d’Angleterre (f. temp.
H. V.). 17
15. 15. Coppye de Chapitres (ou Articles)
des certaine Faits d’Armes, tanta
Pied, comme a Cheval, qui par deux
Gentilhomes d’Almaigne touchant une
certaine Emprise. ibid.
16. 16. The Justinge, Tournay, ＆ Fighting
at Barriers, holden at the Palace of
Westminster, the 32nd yeare of our
Soveraigne Lord K. Henry the VIII.
there beguune the firste deye of
Maye being Saturdaye, ＆c. 18
17. 17. The Ordinances, Statutes, ＆ Rules,
made and Enacted by John (Tiptoft)
Earle of Worcester Constable of
England, by the Kings Commandment
(i.e. Ed. IV.) at Windsor, the 29th
daye of Maie, in the 6th yeare of
his Noble Raigne. To be Observed and
Kept in all manner of Justs of Peace
Royal within the Realme of England
before his Highness or Liefftenant,
by his Commandment or Licence had
from this Tyme forth. Reserving
always to the Queenes Highnes
and the Laydes there present,
the Attribution and Gifte of the
Prize after the Manner and Forme
accustomed. (These Ordinances are
illustrated by Pictures.) 20
18. 18. Declaration ＆ Conditions of
Performing Feats of Arms before
＆ at a Castle called Loyall, at
the Gate whereof a White Unicorne
sustained four Shields, The First
White, signifying to the Justs;
whoso toucheth that, to be answered
V Courses at the Tilt. The Second
Red, signifying to the Tournaye;
who toucheth that, to be answered
12 Strokes with the Sword, Edge ＆
Point Rebated. The Third Yellow,
signifying to the Barriers, who
toucheth that, to be answered at the
Barriers 12 Strokes with one-Hand
Sword, the Point and Edge Rebated.
The Fourth Blue, signifying to th’
assault, ＆ who toucheth that, to
Assault the said Castle with Sword
＆ Targett ＆ Morrice Pike, withe the
Edge and Point Rebated. 21b
19. 19. Chalenge of 6 Noble Persons to the
Justs, the same as before 8. 22b
20. 20. Challenge of Don Fredericke de
Toledo, the Lord Straunge, Don
Fernando de Toledo, Don Francifco de
Mendoza, ＆ Garfilafe de la Vega, to
fight on Foot, at the Barriers, with
all Comers. 23b
21. 21. Form of the Proclamation to be
made by the King of Arms in the
Presence-Chamber, upon the Queen’s
distribution of the Prizes, to them
who had best Exercised the Feates
of Armes at the Tilt Tourney ＆
Barriers. 24b
22. 22. Fees apperteyning to the Officers
of Armes, at all thos Triumphs
aforesaid. 25
23. 23. The Maner ＆ Order of Combating
within Lystes, set downe by Thomas
Duke of Gloucester Uncle to King
Richard the Second (with Pictures). 26
24. 24. The first Booke of the Justs ＆
Banketts ＆ Disguisings, used at the
Intertaynemente of Katherine Wife
to Prince Arthur Eldest Sone to
K. Henry VII. 29b
The Seconde Book, or Parte of this
Discourse, is concerning the death
of Prince Arthur, and the order
taken for his Exequies.
Vol. Page Cod. Art.
I. 165 293 123-4. 123. Hoc ett Breve, Dni Regis Ricardi
I. missum Dno Cantuariensi, de
concessione Torneamentorum in
Anglia. 237
124. Haec est forma Pacis fervandae a
Torneatoribus. 237
II. 12 1354 11. 11. The Ordinances, Statutes, ＆ Rules
made by Johne Lorde Typtofte,
Erle of Worcester, Constable of
Englande, by the Kinges Commandment,
at Wyndsore the 29th daie of
Maye, ann. 6. Edw. IV. to be
observed and kepte in all manner
Justys Royall;—reserving to the
Queene ＆ to the Ladyes present
the attribution and gyfte of the
Prise, after the manner and forme
accustomed to be attributed, for
their Demerites. 13
II. 226 1776 43. 43. Ordinances, Statutes, ＆ Rules made
＆ enacted by John (Tiptoft) Earl of
Woster ＆ Constable of England, by
the Kings commandment, at Windsor,
the 6th Yeare of Edward the Fourth;
for Justes ＆ Triumphs. 45b
III. 215 4888 20. 20. A general Challenge, at Tilt,
Tourney, and Barriers, signed Lenox,
Southampton, Pembroke, Mountgumbray,
dated 1612. In defence of these
Propositions. 1. “That in Service of
Ladyes, Knights have no free-will.
2. That it is Beautie maintains the
World in valour. 3. That noe fare
Ladie was ever false. 4. That none
can be perfectlye wife but Lovers.”
Addressed, “To all honourable Men
at Armes, and Knight Adventurers
of hereditarie note, ＆ examplarie
noblesse, that for most memorable
actions doe wield either Sword or
Launce in quest of glorie.”
III. 316 6064 80. 80. The Ordinances, Statutes ＆ Rules
made by the E. of Worcester ＆
Constable of England, 6th of Edw.
4. to be observed in all manner of
Justes. 86
APPENDIX C
COTTONIAN MSS. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM RELATING TO THE TOURNEY
Claudius, C IV.
10. Breve R. Richard I ad archiep. Cantuar. missum,
de concessione torneamentorum in Anglia. 233.
11. Forma pacis servandae à torneatoribus, et in juramentis. 233.
Nero, D II.
15. De la creacion et foundacion des heraulz (d’armes). 249b.
16. Les droiz et largesses appartenant et d’aunciennete
accoustumez aux rois d’armes, selon l’usance du
Angleterre. 251b.
18. L’ordonnance de faire joustes et tournois. 253.
19. Les droiz appartenans aux rois d’armes, et heraulx,
en leur absence, en fait de joustes à plaisaunce. 245b.
Galba. B VI.
77. A list of great personages, who probably appeared
at a tilt. 109.
Vesp. C XIV.
229. Notes relating to tournaments. 553.
Titus. B I.
35. Judges deputed for the field in the joustes between
Guisnes and Andres. 127.
Caligula. D VI.
54. Twenty-three original letters from Charles D. of Suffolk,
to Henry VIII, all probably between Oct., 1514,
and March, 1515. 147.
APPENDIX D
The instructions given by the Emperor Maximilian as to the
selection of the subjects for the Plates for _Freydal_.
They are set down on Folio 38 of that work.
“Hernach volgt in was zäl die Rennen vnd stechen in den
Freytal gemacht sollen werden.”
Geschift Rennen.
Item der geschift Rennen sollen XI sein,
Darunnder III fäl, mit ain ander,
Vnnd zwen fäl, das Kaiser besiczt vnnd widerparthey felt,
Die vberigen VI Rennen sollen Sy baide besiczen.
Swayf Rennen.[281]
Item Swayf Rennen sollen VI sein,
Dar vnnder IIII fäl mit ain annder,
Vnd II fäl das Kaiser besiczt vnnd widerparthey felt.
Pündt Rennen.[282]
Item das pünndt Rennen sollen XII sein, dar vnnder sollen zween
fäl sein das der Kaiser besiczt vnnd die Wider-parthey felt,
Vnnd die vbrigen X Rennen solln baid besiczen.
Autzogen Rennen.
Item Anczogen Rennen sollen XXV sein,
Vnnd der Kaiser ist albeg den driten tail besessen, vnd sein
wider parthey den II tail gefallen.
Teutsch gestech.[283]
Item Es sollen sechs vnnd zwainzig teutscher gestech sein,
Die fäl sol Kayserlich Mt noch stymben.
Welsch gestech.[284]
Item Es sollen Acht vnd Dreissig Welscher gestech sein,
Die fäl solle Kyserlich Mt noch stymben.
Tornier (The Tourney).
Item Es sollen sein III Tornier.
Krönl (Krönlrennen).
Item Es sollen sein III Rennen, in der gestalt das ainer ain
Krönl der annder ainen scharfen Rennspiess hab,
Die fäl solle Kay Mt noch stymben.
Velt Rennen.[285]
Item Es sollen sein V veldt Rennen
Summa der Rennen stechen vnd Tornier CXXVIII.[286]
FOOTNOTES:
[281] Another name for _Scharfrennen_.
[282] _Bundrennen._
[283] German Joust.
[284] Joust at the Tilt.
[285] _Feldrennen._
[286] 129?
APPENDIX E
ASHMOLEAN MSS. RELATING TO JUDICIAL DUELS
DISCOURSES ON LAWFUL COMBATS IN ENGLAND
No. 856.
Par. 9. A Discourse “Of the antiquity, use, and ceremony
of lawfull combates in England.” 115-125.
12. A Discourse “Of the antiquitie, use, and ceremony
of lawfull combates in England, written by
Mr. James Whitelock of the Middle Temple.” 149-153.
13. “The antiquity, use, and ceremonyes of lawfull
combates in England.” 154-156.
14. “The antiquity, use, and ceremony of lawfull
combates in England.” 157-172.
“Ex collect’ Guil: Dugdale.”
No. 865.
10*. A treatise of “The wageing of Bataill between two
partyes. First. The quarrell and bills of the
appellant and defendant must be pleaded in the
court.” 58-276.
“_The fee of the Constable is the lystes, the
barris, and stagis belonginge to the same._
Thus endeth the wageing of battaill before the King.”
1115.
97. Erotulis publicis quaedam annotationes; primo de
Militbus Ordinis, et de Windesora; postea de,
constabulariis castri Windesorae, de duello,
et de insigniis armorum. 225-6b.
Extracts by Ashmole, chiefly from the Patent
Rolls and Close Rolls, Hen. III-Ric. II.
No. 840.
47. A short extract by Sir W. Dugdale “Out of a
discourse in French concerning the antient
manner of Combates.” 211.
764.
7. “De la droite ordonnance du Gaige de Bataille par
tout le royaume de France. Phelipe _par la
grace de Dieu Roy de France a touz ceulx qui
ces presentes lettres verront salut_.”
This letter of King Philip IV, written in 1306,
limits the practice of wager of battle, and
is prefixed toregulations for the whole course
of combat. 44-54ᵇ.
856. Order in England, temp. Ric. II.
4*. A book “Of the manner and order of combating within
the listes, delivered by Thomas Duke of
Gloucester unto King Richard the second.” 83-89.
Transcribed “Ex MS. in Bibl’ Hatton,” _with the
listes_, scaffold, and tymber used at the 83-89.
said battaile. Compare Art. 23.
16. “The manner of Donnald Ld Rey, and David Ramsey esq.
their comeing and carriage at their tryall, upon
monday, the 28 of November 1631, before the Ld of
Lynsey, Lord High Constable of England, and
others.” This is a very full report of the
trial. 175-227.
824.
V. Another account of the same. 34-46ᵇ.
856. Treatise, temp. Hen. VI.
22. “Loo my leve lordes, here now next folowing is
a Traytese, compyled by Johan Hill, armorier
and sergeant in the office of Armorye wt kynges
Henry ye 4th and Henry ye 5th, of ye poyntes of
Worship in Armes that longeth to a Gentilman
in Armes, and how he shall be diversly armed
and gouverned, under supportacion and favour
of alle ye reders to correcte adde and amenuse
where nede is, by the high commaundment of the
princes that have powair soo for to ordeyne
and establisshe. _The first honneur in armes
is a gentilman to fight in his souverian lords
quarell in a bataille of treason._” 376-383.
A.D. 1434.
23. “And here next foloweth the maner and fourme
of makyng of the thre Oothes that every
appellant and defendant owe to make openly in
the feelde before the Kyng and the Conestable
and Mareschal, the same day that they shal do
thair armes, both in Frensshe and in Englisshe;
compyled and abstracte oute of a notable
Traityes made of the rieule and gouvernance of
the feelde in armes, by Thomas of Wodestoke
sumtyme Conestable of Englande and uncle to
Kyng Richard (the second), to whom he presented
the saide traities, submitting it to his
noblesse to correct, adde, and amenuse as his
highnes best liked.” 383-391.
“_La fee du Mareshal est les listes, les
barrers, et les estages dycelles etc._”
6*. “The Earle Marshall’s order in the quarrell
betwixt Anthony Felton and Edmond Withepole
esquires, xxiij May 1598.” 105-107.
7. “The manner of the challendge made by the Earle
of Northumberland against Sir Francis Yeare,”
both by letter dated 24 Apr., 1602, and by
inter-messages, until forbidden by the Queen’s
commandment. 107-111.
“Ex MS. in Bibl’ Hatton.”
8*. A statement of “The French King’s edict
constitutinge duellos to be punished in the
nature of treason, within his dominions.” 112-14.
9. A Discourse “Of the antiquity, use, and ceremony
of lawfull combates in England.” 115-125.
“Ex. MS. in Bibl’ Hatton.”
10. “Duello foild. The whole proceedings in the
orderly disolveing of a designe for single
fight betweene two valient gentlemen; by
occasion whereof the unlawfulnesse of a duello
is preparatorily disputed, according to the
rules of honour and right reason; written by
Lord Henry Howard Earle of Northampton.” 126-145.
11. “A Discourse touching the unlawfulness of
private combates, written by Sr Edward Cooke
Lord Chiefe Justice of England, at the request
of the Lord Henry Howard Earle of Northampton.”
(3 Oct., 1609). 146-8.
“Ex. MS. in Bibl’ Hatton.”
15. His Maᵗˢ: declaration against duells, published
at his Maᵗˢ: chappell at Bruxells upon sonday
the 24th of November 1658. 172.
APPENDIX F
HARLEIAN MSS. CATALOGUE OF DOCUMENTS RELATING TO JUDICIAL DUELS
Vol. Page Cod. Art.
I. 249 424 13. }
I. 492 980 134. }
III. 122 4176 2 _et_ 4 } Treatises on Duels.
_et seq._ }
III. 332 6149 19. }
I. 490 980 36. Instances of Trial by Duel.
III. 319 6069 60-67. }
III. 505 7021 22. } Tracts on Single Combats.
I. 490 980 46. Instances of Trial.
III. 322 6079 36. Between Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk.
III. 370 6495 1. Mr. Dan, Archdeacon and Francis Mowbray.
III. 122 4176 2. James Whitlock. Discourses on Combats
in England.
EXTRACTS
I. 249 424 13. The Way of Duells before the King; with
the Office of the Constable and
Earl-Marshal, ＆c. upon such
occasions. 42
I. 490 980 36. Instances of Trials in England by
Ordeal ＆ Duel. ibid.
I. 491 980 46. What happened to Sir Nicholas de
Segrave, anno. 32 Edw. I. who
being accused of Treason, offered
to justifie himself by Duel;
and afterward went over the Sea
(without License) to fight with
his enemy. ibid.
I. 492 980 134. Of legal duels, or Combats. 128
III. 122 4176 2. Of the antiquity, use and ceremony
of Combats in England: by
James Whitlock, ＆c. 12
III. 122 4176 4. Concerning Duells in Spaine. 37
III. 319 6069 66. Du Combat appelle Buhort. 113
III. 319 6069 67. Du Combat appelle Bas ou Barriers. ib.
III. 322 6079 36. A Combat between D. of Hereford ＆
Tho. Mowbray first D. of
Norfolk, ＆ Marshal of England. 29
III. 332 6149 19. De Duellis. 164b
III. 370 6495 1. A Tract with this title, “A tru report
of sundry memorable Accidents
befalling Mr. Daniel Archdeacon,
before and after the Combat appointed
betweene him ＆ Francis Moubray.
Written first in French, by a
faythfull frynd of Mr. Daniel
Archdeacon, and sent to another
frynd of theirs, and since translated
in English by a faythfull frynd to him
＆ to that honest cause.”
26 leaves. At the end are some Anagrams
＆ Acrostics in French, on the name of
Daniel Archdeacon and a table of the
contents of the tract.
III. 505 7021 22. A Catalogue of such Combats as have been
anciently granted by the Kings of England.
APPENDIX G
COTTONIAN MSS. RELATING TO JUDICIAL DUELS
Nero. D II.
17. La form et maniére comment l’appellant et defendant
doivent plaider devant le conestable et mareschal. 252
Vesp. C XIV.
234. The manner how the defendants do answer the Prince’s
highness challenge; being a list of names. 568
235. Of Combats in Mr. Garter’s house. May 23, 1601.
(a draught) 569
236. The Ordinances that belong in gayging of battayle,
made by quarrell, after the constitutions made
by King Philip of France. 570
Faust. E V.
2. Of single Combats. 4
Tiberius. E VIII.
14. Modus faciendi duellum coram rege (Gallice). 50b
The same under Nero. D VI. 82
Vitel. C IV.
10. De certamine singulari coram constabulario
et marescallo Angliae (Gallice). 129
11. De officio Marescalli (Lat. et Gal.). 132b
Titus. C I.
25. B. A collection of papers on duels,
i.e. lawful combats.
26. A brief historical dissertation on duels;
by R. Cotton. 1609. 201
27. Seven tracts on the antiquity, use and ceremony
of lawful combats in England; by Davies,
Whitlock, Holland, Agard and others. 205
28. A challenge for a duel between Henry Inglose,
Esq.; and Sir John Tiptoft, Knt, to be fought
before the Duke of Bedford, high constable.
(Fr.) 1415. 229
29. Five writs relating to combats before the
constable and marshal. 230
30. A list of patents relating to the office of
marshal; from 27 Edw. III. to Henry VI. 232
31. Ten original instruments, being chiefly royal
mandates of Henry VI. several of them signed
by him; concerning lists and combats. 234
32. Notes of certain turns to be put in form, and
then to be concluded by the whole council,
touching the regulation of duels: in the
hand-writing of K. James I. 238b
33. A treatise on duels, in two books. 239
34. A collection of notes, papers, ＆c.,
on duels (chiefly French). 346
35. What manner of duels they use in Italy,
and why they hold it not fit to answer
a challenge. (Ital.) 370b
36. Forme di pace fatte da diversi; being
compromises of quarrels. 374
37. “Duello foiled,” being a treatise in which
the lawfulness of duels is disputed according
to the rules of honour and right reason. 393
38. Two papers on measures taken against duels. 402
39. Of a lye; how it ought to be dealt in by
an E. marshal. 404
40. Notes on the laws in Spain for preventing
single combats. 407
41. Note out of the D. of Bullion’s discourse
touching the lye and the blow. 408
42. Three questions proposed to the count
d’Angoseiola (banished from Palma and living
in Savoy) in matters of duel. (Italian.) 409
43. Placcart des Archiducs contre les defies et
duels (printed). Bruxelles. 1610. 413
44. A paper concerning laws against duels. 416
48. De la droit ordannance du gaige de battaille,
partout le Royaume de France. 434
APPENDIX H
Letter from Thomas Duke of Gloucester and Constable of
England to King Richard II concerning the Manner of
conducting Judicial Duels.
In firste the quarelis and the billis of the appellaunt and of the
defendaunt schal be pletid in the courte.before the constable and
marchall. And when they may not prove ther cause by witnesse.nor bi
non other manner but detrmine ther quarell bi strengthe.the ton for to
prove his entent up on the tother. And the tother in the same manner
for to defende him. The constable hath power for to ioyne that batayle
as vecarie genrall undir god ＆ the kynge and the bataile conioynt by
the Constable.he schal assigne them day and place.so that the day be
not within xl.dayes after the saide batell soo conioynt.but yf it be bi
the consentinge of the seyde appellaunt and defendaunt. Than he schall
awarde them.poyntes of armes.other wise callid wepenes.ayther of them
schal have.that is to say.longe swerde schorte swerde and dagger.so
that the appellant and defendaunt.fynde sufficianunt surete ＆ plegges
that echou of them schal come at his seyde day.the appellaunt for to
doo his power up on the defendaunt.and the defendaunt in his defence
up on the appellaunt. And this to be done.schall be gevyn un to the
appellaunt hour terme and soon.for to make his preve and der (sic)
and for to bethe firste within the listes. for to quite his plegges.
And of the same wise of the defendaunt. And noon of hem schall do
hevinesse.ille harme awaite assaute.nor non other grevaunce.nor ennye
bi them nor bi non of ther frendes welwillinge.nor bi non other who soo
ever it be. The kynge schal fynde the felde.for to feght in. And the
(f. 125b) listes schal be made and devisid by the constable. And it
is to be considerid that the listes schal be.lx.pases of lengthe and
xl.paces of brede in good manner.and that the erthe be ferme stable
and harde.and even made, without grete stones and that the erthe be
plat.and that the listes be strongli barred rounde aboute and a gate
in the este and a nother in the weste with good and stronge barrers
of vij.foote of heyght or more. And it is to wite that ther schulde
be faux listes withouten the principal listes betwene the whiche the
men of the constable and the marchall and s’gauntes of armes of the
kynges schulde be for to kepe and defend yf any wolde make any offence
or fray azens the cries made in the courte in any thinge that myght
be agayns the kynges Roiall mageste or lawe of armes and these men
schulde be armed at all poyntes. The Constable schal have there as
many men of armes as he will and the marchall also bi the assignacion
of the Constable and ellis not the whiche men schal have the kepynge
as is seyde. The s’gauntes of armes of the kynge schal have the keping
of gates of the listes and the arestinges yf any schal be made bi the
comaudemt of the seyde Constable and Marchall. The day of bataile the
kynge schal be in a sege or in a shaffold on heght and a place schal
be made for the Constable and marchall at the stayre foot of the seyde
shaffold there where thei schal be. And than schal be axed the plegges
of the appellaunt and defendaunt for to come in to the listes afore the
kynge and present in the courte as prisioners un to the appellaunt and
defendaunt be come in the listes and have made ther othes. When the ap
(f. 126) pellaunt cometh to his iorney he schale come to the gate of
the listes in the Este in such manner as he will feght with his armes
and wepenis assignid to him bi the courte and ther he schal abide til
he be led in bi the Constable so that when he is comen to the seyde
gate the Constable and marchall schal goo thedir. And the Constable
schal axe him what man he is whiche is comen armed to the gate of the
listes. And what name he hathe and for what cause he is comen. And the
appellaunt schal answere I am suche aman. A. de. K. the appellaunt the
whiche is come to this iorney ＆c for to doo ＆c. And than the Constable
schal open the viser of his basinet soo that he may playnli see his
visage and if it be the same man that is the appellaunt than schal he
make open the gates of the listes and schal make him entre with his
seyde armes poyntes vitailes and other leuefull necessaries up on him
and also his counsell with him and than he schal lede him afore the
kynge and than to his tente where he schal abide til the defendaunt be
comen. In the same manner schal be done of the defendaunt but that he
schal entre in at the weste gate of the listes. The Constable clerk
schal write and sette in the regestre the comyge and the houre of the
entringe of the appellaunt and how that he entreth the listes on fote
and also the harnyes of the appellaunt how that he is armed and with
how many wepenis he entreth the listes and what vitailes and other
leueful necessaries he bringeth in with him. In the same manner schal
be don to the defendaunt. Also the Constable schal mak take hede that
non other before ne behinde the appellaunt (f. 126b) nor the defendaunt
brynge more wepin nor vitailes other then were assignid bi the courte.
And yf it be soo that the defendaunt come not be time to his iorney and
at the oure and terme limit bi the courte the Constable schal comaunde
the marchall for to make calle him at the four corners of the listes
the whiche schal be done in manner as it foloweth. Oyes. Oyez. Oyez.
C. de. B. defendaunt come to yowre Jorney whiche ye have undirtake at
this day for to aquite yowre plegges before the kinge the constable
and marchall in yowre defence agayns. A. de K. appellaunt of that
that he hathe put up on yow. And yf he come not be time he schal be
callid the secunde time in the same manner and at the ende he schal say
come the day passeth faste and yf he come not at that time he schal
be callid the thridde time. But that this be betwixe hye tierce and
none. In the same manner as before and at the ende he schal say the
day passeth faste and the oure of none is nye soo that ye come bi the
seyde oure of none at farrest in pitt that may come. But how soo ever
the Constable hathe yevy oure and terme un to the defendaunt for to
come to his Jorney never the lesse yf that he tarie un to the oure of
none the Jugement schulde not bi right goo agayns him whethir it be in
cas of treson or not. But soo is it not of the appellaunt for he muste
holde the houre and time limitid bi the courte withoute any plonginge
or excusacon what soo ever be it in cause of treson. The appellaunt
and the defendaunt entrede in the (f. 127) listes with ther armoure
wepenes vitailes and leuefull necessaries and counsell as is seyde
and as thei are assigned bi the courte. The Constable schal wete the
kinges wille yf he wil assigne any of his noble lordes or knyghtes of
worschipe un to the sayde pties and yf he wil that the othes be made
afore him or afore the Constable and marchal. And the appellaunt and
defendaunt schal be serchid bi the Constable and marchall of there
poyntes of armes otherwise callid wepenis that they be vowable without
any man disseyte on them and yf thei be other than reson axeth they
schal be taken away ffor reson good feythe and lawe of arms wil not
suffre no gile nor dissayte in soo gret a dede. And it is to wite
that the appellaunt and defendaunt may be armed as sewrely upon ther
bodies as they will. And than the Constable schal sende firste after
the marchall and than for the appellaunt with his counsell for to make
his othe. The Constable schal axe him yf he wil any more protest and
that he putte forthe all his ptestacions bi writinge for fro that time
forthe he schal make no ptestacion. The constable schal have his clerke
redy in his presence that schal ley forthe a masse book open. And
than the Constable schal make his seyde clerke rede the bille of the
appellaunt enterly on heyght and the bille redde the constable schal
say to the appellaunt A. de K. thou knowest wel this bille and this
warant and wedd’ that thou gave in oure courte thou schal lay thi right
honde here up on these seyntes and schal swere in maner as foloweth
(f. 127b). Thou. A.de.K. this thi bille is sothe in all poyntes and
articles fro the beginyge contenynge theirn to the ende and that is
thine entente to preve this day on the forsayde. C.de.B. so god the
helpe and theise halowes and this othe made he schal be led agayne to
his place. The constable schal make the marchal calle the defendaunt
and soo schal be done to the defendaunt in the same manner as to the
appellaunt. And than the Constable schal make calle bi the marchall the
appellaunt agayne and schal make him leye his honde as he did afore
up on the masse book and schal say. A.de.K. thou swerest that thou ne
haste ne schalt have mo poyntes ne poyntes on the ne on thi bodi within
these listes but thei that ben assignid bi the courte that is to say.
a longe swerde schorte swerde and dagger nor non other knyf litill
nor mekill ne non other instrument ne engyn of poynte ne other wise
ne stone of vrtu ne herbe of vrtu ne charme ne expirmet ne karecte no
non other inchauntemt bi the ne for the bi the whiche thou tristest
the better to overcome the forseyde. C.de.B. thin advsarie that schal
come ayens the with in these listes this day in his defence. Ne that
thou ne trustest in non other thinge but onli in god and thi body and
on thi rightful quarell so helpe the god and these halowes and the
othe made he schal be led agayne to his place. In the same wise schal
be done to the defendaunt. The whiche othes made and ther chambirleyns
and srvauntes put a way. the Constable schal make calle bi the marchall
the appellaunt and the defendaunt also the whiche schal be ledde (f.
128) and kepte bi the men of the Constable and marchall before them
and the Constable schal say to bothe the pties. Thou A.de.K. appellour
schal take. C.de.B. defendoure bi the rigt honde and he the. And we
defende yow and echone of yow in the kinges name and up on the pill
that longeth therto and up on pill of lesinge yowre quarell the whiche
that is founden in defaute that non of yow be so hardy to doo to other
ille ne grevauce thirstinge nor other harme bi the honde up on the pill
afore sayde and this charge gevy. the Constable schal make yeve ther
right hondis to gedir and ther lifte hondes up on the missale sayinge
to the appeloure. A.de.K. appelloure thou swerest bi the feythe that
thou yevest in the honde of thine advsarie. C.de.B. defondoure and
bi all the halowe that thou toucheste with thi lifte honde that thou
to-day this day schal doo all thi trewe power and entente bi all the
weyes that thou beste may or kanste to preve thine entente on. C.de.B.
thine advsarie and defendoure to make him yelden him up to thine honde
and creant to crie or speke or ellis make him die bi thine honde to
fore that thou wende oute of these listes bi the tyme and the sunne
that the is assignid bi this courte bi thi feythe and soo helpe the
god and these halowes. C. de. B. defendoure thou swerest bi thi feythe
that thou yevest in the honde of thine advsarie A.de.K. appelloure and
bi all the halowes that thou touchest with thi lifte honde that to day
this day thou schall doo all thi trewe power and entente bi all the
weyes that thou beste may or kanste to defende thine entente of all
that (f. 128b) that is put on the bi. A.de.K. thin advsarie appelloure
bi the feythe and soo helpe the god and all these halowes. And than the
Constable schall comaunde the marchall for to crie at the foure corners
of the listes in manner as foloweth. Oyez. Oyez. Oyez. We charge and
comaunde bi the kynges Constable and marschall that non of gret valew
＆ of litill estate of what condicion or nacion that he be. be so hardy
hens forewarde for to come negh the listes bi foure foote nor to speke
nor to crie nor to make contenance nor token nor semblaunce nor noyse
where bi nouther of these two prties. A.de.K. appellor ＆. C.de.B.
defendour may take avauntage the ton up on the tother up on pill of
lesinge lyf and membre and ther goodes at the kinges wille. And after
the Constable and marchall schal avoyde all manner of pepill oute of
the listes except their luftenauntz and two knyghtes for the Constable
and marchall whiche schal be armed up on there bodies but they schal
have nother knyf nor swerde up on them nor non other wepenes wherbi
the appellaunt other the defendaunt may have therof any avauntage bi
negligence of kepinge of them. But the two luftenauntz of the Constable
and marchall schal have in there handes outher a spere wtoute yren
for to depte them yf the kinge will make them abide in ther feghtinge
whether it be to reste them or other thinge what som ever him liketh.
And it is to be knowen that if yf any adminstracion schulde be made to
the appellaunt or to the defendaunt of mete or of drinke or any other
necessarie thinge leeful after (f. 129) that the counsell of frendes
and s’vauntz ben put away of the appellaunt and of the defendaunt as
is seyde the seyde adminstracion apteneth to the herawdes and also
all the cries made in the seyde courte the whiche kingsz heraudes and
pursevauntes schal have a place for the assignid bi the Constable and
marchall as nye the listes as may goodli be soo that they may see all
the dede ＆ to be redy yf thei be callid for to doo any thinge. The
appellaunt in his place kepte bi som men assignid by the Constable or
marchall ＆ the defendaunt in his place in the same wise. Bothe two
made redy and arayed ＆ with feleschipe bi ther kepers above sayde the
marchall with the ton ptie ＆ the levetenant of the Constable with the
tother. The Constable sittinge in his place above sayde afore the kinge
as his viker genrall and pties made redy for the feghte as is sayde
bi the comaundement of the kinge. The constable schal say with hye
voyce as foloweth. lessiez lez aler. that is to say lat them goo and
reste a while. lessiez lez aler and reste a nother while. lessiez lez
aler ＆ fair leur devoir depdieu. that is to say lat them goo and doo
ther devour in goddes name. And this seyde eche man schal depte fro
bothe pties soo that they may incountre ＆ doo that them semeth beste.
The appellaunt ne the defendaunt may nouther ete nor drinke fro that
time forthe withoute leve ＆ licence of the kinge for thinge that myght
falle but yf thei wol do it bi the consentinge betwixe them. Fro this
time forthe it is to be considered diligentli bi the constable that
yf the kinge will make the pties feghtinge depte reste or abide (f.
129b) for wham som ever cause it be that he take good kepe how thei
are deptid so that thei be in the same estate and degre in all thinges
yf the kinge wil sure or make them goo to gedir agayne and also that
he have good harkeninge and syghte un to them yf outher speke to other
be it of yeldinge or other wise for un to him longeth the witnesse and
the recorde of the wordes fro that time forthe ＆ to non other. And
yf the seyde batell of treson he that is convicte ＆ discomfit schal
be disarmed in the listes bi the comaundement of the Constable and a
corner of the listes broken in the reprove of him bi the whiche schal
be drawen oute with hors fro the same place there he is soo disarmed
thorow the listis un to the place of iustice where he schal be hedid
or hongid after the usage of the cuntre the whiche thinge apenteth to
the marchall and to ovrsee and to pforme his seyde office and to put
him in execucion and to goo or ride and to be alwey bi him til it be
done and all pformed and aswel of the appellaunt as of the defendaunt
for good feythe and right and lawe of armes will that the appellaunt
renne in the same peyne that the defendaunt schulde doo if he were
covicte and discomfit. And yf it happen soo that the kinge wolde take
the quarell in his hande and make them acordid withoute more feghtinge.
Than the Constable takinge the ton ptie and the marchall the tother and
lede them afore the kinge and he schewinge them his wille the seedy
Constable and marchall schal lede them to the on ptie of the listes
with all there pointz and armor as thei are founden and havyge when the
(f. 130) kynge took the quarell in his honde as is seyde. And soo they
schal be led oute of the gate of the listes evenly so that the ton goo
not afore the tother bi no wey in noo thinge for senne the hath taken
the quarell in his hande it schulde be dishonest that outher of the
pties schulde have mor disworschipe than the tother. Wherfore it hath
ben seyde bi many aunciaunt men that hee that gooth first oute of the
listes hath the disworschipe and this is aswel in cause of treson as
in other cause what soo ever it be. The fee of the herawdes is all the
poyntes ＆ armor brokin theis pt he taketh away or leveth after that he
is entrid the listes aswel of the appellaunt as of the defendaunt and
all the poyntes and armor of him that is discomfit be it the appellaunt
other the defendaunt. The fee of the marchall is the listes the Barrers
and the postes of them.
INDEX
A
“Abilment for Justus of the Pees,” 67, 68
Accidents in the lists, 11
Additional or reinforcing pieces, 40
Ameliorations in the tourney, 39
_Antiquarian Repertory_, 44, 48
_Anzogenrennen_, 100, 114
_A Outrance_, The term, 9
_Archæologia_, 69
_Archæological Journal_, 69, 102
_Armatura Spigolata_, 108
Armet with disk behind, 83
_Armorial de la Toison d’Or_, 44, 143
_Armouries of the Tower of London_, by Charles J. ffoulkes, 91
Armour of the Black Prince, 29
— imported from Germany, 38
— for the lists, 38, 40
— German and Italian forms, 38, 40
— worn by Maximilian I. at Worms in 1495, 39
— for running with pointed lances (_Scharfrennen_), 40, 98, 99
— for combats on foot, 41, 105
— bards and trappers of the fifteenth century, 45, 65
— imported from Italy and Germany, 107
— made in England, 107
Armyng points, 69
“Armyng” swords, 114
Articles of combat for the tournament at Westminster in 1511, 118
Ashmolean MSS., 44;
“Certain Triumphs,” 81
Attaints made at the tournament at Westminster in 1511, 120
B
Bards, 22, 108, 109
“Barriers” and foot combats, 41, 54, 86, 105, 117, 122,
124, 131, 133
“Barriers and Foot Combats,” a paper by Viscount Dillon, 126
Bases, 108, 116
Bâton of illegitimacy, 86
Bayard, 111
Bayard’s fight at “barriers,” 111
Beauchamp pageants, 45
Bec de faucon, 54
Behourd, The, 2
Bertrand du Guesclin, 28
Bibliothèque de Bourgogne, 44
Bisague, 69
Blending of the tournament with the pageant, 41, 78
Boeheim Wendelin, 85;
_His Waffenkunde_, 42
Boucicaut, 32
Brantôme, 166
Brasses, 10, 65
Breastplates for _rennen_ and _stechen_, 95
Bulk of the armour of the sixteenth century made in Germany, 86
Bulls against tournaments, 11
_Bundrennen_, 100, 104
Burgmaier Hans, 89, 104
Burgonet, 106
Burres, 69
C
Cap of Maintenance, The, 37
Carrousels or Karoussels, 85, 107
Carter’s _Painting and Sculpture_, 23
Casualties at tournaments, 115
Caxton’s Epilogue, 82
— reference to the Royal Joust at London in 1390, 35
Cervillière, 37
Chain-mail, 21
Challenges for the _pas d’armes_ L’Arbre de Charlemagne in 1443, 59
Challenge by an esquire of Arragon in 1400, 49
Chamfron, The, 74, 109
_Chapitres d’Armes_, 9, 48, 57, 58, 114, 122
Chargers for the tourney and their equipment, 43
— often ridden blindfolded, 43
Charles the Bold, 43, 81, 88
Charles V, the Emperor, 88
Chastelain’s _Chroniques, Jacques de Lalain_, 44
Chaucer’s _Knight’s Tale_, 27
“Checques” or scoring tablets, 120
Chroniclers of the Tournament, 9
— Mediæval Latin, 9
Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester, 11
_Chronique de Monstrelet_, 44
_Chroniques de St. Remy_, 102
Collar of SS, 55, 66
Collections of Armour, 84
Colombière’s _Theater d’Honneur et de Chevalrie_, 153
Combat _à outrance_ near Vannes, 30
— on horseback at Arras in 1425, 53
— between three Portuguese and three Frenchmen in 1415, 53
Combat at Arras between five Frenchmen and five Burgundians, 55
— _à outrance_ between de Ternant and Galiot de Baltasin
in 1446, 109
Combats on foot, 105
Commines, P. de, 80
“Comyng in to the felde,” 67, 70
_Consilium Albiense_, 2
Coronal of the lance, 15, 69
Cost of jousting harnesses in the sixteenth century, 91
_Coup ou la lance des Dames_, 15
_Coup de Jarnac_, 165
_Course au pavois_, 100
Course of _Gestech_, run at Jena in 1487, 84
— _à la targe futée_, 99
— _à la queue_, 27
— _appelée Bund_, 100
Crests, 36, 37, 42
Crinet, 109
Crowds attending tournaments apt to become partisans, 12
Cuirass employed in _Rennen_, 98
Cushion or mattress placed on horse’s chest in jousting, 93
Cuisses, 70
Cyclas, 21
D
Dagworth, Sir Nicholas, 28
— brass in Blickling Church, 28
Death of Duke Philippe le Bon in 1467, 77
Decline of the tournament, 85
Decline of armour and its causes, 138
Decoration of lists _temp._ Henry VIII, 116
Deeds of Arms at Bordeaux in 1389, 32
— — — in 1402, 51
— — — at Valentia in 1403, 51
Definition of Esquires and Kings of Arms, 63
Definition of _Scharfrennen_, 97
Degradation of a Knight, 124
De La Marche, 73
Demi-harnesses, 109
De Pluvinal, 85
Differences in costume between knights and esquires, 65
Dillon, Viscount, 63, 68, 85, 105, 108
Disorderly tournament at Rochester in 1251, 16
Duel at Montereau in 1387, 30
— between the Dukes of Brittany and Bourbon, 46
— between the Bastard of Burgundy and Lord Scales in 1467, 76
Dugdale, Sir William, 148
_Dülgen_ or _Dilgen_ (Dichlinge) jousting-cuisses, 64, 98
Duke of Orleans challenges Henry IV of England, 51
Duties of “pursuivants d’armes,” 129
E
Edicts issued against tournaments, 11, 13
Effigies, 10, 20, 21
Effigy in St. Bride’s Church, Glamorganshire, 37
— Hoveringham Church, 65
— of Sir Richard Beauchamp, 66
Eglington Tournament in 1839, 139-142
_Ehrenpforte_, 89
English iron found unsuitable for armour making, 107
Enriched armour, 67, 109
Espinette, The, 36
_Excerpta Historica_, 82
Expression, The, “trapped and barded” defined, 109
F
Fatal accident in jousting to the Earl of Pembroke in 1390, 37
— — — — Henri II of France, 104, 126
Favine’s _Theatre of Honour and Knighthood_, 2, 6, 152
Feats of Arms at Entença, 31
— — Edinburgh in 1448, 64
— — near St. Omer in 1446, 71
— — at Bruges in 1446, 72
— — at Arras in 1446, 73
Fees to officers of arms, 135
_Feldrennen_, 101
_Feldturnier_, 101
Fêtes d’armes at St. Ingelbert in 1389, 5
— at Paris in 1559, 104, 125
— at Bruges in 1468, 78
Fêtes de l’Arbre d’Or in 1468, 79
ffoulkes, Chas. J., 91
Field of the Cloth of Gold, 122
Fifteenth Century, The, 38
Fight on foot between John Astley and Philip Boyle of Arragon, 67
Fine “hoasting” harness of the middle of the sixteenth century
at Berlin, 109
First joust of the Comte de Charolais at Brussels in 1452, 74
First coming into the tiltyard of Prince Charles of Wales
in 1619, 134
Fitzstephen, William, 9, 10
Fourteenth century a period of transition, 23
_Freiturnier_, 106
French King’s ordinance in 1409, 49
Friedrich of Saxony running in _Gestech_, 97
_Freydal_, 87, 88, 94, 97, 100, 101, 103, 105
Froissart, 23, 44, 155
_Fussturnier_, 106
G
Garde-rein, 95
Garter, Institution of the Order of the, 4
_Gedritts_, A, 99
_Gemeine deutsche Gestech_, 93, 94, 104
Germany captures the trade in armour from Milan, 38
_Geschiftrennen_, 99
_Geschifttartscherennen_, 100, 104
_Geschiftscheibenrennen_, 100, 105
_Gestech_ or _Stechen_, 93
_Gestech im Beinharnisch_, 93, 97, 104
_Gestech im hohen zeug_, 93
_Gestech_ ran at Leipzig in 1489, 96
Glossarium, Du Cange, 1
Göding, Heinrich, 89
Gothic armour, 65
Gothic armour of the connoisseur, 66, 108
Grand Assize, The, 147
Grand-guard, 63
Grand tournament at Brussels in 1428, 54
Grapers, 69
Great armour-smiths of the fifteenth century, 66
Great armour-smiths’ families, 38
Great wardrobe of Edward III, 26
Great jousting-helm, 94
Greaves, 70
Grelots, 103
Gunpowder and early ordnance, 23
Gurlitt, 85, 106
H
_Hach d’armes_, 62
Haenel, Professor, 85, 89
_Halbierung_, 101
Hall’s _Chronicle_, 85, 116
— florid account of the tournament at Westminster in 1511, 119
Hammer-headed axes, 74
Hardyng’s _Chronicle_, 18
Harness for the tourney became sharply divided from
“hoasting” armour, 40
Harnesses in Paris and London, for _Gestech_, 94
— at Nuremburg, for _Gestech_, 96
— for _Freiturnier_, 106
— for _Fussturnier_, 106
— for _Realgestech_, 106
Hastiludia, or spear-play, 2
Hastilude at Lincoln, 26
Hefner’s _Trachten_, 23
Helm for _Kolbenturnier_, 41
Helmet for foot-fighting, 67
Henry VIII imports German armour-smiths, 107
Henry VIII and Maximilian I take great delight in the tourney, 115
Henry VIII a successful jouster, 124
Heraldic bearings, 22
Hewitt’s _Ancient Armour_, etc., 36, 45, 69, 154
_History of the Life and Acts of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick_,
by John Rouse, 45
_Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne_, 53
“Hoasting” armour, 107
_Hohenzeuggestech_, 93, 94, 104
Holinshed’s _Chronicles_, 25, 85, 116
_Horda Angel-Cynnan_, 52
Horses charged at an amble in jousting, 94
Horse’s collar of bells, 96
“How a man schall be armyd at his ese when he schal fighte
on foote,” 71
“How lances shall be broken,” 80
I
Illuminations in Chronicles, 10
— of jousting at the tilt, 67
— depicting the arming of a man for a combat on foot, 70
Illustrations of _Geschifttartscherennen_ and
_Geschiftscheibenrennen_, 100
— —_Anzogenrennen_, 100
— — _Krönlrennen_, 100
— — tournaments of the sixteenth century, 67
Influence of the tournament, 138
J
Jambers, 108
Jean de Féore de St. Remy, 45
Jocelin of Brakelond, 12, 16
John Astley’s fight on foot with Phillippe Boyle of
Arragon in 1442, 56
Joust, The: William of Malmesbury’s definition, 3
Joust at the tilt: its origin and salient features, 102
— Cuirass employed, 103
Jousting armour at Dresden, 84
— exploits of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, 52
— helm, 93
— shield, 64, 96
— salade, 98
— cuisse, 98
— lances, 41
— in the open, 39
— traditions of Burgundy transferred to Germany and Austria, 81
— played a great part in the daily routine of the German Courts, 42
Jousts of courtesy with pointed lances, 97
— — Peace, 9
— — War, 9
— at Blei in 1256, 17
— of the early part of the fourteenth century, 23
Jousts pictured in _Codex Balduini Treverencis_, 25
Joust at Cheapside in 1330, 25;
at Dunstable in 1341, 25;
those held in 1347, 26;
at Northampton, Dunstable, Canterbury, Bury, Reading,
and Eltham, 26;
at Rennes in 1357, 28;
jousts held in honour of the marriage of Charles VI of France, 31;
jousting in Scotland in 1398, 37;
at the coronation of Queen Jane, 52;
jousting at the tilt at Dijon in 1443, 59;
at Tours in 1446, 61;
at Ghent in 1445, 62;
between John Astley and Philip Boyle, 67;
between John Astley and Pierre de Masse, 1438, 68;
jousts and pageants at Lille in 1453, 75;
jousting at Paris in 1468, 81;
“iust roial” at the marriage of Richard Duke of York, 81;
joust at the tilt between William IV of Bavaria and the
Pfalzgraf Friedrich of the Rhine in 1510, 103;
joust at Paris in 1513, 114;
at Naumburg in 1505, 114;
at Lille in 1513, 114;
jousts at the tilt in honour of the coronation of Henry VIII, 116;
at Richmond in 1510, 117;
at Greenwich in 1513, 120;
at Greenwich in 1517, 121;
jousting at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 122;
jousting at Greenwich in 1536, 124;
jousts and barriers held in 1558, 125;
jousts at Westminster in 1581, 131.
_Joûte Allemand_, 93
_Joûte au harnois de jambe_, 93
_Joûte à la haute barde_, 93
_Joûtes à outrance_, 9
Judicial combats properly classed with the tournament, 8
— Duel, The, 145
— — _temp._ Richard II, 154;
at Paris 1386, 155;
between Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk, 156;
between men and their wives, 158;
with spiked clubs, 159;
duel at Arras in 1431, 161;
at Quesnoy in 1405, 161;
at Smithfield in 1446, 163;
duel compounded in 1446, 162;
duel at Valenciennes in 1455, 163;
in France in 1547, 165;
at Haddington in 1548, 165.
— duels became rare _temp._ Queen Elizabeth, 166
— duel of the knightly order in 1603, 167
— — ordered in 1571, 167; and in 1817
Jupon, 28
_Justes mortelles_, 97
Juvenal des Ursins, 31, 155
K
_Kampfschurz_, 105
“Kerchief of Plasaunce,” 27
King Philippe Augustus sends a challenge to King Richard I, 13
King Edward III invades France, 26
King Henri IV challenges Mayenne to single combat, 127
King René’s writings illustrated by himself, 46
“Kinges of Armes and Hauraldes,” 131
Kings of Arms, 16
Knight-errantry, 11
Knightly panoply of the thirteenth century, 21
Knightly armour of late in the thirteenth century, 28
_Kolbenturnier_, 41, 94
_Kolben_ or baston, 41
_Krönlrennen_, 101
L
Lance, The, 18, 69, 90, 96, 98, 108
Lances rebated in 1252, 3, 15
Lance-heads, 41
Lance-rest, 40, 95
La Statuta d’Armes de Turneys _temp._ Henry V, 53
Latest phrase of _cap-à-pie_ armour, 138
Laton, 66
Law for judicial combats in abeyance for a long period, 167
Law for trial by combat repealed _anno_ 1818, 168
Leitner, Querin von, 85
Letters of safeguard, 115
Lists, 77, 122, 147
Lists described, 14;
their officials, 15;
only five authorized in England, 14;
frequently artificially lighted, 42;
strewn with sand or tanning refuse, 40
Lists for foot combats, 67
Lists at Dijon in 1443, 57;
at West Smithfield in 1467, 76
Literature concerning tournaments, 85
Locking gauntlet, 49, 106
Lombarde, 10
M
_Magenblech_, 98
Main courses of the joust, 92
_Maneige Royal_, 85
Manifer or mainfare, 64
Mantling or Lambrequin, 37, 95
Manuscripts in Burgundian Library, 143
Marche, De La, 77, 78
Marie of Burgundy, 88
Matthieu de Courci, 65
Matthew Paris, 9
Matthew of Westminster, 9
Mattress, A, protects the horse’s breast, 39
“Maximilian” armour, 108
Maximilian I, 43, 87
— — engages armour-smiths at Milan, 39
— of Austria a successful jouster, 124
Maximilian II mounted for _Scharfrennen_, 99
Mechanism in shields for _Genschifttartscherennen_
and _Geschiftscheibenrennen_, 100
_Mêlée_, The, 46, 100;
much supplanted by the joust, 41
_Mémoires de la Marche_, 44, 76
_Mémoires de Sire de Haynin_, 46
Menestrier, 85
Method of tilting described, 39
Meyrick, 63, 69
Meyrick’s _Critical Essay on Antient Armour_, 46
Milan the chief seat for the manufacture of body-armour, 38
_Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages_, 62
Modern revivals of the tournament, 139
Monkish chronicles, 34
Monstrelet, 44
Montfaucon, 153
Moton or Bisague, 69
Motons, 83, 95
Mounted models at Dresden, 84
Much that is fanciful and unreal written about tournaments, 85
N
Narrow escape from death of Henry VIII in tilting, 123
New forms of jousting with variants, 86
New forms of civil dress always reflected in armour, 107
New modes of armour of fifteenth century had their birth
in Italy, 66
_Nugæ Antiquæ_, 46
Number of courses usually run at a joust tended to increase, 29
O
Ordeal, Early form of, 147
Order of the Garter, 26
— Golden Fleece, 44
“Ordinance of kepyng of the Felde,” 131
Ordinances, statutes, and rules promulgated
by John Tiptoft in 1466, 46
Origin of the joust, 3
_Origines Juridiciales_, 148
Orle or wreath, 37
P
Pageantry combined with tournaments often of
incredible puerility, 116
Paper on “A MS. Collection of Ordinances of Chivalry
of the fifteenth century,” 67
Paris, Matthew, on the Round Table, 3
_Pas d’armes_ at Arras in 1435, 55;
at L’Arbre de Charlemagne near Dijon in 1443, 57;
at West Smithfield in 1467, 76;
at Greenwich _temp._ Henry VII, 82;
at Ayre in Picardy in 1494, 111;
Pas de la Pélerine in 1446, 71;
L’Arbre d’Or in 1468, 61;
at end of fifteenth century, 48;
at Westminster in 1501, 113
— — frequently combined with masques and mummeries, 75
Pas-gard, The, 63, 106, 108
Patents taken out in England for models of horses for jousting
fitted with mechanical appliances for impulsion, 91
“Peasecod-bellied” breastplates, 104
Peffenhauser, Anton, 91, 106
Penalties inflicted for the infraction of tournament rules, 12
Pensill, The, 70
Père, Daniel, 13
Permanent lists, 107
Perquisites of officials of lists, 15
Persons exempted from judicial duels, 148
Peytral, The, 109
_Pfannenrennen_, 101, 105
_Pfeifenharnis_, 109
Philippe le Bon, 45
Pictorial representations of jousts and tournaments, 23
Pictures of jousts in the _Gewehrgallerie_, Dresden, 89;
picture at Dresden of models of horses impelled for charging
by a mechanical apparatus, 90;
of the procession to the lists at the tournament at
Westminster in 1511, 117;
of a legal duel, 151;
of an informal legal duel, 153;
of a knightly judicial duel, 164
_Pièces d’avantage_, 63
Poldermiton, The, 64, 96
Position of peaks or tapuls on the breastplate, 110
Preuilli, Geoffroi de, 1
Prince Dolphin of Auvergne, 132
Prizes, 16, 76, 86, 111, 114, 125, 127
Proofs by fire and water, 146
Q
Queue, The, 40, 95
Quintain, The, 6, 75
R
Ranulph de Glanville, 148
_Rasthaken_ or queue, 104
_Realgestech_, 103, 106
Realistic tournament at Paris, 31
Records of tournaments in the College of Arms, London, 85;
among the Ashmolean, Harleian, and Cottonian MSS, 85
Reinforcing pieces, 63, 64;
first appear in England in the reign of Edward IV, 40;
worn at Ghent in 1445, 63
René d’Anjou, 55, 131
_Rennen_, 89;
at Minden between August of Saxony and Johann von Ratzenberg, 99
Representations of the tourney on tapestry and carvings on ivory, 10
Revival of the tournament in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 125, 126
Robert of Gloucester, 9
Rockenburger, Sigmund, 99
Roger de Hoveden, 9;
his _Annals_, 12
“Roiall iustes” at Smithfield in 1358;
at London in 1359, 27;
and 1362, 28
Roll of purchases for the tournament at Windsor Park in 1278, 18
Roll in the Heralds’ College of the “iusts” at Westminster
in honour of Queen Katherine, 117
Romance of Richard Cœur de Lion, Sir Ferumbras, and others, 23;
Roman de Rou, 9;
du roy Miliadus, 23;
Perceforest, 27;
Petit Jehan de Saintré, 45;
Three King’s Sons, 130
Round Table (_Tabula Rotunda_) Definition, 6;
Reason for the institution given by Dugdale, 4;
Round Table held by the Earl of Mortimer at Kenilworth
in 1279, 3, 17;
Actual Round Table at Winchester, 4;
Henry III forbad the holding of a round table in 1251, 13;
Round Table at Windsor in 1344, at Valenciennes in same year, 6;
at Windsor in 1343, 1345, 1352, 4, 26;
at Lichfield in 1348 or 1349, 26
Routine of an early tournament, 15
Royal Jousts, 24;
in 1513, 1515, 1519, 1520, 121;
1539, 124
Rules for the tournament promulgated by King René, 46
— — — the _Mêlée_ and for “Barriers,” 47
— in France for judicial combats, 151;
for conducting them in England _temp._ Richard II, 160;
_temp._ Richard III, 161;
_temp._ Henry VIII, 165
Running at the Ring, 6, 7
_Rüsthaken_, or lance-rest, 95, 104
S
Sabatons, 70
Saddles: each form of joust had its special type, 39, 42, 43, 93,
94, 98, 102
Safeguards granted for tournaments, 85
Sainte-Palaye on the tournament, 139
_Scharfrennen_, or _Rennen_, 89, 93, 97;
realistic representation at Dresden, 99
_Scharmützel_ at Dresden in 1553, 106;
at Eltham in 1515, 121;
at Westminster in 1581, 132
Schaufflein, Hans, 88
_Schwänzel_, 95, 99
Scoring of points in jousting, 49, 131
Scoring “Checques,” 127, 129, 130
Seals, 10
Seigneur de la Marche, 45
Serious accidents in jousting, 55, 56
Seusenhofer, Conrad, 92, 108
Shields, 37, 99, 100, 101, 104
Singular judicial duel between Jews, 153
— form of judicial duel, 159
Skirmish at Toury in 1380, 29
Societé de Bibliophiles Belges, 46
“Solemne iusts enterprised in 1400,” 49
“Solemn Triumphes” at Richmond in 1494, 84;
at London in 1502, 114
Some fashions of armour in the sixteenth century
very ineffective, 107
Speyer, Peter von, 109
Spurs, 99
Standard of mail, 65
Statuta de Armis, 19
_Stechen_, 89
Stephen, King, 10
_Stirnplätter_, 63, 98
Strengthening jousting harness, 38
Subterranean jousting at Montereau in 1420, 53
Suits at Paris and Dresden for jousting at the tilt, 103
_Schweifrennen_: see _Scharfrennen_, 97
T
_Tabula Rotunda_ held at Wallenden in 1252, 3
Tapestry at Valenciennes, 42, 83
Taxes levied on tournaments, 12
Tenans, Rôle of the, 33
“Tenants” at the tournament at Westminster in 1511, 118
Terms: “tourney” and “joust” often confounded with one another, 3
_Testamenta Vetusta_, 28
_Theuerdank_, 88
Thomas of Walsingham, 17
Tilt, The, 39, 67
Tilting in Tudor times, 102
“Tilting in Tudor Times,” a paper by Viscount Dillon, 130
Tilt, tourney and barriers, 133
“To arme a man,” 67, 71
“To cry a Justus of Pees,” 67, 69
“To cry a tourney,” 25
Tomaso da Missaglia, 66
Tonlet armour, 67, 108
Tournaments, Origin of, 1;
Definition by Roger de Hoveden, 1;
by Claude Favchet, 1;
Introduction claimed for Germany, 2;
Rules of 1066, 1;
Introduced into England from France, 10;
Revived in England by Richard I, 12;
tournaments of twelfth and thirteenth centuries, 11;
rough and brutal up to reign of Edward I, 11;
Banned by Church and State, 11;
controlled by Royal Ordinances, 12;
very popular in France, 13;
Edicts issued against them, 14, 16;
Forbidden in 1302, 24
Tournaments held in 1247 and 1248, 16;
at Brackley in 1250, 12;
at Neuss, 11;
at Chalòns in 1274, 16;
at Condé in 1327, 24;
at London in 1342, 25;
at Mons, 28;
at Nantes, 30;
at Cambray in 1385, 29;
at St. Ingelbert about 1389, 32;
at London in 1390, 34;
at Windsor about 1395, 35;
at Brussels in 1452, 74, 75;
on the coronation of Edward IV, 76;
at Paris in 1515, 114;
at Hampton Court in 1570, 126;
at Westminster in 1572, 129;
at Westminster in 1581, 132;
at Windsor in 1593, 133
Tournaments attained their highest development about the middle
of the fifteenth century, 85;
were much fostered at the Courts of Aix and Burgundy, 43;
closely associated with pageants and mummeries in the
sixteenth century, 86;
neglected in the reigns of Edward VI and Queen Mary, 124;
greatly prevailed at the German Courts, 86
Tournament of the Royal Amaranthus in 1620, 137;
the revival at Brussels in 1905, 142-144
Tourney. The term and its application, 114;
as practised by the Londoners in the reign of King Stephen, 10
Tourney books. René d’Anjou’s, 41, 93;
Electors of Saxony, 89;
Duke Henry of Braunschweig-Luneberg, 92;
Duke William IV of Bavaria, 92;
Maximilian I at Sigmaringen, 42, 89;
Zuganovitz Stanislaus, 92
_Traité de Tournois_, par Louis de Bruges, 45
_Traicte de la forme et Devis d’ung Tournois_, 131
Transition from chain-mail to plate-armour, 21, 65
Trappers, 91, 103, 116
Treatises against judicial duels, 167
Trial by combat: civil cases, 149;
criminal cases, 149;
the custom never took deep root in England, 148;
its scope and history, 146;
working of the institution in Germany, 157;
judicial duel at Westminster in 1380, 154;
at Sedan, 166;
combat allowed as late as 1817, 168
Triumph at Earl’s Court in 1912, 144-45
_Triumph of Maximilian_, 89, 109
“Triumphant iusts and turnies” in the second year of Henry V, 53
Trivet, 16
Typtofte Rules _anno_ 1446, 46
V
Vamplate, The, 36, 40, 98
Varlets, 14
Vauldray, Claude de, 111
_Verein für historische Waffenkunde_, 89
“Volante-Piece,” The, 63
W
Wace, 9
_Waffenkunde_, 93, 106
Wallace Collection of Armour, 94
_Wappenmeisterbuch of Hans Schwenkh_, 92, 103
Water Quintain in 1585, 133
Way, Albert, 67
Weapons for foot-fighting, 105
_Weisskünig_, 89, 100
_Welsch Gestech_ or Italian Joust, 93, 102, 104
White Hoods, 26
William of Malmesbury, 9
William of Newbury, 9, 10, 11
“Woalant piece over the head,” 82
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