_IMMEDIATE:_ Severe sharp pain
_LOCAL:_
1. Dangerous neurotoxic species—Pins-and-needles sensation with no
local swelling or discoloration (found in Arizona only)
2. Comparatively harmless species (not neurotoxic)—Local swelling and
discoloration at sting site
_SYSTEMIC_ (neurotoxic species only—within 1-3 hours):
1. Hypoesthesia and numbness or drowsiness
2. Itching of nose and throat
3. Impaired speech and tightness of jaw muscles
4. Restlessness and muscle twitching
5. Muscle spasms with pain, nausea, vomiting, incontinence,
convulsions
6. Respiratory and/or circulatory distress
_ANAPHYLAXIS:_ Rare, but reported with non-neurotoxic species
_DEATHS:_ Occasional; due to neurotoxic species