THE VELLORE MUTINY
1805-1807
Lieut. Colonel Gillespie--19th at Arcot--Mutiny of Vellore--A
military wonder--19th ordered to England--A quarter of a
century’s changes--The “terrors of the East”--Farewell
orders--19th land in England.
“‘Trumpeter, sound for the Light Dragoons,
Sound to saddle and spur,’ he said,
‘He that is ready may ride with me,
And he that can may ride ahead.’”
--_Newbolt._
In January 1801, a second Lieut. Colonel had been added to the
establishment of the regiment, in the person of Major Edgar Hunter,
promoted from the 2nd Dragoon Guards, without purchase. Lt. Colonel
Hunter remained in England, and never joined the regiment. The
vacancy caused by Maxwell’s death at Assaye was filled for a time
by the Governor General, at Sir Arthur Wellesley’s recommendation,
appointing Lieutenant Colonel William Wallace of the 74th Highlanders
to command the 19th Light Dragoons. But the appointment was
not confirmed in England, and, the following year, Wallace was
transferred to H.M. 80th, to make way for Major James Kennedy, who
had been promoted to fill the vacancy. A little later, Lieutenant
Colonel Sir Robert Wilson was brought from half-pay of Hompesch’s
Mounted Riflemen to be Lieutenant Colonel, in place of Hunter, who
was placed on half-pay. But Wilson also did not join the regiment,
and, three months later, exchanged into the 20th Light Dragoons with
Lieutenant Colonel Robert Rollo Gillespie, who, during the short
time he was with the 19th, was destined to perform one of the most
curious feats of arms ever done by an individual.
In an age prolific of daring deeds Gillespie was already widely
known as the hero of many a desperate adventure. Headstrong and
impetuous by nature, in action he was a brave and gallant soldier
to whom nothing appeared impossible. The only child of a Scotch
gentleman settled in Ireland, at the age of ten Gillespie was
gazetted as Ensign to the 45th Foot, from which he was transferred
as Lieutenant to the 104th. On that regiment being disbanded in the
beginning of 1783, he was transferred as Cornet to the 6th Dragoon
Guards, then quartered in Ireland. Four years later, he was concerned
in an affair that attracted much notice at the time, and nearly
brought his military career to an abrupt close. While quartered at
Athy in Kildare, an altercation took place one day in Gillespie’s
room, between one of his brother officers, named Mackenzie, and
a Mr Barrington, brother of Sir Jonah Barrington, whose estate
was in the neighbourhood. In a duelling age, the Barringtons were
remarkable for their fire-eating propensities. A meeting was fixed
upon for the following morning, Barrington insisting on fighting
in a particular part of his family estate. Gillespie attended as
second to Mackenzie. Shots were exchanged without result, and it was
proposed by the seconds that the affair should be considered at an
end. Barrington objected, and a fierce quarrel arose between him and
Gillespie. A challenge to fight on the spot was given and accepted.
Gillespie, knowing Barrington’s reputation as a duellist, drew out
his handkerchief, proposing that each should hold one end of it. Both
fired at the same moment: Barrington fell shot through the heart, but
Gillespie escaped with only a slight wound, the bullet having glanced
off a button. Gillespie was tried at the summer assizes of 1788, at
Maryborough, for wilful murder, and acquitted by the jury, with a
verdict of justifiable homicide.
In 1792, Gillespie was promoted to a Lieutenancy in the newly raised
20th Light Dragoons, which was enlisted for service in Jamaica,
and maintained at the expense of the island. In the attack of
Port-au-Prince in St Domingo he distinguished himself, along with
Captain Rowley of the Navy, by swimming ashore, their swords in
their mouths, as bearers of a flag of truce. They were fired on as
they swam, and would have been shot on landing, if Gillespie had not
made himself known as a freemason to the Governor, who was also a
fellow craftsman. While in St Domingo, an attack at night was made on
Gillespie’s house by eight men. Awakened by the cries of his servant,
who was being murdered, he attacked the assailants with his sword,
and killed six of them. The remaining two fled, after inflicting
a dangerous wound on him. On exchanging to the 19th, he obtained
permission to find his way out to India overland, and travelled
through Germany, which was then in the hands of the French, Austria,
Servia, Constantinople, where he fought a successful duel with a
French Officer who picked a quarrel with him, Aleppo and Baghdad. The
journey was a hazardous one at that time, and he had more than one
narrow escape. On reaching Arcot, the command of the whole garrison
devolved on him, in virtue of his brevet rank. Hardly had he assumed
the command, when an event occurred at the neighbouring station of
Vellore that will always be associated with Gillespie’s name.
Matters relating to food, dress and other petty details of social
life, which in Europe are treated as matters of personal caprice,
have, in the East, become so intermingled with religious observances,
that they have, in the course of time, come to be regarded as an
essential part of the religion of the people, and of paramount
importance in the conduct of their lives. Nowhere are these
quasi-religious observances so tenaciously held as in India, and
nowhere do they relate more to matters which in other countries
are held to be of trivial importance. The lesson is one that is
continually forcing itself on the notice of Indian administrators,
and is continually being forgotten.[56]
After the fall of Seringapatam, in 1799, the strong fortress of
Vellore was selected to be the place of residence of the numerous
family of Tippoo Sultan. Beyond being required to reside in Vellore,
they were under no restraint. They were in receipt of large money
allowances from the British Government, and they had gathered around
them a swarm of needy followers who were ripe for any mischief. In
November 1805, Lieutenant General Sir J. Cradock, who had assumed the
command of the forces in Madras a few months earlier, issued an order
establishing a new pattern of turbans for the native army. Two months
later, a volume of regulations for the army was issued from the
Adjutant General’s office, in which Native soldiers were forbidden
from wearing caste marks on their faces while in uniform, and the
shaving and trimming of beards and mustachios was prescribed, in a
manner to assimilate sepoys to English soldiers. In April, made-up
patterns of the new turbans were sent to different regiments. The
men took it into their heads that these turbans closely resembled
the hats worn by half-castes and native Christians; and, connecting
this with the orders about caste marks and shaving, leaped to the
conclusion that their forcible conversion to Christianity was
intended. A sepoy battalion at Vellore at once made known their
refusal to wear the turban. The Commander-in-Chief, unable to
understand the feelings aroused by his orders, treated the refusal
as a mere matter of insubordination. The battalion was sent away
from Vellore, another being brought in its place; and a number of
non-commissioned officers and men in the battalion were punished.
Hardly had this taken place, when it became known that in other
places the same objections to the new turban had been manifested. The
attention of Government was now roused, but still nothing was done to
repeal the obnoxious order. The punishment that had been meted out
to the battalion at Vellore only served to confirm the fears of the
rest of the native garrison. Meetings were held, at which retainers
of the Mysore princes attended, and did their best to foment
mischief and increase the fears of the sepoys, while at the same
time communications were opened with other sepoys in the different
Madras garrisons, encouraging them to combine in resisting the attack
on their religion. In the beginning of July, the garrison of the
fort consisted of four companies of H.M.’s 69th regiment amounting
to 11 officers and 372 rank and file, and a battalion and a half
of sepoys, amounting to 35 native officers and 1775 rank and file,
with their European officers. A considerable number of the sepoys
lived in the pettah, their arms being kept in the fort. The fort and
garrison were under the command of Colonel Fancourt of H.M.’s 34th
Regt. No suspicion existed that any danger threatened; while the
Government departments were still corresponding with each other, and
deliberating about the new turban, and the feeling it had caused in
the native army, without further warning, the storm burst.
It happened that a field day for one of the sepoy battalions had been
ordered for the early morning of the 10th July. It was customary on
such occasions for the sepoys, instead of remaining in their huts
in the pettah, to sleep inside the fort, in order to get under arms
without delay in the morning. The sepoy guards inside the fort
were furnished by the other native battalion. So favourable did the
opportunity appear to the mutineers, that it led to a premature
explosion of the plot that had been formed in concert with sepoys
in other stations. At three o’clock in the morning of the 10th, a
general attack by the sepoys was suddenly made on the men of the 69th
and the European officers in the fort. At the same moment, the guards
and sentries were attacked and overpowered, the sick men in hospital
massacred, the officers’ quarters surrounded and fired into, while
the principal body of mutineers poured volley after volley into the
barracks where the 69th were sleeping, and brought two fieldpieces
to play on them, obtained from the magazine. The men surprised and
shot down in their sleep, and without officers, could do little more
than shelter themselves as they best might, and hold the entrance
to the barracks. Colonel Fancourt, with several other officers, was
shot down at once, and the complete massacre of every European in
the fort appeared inevitable. Without waiting for the completion of
their work, the mutineers brought out one of the sons of Tippoo, and
proclaimed him Sultan, hoisting at the same time a Mysore flag that
had been prepared for the occasion.
In the confusion and darkness, a few officers and a sergeant of the
69th, named Brady, managed to meet in the quarters of one of the
officers. After maintaining themselves some time, they broke out and
forced their way into the 69th barracks, on which a heavy fire was
still kept up. Having rallied the survivors, they sallied out through
the windows, and gained the adjoining ramparts under a heavy fire. It
was now broad daylight, and the men, who had had at the outset only
six cartridges each, had scarcely any ammunition left. Nevertheless,
they made their way along the ramparts, driving the mutineers before
them, till they reached the Magazine which was on the opposite
side of the fort. Finding that all the ball ammunition had been
already removed by the mutineers, they retraced their steps as far
as the work over the main gateway, after pulling down the rebel
flag. Here they resolved to make their last stand, their numbers
greatly reduced, the only unwounded officers left being two Assistant
Surgeons, and the whole party being exposed to a continual fire to
which they were scarcely able to respond. They had obtained a few
cartridges from the pouches of dead mutineers, with which they still
kept up a feeble appearance of defence. In the confusion of making
their way along the ramparts to the Magazine, some thirty men of the
69th, with two or three officers, got separated from the main body.
Finding a rope suspended from the wall, which had been used to admit
mutinous sepoys, they let themselves down by it, and took refuge in a
small detached redoubt, where Lt. Colonel Forbes with a few unarmed
sepoys who had remained faithful, had taken post. Hopeless as the
whole situation appeared at this juncture, help was fast approaching.
It happened that Major Coates of the 69th and several of the native
infantry officers resided outside the walls. On being aroused by the
firing and tumult, and being unable to enter the fort, Coates guessed
what had happened, and at once dispatched an officer to Arcot with a
letter to Gillespie.
Gillespie had appointed that very morning to ride over to Arcot,
to breakfast with Colonel Fancourt. He had mounted his horse at
daybreak, and started on his ride, accompanied by Captain Wilson of
the 19th, when he was met by Coates’ messenger riding at full speed,
who told him that the gates of the fortress were shut, that there
was heavy firing and a dreadful noise within. Making at once for
the Cavalry lines, Gillespie was in a few minutes hastily galloping
along the road to Vellore, at the head of a squadron of the 19th
under Captain Wilson, and a troop of the 7th Native Cavalry, leaving
orders for the rest of the cavalry and the galloper guns of the 19th
to follow as soon as possible, under Lieut. Colonel Kennedy. As the
troopers approached the walls, they were seen by the little party who
still held out over the gateway. The 69th had been in Jamaica four
years before. To Sergeant Bradys astonishment, he beheld at the head
of the little band of dragoons the well-known Colonel Gillespie, whom
he had seen only a short time before in the West Indies. “If Colonel
Gillespie be alive, God Almighty has sent him from the West Indies
to save our lives in the East!” he exclaimed. The moment was indeed
most critical. The small party over the gateway had fired their last
cartridge, and the sepoys, who for a time had dispersed to plunder,
were gathering to complete their work. On seeing the relief party
advancing, a great number of the mutineers retired to the further
ramparts, leaving the gateway and one bastion in possession of the
little party under Sergeant Brady. The entrance to the fortress was
through four successive gates. The two outer gates were fortunately
open, and the drawbridge was down. Encouraged by Gillespie, some of
the 69th let themselves down by their pouch and bayonet belts, and
opened the third gate from within, not without losing several of
their number, but the fourth and the strongest gate was beyond their
powers. In order to open it, Gillespie formed the desperate expedient
of forcing the wicket and opening the gate from the inside. The
wicket was forced, and Gillespie for a brief interval, accompanied
by Captain Wilson and three men on foot, stood inside the fort,
exposed to the fire of the square and palace yard full of men. But
their efforts to break the locks and force the bars were fruitless,
and, seeing that perseverance in the attempt could only end in their
destruction, the little party withdrew. Still casting about for some
means of joining the party over the gateway, Gillespie suddenly
spied a rope. The end was at once thrown up and secured, and in a
few minutes, by its assistance, Gillespie joined the remnants of the
69th over the gateway. Seeing a pair of regimental colours on the
wall Gillespie seized them, and, collecting as many of the 69th as
he could find, at once headed a bayonet charge against a three gun
battery, out of which the enemy were driven. Though there was not
a single round of ammunition procurable, a gun, turned round and
pointed towards the mutineers, held them in check, at a time when
every minute was valuable. But the effect did not last long, and just
as it seemed as if no further effort could be made to stave off the
impending fate of the party, the remainder of the 19th with their
galloper guns suddenly appeared at the gate. Forcing his way back to
the wall above the gateway, Gillespie gave orders for the gate to be
burst open, which was done with the first shot. The great square was
full of men ready to dispute the entrance of the cavalry, and the
entrance being very narrow, and moreover being commanded by two guns,
Gillespie called on the remnant of the 69th for one final effort.
Putting himself at their head, a gallant bayonet charge was made to
clear the entrance for the cavalry, which was attended with further
loss. The dragoons poured in, headed by Captain Skelton of the 19th,
and supported loyally by some of the 7th native cavalry, and the
work of retribution commenced. Between three and four hundred of the
mutineers were cut down in the fort, while numbers, who escaped by a
sally port, were caught and slain outside, by a squadron of the 19th
under Lieutenant Young, and a party of the 7th Native Cavalry under
Lieutenant Woodhouse. One party of mutineers maintained themselves
for some time in one of the barracks, firing on all who approached;
till some of the 19th dismounted and stormed the building, putting
them all to the sword. By 10 o’clock all was over, and the safety of
the fortress secured, but Gillespie has left it on record that, had
he delayed scaling the wall for five minutes, none of those inside
the fort could have escaped. The loss of the 69th amounted to 115
rank and file killed, and 76 wounded. Of the officers of different
regiments, fifteen were killed and five wounded. Several, who had
been unable to make their way to the 69th barracks, saved themselves
by concealment during the tumult. Among the 19th Light Dragoons, one
trooper was killed and three wounded, a loss that would have been
much greater but for the gallantry of the 69th in clearing a space
for the cavalry to form in after entering the fort. Gillespie was
accidentally ridden down by a dragoon, and badly bruised, in the
_mêlée_.
Investigation showed that the sepoys in many other stations were
prepared to mutiny, and, but for the failure at Vellore, which
was the centre of disaffection, would have risen. By Gillespie’s
resolution and intrepidity in stamping out the mutiny before it could
gather force, a great and unexpected danger had been averted. Well
might the Commander-in-Chief say that Gillespie had performed “a
military wonder.” The princes of Tippoo’s family were at once sent
down to Madras, escorted by the 19th Light Dragoons, and embarked for
Calcutta, on board the _Culloden_, on the 30th. The 19th remained in
Madras three days, encamped by the Race Stand, and then returned to
Arcot. Gillespie was employed at Wallajabad and other places where
dangerous symptoms of disaffection had appeared. At the same time, he
was appointed to be Inspector and Exercising officer of Cavalry in
the Presidency, but the appointment was discontinued as unnecessary,
a year later, by the Court of Directors. To show their appreciation
of his services, the Court of Directors granted Gillespie a money
reward of £2500. A proportionate sum was granted to Sergeant Brady,
who was also recommended for a Commission, and each non-commissioned
and private of the 19th Light Dragoons who had been employed at
Vellore, received a gratuity of one month’s pay. Suitable rewards
were also given to the men of the native cavalry, who behaved loyally
on the occasion. In consequence of the mutiny, both the Governor and
the Commander-in-Chief were recalled to England.
Gillespie’s connection with the 19th practically terminated three
months later, when the regiment left India, and the rest of his
career does not come within the scope of this history. On the
regiment sailing for England, he remained in India, and, in the
following year, exchanged into the 8th Light Dragoons with Lieut.
Colonel John Ormsby Vandeleur. His gallant deeds at the conquest of
Java, and subsequently, while in command of the troops there, can
never be forgotten. His death was in keeping with his whole life.
He fell under the walls of Kalunga in the Deyrah Dhoon, on the 31st
October 1814, at the beginning of the first Nepaul War, while vainly
trying to force an entrance at the head of some dismounted dragoons,
after the first attack had failed. His remains were carried to Meerut
for interment. By the irony of fate, on the 10th May 1857, the first
shots of the great sepoy mutiny were fired within a mile of the
monument over his grave, and were the beginning of events that at
one time threatened to involve British power in the East in ruin,
and that have changed the whole course of Indian history. If that
gallant spirit was still permitted to take interest in the events of
that day, how it must have chafed at the exhibition of incapacity and
indecision that led to such disastrous consequences. In view of what
happened at Vellore, it is allowable to believe that the Great Mutiny
of 1857 would never have assumed the proportions it did, had the
first outbreak been met by the same display of energy and resolution
as was shown, under similar circumstances, fifty-one years earlier.
On the 2nd January 1815, before the news of his death reached
England, Gillespie was gazetted as K.C.B. A monument to his memory,
by Chantrey, was erected in St Paul’s Cathedral, at the expense of
the nation.
[Illustration: _Major General R. R. Gillespie_
_from a miniature in the possession of his grandson Colonel
Gillespie._
_G. Chinnery, pinx._
_Walker & Boutall, ph. sc._]
The time had now arrived when the 19th was to bring to a close its
long and distinguished career in India. Orders were received for
the regiment to march to Madras, for embarkation to Europe by the
next homeward bound fleet. At Poonamallee, on 5th October, they made
over their horses to the 25th Light Dragoons, who had been brought
down from Bengal, by sea, to take their place. In the twenty-four
years that had elapsed since the regiment had landed in India, great
were the changes it had witnessed. At the time of its arrival, the
very existence of the British settlements in Southern India hung
by a thread. England had then been at war with France, and the two
countries were still at war. But the conditions were changed. Now
the French flag had disappeared from India, and not a single native
power dared meet a British army in the field, without risking its
own existence. From a trading corporation the East India Company had
grown into a great and powerful government, whose supremacy in India
was unchallenged. In achieving this result, the 19th Light Dragoons
had played no small part. On their first arrival in India the
prevailing sentiment with which they were regarded was curiosity. The
horsemen of native powers were numbered by tens of thousands. Their
method was to waste and ravage the country round an enemy’s force, to
harass the line of march, to cut off stragglers, to intercept convoys
and to wear down an enemy by these indirect methods. To charge home,
sword in hand, into the ranks of an unbroken enemy was foreign to
their ideas of properly conducted warfare. The first appearance of
the 19th in the field came therefore as a surprise to friend and
foe; it was like the introduction of a new weapon. Before the first
campaign against Tippoo was six months old, the reputation of the
19th Light Dragoons had penetrated to every part of southern India.
The impression thus created grew with every successive appearance of
the regiment in the field of action; and, as long as they remained in
India, they continued to evoke an amount of interest and attention
that was bestowed on no other regiment in the service. One who
charged with them at Assaye and Argaum, and fought his way into
Vellore with them, though not belonging to the regiment, wrote of
the nineteenth as “a fine specimen of what a regiment ought to be.
They called themselves the ‘Terrors of the East.’ Indeed, such was
the respect in which they were held by the natives, that when they
embarked for England, all the black town of Madras was emptied to see
them off.” Before sailing, an entertainment in their honour was given
by the Commander-in-Chief, and the subjoined orders were published:--
_General Order (Madras Govt.)._
_Fort St. George, October 10th, 1806._
[Sidenote: 1806.]
On the occasion of the intended return of His Majesty’s 19th
regiment of light dragoons to Europe, the right honourable the
governor in council feels the greatest satisfaction in testifying
in the most public manner, his highest approbation of that
distinguished and valuable corps. From the period of the arrival
of his majesty’s 19th dragoons in India, in the year 1782, until
the present time, that regiment has shared in almost every action
of difficulty and of glory, in which the British arms have
been engaged during that long and eventful interval, and has
deservedly established a degree of reputation seldom equalled,
never surpassed. His lordship in council deems it unnecessary
at this moment to enumerate the various instances in which his
majesty’s 19th dragoons have rendered the most important service
to their country: but the glory acquired by that regiment in the
field of Assaye, and the important advantages which resulted
from its bravery, discipline and activity, on a late memorable
occasion, (furnish?) an instance which cannot be omitted, and
which can never be obliterated from the annals of this country,
or from the memory of the British nation. His lordship in council
was pleased, by a general order under date the 27th August, 1805,
to confer a particular mark of his lordship’s approbation on his
majesty’s 74th regiment, at the period of the embarkation of
that distinguished corps for Europe, by granting to the officers
a donation of three months’ full batta. Impressed with similar
sentiments on the present occasion, his lordship in council
has, in consideration of the long and brilliant services of his
majesty’s 19th regiment of dragoons, resolved to extend to the
officers of that regiment a donation of the same amount, which is
accordingly directed to be paid previously to their departure.
_General Order. (Lieut. General Sir J. Cradock)_
_Head Quarters, Choultry Plain,_
_Oct. 13th, 1806._
[Sidenote: 1806.]
The eulogium that government has been pleased to express in
their late order upon the services of his majesty’s 19th light
dragoons, throughout its long and distinguished course in
this Country, leaves to the commander-in-chief but little to
add, except his warmest wishes for the continuance of their
uninterrupted honor and success, in other regions of the British
Empire. The records of government everywhere proclaim the value
of his majesty’s 19th light dragoons, in India, and stamp
the occasions, where this regiment has perhaps secured the
foundations of our empire.
Such subjects belong to the highest authority, and have only
been briefly mentioned with grateful acknowledgment. The bounded
limits of an order were unequal to the history.
It therefore only remains with the commander-in-chief, to
state the humbler sentiments of approbation of the discipline,
good order, obedience, and harmony that prevail in the 19th
light dragoons, which confirm all opinion, that such are the
foundations that lead to glory, cause admiration and respect,
while a regiment remains in a foreign country, and ensures to
them, on their departure the deepest regret.
And so, on the 20th October 1806, twenty-four years to a day since
they first arrived in Madras, the 19th Light Dragoons with their
honours thick upon them, embarked in the _Streatham_, _William
Pitt_, and _Jane Duchess of Gordon_, to sail for England three days
later, under convoy of the squadron commanded by Rear Admiral Sir
Edward Pellew. The voyage was uneventful. Table Bay was reached
30th December, and St Helena 23rd January. On the 18th April 1807,
the regiment disembarked at Tilbury, one detachment being landed at
Plymouth, and marched to Northampton. A muster taken a week after
landing shows the strength of the regiment to have been 245 rank
and file. Recruiting parties were at once sent out to Birmingham,
Glasgow, Dublin and Waterford.