FOOTNOTES:

[1] Cp. the brief annalistic form of the Babylonian chronicles (for a

specimen, see C. F. Kent, _Israel's Hist. and Biog. Narratives_, p.

502 seq.). For a synchronistic history of Assyria and Babylonia,

prepared for diplomatic purposes, see Schrader's _Keilinschr. Bibl._

i. 194 sqq.; also L. W. King, _Studies in Eastern Hist._ i.

(Tukulti-Ninib), pp. i, 75 seq. (with interesting variant

traditions).

[2] The term "Israel" as applied to the northern kingdom is apt to be

ambiguous, since as a general national name, with a religious

significance, it can include or suggest the inclusion of Judah.

[3] Here and elsewhere a careful study (e.g. of the marginal

references in the Revised Version) will prove the close relation

between the "Deuteronomic" passages and the book of Deuteronomy

itself. The bearing of this upon the traditional date of that book

should not be overlooked.

[4] See art. JEROBOAM; also W. R. Smith, _Old Test. in Jew. Church_,

pp. 117 sqq.; H. Winckler, _Alttest. Untersuchungen_, pp. 1 sqq., and

the subsequent criticisms by C. F. Burney (_Kings_, pp. 163 sqq.); J.

Skinner (_Kings_, pp. 443 sqq.); and Ed. Meyer (_Israeliten u.

Nachbarstämme_, pp. 357 sqq.).

[5] Notice should everywhere be taken of those prophetical stories

which have the linguistic features of the Deuteronomic writers, or

which differ in style and expression from the prophecies of Amos,

Hosea and others, previous to Jeremiah.

[6] The division of the two books at this point is an innovation

first made in the LXX. and Vulgate.

[7] Both xiv. 22 and xv. 5 presuppose fuller records of which 2

Chron. xxvi. 6-7, 16-20 may represent merely later and less

trustworthy versions.

[8] See F. Rühl, _Deutsche Zeit. f. Geschichtwissens_, xii. 54 sqq.;

also JEWS: _History_, § 12.

[9] See further the special study by E. Day, _Journ. Bib. Lit._

(1902), pp. 197 sqq.

[10] Cf. similarly the prophetic narratives in the books of Samuel

(q.v.).

[11] "The LXX. of Kings is not a corrupt reproduction of the Hebrew

_receptus_, but represents another recension of the text. Neither

recension can claim absolute superiority. The defects of the LXX. lie

on the surface, and are greatly aggravated by the condition of the

Greek text, which has suffered much in transmission, and particularly

has in many places been corrected after the later Greek versions that

express the Hebrew _receptus_ of the 2nd century of our era. Yet the

LXX. not only preserves many good readings in detail, but throws much

light on the long-continued process of redaction at the hand of

successive editors or copyists of which the extant Hebrew of Kings is

the outcome. Even the false readings of the Greek are instructive,

for both recensions were exposed to corrupting influences of

precisely the same kind" (W. R. SMITH).

[12] See W. R. Smith, _Journ. of Philology_, x. 209 sqq.; _Prophets

of Israel_, p. 147. seq.; and K. Marti, _Ency. Bib._ art.

"Chronology."

[13] Against earlier doubts by Havet (1878), Vernes (1887) and Horst

(1888), see W. E. Addis, _Documents of Hexateuch_, ii. 2 sqq.; but

the whole question has been reopened by E. Day (loc. cit. above) and

R. H. Kennett (_Journ. Theol. Stud._, July 1906, 481 sqq.).

[14] See Kennett. _Journ. Theol. Stud._ 1905, pp. 169 sqq.; 1906, pp.

488 sqq.; and cf. J. A. Montgomery, _The Samaritans_ (1907), pp. 47,

53 seq., 57, 59, 61 sqq.

KING'S BENCH, COURT OF, in England, one of the superior courts of common

law. This court, the most ancient of English courts--in its correct

legal title, "the court of the king before the king himself," _coram

ipso rege_--is far older than parliament itself, for it can be traced

back clearly, both in character and the essence of its jurisdiction, to

the reign of King Alfred. The king's bench, and the two offshoots of the

_aula regia_, the common pleas and the exchequer, for many years

possessed co-ordinate jurisdiction, although there were a few cases in

which each had exclusive authority, and in point of dignity precedence

was given to the court of king's bench, the lord chief justice of which

was also styled lord chief justice of England, being the highest

permanent judge of the Crown. The court of exchequer attended to the

business of the revenue, the common pleas to private actions between

citizens, and the king's bench retained criminal cases and such other

jurisdiction as had not been divided between the other two courts. By an

act of 1830 the court of exchequer chamber was constituted as a court of

appeal for errors in law in all three courts. Like the court of

exchequer, the king's bench assumed by means of an ingenious fiction the

jurisdiction in civil matters which properly belonged to the common

pleas.

Under the Judicature Act 1873 the court of king's bench became the

king's bench division of the High Court of Justice. It consists of the

lord chief justice and fourteen puisne judges. It exercises original

jurisdiction and also appellate jurisdiction from the county courts and

other inferior courts. By the act of 1873 (sec. 45) this appellate

jurisdiction is conferred upon the High Court generally, but in practice

it is exercised by a divisional court of the king's bench division only.

The determination of such appeals by the High Court is final, unless

leave to appeal is given by the court which heard the appeal or by the

court of appeal. There was an exception to this rule as regards certain

orders of quarter sessions, the history of which involves some

complication. But by sec. 1 (5) of the Court of Session Act 1894 the

rule applies to all cases where there is a right of appeal to the High

Court from any court or person. It may be here mentioned that if leave

is given to appeal to the court of appeal there is a further appeal to

the House of Lords, except in bankruptcy (Bankruptcy Appeals (County

Courts) Act 1884), when the decision of the court of appeal on appeal

from a divisional court sitting in appeal is made final and conclusive.

There are masters in the king's bench division. Unlike the masters in

the chancery division, they have original jurisdiction, and are not

attached to any particular judge. They hear applications in chambers,

act as taxing masters and occasionally as referees to conduct inquiries,

take accounts, and assess damages. There is an appeal from the master to

the judge in chambers. Formerly there was an appeal from the judge in

chambers to a divisional court in every case and thence to the court of

appeal, until the multiplication of appeals in small interlocutory

matters became a scandal. Under the Supreme Court of Judicature

(Procedure) Act 1894 there is no right of appeal to the court of appeal

in any interlocutory matters (except those mentioned in subs. (b))

without the leave of the judge or of the court of appeal, and in matters

of "practice and procedure" the appeal lies (with leave) directly to the

court of appeal from the judge in chambers.

KINGSBRIDGE, a market town in the Totnes parliamentary division of

Devonshire, England, 48 m. S.S.W. of Exeter, on a branch of the Great

Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901), 3025. It lies 6 m. from

the English Channel, at the head of an inlet or estuary which receives

only small streams, on a sharply sloping site. The church of St Edmund

is mainly Perpendicular, but there are Transitional Norman and Early

English portions. The town-hall contains a natural history museum. A

house called Pindar Lodge stands on the site of the birthplace of John

Wolcot ("Peter Pindar," 1738-1819). William Cookworthy (1705-1780), a

porcelain manufacturer, the first to exploit the deposits of kaolin in

the south-west of England, was also born at Kingsbridge. The township of

Dodbrooke, included within the civil parish, adjoins Kingsbridge on the

north-east. Some iron-founding and ship-building, with a coasting trade,

are carried on.

Kingsbridge (_Kyngysbrygge_) was formerly included in the manor of

Churchstow, the first trace of its separate existence being found in the

Hundred Roll of 1276, which records that in the manor of Churchstow

there is a new borough, which has a Friday market and a separate assize

of bread and ale. The name Kingsbridge however does not appear till half

a century later. When Kingsbridge became a separate parish is not

certainly known, but it was before 1414 when the church was rebuilt and

consecrated to St Edmund. In 1461 the abbot of Buckfastleigh obtained a

Saturday market at Kingsbridge and a three-days' fair at the feast of St

Margaret, both of which are still held. The manor remained in possession

of the abbot until the Dissolution, when it was granted to Sir William

Petre. Kingsbridge was never represented in parliament or incorporated

by charter, the government being by a portreeve, and down to the present

day the steward of the manor holds a court leet and court baron and

appoints a portreeve and constables. In 1798 the town mills were

converted into a woollen manufactory, which up to recent times produced

large quantities of cloth, and the serge manufacture was introduced

early in the 19th century. The town has been famous from remote times

for a beverage called "white ale." Included in Kingsbridge is the little

town of Dodbrooke, which at the time of the Domesday Survey had a

population of 42, and a flock of 108 sheep and 27 goats; and in 1257 was

granted a Wednesday market and a fair at the Feast of St Mary Magdalene.

See "Victoria County History": _Devonshire; Kingsbridge and Sulcombe,

with the intermediate Estuary, historically and topographically

depicted_ (Kingsbridge, 1819); S. F. Fox, _Kingsbridge Estuary_

(Kingsbridge, 1864).

KING'S COUNTY, a county of Ireland in the province of Leinster, bounded

N. by Meath and Westmeath, W. by Roscommon, Galway and Tipperary (the

boundary with the first two counties being the river Shannon); S. by

Tipperary and Queen's County, and E. by Kildare. The area is 493,999

acres or about 772 sq. m. The greater part of the county is included in

the central plain of Ireland. In the south-east the Slieve Bloom

Mountains form the boundary between King's County and Queen's County,

and run into the former county from south-west to north-east for a

distance of about 20 m. consisting of a mass of lofty and precipitous

crags through which there are two narrow passes, the Black Gap and the

Gap of Glandine. In the north-east Croghan Hill, a beautiful green

eminence, rises to a height over 700 ft. The remainder of the county is

flat, but a range of low hills crosses its north-eastern division to the

north of the Barrow. In the centre of the county from east to west a

large portion is occupied by the Bog of Allen. The county shares in the

advantage of the navigation of the Shannon, which skirts its western

side. The Brosna, which issues from Loch Ennell in Westmeath, enters the

county near the town of Clara, and flowing south-westwards across its

north-west corner, discharges itself into the Shannon after receiving

the Clodagh and the Broughill. A small portion of the north-eastern

extremity is skirted by the upper Boyne. The Barrow forms the

south-eastern boundary with Queen's County. The Little Brosna, which

rises in the Slieve Bloom Mountains, forms the boundary of King's County

with Tipperary, and falls into the Shannon.

This county lies in the great Carboniferous Limestone plain, with

clay-soils and bogs upon its surface, and many drier deposits of

esker-gravels rising as green hills above the general level. The Slieve

Bloom Mountains, consisting of Old Red Sandstone with Silurian inliers,

form a bold feature in the south. North of Philipstown, the prominent

mass of Croghan Hill is formed of basic volcanic rocks contemporaneous

with the Carboniferous Limestone, and comparable with those in Co.

Limerick.

Notwithstanding the large area occupied by bogs, the climate is

generally healthy, and less moist than that of several neighbouring

districts. The whole of the county would appear to have been covered

formerly by a vast forest, and the district bordering on Tipperary is

still richly wooded. The soil naturally is not of great fertility except

in special cases, but is capable of being rendered so by the judicious

application of bog and lime manures according to its special defects. It

is generally either a deep bog or a shallow gravelly loam. On the

borders of the Slieve Bloom Mountains there are some very rich and

fertile pastures, and there are also extensive grazing districts on the

borders of Westmeath, which are chiefly occupied by sheep. Along the

banks of the Shannon there are some fine tracts of meadow land. With the

exception of the tract occupied by the Bog of Allen, the remainder of

the county is nearly all under tillage, the most productive portion

being that to the north-west of the Hill of Croghan. The percentage of

tillage to pasture is roughly as 1 to 2¼. Oats, barley and rye, potatoes

and turnips, are all considerably grown; wheat is almost neglected, and

the acreage of all crops has a decreasing tendency. Cattle, sheep, pigs

and poultry are bred increasingly; dairies are numerous in the north of

the county, and the sheep are pastured chiefly in the hilly districts.

The county is traversed from S.E. to N.W. by the Portarlington,

Tullamore, Clara and Athlone line of the Great Southern and Western

railway, with a branch from Clara to Banagher; from Roscrea (Co.

Tipperary) a branch of this company runs to Parsonstown (Birr); while

the Midland Great Western has branches from its main line from Enfield

(Co. Kildare) to Edenderry, and from Streamstown (Co. Westmeath) to

Clara. The Grand Canal runs through the length of the county from east

to west, entering the Shannon at Shannon harbour.

The population (65,563 in 1891; 60,187 in 1901), decreasing through

emigration, includes about 89% of Roman Catholics. The decrease is

rather below the average. The chief towns are Tullamore (the county

town, pop. 4639) and Birr or Parsonstown (4438), with Edenderry and

Clara. Philipstown near Tullamore was formerly the capital of the county

and was the centre of the kingdom of Offaly. The county comprises 12

baronies and 46 civil parishes. It returns two members to parliament,

for the Birr and Tullamore divisions respectively. Previous to the

Union, King's County returned six members to parliament, two for the

county, and two for each of the boroughs of Philipstown and Banagher.

Assizes are held at Tullamore and quarter sessions at Parsonstown,

Philipstown and Tullamore. The county is divided into the Protestant

dioceses of Killaloe, Meath and Ossory; and the Roman Catholic dioceses

of Ardagh, Kildare and Leighlin, Ossory and Clonfert.

King's County, with portions of Tipperary, Queen's County and Kildare,

at an early period formed one kingdom under the name of Offaly, a title

which it retained after the landing of the English. Subsequently it was

known as Glenmallery, Western Glenmallery pretty nearly corresponding to

the present King's County, and Eastern Glenmallery to Queen's County. By

a statute of 1556 the western district was constituted a shire under the

name of King's County in honour of Philip, consort of Queen Mary--the

principal town, formerly the seat of the O'Connors, being called

Philipstown; and the eastern district at the same time received the name

of Queen's County in honour of Mary. Perhaps the oldest antiquarian

relic is the large pyramid of white stones in the Slieve Bloom Mountains

called the Temple of the Sun or the White Obelisk. There are a

considerable number of Danish raths, and a chain of moats commanding the

passes of the bogs extended throughout the county. On the borders of

Tipperary is an ancient causeway leading presumably to a crannog or

lake-dwelling. The most important ecclesiastical ruins are those of the

seven churches of Clonmacnoise (q.v.) on the Shannon in the north-west

of the county, where an abbey was founded by St Kieran in 648, and where

the remains include those of churches, two round towers, crosses,

inscribed stones and a castle. Among the more famous religious houses in

addition to Clonmacnoise were Durrow Abbey, founded by St Columba in

550; Monasteroris founded in the 14th century by John Bermingham, earl

of Louth; and Seirkyran Abbey, founded in the beginning of the 5th

century. The principal old castles are Rathmore, probably the most

ancient in the county; Banagher, commanding an important pass on the

Shannon; Leap Castle, in the Slieve Bloom Mountains; and Birr or

Parsonstown, now the seat of the earl of Rosse.

KINGSDOWN, THOMAS PEMBERTON LEIGH, BARON (1793-1867), the eldest son of

Thomas Pemberton, a chancery barrister, was born in London on the 11th

of February 1793. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1816, and

at once acquired a lucrative equity practice. He sat in parliament for

Rye (1831-1832) and for Ripon (1835-1843). He was made a king's counsel

in 1829. Of a retiring disposition, he seldom took part in parliamentary

debates, although in 1838 in the case of _Stockdale_ v. _Hansard_ he

took a considerable part in upholding the privileges of parliament. In

1841 he accepted the post of attorney-general for the duchy of Cornwall.

In 1842 a relative, Sir Robert H. Leigh, left him a life interest in his

Wigan estates, amounting to some £15,000 a year; he then assumed the

additional surname of Leigh. Having accepted the chancellorship of the

duchy of Cornwall and a privy councillorship, he became a member of the

judicial committee of the privy council, and for nearly twenty years

devoted his energies and talents to the work of that body; his

judgments, more particularly in prize cases, of which he took especial

charge, are remarkable not only for legal precision and accuracy, but

for their form and expression. In 1858, on the formation of Lord Derby's

administration, he was offered the Great Seal, but declined; in the same

year, however, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Kingsdown. He died

at his seat, Lorry Hill, near Sittingbourne, Kent, on the 7th of October

1867. Lord Kingsdown never married, and his title became extinct.

See _Recollections of Life at the Bar and in Parliament_, by Lord

Kingsdown (privately printed for friends, 1868); _The Times_ (8th of

October 1867).

KING'S EVIL, an old, but not yet obsolete, name given to the scrofula,

which in the popular estimation was deemed capable of cure by the royal

touch. The practice of "touching" for the scrofula, or "King's Evil,"

was confined amongst the nations of Europe to the two Royal Houses of

England and France. As the monarchs of both these countries owned the

exclusive right of being anointed with the pure chrism, and not with the

ordinary sacred oil, it has been surmised that the common belief in the

sanctity of the chrism was in some manner inseparably connected with

faith in the healing powers of the royal touch. The kings both of France

and England claimed a sole and special right to this supernatural gift:

the house of France deducing its origin from Clovis (5th century) and

that of England declaring Edward th e Confessor the first owner of this

virtue. That the Saxon origin of the royal power of healing was the

popular theory in England is evident from the striking and accurate

description of the ceremony in _Macbeth_ (act vi. scene iii.).

Nevertheless the practice of this rite cannot be traced back to an

earlier date than the reign of Edward III. in England, and of St Louis

(Louis IX.) in France; consequently, it is believed that the performance

of healing by the touch emanated in the first instance from the French

Crusader-King, whose miraculous powers were subsequently transmitted to

his descendant and representative, Isabella of Valois, wife of Edward

II. of England. In any case, Queen Isabella's son and heir, Edward III.,

claimant to the French throne through his mother, was the first English

king to order a public display of an attribute that had hitherto been

associated with the Valois kings alone. From his reign dates the use of

the "touch-piece," a gold medal given to the sufferer as a kind of

talisman, which was originally the angel coin, stamped with designs of

St Michael and of a three-masted ship.

The actual ceremony seems first to have consisted of the sovereign's

personal act of washing the diseased flesh with water, but under Henry

VII. the use of an ablution was omitted, and a regular office was drawn

up for insertion in the Service Book. At the "Ceremonies for the

Healing" the king now merely touched his afflicted subject in the

presence of the court chaplain who offered up certain prayers and

afterwards presented the touch-piece, pierced so that it might be

suspended by a ribbon round the patient's neck. Henry VII.'s office was

henceforth issued with variations from time to time under successive

kings, nor did it disappear from certain editions of the Book of Common

Prayer until the middle of the 18th century. The practice of the Royal

Healing seems to have reached the height of its popularity during the

reign of Charles II., who is stated on good authority to have touched

over 100,000 strumous persons. So great a number of applicants becoming

a nuisance to the Court, it was afterwards enacted that special

certificates should in future be granted to individuals demanding the

touch, and such certificates are occasionally to be found amongst old

parish registers of the close of the 17th century. After the Revolution,

William of Orange refused to touch, and referred all applicants to the

exiled James II. at St Germain; but Queen Anne touched frequently, one

of her patients being Dr Samuel Johnson in his infancy. The Hanoverian

kings declined to touch, and there exists no further record of any

ceremony of healing henceforward at the English court. The practice,

however, was continued by the exiled Stuarts, and was constantly

performed in Italy by James Stuart, "the Old Pretender," and by his two

sons, Charles and Henry (Cardinal York). (H. M. V.)

KINGSFORD, WILLIAM (1819-1898), British engineer and Canadian historian,

was born in London on the 23rd of December 1819. He first studied

architecture, but disliking the confinement of an office enlisted in the

1st Dragoon Guards, obtaining his discharge in Canada in 1841. After

serving for a time in the office of the city surveyor of Montreal he

made a survey for the Lachine canal (1846-1848), and was employed in the

United States in the building of the Hudson River railroad in 1849, and

in Panama on the railroad being constructed there in 1851. In 1853 he

was surveyor and, afterwards district superintendent for the Grand Trunk

railroad, remaining in the employment of that company until 1864. The

following year he went to England but returned to Canada in 1867 in the

hope of taking part in the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. In

this he was unsuccessful, but from 1872 to 1879 he held a government

post in charge of the harbours of the Great Lakes and the St Lawrence.

He had previously written books on engineering and topographical

subjects, and in 1880 he began to study the records of Canadian history

at Ottawa. Among other books he published _Canadian Archaeology_ (1886)

and _Early Bibliography of Ontario_ (1892). But the great work of his

life was a _History of Canada_ in 10 volumes (1887-1897), ending with

the union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1841. Kingsford died on the 28th

of September 1898.

KINGSLEY, CHARLES (1819-1875), English clergyman, poet and novelist, was

born on the 12th of June 1819, at Holne vicarage, Dartmoor, Devon. His

early years were spent at Barnack in the Fen country and at Clovelly in

North Devon. The scenery of both made a great impression on his mind,

and was afterwards described with singular vividness in his writings. He

was educated at private schools and at King's College, London, after his

father's promotion to the rectory of St Luke's, Chelsea. In 1838 he

entered Magdalene College, Cambridge, and in 1842 he was ordained to the

curacy of Eversley in Hampshire, to the rectory of which he was not long

afterwards presented, and this, with short intervals, was his home for

the remaining thirty-three years of his life. In 1844 he married Fanny,

daughter of Pascoe Grenfell, and in 1848 he published his first volume,

_The Saint's Tragedy_. In 1859 he became chaplain to Queen Victoria; in

1860 he was appointed to the professorship of modern history at

Cambridge, which he resigned in 1869; and soon after he was appointed to

a canonry at Chester. In 1873 this was exchanged for a canonry at

Westminster. He died at Eversley on the 23rd of January 1875.

With the exception of occasional changes of residence in England,

generally for the sake of his wife's health, one or two short holiday

trips abroad, a tour in the West Indies, and another in America to visit

his eldest son settled there as an engineer, his life was spent in the

peaceful, if active, occupations of a clergyman who did his duty

earnestly, and of a vigorous and prolific writer. But in spite of this

apparently uneventful life, he was for many years one of the most

prominent men of his time, and by his personality and his books he

exercised considerable influence on the thought of his generation.

Though not profoundly learned, he was a man of wide and various

information, whose interests and sympathies embraced many branches of

human knowledge. He was an enthusiastic student in particular of natural

history and geology. Sprung on the father's side from an old English

race of country squires, and on his mother's side from a good West

Indian family who had been slaveholders for generations, he had a keen

love of sport and a genuine sympathy with country-folk, but he had at

the same time something of the scorn for lower races to be found in the

members of a dominant race.

With the sympathetic organization which made him keenly sensible of the

wants of the poor, he threw himself heartily into the movement known as

Christian Socialism, of which Frederick Denison Maurice was the

recognized leader, and for many years he was considered as an extreme

radical in a profession the traditions of which were conservative. While

in this phase he wrote his novels _Yeast_ and _Alton Locke_, in which,

though he pointed out unsparingly the folly of extremes, he certainly

sympathized not only with the poor, but with much that was done and said

by the leaders in the Chartist movement. Yet even then he considered

that the true leaders of the people were a peer and a dean, and there

was no real inconsistency in the fact that at a later period he was

among the most strenuous defenders of Governor Eyre in the measures

adopted by him to put down the Jamaican disturbances. He looked rather

to the extension of the co-operative principle and to sanitary reform

for the amelioration of the condition of the people than to any radical

political change. His politics might therefore have been described as

Toryism tempered by sympathy, or as Radicalism tempered by hereditary

scorn of subject races. He was bitterly opposed to what he considered to

be the medievalism and narrowness of the Oxford Tractarian Movement. In

_Macmillan's Magazine_ for January 1864 he asserted that truth for its

own sake was not obligatory with the Roman Catholic clergy, quoting as

his authority John Henry Newman (q.v.). In the ensuing controversy

Kingsley was completely discomfited. He was a broad churchman, who held

what would be called a liberal theology, but the Church, its

organization, its creed, its dogma, had ever an increasing hold upon

him. Although at one period he certainly shrank from reciting the

Athanasian Creed in church, he was towards the close of his life found

ready to join an association for the defence of this formulary. The more

orthodox and conservative elements in his character gained the upper

hand as time went on, but careful students of him and his writings will

find a deep conservatism underlying the most radical utterances of his

earlier years, while a passionate sympathy for the poor, the afflicted

and the weak held possession of him till the last hour of his life.

Both as a writer and in his personal intercourse with men, Kingsley was

a thoroughly stimulating teacher. As with his own teacher, Maurice, his

influence on other men rather consisted in inducing them to think for

themselves than in leading them to adopt his own views, never, perhaps,

very definite. But his healthy and stimulating influence was largely due

to the fact that he interpreted the thoughts which were stirring in the

minds of many of his contemporaries.

As a preacher he was vivid, eager and earnest, equally plain-spoken and

uncompromising when preaching to a fashionable congregation or to his

own village poor. One of the very best of his writings is a sermon

called _The Message of the Church to Working Men_; and the best of his

published discourses are the _Twenty-five Village Sermons_ which he

preached in the early years of his Eversley life.

As a novelist his chief power lay in his descriptive faculties. The

descriptions of South American scenery in _Westward Ho!_, of the

Egyptian desert in _Hypatia_, of the North Devon scenery in _Two Years

Ago_, are among the most brilliant pieces of word-painting in English

prose-writing; and the American scenery is even more vividly and more

truthfully described when he had seen it only by the eye of his

imagination than in his work _At Last_, which was written after he had

visited the tropics. His sympathy for children taught him how to secure

their interests. His version of the old Greek stories entitled _The

Heroes_, and _Water-babies_ and _Madam How and Lady Why_, in which he

deals with popular natural history, take high rank among books for

children.

As a poet he wrote but little, but there are passages in _The Saint's

Tragedy_ and many isolated lyrics, which are worthy of a place in all

standard collections of English literature. _Andromeda_ is a very

successful attempt at naturalizing the hexameter as a form of English

verse, and reproduces with great skill the sonorous roll of the Greek

original.

In person Charles Kingsley was tall and spare, sinewy rather than

powerful, and of a restless excitable temperament. His complexion was

swarthy, his hair dark, and his eye bright and piercing. His temper was

hot, kept under rigid control; his disposition tender, gentle and

loving, with flashing scorn and indignation against all that was ignoble

and impure; he was a good husband, father and friend. One of his

daughters, Mary St Leger Kingsley (Mrs Harrison), has become well known

as a novelist under the pseudonym of "Lucas Malet."

Kingsley's life was written by his widow in 1877, entitled _Charles

Kingsley, his Letters and Memories of his Life_, and presents a very

touching and beautiful picture of her husband, but perhaps hardly does

justice to his humour, his wit, his overflowing vitality and boyish

fun.

The following is a list of Kingsley's writings:--_Saint's Tragedy_, a

drama (1848); _Alton Locke_, a novel (1849); _Yeast_, a novel (1849);

_Twenty-five Village Sermons_ (1849); _Phaeton, or Loose Thoughts for

Loose Thinkers_ (1852); _Sermons on National Subjects_ (1st series,

1852); _Hypatia_, a novel (1853); _Glaucus, or the Wonders of the

Shore_ (1855); _Sermons on National Subjects_ (2nd series, 1854);

_Alexandria and her Schools_ (1854); _Westward Ho!_ a novel (1855);

_Sermons for the Times_ (1855); _The Heroes_, Greek fairy tales

(1856); _Two Years Ago_, a novel (1857); _Andromeda and other Poems_

(1858); _The Good News of God_, sermons (1859); _Miscellanies_ (1859);

_Limits of Exact Science applied to History_ (Inaugural Lectures,

1860); _Town and Country Sermons_ (1861); _Sermons on the Pentateuch_

(1863); _Water-babies_ (1863); _The Roman and the Teuton_ (1864);

_David and other Sermons_ (1866); _Hereward the Wake_, a novel (1866);

_The Ancient Regime_ (Lectures at the Royal Institution, 1867); _Water

of Life and other Sermons_ (1867); _The Hermits_ (1869); _Madam How

and Lady Why_ (1869); _At last_ (1871); _Town Geology_ (1872);

_Discipline and other Sermons_ (1872); _Prose Idylls_ (1873); _Plays

and Puritans_ (1873); _Health and Education_ (1874); _Westminster

Sermons_ (1874); _Lectures delivered in America_ (1875). He was a

large contributor to periodical literature; many of his essays are

included in _Prose Idylls_ and other works in the above list. But no

collection has been made of some of his more characteristic writings

in the _Christian Socialist_ and _Politics for the People_, many of

them signed by the pseudonym he then assumed, "Parson Lot."

KINGSLEY, HENRY (1830-1876), English novelist, younger brother of

Charles Kingsley, was born at Barnack, Northamptonshire, on the 2nd of

January 1830. In 1853 he left Oxford, where he was an undergraduate at

Worcester College, for the Australian goldfields. This venture, however,

was not a success, and after five years he returned to England. He

achieved considerable popularity with his _Recollections of Geoffrey

Hamlyn_ (1859), a novel of Australian life. This was the first of a

series of novels of which _Ravenshoe_ (1861) and _The Hillyars and The

Burtons_ (1865) are the best known. These stories are characterized by

much vigour, abundance of incident, and healthy sentiment. He edited for

eighteen months the _Edinburgh Daily Review_, for which he had acted as

war correspondent during the Franco-German War. He died at Cuckfield,

Sussex, on the 24th of May 1876.

KINGSLEY, MARY HENRIETTA (1862-1900), English traveller, ethnologist and

author, daughter of George Henry Kingsley (1827-1892), was born in

Islington, London, on the 13th of October 1862. Her father, though less

widely known than his brothers, Charles and Henry (see above), was a man

of versatile abilities, with a passion for travelling which he managed

to indulge in combination with his practice as a doctor. He wrote one

popular book of travel, _South Sea Bubbles, by the Earl and the Doctor_

(1872), in collaboration with the 13th earl of Pembroke. Mary Kingsley's

reading in history, poetry and philosophy was wide if desultory, but she

was most attracted to natural history. Her family moved to Cambridge in

1886, where she studied the science of sociology. The loss of both

parents in 1892 left her free to pursue her own course, and she resolved

to study native religion and law in West Africa with a view to

completing a book which her father had left unfinished. With her study

of "raw fetish" she combined that of a scientific collector of

fresh-water fishes. She started for the West Coast in August 1893; and

at Kabinda, at Old Calabar, Fernando Po and on the Lower Congo she

pursued her investigations, returning to England in June 1894. She

gained sufficient knowledge of the native customs to contribute an

introduction to Mr R. E. Dennett's _Notes on the Folk Lore of the Fjort_

(1898). Miss Kingsley made careful preparations for a second visit to

the same coast; and in December 1894, provided by the British Museum

authorities with a collector's equipment, she proceeded via Old Calabar

to French Congo, and ascended the Ogowé River. From this point her

journey, in part across country hitherto untrodden by Europeans, was a

long series of adventures and hairbreadth escapes, at one time from the

dangers of land and water, at another from the cannibal Fang. Returning

to the coast Miss Kingsley went to Corisco and to the German colony of

Cameroon, where she made the ascent of the Great Cameroon (13,760 ft.)

from a direction until then unattempted. She returned to England in

October 1895. The story of her adventures and her investigations in

fetish is vividly told in her _Travels in West Africa_ (1897). The book

aroused wide interest, and she lectured to scientific gatherings on the

fauna, flora and folk-lore of West Africa, and to commercial audiences

on the trade of that region and its possible developments, always with a

protest against the lack of detailed knowledge characteristic of modern

dealings with new fields of trade. In both cases she spoke with

authority, for she had brought back a considerable number of new

specimens of fishes and plants, and had herself traded in rubber and oil

in the districts through which she passed. But her chief concern was for

the development of the negro on African, not European, lines and for the

government of the British possessions on the West Coast by methods which

left the native "a free unsmashed man--not a whitewashed slave or an

enemy." With undaunted energy Miss Kingsley made preparations for a

third journey to the West Coast, but the Anglo-Boer War changed her

plans, and she decided to go first to South Africa to nurse fever

cases. She died of enteric fever at Simon's Town, where she was engaged

in tending Boer prisoners, on the 3rd of June 1900. Miss Kingsley's

works, besides her _Travels_, include _West African Studies, The Story

of West Africa_, a memoir of her father prefixed to his _Notes on Sport

and Travel_ (1899), and many contributions to the study of West African

law and folk-lore. To continue the investigation of the subjects Miss

Kingsley had made her own "The African Society" was founded in 1901.

Valuable biographical information from the pen of Mr George A.

Macmillan is prefixed to a second edition (1901) of the _Studies_.

KING'S LYNN (LYNN or LYNN REGIS), a market town, seaport and municipal

and parliamentary borough of Norfolk, England, on the estuary of the

Great Ouse near its outflow into the Wash. Pop. (1901), 20,288. It is 97

m. N. by E. from London by the Great Eastern railway, and is also served

by the Midland and Great Northern joint line. On the land side the town

was formerly defended by a fosse, and there are still considerable

remains of the old wall, including the handsome South Gate of the 15th

century. Several by-channels of the river, passing through the town, are

known as fleets, recalling the similar _flethe_ of Hamburg. The Public

Walks forms a pleasant promenade parallel to the wall, and in the centre

of it stands a picturesque octagonal Chapel of the Red Mount, exhibiting

ornate Perpendicular work, and once frequented by pilgrims. The church

of St Margaret, formerly the priory church, is a fine building with two

towers at the west end, one of which was formerly surmounted by a spire,

blown down in 1741. Norman or transitional work appears in the base of

both towers, of which the southern also shows Early English and

Decorated work, while the northern is chiefly Perpendicular. There is a

fine Perpendicular east window of circular form. The church possesses

two of the finest monumental brasses in existence, dated respectively

1349 and 1364. St Nicholas chapel, at the north end of the town, is also

of rich Perpendicular workmanship, with a tower of earlier date. All

Saints' church in South Lynn is a beautiful Decorated cruciform

structure. Of a Franciscan friary there remains the Perpendicular Grey

Friars' Steeple, and the doorway remains of a priests' college founded

in 1502. At the grammar school, founded in the reign of Henry VIII., but

occupying modern buildings, Eugene Aram was usher. Among the other

public buildings are the guildhall, with Renaissance front, the corn

exchange, the picturesque custom-house of the 17th century, the

athenaeum (including a museum, hall and other departments), the Stanley

Library and the municipal buildings. The fisheries of the town are

important, including extensive mussel-fisheries under the jurisdiction

of the corporation, and there are also breweries, corn-mills, iron and

brass foundries, agricultural implement manufactories, ship-building

yards, rope and sail works. Lynn Harbour has an area of 30 acres and an

average depth at low tide of 10 ft. There is also good anchorage in the

roads leading from the Wash to the docks. There are two docks of 6¾ and

10 acres area respectively. A considerable traffic is carried on by

barges on the Ouse. The municipal and parliamentary boroughs of Lynn are

co-extensive; the parliamentary borough returns one member. The town is

governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area, 3061 acres.

As Lynn (Lun, Lenne, Bishop's Lynn) owes its origin to the trade which

its early settlers carried by the Ouse and its tributaries its history

dates from the period of settled occupation by the Saxons. It belonged

to the bishops of Thetford before the Conquest and remained with the see

when it was translated to Norwich. Herbert de Losinga (c. 1054-1119)

granted its jurisdiction to the cathedral of Norwich but this right was

resumed by a later bishop, John de Gray, who in 1204 had obtained from

John a charter establishing Lynn as a free borough. A fuller grant in

1206 gave the burgesses a gild merchant, the husting court to be held

once a week only, and general liberties according to the customs of

Oxford, saving the rights of the bishop and the earl of Arundel, whose

ancestor William D'Albini had received from William II. the moiety of

the tolbooth. Among numerous later charters one of 1268 confirmed the

privilege granted to the burgesses by the bishop of choosing a mayor;

another of 1416 re-established his election by the aldermen alone. Henry

VIII. granted Lynn two charters, the first (1524) incorporating it under

mayor and aldermen; the second (1537) changing its name to King's Lynn

and transferring to the corporation all the rights hitherto enjoyed by

the bishop. Edward VI. added the possessions of the gild of the Trinity,

or gild merchant, and St George's gild, while Queen Mary annexed South

Lynn. Admiralty rights were granted by James I. Lynn, which had declared

for the Crown in 1643, surrendered its privileges to Charles II. in

1684, but recovered its charter on the eve of the Revolution. A fair

held on the festival of St Margaret (July 20) was included in the grant

to the monks of Norwich about 1100. Three charters of John granting the

bishop fairs on the feasts of St Nicholas, St Ursula and St Margaret are

extant, and another of Edward I., changing the last to the feast of St

Peter ad Vincula (Aug. 1). A local act was passed in 1558-1559 for

keeping a mart or fair once a year. In the eighteenth century besides

the pleasure fair, still held in February, there was another in October,

now abolished. A royal charter of 1524 established the cattle, corn and

general provisions market, still held every Tuesday and Saturday. Lynn

has ranked high among English seaports from early times.

See E. M. Beloe, _Our Borough_ (1899); H. Harrod, _Report on Deeds,

&c._;, of King's Lynn (1874); _Victoria County History: Norfolk_.

KING'S MOUNTAIN, a mountainous ridge in Gaston county, North Carolina

and York county, South Carolina, U.S.A. It is an outlier of the Blue

Ridge running parallel with it, i.e. N.E. and S.W., but in contrast with

the other mountains of the Blue Ridge, King's Mountain has a crest

marked with sharp and irregular notches. Its highest point and great

escarpment are in North Carolina. About 1½ m. S. of the line between the

two states, where the ridge is about 60 ft. above the surrounding

country and very narrow at the top, the battle of King's Mountain was

fought on the 7th of October 1780 between a force of about 100

Provincial Rangers and about 1000 Loyalist militia under Major Patrick

Ferguson (1744-1780), and an American force of about 900 backwoodsmen

under Colonels William Campbell (1745-1781), Benjamin Cleveland

(1738-1806), Isaac Shelby, John Sevier and James Williams (1740-1780),

in which the Americans were victorious. The British loss is stated as

119 killed (including the commander), 123 wounded, and 664 prisoners;

the American loss was 28 killed (including Colonel Williams) and 62

wounded. The victory largely contributed to the success of General

Nathanael Greene's campaign against Lord Cornwallis. There has been some

dispute as to the exact site of the engagement, but the weight of

evidence is in favour of the position mentioned above, on the South

Carolina side of the line. A monument erected in 1815 was replaced in

1880 by a much larger one, and a monument for which Congress

appropriated $30,000 in 1906, was completed in 1909.

See L. C. Draper, _King's Mountain and its Heroes_ (Cincinnati, 1881);

and Edward McCrady, _South Carolina in the Revolution 1775-1780_ (New

York, 1901).

KINGSTON, ELIZABETH, DUCHESS OF (1720-1788), sometimes called countess

of Bristol, was the daughter of Colonel Thomas Chudleigh (d. 1726), and

was appointed maid of honour to Augusta, princess of Wales, in 1743,

probably through the good offices of her friend, William Pulteney, earl

of Bath. Being a very beautiful woman Miss Chudleigh did not lack

admirers, among whom were James, 6th duke of Hamilton, and Augustus John

Hervey, afterwards 3rd earl of Bristol. Hamilton, however, left England,

and on the 4th of August 1744 she was privately married to Hervey at

Lainston, near Winchester. Both husband and wife being poor, their union

was kept secret to enable Elizabeth to retain her post at court, while

Hervey, who was a naval officer, rejoined his ship, returning to England

towards the close of 1746. The marriage was a very unhappy one, and the

pair soon ceased to live together; but when it appeared probable that

Hervey would succeed his brother as earl of Bristol, his wife took

steps to obtain proof of her marriage. This did not, however, prevent

her from becoming the mistress of Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd duke of

Kingston, and she was not only a very prominent figure in London

society, but in 1765 in Berlin she was honoured by the attentions of

Frederick the Great. By this time Hervey wished for a divorce from his

wife; but Elizabeth, although equally anxious to be free, was unwilling

to face the publicity attendant upon this step. However she began a suit

of jactitation against Hervey. This case was doubtless collusive, and

after Elizabeth had sworn she was unmarried, the court in February 1769

pronounced her a spinster. Within a month she married Kingston, who died

four years later, leaving her all his property on condition that she

remained a widow. Visiting Rome the duchess was received with honour by

Clement XIV.; after which she hurried back to England to defend herself

from a charge of bigamy, which had been preferred against her by

Kingston's nephew, Evelyn Meadows (d. 1826). The house of Lords in 1776

found her guilty, and retaining her fortune she hurriedly left England

to avoid further proceedings on the part of the Meadows family, who had

a reversionary interest in the Kingston estates. She lived for a time in

Calais, and then repaired to St Petersburg, near which city she bought

an estate which she named "Chudleigh." Afterwards she resided in Paris,

Rome, and elsewhere, and died in Paris on the 26th of August 1788. The

duchess was a coarse and licentious woman, and was ridiculed as Kitty

Crocodile by the comedian Samuel Foote in a play _A Trip to Calais_,

which, however, he was not allowed to produce. She is said to have been

the original of Thackeray's characters, Beatrice and Baroness Bernstein.

There is an account of the duchess in J. H. Jesse's _Memoirs of the

Court of England 1688-1760_, vol. iv. (1901).

KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES (1814-1880), English novelist, son of Lucy

Henry Kingston, was born in London on the 28th of February 1814. Much of

his youth was spent at Oporto, where his father was a merchant, but when

he entered the business, he made his headquarters in London. He early

wrote newspaper articles on Portuguese subjects. These were translated

into Portuguese, and the author received a Portuguese order of

knighthood and a pension for his services in the conclusion of the

commercial treaty of 1842. In 1844 his first book, _The Circassian

Chief_, appeared, and in 1845 _The Prime Minister, a Story of the Days

of the Great Marquis of Pombal_. The _Lusitanian Sketches_ describe

Kingston's travels in Portugal. In 1851 _Peter the Whaler_, his first

book for boys, came out. These books proved so popular that Kingston

retired from business, and devoted himself to the production of tales of

adventure for boys. Within thirty years he wrote upwards of one hundred

and thirty such books. He had a practical knowledge of seamanship, and

his stories of the sea, full of thrilling adventures and hairbreadth

escapes, exactly hit the taste of his boy readers. Characteristic

specimens of his work are _The Three Midshipmen_; _The Three

Lieutenants_; _The Three Commanders_; and _The Three Admirals_. He also

wrote popular accounts of famous travellers by land and sea, and

translated some of the stories of Jules Verne.

In all philanthropic schemes Kingston took deep interest; he was the

promoter of the mission to seamen; and he acted as secretary of a

society for promoting an improved system of emigration. He was editor of

the _Colonist_ for a short time in 1844 and of the _Colonial Magazine

and East Indian Review_ from 1849 to 1851. He was a supporter of the

volunteer movement in England from the first. He died at Willesden on

the 5th of August 1880.

KINGSTON, the chief city of Frontenac county, Ontario, Canada, at the

north-eastern extremity of Lake Ontario, and the mouth of the Cataraqui

River. Pop. (1901), 17,961. It is an important station on the Grand

Trunk railway, the terminus of the Kingston & Pembroke railway, and has

steamboat communication with other ports on Lake Ontario and the Bay of

Quinte, on the St Lawrence and the Rideau canal. It contains a fine

stone graving dock, 280 ft. long, 100 ft. wide, and with a depth of 16

ft. at low water on the sill. The fortifications, which at one time

made it one of the strongest fortresses in Canada, are now out of date.

The sterility of the surrounding country, and the growth of railways

have lessened its commercial importance, but it still contains a number

of small factories, and important locomotive works and ship-building

yards. As an educational and residential centre it retains high rank,

and is a popular summer resort. It is the seat of an Anglican and of a

Roman Catholic bishopric, of the Royal Military College (founded by the

Dominion government in 1875), of an artillery school, and of Queen's

University, an institution founded in 1839 under the nominal control of

the Presbyterian church, now including about 1200 students. In the

suburbs are a Dominion penitentiary, and a provincial lunatic asylum.

Founded by the French in 1673, under the name of Kateracoui, soon

changed to Fort Frontenac, it played an important part in the wars

between English and French. Taken and destroyed by the English in 1758,

it was refounded in 1782 under its present name, and was from 1841 to

1844 the capital of Canada.

KINGSTON, a city and the county-seat of Ulster county, New York, U.S.A.,

on the Hudson River, at the mouth of Rondout Creek, about 90 m. N. of

New York and about 53 m. S. of Albany. Pop. (1900), 24,535--3551 being

foreign-born; (1910 census) 25,908. It is served by the West Shore

(which here crosses Rondout Creek on a high bridge), the New York

Ontario & Western, the Ulster & Delaware, and the Wallkill Valley

railways, by a ferry across the river to Rhinecliff, where connexion is

made with the New York Central & Hudson River railroad, and by steamboat

lines to New York, Albany and other river points. The principal part of

the city is built on a level plateau about 150 ft. above the river;

other parts of the site vary from flatlands to rough highlands. To the

N.W. is the mountain scenery of the Catskills, to the S.W. the

Shawangunk Mountains and Lake Mohonk, and in the distance across the

river are the Berkshire Hills. The most prominent public buildings are

the post office and the city hall; in front of the latter is a Soldiers'

and Sailors' Monument. The city has a Carnegie library. The "Senate

House"--now the property of the state, with a colonial museum--was

erected about 1676; it was the meeting place of the first State Senate

in 1777, and was burned (except the walls) in October of that year. The

court house (1818) stands on the site of the old court house, in which

Governor George Clinton was inaugurated in July 1777, and in which Chief

Justice John Jay held the first term of the New York Supreme Court in

September 1777. The Elmendorf Tavern (1723) was the meeting-place of the

New York Council of Safety in October 1777. Kingston Academy was

organized in 1773, and in 1864 was transferred to the Kingston Board of

Education and became part of the city's public school system; its

present building dates from 1806. Kingston's principal manufactures are

tobacco, cigars and cigarettes, street railway cars and boats; other

manufactures are Rosendale cement, bricks, shirts, lace curtains,

brushes, motor wheels, sash and blinds. The city ships large quantities

of building and flag stones quarried in the vicinity. The total value of

the factory product in 1905 was $5,000,922, an increase of 26.5% since

1900.

In 1614 a small fort was built by the Dutch at the mouth of Rondout

Creek, and in 1652 a settlement was established in the vicinity and

named Esopus after the Esopus Indians, who were a subdivision of the

Munsee branch of the Delawares, and whose name meant "small river,"

referring possibly to Rondout Creek. The settlement was deserted in

1655-56 on account of threatened Indian attacks. In 1658 a stockade was

built by the order of Governor Peter Stuyvesant, and from this event the

actual founding of the city is generally dated. In 1659 the massacre of

several drunken Indians by the soldiers caused a general rising of the

Indians, who unsuccessfully attacked the stockade, killing some of the

soldiers and inhabitants, and capturing and torturing others.

Hostilities continued into the following year. In 1661 the governor

named the place Wiltwyck and gave it a municipal charter. In 1663 it

suffered from another Indian attack, a number of the inhabitants being

slain or taken prisoners. The English took possession in 1664, and in

1660 Wiltwyck was named Kingston, after Kingston Lisle, near Wantage,

England, the family seat of Governor Francis Lovelace. In the same year

the English garrison was removed. In 1673-1674 Kingston was again

temporarily under the control of the Dutch, who called it Swanenburg. In

1777 the convention which drafted the new state constitution met in

Kingston, and during part of the year Kingston was the seat of the new

state government. On the 16th of October 1777 the British under General

Sir John Vaughan (1748-95) sacked it and burned nearly all its

buildings. In 1908 the body of George Clinton was removed from

Washington, D.C., and reinterred in Kingston on the 250th anniversary of

the building of the stockade. In 1787 Kingston was one of the places

contemplated as a site for the national capital. In 1805 it was

incorporated as a village, and in 1872 it absorbed the villages of

Rondout and Wilbur and was made a city.

See M. Schoonmaker, _History of Kingston_ (New York, 1888).

KINGSTON, a borough of Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the

North Branch of the Susquehanna river, opposite Wilkes-Barré. Pop.

(1900), 3846 (1039 foreign-born); (1910) 6449. Kingston is served by the

Delaware, Lackawanna &. Western and the Lehigh Valley railways. It is

the seat of Wyoming Seminary (1844; co-educational), a well-known

secondary school. Anthracite coal is mined here; there are railway

repair and machine-shops; and among the borough's manufactures are

hosiery, silk goods, underwear and adding machines. Kingston (at first

called "Kingstown," from Kings Towne, Rhode Island) was commonly known

in its early days as the "Forty Township," because the first permanent

settlement was made by forty pioneers from Connecticut, who were sent

out by the Susquehanna Company and took possession of the district in

its name in 1769. In 1772 the famous "Forty Fort," a stockade

fortification, was built here, and in 1777 it was rebuilt, strengthened

and enlarged. Here on the 3rd of July 1778 about 400 men and boys met,

and under the command of Colonel Zebulon Butler (1731-95) went out to

meet a force of about 1100 British troops and Indians, commanded by

Major John Butler and Old King (Sayenqueraghte). The Americans were

defeated in the engagement that followed, and many of the prisoners

taken were massacred or tortured by the Indians. A monument near the

site of the fort commemorates the battle and massacre. Kingston was

incorporated as a borough in 1857. (See WYOMING VALLEY.)

KINGSTON, the capital and chief port of Jamaica, West Indies. Pop.

(1901), 46,542, mostly negroes. It is situated in the county of Surrey,

in the south-east of the island, standing on the north shore of a

land-locked harbour--for its size one of the finest in the world--and

with its suburbs occupying an area of 1080 acres. The town contains the

principal government offices. It has a good water supply, a telephone

service and a supply of both gas and electric light, while electric

trams ply between the town and its suburbs. The Institute of Jamaica

maintains a public library, museum and art gallery especially devoted to

local interests. The old parish church in King Street, dating probably

from 1692 was the burial-place of William Hall (1699) and Admiral Benbow

(1702). The suburbs are remarkable for their beauty. The climate is dry

and healthy, and the temperature ranges from 93° to 66° F. Kingston was

founded in 1693, after the neighbouring town of Port Royal had been

ruined by an earthquake in 1692. In 1703, Port Royal having been again

laid waste by fire, Kingston became the commercial, and in 1872 the

political, capital of the island. On several occasions Kingston was

almost entirely consumed by fire, the conflagrations of 1780, 1843, 1862

and 1882 being particularly severe. On the 14th of January 1907 it was

devastated by a terrible earthquake. A long immunity had led to the

erection of many buildings not specially designed to withstand such

shocks, and these and the fire which followed were so destructive that

practically the whole town had to be rebuilt. (See JAMAICA.)

KINGSTON-ON-THAMES, a market town and municipal borough in the Kingston

parliamentary division of Surrey, England, 11 m. S.W. of Charing Cross,

London; on the London and South-Western railway. Pop. (1901), 34,375.

It has a frontage with public walks and gardens upon the right bank of

the Thames, and is in close proximity to Richmond and Bushey Parks, its

pleasant situation rendering it a favourite residential district. The

ancient wooden bridge over the river, which was in existence as early as

1223, was superseded by a structure of stone in 1827. The parish church

of All Saints, chiefly Perpendicular in style, contains several brasses

of the 15th century, and monuments by Chantrey and others; the grammar

school, rebuilt in 1878, was originally founded as a chantry by Edward

Lovekyn in 1305, and converted into a school by Queen Elizabeth. Near

the parish church stood the chapel of St Mary, where it is alleged the

Saxon kings were crowned. The ancient stone said to have been used as a

throne at these coronations was removed to the market-place in 1850. At

Norbiton, within the borough, is the Royal Cambridge Asylum for

soldiers' widows (1854). At Kingston Hill is an industrial and training

school for girls, opened in 1892. There are large market gardens in the

neighbourhood, and the town possesses oil-mills, flour-mills, breweries

and brick and tile works. The borough is under a mayor, 8 aldermen and

24 councillors. Area, 1133 acres.

The position of Kingston (_Cyningestun_, _Chingestune_) on the Thames

where there was probably a ford accounts for its origin; its later

prosperity was due to the bridge which existed in 1223 and possibly long

before. In 836 or 838 it was the meeting-place of the council under

Ecgbert, and in the 10th century some if not all of the West Saxon kings

were crowned at Kingston. In the time of Edward the Confessor it was a

royal manor, and in 1086 included a church, five mills and three

fisheries. Domesday also mentions bedels in Kingston. The original

charters were granted by John in 1200 and 1209, by which the free men of

Kingston were empowered to hold the town in fee-farm for ever, with all

the liberties that it had while in the king's hands. Henry III.

sanctioned the gild-merchant which had existed previously, and granted

other privileges. These charters were confirmed and extended by many

succeeding monarchs down to Charles I. Henry VI. incorporated the town

under two bailiffs. Except for temporary surrenders of their corporate

privileges under Charles II. and James II. the government of the borough

continued in its original form until 1835, when it was reincorporated

under the title of mayor, aldermen and burgesses. Kingston returned two

members to parliament in 1311, 1313, 1353 and 1373, but never

afterwards. The market, still held on Saturdays, was granted by James

I., and the Wednesday market by Charles II. To these a cattle-market on

Thursdays has been added by the corporation. The only remaining fair,

now held on the 13th of November, was granted by Henry III., and was

then held on the morrow of All Souls and seven days following.

KINGSTON-UPON-HULL, EARLS AND DUKES OF. These titles were borne by the

family of Pierrepont, or Pierrepoint, from 1628 to 1773.

ROBERT PIERREPONT (1584-1643), second son of Sir Henry Pierrepont of

Holme Pierrepont, Nottinghamshire, was member of parliament for

Nottingham in 1601, and was created Baron Pierrepont and Viscount Newark

in 1627, being made earl of Kingston-upon-Hull in the following year. He

remained neutral on the outbreak of the Civil War; but afterwards he

joined the king, and was appointed lieutenant-general of the counties of

Lincoln, Rutland, Huntingdon, Cambridge and Norfolk. Whilst defending

Gainsborough he was taken prisoner, and was accidentally killed on the

25th of July 1643 while being conveyed to Hull. The earl had five sons,

one of whom was Francis Pierrepont (d. 1659), a colonel in the

parliamentary army and afterwards a member of the Long Parliament; and

another was William Pierrepont (q.v.), a leading member of the

parliamentary party.

His son HENRY PIERREPONT (1606-1680), 2nd earl of Kingston and 1st

marquess of Dorchester, was member of parliament for Nottinghamshire,

and was called to the House of Lords as Baron Pierrepont in 1641. During

the earlier part of the Civil War he was at Oxford in attendance upon

the king, whom he represented at the negotiations at Uxbridge. In 1645

he was made a privy councillor and created marquess of Dorchester; but

in 1647 he compounded for his estates by paying a large fine to the

parliamentarians. Afterwards the marquess, who was always fond of books,

spent his time mainly in London engaged in the study of medicine and

law, his devotion to the former science bringing upon him a certain

amount of ridicule and abuse. After the Restoration he was restored to

the privy council, and was made recorder of Nottingham and a fellow of

the Royal Society. Dorchester had two daughters, but no sons, and when

he died in London on the 8th of December 1680 the title of marquess of

Dorchester became extinct. He was succeeded as 3rd earl of Kingston by

Robert (d. 1682), a son of Robert Pierrepont of Thoresby,

Nottinghamshire, and as 4th earl by Robert's brother William (d. 1690).

EVELYN PIERREPONT (c. 1655-1726), 5th earl and 1st duke of Kingston,

another brother had been member of parliament for East Retford before

his accession to the peerage. While serving as one of the commissioners

for the union with Scotland he was created marquess of Dorchester in

1706, and took a leading part in the business of the House of Lords. He

was made a privy councillor and in 1715 was created duke of Kingston;

afterwards serving as lord privy seal and lord president of the council.

The duke, who died on the 5th of March 1726, was a prominent figure in

the fashionable society of his day. He was twice married, and had five

daughters, among whom was Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (q.v.), and one son,

William, earl of Kingston (d. 1713).

The latter's son, EVELYN PIERREPONT (1711-1773), succeeded his

grandfather as second duke of Kingston. When the rebellion of 1745 broke

out he raised a regiment called "Kingston's light horse," which

distinguished itself at Culloden. The duke, who attained the rank of

general in the army, is described by Horace Walpole as "a very weak man,

of the greatest beauty and finest person in England." He is chiefly

famous for his connexion with Elizabeth Chudleigh, who claimed to be

duchess of Kingston (q.v.). The Kingston titles became extinct on the

duke's death without children on the 23rd of September 1773, but on the

death of the duchess in 1788 the estates came to his nephew Charles

Meadows (1737-1816), who took the name of Pierrepont and was created

Baron Pierrepont and Viscount Newark in 1796, and Earl Manvers in 1806.

His descendant, the present Earl Manvers, is thus the representative of

the dukes of Kingston.

KINGSTOWN, a seaport of Co. Dublin, Ireland, in the south parliamentary

division, at the south-eastern extremity of Dublin Bay, 6 m. S.E. from

Dublin by the Dublin & South-Eastern railway. Pop. of urban district

(1901), 17,377. It is a large seaport and favourite watering-place, and

possesses several fine streets, with electric trams, and terraces

commanding picturesque sea views. The original name of Kingstown was

Dunleary, which was exchanged for the present designation after the

embarkation of George IV. at the port on his return from Ireland in

1821, an event which is also commemorated by a granite obelisk erected

near the harbour. The town was a mere fishing village until the

construction of an extensive harbour, begun in 1817 and finally

completed in 1859. The eastern pier has a length of 3500 ft. and the

western of 4950 ft., the total area enclosed being about 250 acres, with

a varying depth of from 15 to 27 ft. Kingstown is the station of the

City of Dublin Steam Packet Company's mail steamers to Holyhead in

connexion with the London & North-Western railway. It has large export

and import trade both with Great Britain and foreign countries. The

principal export is cattle, and the principal imports corn and

provisions. Kingstown is the centre of an extensive sea-fishery; and

there are three yacht clubs: the Royal Irish, Royal St George and Royal

Alfred.

KING-TÊ CHÊN, a town near Fu-liang Hien, in the province of Kiang-si,

China, and the principal seat of the porcelain manufacture in that

empire. Being situated on the south bank of the river Chang, it was in

ancient times known as _Chang-nan Chên_, or "town on the south of the

river Chang." It is unwalled, and straggles along the bank of the river.

The streets are narrow, and crowded with a population which is reckoned

at a million, the vast majority of whom find employment at the porcelain

factories. Since the Ch'in dynasty (557-589) this has been the great

trade of the place, which was then called by its earlier name. In the

reign of King-tê (Chên-tsung) of the Sung dynasty, early in the 11th

century A.D., a manufactory was founded there for making vases and

objects of art for the use of the emperor. Hence its adoption of its

present title. Since the time of the Ming dynasty a magistrate has been

specially appointed to superintend the factories and to despatch at

regulated intervals the imperial porcelain to Peking. The town is

situated on a vast plain surrounded by mountains, and boasts of three

thousand porcelain furnaces. These constantly burning fires are the

causes of frequent conflagrations, and at night give the city the

appearance of a place on fire. The people are as a rule orderly, though

they have on several occasions shown a hostile bearing towards foreign

visitors. This is probably to be accounted for by a desire to keep their

art as far as possible a mystery, which appears less unreasonable when

it is remembered that the two kinds of earth of which the porcelain is

made are not found at King-tê Chên, but are brought from K'i-mun in the

neighbouring province of Ngan-hui, and that there is therefore no reason

why the trade should be necessarily maintained at that place. The two

kinds of earth are known as pai-tun-tsze, which is a fine fusible quartz

powder, and kaolin, which is not fusible, and is said to give strength

to the ware. Both materials are prepared in the shape of bricks at

K'i-mun, and are brought down the Chang to the seat of the manufacture.

KINGUSSIE, a town of Inverness-shire, Scotland. Pop. (1901), 987. It

lies at a height of 750 ft. above sea-level, on the left bank of the

Spey, here crossed by a bridge, 46½ m. S. by S.E. of Inverness by the

Highland railway. It was founded towards the end of the 18th century by

the duke of Gordon, in the hope of its becoming a centre of woollen

manufactures. This expectation, however, was not realized, but in time

the place grew popular as a health resort, the scenery in every

direction being remarkably picturesque. On the right bank of the river

is Ruthven, where James Macpherson was born in 1736, and on the left

bank, some 2½ m. from Kingussie, is the house of Belleville (previously

known as Raitts) which he acquired from Mackintosh of Borlum and where

he died in 1796. The mansion, renamed Balavil by Macpherson's

great-grandson, was burned down in 1903, when the fine library

(including some MSS. of Sir David Brewster, who had married the poet's

second daughter) was destroyed. Of Ruthven Castle, one of the residences

of the Comyns of Badenoch, only the ruins of the walls remain. Here the

Jacobites made an ineffectual rally under Lord George Murray after the

battle of Culloden.

KING WILLIAM'S TOWN, a town of South Africa, in the Cape province and on

the Buffalo River, 42 m. by rail W.N.W. of the port of East London. Pop.

(1904), 9506, of whom 5987 were whites. It is the headquarters of the

Cape Mounted Police. "King," as the town is locally called, stands 1275

ft. above the sea at the foot of the Amatola Mountains, and in the midst

of a thickly populated agricultural district. The town is well laid out

and most of the public buildings and merchants' stores are built of

stone. There are manufactories of sweets and jams, candles, soap,

matches and leather, and a large trade in wool, hides and grains is done

with East London. "King" is also an important entrepôt for trade with

the natives throughout Kaffraria, with which there is direct railway

communication. Founded by Sir Benjamin D'Urban in May 1835 during the

Kaffir War of that year, the town is named after William IV. It was

abandoned in December 1836, but was reoccupied in 1846 and was the

capital of British Kaffraria from its creation in 1847 to its

incorporation in 1865 with Cape Colony. Many of the colonists in the

neighbouring districts are descendants of members of the German legion

disbanded after the Crimean War and provided with homes in Cape Colony;

hence such names as Berlin, Potsdam, Braunschweig, Frankfurt, given to

settlements in this part of the country.

KINKAJOU (_Cercoleptes caudivolvulus_ or _Potos flavus_), the single

species of an aberrant genus of the raccoon family (_Procyonidae_). It

has been split up into a number of local races. A native of the forests

of the warmer parts of South and Central America, the kinkajou is about

the size of a cat, of a uniform pale, yellowish-brown colour, nocturnal

and arboreal in its habits, feeding on fruit, honey, eggs and small

birds and mammals, and is of a tolerably gentle disposition and easily

tamed. (See CARNIVORA.)

KINKEL, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1815-1882), German poet, was born on the 11th

of August 1815 at Obercassel near Bonn. Having studied theology at Bonn

and afterwards in Berlin, he established himself at Bonn in 1836 as

_privat docent_ of theology, later became master at the gymnasium there,

and was for a short time assistant preacher in Cologne. Changing his

religious opinions, he abandoned theology and delivered lectures on the

history of art, in which he had become interested on a journey to Italy

in 1837. In 1846 he was appointed extraordinary professor of the history

of art at Bonn University. For his share in the revolution in the

Palatinate in 1849 Kinkel was arrested and, sentenced to penal servitude

for life, was interned in the fortress of Spandau. His friend Carl

Schurz contrived in November 1850 to effect his escape to England,

whence he went to the United States. Returning to London in 1853, he for

several years taught German and lectured on German literature, and in

1858 founded the German paper _Hermann_. In 1866 he accepted the

professorship of archaeology and the history of art at the Polytechnikum

in Zürich, in which city he died on the 13th of November 1882.

The popularity which Kinkel enjoyed in his day was hardly justified by

his talent; his poetry is of the sweetly sentimental type which was much

in vogue in Germany about the middle of the 19th century. His _Gedichte_

first appeared in 1843, and have gone through several editions. He is to

be seen to most advantage in the verse romances, _Otto der Schütz, eine

rheinische Geschichte in zwölf Abenteuern_ (1846) which in 1896 had

attained its 75th edition, and _Der Grobschmied von Antwerpen_ (1868).

Among Kinkel's other works may be mentioned the tragedy _Nimrod_ (1857),

and his history of art, _Geschichte der bildenden Künste bei den

christlichen Völkern_ (1845). Kinkel's first wife, Johanna, _née_ Mockel

(1810-1858), assisted her husband in his literary work, and was herself

an author of considerable merit. Her admirable autobiographical novel

_Hans Ibeles in London_ was not published until 1860, after her death.

She also wrote on musical subjects.

See A. Strodtmann, _Gottfried Kinkel_ (2 vols., Hamburg, 1851); and O.

Henne am Rhyn, _G. Kinkel, ein Lebensbild_ (Zürich, 1883).

KINNING PARK, a southern suburb of Glasgow, Scotland. Pop. (1901),

13,852. It is situated on the left bank of the Clyde between Glasgow,

with which it is connected by tramway and subway, and Govan. Since 1850

it has grown from a rural village to a busy centre mainly inhabited by

artisans and labourers. Its principal industries are engineering, bread

and biscuit baking, soap-making and paint-making.

KINNOR (Gr. [Greek: kinyra]), the Hebrew name for an ancient stringed

instrument, the first mentioned in the Bible (Gen. iv. 21), where it is

now always translated "harp." The identification of the instrument has

been much discussed, but, from the standpoint of the history of musical

instruments, the weight of evidence is in favour of the view that the

Semitic _kinnor_ is the Greek _cithara_ (q.v.). This instrument was

already in use before 2000 B.C. among the Semitic races and in a higher

state of development than it ever attained in Greece during the best

classic period. It is unlikely that an instrument (which also appears on

Hebrew coins) so widely known and used in various parts of Asia Minor in

remote times, and occurring among the Hittite sculptures, should pass

unmentioned in the Bible, with the exception of the verses in Dan. iii.

KINO, the West African name of an astringent drug introduced into

European medicine in 1757 by John Fothergill. When described by him it

was believed to have been brought from the river Gambia in West Africa,

and when first imported it was sold in England as _Gummi rubrum

astringens gambiense_. It was obtained from _Pterocarpus erinaceus_. The

drug now recognized as the legitimate kind is East Indian, Malabar or

Amboyna kino, which is the evaporated juice obtained from incisions in

the trunk of _Pterocarpus Marsupium_ (Leguminosae), though Botany Bay

or eucalyptus kino is used in Australia. When exuding from the tree it

resembles red-currant jelly, but hardens in a few hours after exposure

to the air and sun. When sufficiently dried it is packed into wooden

boxes for exportation. When these are opened it breaks up into angular

brittle fragments of a blackish-red colour and shining surface. In cold

water it is only partially dissolved, leaving a pale flocculent residue

which is soluble in boiling water but deposited again on cooling. It is

soluble in alcohol and caustic alkalis, but not in ether.

The chief constituent of the drug is kino-tannic acid, which is present

to the extent of about 75 %; it is only very slightly soluble in cold

water. It is not absorbed at all from the stomach and only very slowly

from the intestine. Other constituents are gum, pyrocatechin, and

kinoin, a crystalline neutral principle. Kino-red is also present in

small quantity, being an oxidation product of kino-tannic acid. The

useful preparations of this drug are the tincture (dose ½-1 drachm), and

the _pulvis kino compositus_ (dose 5-20 gr.) which contains one part of

opium in twenty. The drug is frequently used in diarrhoea, its value

being due to the relative insolubility of kino-tannic acid, which

enables it to affect the lower part of the intestine. In this respect it

is parallel with catechu. It is not now used as a gargle, antiseptics

being recognized as the rational treatment for sore-throat.

KINORHYNCHA, an isolated group of minute animals containing the single

genus _Echinoderes_ F. Dujardin, with some eighteen species. They occur

in mud and on sea-weeds at the bottom of shallow seas below low-water

mark and devour organic débris.

[Illustration: (After Hartog, from _Cambridge Natural History_, vol.

ii., "Worms, &c.," by permission of Messrs. Macmillan & Co., Ltd.)

b, bristle; cs, caudal spine; ph, pharynx; s & s´, the spines on the two

segments of the proboscis; sg, salivary glands; st, stomach.]

The body is enclosed in a stout cuticle, prolonged in places into spines

and bristles. These are especially conspicuous in two rings round the

proboscis and in the two posterior caudal spines. The body is divided

into eleven segments and the protrusible proboscis apparently into two,

and the cuticle of the central segment is thickened to form three

plates, one dorsal and two ventrolateral. The cuticle is secreted by an

epidermis in which no cell boundaries are to be seen; it sends out

processes into the bristles. The mouth opens at the tip of the

retractile proboscis; it leads into a short thin-walled tube which opens

into an oval muscular gizzard lined with a thick cuticle; at the

posterior end of this are some minute glands and then follows a large

stomach slightly sacculated in each segment, this tapers through the

rectum to the terminal anus. A pair of pear-shaped, ciliated glands

inside lie in the eighth segment and open on the ninth. They are

regarded as kidneys. The nervous system consists of a ganglion or brain,

which lies dorsally about the level of the junction of the pharynx and

the stomach, a nerve ring and a segmented neutral cord. The only sense

organs described are eyes, which occur in some species, and may number

one to four pairs.

The Kinorhyncha are dioecious. The testes reach forward to the fifth and

even to the second segment, and open one each side of the anus. The

ovaries open in a similar position but never reach farther forward than

the fourth segment. The external openings in the male are armed with a

pair of hollowed spines. The animals are probably oviparous.

LITERATURE.--F. Dujardin, _Ann. Sci. Nat._, 3rd series, Zool. xv.

1851, p. 158; W. Reinhard, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlv. 1887, pp.

401-467, t. xx.-xxii.; C. Zelinka, _Verh. d. Deutsch. Zool. Ges._,

1894. (A. E. S.)

KINROSS-SHIRE, a county of Scotland, bounded N. and W. by Perthshire, on

the extreme S.W. by Clackmannanshire and S. and E. by Fifeshire. Its

area is 52,410 acres or 81.9 sq. m. Excepting Clackmannan it is the

smallest county in Scotland both in point of area and of population. On

its confines the shire is hilly. To the N. and W. are several peaks of

the Ochils, the highest being Innerdouny (1621 ft.) and Mellock (1573);

to the E. are the heights of the Lomond group, such as White Craigs

(1492 ft.) and Bishop Hill; to the S. are Benarty (1131 ft.) on the Fife

border and farther west the Cleish Hills, reaching in Dumglow an

altitude of 1241 ft. With the exception of the Leven, which drains Loch

Leven and of which only the first mile of its course belongs to the

county, all the streams are short. Green's Burn, the North and South

Queich, and the Gairney are the principal. Loch Leven, the only lake, is

remarkable rather for its associations than its natural features. The

scenery on the Devon, west of the Crook, the river here forming the

boundary with Perthshire, is of a lovely and romantic character. At one

place the stream rushes through the rocky gorge with a loud clacking

sound which has given to the spot the name of the Devil's Mill, and

later it flows under the Rumbling Bridge. In reality there are two

bridges, one built over the other, in the same vertical line. The lower

one dates from 1713 and is unused; but the loftier and larger one,

erected in 1816, commands a beautiful view. A little farther west is the

graceful cascade of the Caldron Linn, the fall of which was lessened,

however, by a collapse of the rocks in 1886.

_Geology._--The northern higher portion of the county is occupied by

the Lower Old Red Sandstone volcanic lavas and agglomerates of the

Ochils. The coarse character of some of the lower agglomerate beds is

well seen in the gorge at Rumbling Bridge. The beds dip gently towards

the S.S.E.; in a north-easterly direction they contain more sandy

sediments, and the agglomerates and breccias frequently become

conglomerates. The plain of Kinross is occupied by the soft

sandstones, marls and conglomerates of the upper Old Red Sandstone,

which rest unconformably upon the lower division with a strong dip.

Southward and eastward these rocks dip conformably beneath the Lower

Carboniferous cement stone series of the Calciferous Sandstone group.

The overlying Carboniferous limestone occupies only a small area in

the south and east of the county. Intrusive basalt sheets have been

intercalated between some of the Carboniferous strata, and the

superior resisting power of this rock has been the cause of the

existence of West Lomond, Benarty, Cleish Hills and Bishop Hill, which

are formed of soft marls and sandstones capped by basalt. The Hurlet

limestone is worked on the Lomond and Bishop Hills. East- and

west-running dikes of basalt are found in the north-east of the

county, traversing the Old Red volcanic rocks. Kames of gravel and

sand and similar glacial detritus are widely spread over the older

rocks.

_Climate and Industries._--The lower part of the county is generally

well sheltered and adapted to all kinds of crops; and the climate,

though wet and cold, offers no hindrance to high farming. The average

annual rainfall is 35.5 inches, and the temperature for the year is 48°

F., for January 38° F. and for July 59°.5 F. More than half of the

holdings exceed 50 acres each. Much of the land has been reclaimed, the

mossy tracts when drained and cultivated being very fertile. Barley is

the principal crop, and oats also is grown largely, but the acreage

under wheat is small. Turnips and potatoes are the chief green crops,

the former the more important. The raising of livestock is pursued with

great enterprise, the hilly land being well suited for this industry,

although many cattle are pastured on the lowland farms. The cattle are

mainly a native breed, which has been much improved by crossing. The

number of sheep is high for the area. Although most of the horses are

used for agricultural work, a considerable proportion are kept solely

for breeding. Tartans, plaids and other woollens, and linen are

manufactured at Kinross and Milnathort, which is besides an important

centre for livestock sales. Brewing and milling are also carried on in

the county town, but stock-raising and agriculture are the staple

interests. The North British railway company's lines, from the south and

west run through the county via Kinross, and the Mid-Fife line branches

off at Mawcarse Junction.

_Population and Government._--The population was 6673 in 1891 and 6981

in 1901, when 55 persons spoke Gaelic and English. The only towns are

Kinross (pop. in 1901, 2136) and Milnathort (1052). Kinross is the

county town, and of considerable antiquity. The county unites with

Clackmannanshire to return one member to parliament. It forms a

sheriffdom with Fifeshire and a sheriff-substitute sits at Kinross. The

shire is under school-board jurisdiction.

_History._--For several centuries the shire formed part of Fife, and

during that period shared its history. Towards the middle of the 13th

century, however, the parishes of Kinross and Orwell seem to have been

constituted into a shire, which, at the date (1305) of Edward I.'s

ordinance for the government of Scotland, had become an hereditary

sheriffdom, John of Kinross then being named for the office. James I.

dispensed with the attendance of small barons in 1427 and introduced the

principle of representation, when the shire returned one member to the

Scots parliament. The inclusion of the Fife parishes of Portmoak, Cleish

and Tullibole in 1685, due to the influence of Sir William Bruce, the

royal architect and heritable sheriff, converted the older shire into

the modern county. Excepting, however, the dramatic and romantic

episodes connected with the castle of Loch Leven, the annals of the

shire, so far as the national story is concerned, are vacant. As to its

antiquities, there are traces of an ancient fort or camp on the top of

Dumglow, and on a hill on the northern boundary of the parish of Orwell

a remarkable cairn, called Cairn-a-vain, in the centre of which a stone

cist was discovered in 1810 containing an urn full of bones and

charcoal. Close to the town of Kinross, on the margin of Loch Leven,

stands Kinross House, which was built in 1685 by Sir William Bruce as a

residence for the Duke of York (James II.) in case the Exclusion Bill

should debar him from the throne of England. The mansion, however, was

never occupied by royalty.

See Æ. J. G. Mackay, _History of Fife and Kinross_ (Edinburgh, 1896);

W. J. N. Liddall, _The Place Names of Fife and Kinross_ (Edinburgh,

1895); C. Ross, _Antiquities of Kinross-shire_ (Perth, 1886); R. B.

Begg, _History of Lochleven Castle_ (Kinross, 1887).

KINSALE, a market town and seaport of Co. Cork, Ireland, in the

south-east parliamentary division, on the east shore of Kinsale Harbour

(the estuary of the Bandon river) 24 m. south of Cork by the Cork Bandon

& South Coast railway, the terminus of a branch line. Pop. of urban

district (1901), 4250. The town occupies chiefly the acclivity of

Compass Hill, and while of picturesque appearance is built in a very

irregular manner, the streets being narrow and precipitous. The Charles

Fort was completed by the duke of Ormonde in 1677 and captured by the

earl of Marlborough in 1690. The parish church of St Multose is an

ancient but inelegant structure, said to have been founded as a

conventual church in the 12th century by the saint to whom it is

dedicated. Kinsale, with the neighbouring villages of Scilly and Cove,

is much frequented by summer visitors, and is the headquarters of the

South of Ireland Fishing Company, with a fishery pier and a commodious

harbour with 6 to 8 fathoms of water; but the general trade is of little

importance owing to the proximity of Queenstown and Cork. The Old Head

of Kinsale, at the west of the harbour entrance, affords fine views of

the coast, and is commonly the first British land sighted by ships bound

from New York, &c., to Queenstown.

Kinsale is said to derive its name from _cean taile_, the headland in

the sea. At an early period the town belonged to the De Courcys, a

representative of whom was created baron of Kinsale or Kingsale in 1181.

It received a charter of incorporation from Edward III., having

previously been a borough by prescription, and its privileges were

confirmed and extended by various subsequent sovereigns. For several

centuries previous to the Union it returned two members to the Irish

parliament. It was the scene of an engagement between the French and

English fleets in 1380, was forcibly entered by the English in 1488,

captured by the Spaniards and retaken by the English in 1601, and

entered by the English in 1641, who expelled the Irish inhabitants.

Finally, it was the scene of the landing of James II. and of the French

army sent to his assistance in 1689, and was taken by the English in the

following year.

KINTORE, a royal and police burgh of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Pop.

(1901), 789. It is situated on the Don, 13¼ m. N.W. of Aberdeen by the

Great North of Scotland railway. It is a place of some antiquity, having

been made a royal burgh in the reign of William the Lion (d. 1214).

Kintore forms one of the Elgin group of parliamentary burghs, the others

being Banff, Cullen, Elgin, Inverurie and Peterhead. One mile to the

south-west are the ruins of Hallforest Castle, of which two storeys

still exist, once a hunting-seat of Robert Bruce and afterwards a

residence of the Keiths, earls marischal. There are several examples of

sculptured stones and circles in the parish, and 2 m. to the north-west

is the site of Bruce's camp, which is also ascribed to the period of the

Romans. Near it is Thainston House, the residence of Sir Andrew Mitchell

(1708-1771), the British envoy to Frederick the Great. Kintore gives the

title of earl in the Scottish, and of baron in the British peerage to

the head of the Keith-Falconer family.

KIOTO (KYOTO), the former capital of Japan, in the province of

Yamashiro, in 35° 01´ N., 135° 46´ E. Pop. (1903), 379,404. The

Kamo-gawa, upon which it stands, is a mere rivulet in ordinary times,

trickling through a wide bed of pebbles; but the city is traversed by

several aqueducts, and was connected with Lake Biwa in 1890 by a canal

6(7/8) m. long, which carries an abundance of water for manufacturing

purposes, brings the great lake and the city into navigable

communication, and forms with the Kamo-gawa canal and the Kamo-gawa

itself a through route to Osaka, from which Kioto is 25 m. distant by

rail. Founded in the year 793, Kioto remained the capital of the empire

during nearly eleven centuries. The emperor Kwammu, when he selected

this remarkably picturesque spot for the residence of his court, caused

the city to be laid out with mathematical accuracy, after the model of

the Tang dynasty's capital in China. Its area, 3 m. by 3½, was

intersected by 18 principal thoroughfares, 9 running due north and

south, and 9 due east and west, the two systems being connected at

intervals by minor streets. At the middle of the northern face stood the

palace, its enclosure covering three-quarters of a square mile, and from

it to the centre of the south face ran an avenue 283 ft. wide and 3½ m.

long. Conflagrations and subsequent reconstructions modified the

regularity of this plan, but much of it still remains, and its story is

perpetuated in the nomenclature of the streets. In its days of greatest

prosperity Kioto contained only half a million inhabitants, thus never

even approximating to the size of the Tokugawa metropolis, Yedo, or the

Hojo capital Kamakura. The emperor Kwammu called it Heian-jo, or the

"city of peace," when he made it the seat of government; but the people

knew it as Miyako, or Kyoto, terms both of which signify "capital," and

in modern times it is often spoken of as Saikyo, or western capital, in

opposition to Tokyo, or eastern capital. Having been so long the

imperial, intellectual, political and artistic metropolis of the realm,

the city abounds with evidences of its unique career. Magnificent

temples and shrines, grand monuments of architectural and artistic

skill, beautiful gardens, gorgeous festivals, and numerous _ateliers_

where the traditions of Japanese art are obeyed with attractive results,

offer to the foreign visitor a fund of interest. Clear water ripples

everywhere through the city, and to this water Kioto owes something of

its importance, for nowhere else in Japan can fabrics be bleached so

white or dyed in such brilliant colours. The people, like their

neighbours of Osaka, are full of manufacturing energy. Not only do they

preserve, amid all the progress of the age, their old-time eminence as

producers of the finest porcelain, faience, embroidery, brocades,

bronze, _cloisonné_ enamel, fans, toys and metal-work of all kinds, but

they have also adapted themselves to the foreign market, and weave and

dye quantities of silk fabrics, for which a large and constantly growing

demand is found in Europe and America. Nowhere else can be traced with

equal clearness the part played in Japanese civilization by Buddhism,

with its magnificent paraphernalia and imposing ceremonial spectacles;

nowhere else, side by side with this luxurious factor, can be witnessed

in more striking juxtaposition the austere purity and severe simplicity

of the Shinto cult; and nowhere else can be more intelligently observed

the fine faculty of the Japanese for utilizing, emphasizing and

enhancing the beauties of nature. The citizens' dwellings and the shops,

on the other hand, are insignificant and even sombre in appearance,

their exterior conveying no idea of the pretty chambers within or of the

tastefully laid-out grounds upon which they open behind. Kioto is

celebrated equally for its cherry and azalea blossoms in the spring, and

for the colours of its autumn foliage.

KIOWAS, a tribe and stock of North American Indians. Their former range

was around the Arkansas and Canadian rivers, in Indian Territory

(Oklahoma), Colorado and New Mexico. A fierce people, they made raids

upon the settlers in western Texas until 1868, when they were placed on

a reservation in Indian Territory. In 1874 they broke out again, but in

the following year were finally subdued. In number about 1200, and

settled in Oklahoma, they are the sole representatives of the Kiowan

linguistic stock.

See J. Mooney, "Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians," _17th Report

of Bureau of American Ethnology_ (Washington, 1898).

KIPLING, RUDYARD (1865- ), British author, was born in Bombay on the

30th of December 1865. His father, John Lockwood Kipling (1837-1911), an

artist of considerable ability, was from 1875 to 1893 curator of the

Lahore museum in India. His mother was Miss Alice Macdonald of

Birmingham, two of whose sisters were married respectively to Sir E.

Burne-Jones and Sir Edward Poynter. He was educated at the United

Services College, Westward Ho, North Devon, of which a somewhat lurid

account is given in his story _Stalky and Co._ On his return to India he

became at the age of seventeen the sub-editor of the Lahore _Civil and

Military Gazette_. In 1886, in his twenty-first year, he published

_Departmental Ditties_, a volume of light verse chiefly satirical, only

in two or three poems giving promise of his authentic poetical note. In

1887 he published _Plain Tales from the Hills_, a collection mainly of

the stories contributed to his own journal. During the next two years he

brought out, in six slim paper-covered volumes of Wheeler's Railway

Library (Allahabad), _Soldiers Three_, _The Story of the Gadsbys_, _In

Black and White_, _Under the Deodars_, _The Phantom 'Rickshaw_ and _Wee

Willie Winkee_, at a rupee apiece. These were in form and substance a

continuation of the _Plain Tales_. This series of tales, all written

before the author was twenty-four, revealed a new master of fiction. A

few, but those the best, he afterwards said that his father gave him.

The rest were the harvest of his own powers of observation vitalized by

imagination. In method they owed something to Bret Harte; in matter and

spirit they were absolutely original. They were unequal, as his books

continued to be throughout; the sketches of Anglo-Indian social life

being generally inferior to the rest. The style was to some extent

disfigured by jerkiness and mannered tricks. But Mr Kipling possessed

the supreme spell of the story-teller to entrance and transport. The

freshness of the invention, the variety of character, the vigour of

narrative, the raciness of dialogue, the magic of atmosphere, were alike

remarkable. The soldier-stories, especially the exuberant vitality of

the cycle which contains the immortal Mulvaney, established the author's

fame throughout the world. The child-stories and tales of the British

official were not less masterly, while the tales of native life and of

adventure "beyond the pale" disclosed an even finer and deeper vein of

romance. India, which had been an old story for generations of

Englishmen, was revealed in these brilliant pictures as if seen for the

first time in its variety, colour and passion, vivid as mirage,

enchanting as the _Arabian Nights_. The new author's talent was quickly

recognized in India, but it was not till the books reached England that

his true rank was appreciated and proclaimed. Between 1887 and 1889 he

travelled through India, China, Japan and America, finally arriving in

England to find himself already famous. His travel sketches, contributed

to _The Civil and Military Gazette_ and _The Pioneer_, were afterwards

collected (the author's hand having been forced by unauthorized

publication) in the two volumes _From Sea to Sea_ (1899). A further set

of Indian tales, equal to the best, appeared in _Macmillan's Magazine_

and were republished with others in _Life's Handicap_ (1891). In _The

Light that Failed_ (1891, after appearing with a different ending in

_Lippincott's Magazine_) Mr Kipling essayed his first long story

(dramatized 1905), but with comparative unsuccess. In his subsequent

work his delight in the display of descriptive and verbal technicalities

grew on him. His polemic against "the sheltered life" and "little

Englandism" became more didactic. His terseness sometimes degenerated

into abruptness and obscurity. But in the meanwhile his genius became

prominent in verse. Readers of the _Plain Tales_ had been impressed by

the snatches of poetry prefixed to them for motto, certain of them being

subscribed "Barrack Room Ballad." Mr Kipling now contributed to the

_National Observer_, then edited by W. E. Henley, a series of _Barrack

Room Ballads_. These vigorous verses in soldier slang, when published in

a book in 1892, together with the fine ballad of "East and West" and

other poems, won for their author a second fame, wider than he had

attained as a story-teller. In this volume the Ballads of the "Bolivar"

and of the "Clampherdown," introducing Mr Kipling's poetry of the ocean

and the engine-room, and "The Flag of England," finding a voice for the

Imperial sentiment, which--largely under the influence of Mr Kipling's

own writings--had been rapidly gaining force in England, gave the

key-note of much of his later verse. In 1898 Mr Kipling paid the first

of several visits to South Africa and became imbued with a type of

imperialism that reacted on his literature, not altogether to its

advantage. Before finally settling in England Mr Kipling lived some

years in America and married in 1892 Miss Caroline Starr Balestier,

sister of the Wolcott Balestier to whom he dedicated _Barrack Room

Ballads_, and with whom in collaboration he wrote the _Naulahka_ (1891),

one of his less successful books. The next collection of stories, _Many

Inventions_ (1893), contained the splendid Mulvaney extravaganza, "My

Lord the Elephant"; a vividly realized tale of metempsychosis, "The

Finest Story in the World"; and in that fascinating tale "In the Rukh,"

the prelude to the next new exhibition of the author's genius. This came

in 1894 with _The Jungle Book_, followed in 1895 by _The Second Jungle

Book_. With these inspired beast-stories Kipling conquered a new world

and a new audience, and produced what many critics regard as his most

flawless work. His chief subsequent publications were _The Seven Seas_

(poems), 1896; _Captains Courageous_ (a yarn of deep-sea fishery), 1897;

_The Day's Work_ (collected stories), 1898; _A Fleet in Being_ (an

account of a cruise in a man-of-war), 1898; _Stalky and Co._ (mentioned

above), 1899; _From Sea to Sea_ (mentioned above), 1899; _Kim_, 1901;

_Just So Stories_ (for children), 1902; _The Five Nations_ (poems,

concluding with what proved Mr Kipling's most universally known and

popular poem, "Recessional," originally published in _The Times_ on the

17th of July 1897 on the occasion of Queen Victoria's second jubilee),

1903; _Traffics and Discoveries_ (collected stories), 1904; _Puck of

Pook's Hill_ (stories), 1906; _Actions and Reactions_ (stories), 1909.

Of these _Kim_ was notable as far the most successful of Mr Kipling's

longer narratives, though it is itself rather in the nature of a string

of episodes. But everything he wrote, even to a farcical extravaganza

inspired by his enthusiasm for the motor-car, breathed the meteoric

energy that was the nature of the man. A vigorous and unconventional

poet, a pioneer in the modern phase of literary Imperialism, and one of

the rare masters in English prose of the art of the short story, Mr

Kipling had already by the opening of the 20th century won the most

conspicuous place among the creative literary forces of his day. His

position in English literature was recognized in 1907 by the award to

him of the Nobel prize.

See Rudyard Kipling's chapter in _My First Book_ (Chatto, 1894); "A

Bibliography of Rudyard Kipling," by John Lane, in _Rudyard Kipling: a

Criticism_, by Richard de Gallienne; "Mr Kipling's Short Stories" in

_Questions at Issue_, by Edmund Gosse (1893); "Mr Kipling's Stories"

in _Essays in Little_, by Andrew Lang; "Mr Kipling's Stories," by J.

M. Barrie in the _Contemporary Review_ (March 1891); articles in the

_Quarterly Review_ (July 1892) and _Edinburgh Review_ (Jan. 1898); and

section on Kipling in _Poets of the Younger Generation_, by William

Archer (1902). See also for bibliography to 1903 _English Illustrated

Magazine_, new series, vol. xxx. pp. 298 and 429-432. (W. P. J.)

KIPPER, properly the name by which the male salmon is known at some

period of the breeding season. At the approach of this season the male

fish develops a sharp cartilaginous beak, known as the "kip," from which

the name "kipper" is said to be derived. The earliest uses of the word

(in Old English _cypera_ and Middle English _kypre_) seem to include

salmon of both sexes, and there is no certainty as to the etymology.

Skeat derives it from the Old English _kippian_, "to spawn." The term

has been applied by various writers to salmon both during and after

milting; early quotations leave the precise meaning of the word obscure,

but generally refer to the unwholesomeness of the fish as food during

the whole breeding season. It has been usually accepted, without much

direct evidence, that from the practice of rendering the breeding (i.e.

"kipper") salmon fit for food by splitting, salting and smoke-drying

them, the term "kipper" is also used of other fish, particularly

herrings cured in the same way. The "bloater" as distinct from the

"kipper" is a herring cured whole without being split open.

KIPPIS, ANDREW (1725-1795), English nonconformist divine and biographer,

son of Robert Kippis, a silk-hosier, was born at Nottingham on the 28th

of March 1725. From school at Sleaford in Lincolnshire he passed at the

age of sixteen to the nonconformist academy at Northampton, of which Dr

Doddridge was then president. In 1746 Kippis became minister of a church

at Boston; in 1750 he removed to Dorking in Surrey; and in 1753 he

became pastor of a Presbyterian congregation at Westminster, where he

remained till his death on the 8th of October 1795. Kippis took a

prominent part in the affairs of his church. From 1763 till 1784 he was

classical and philological tutor in Coward's training college at Hoxton;

and subsequently for some years at another institution of the same kind

at Hackney. In 1778 he was elected a fellow of the Antiquarian Society,

and a fellow of the Royal Society in 1779.

Kippis was a very voluminous writer. He contributed largely to _The

Gentleman's Magazine_, _The Monthly Review_ and _The Library_; and he

had a good deal to do with the establishment and conduct of _The New

Annual Register_. He published also a number of sermons and occasional

pamphlets; and he prefixed a life of the author to a collected edition

of Dr Nathaniel Lardner's _Works_ (1788). He wrote a life of Dr

Doddridge, which is prefixed to Doddridge's _Exposition of the New

Testament_ (1792). His chief work is his edition of the _Biographia

Britannica_, of which, however, he only lived to publish 5 vols.

(folio, 1778-1793). In this work he had the assistance of Dr Towers.

See notice by A. Rees, D.D., in _The New Annual Register_ for 1795.

KIRBY, WILLIAM (1759-1850), English entomologist, was born at Witnesham

in Suffolk on the 19th of September 1759. From the village school of

Witnesham he passed to Ipswich grammar school, and thence to Caius

College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1781. Taking holy orders in

1782, he spent his entire life in the peaceful seclusion of an English

country parsonage at Barham in Suffolk. His favourite study was natural

history; and eventually entomology engrossed all his leisure. His first

work of importance was his _Monographia Apum Angliae_ (2 vols. 8vo,

1802), which as the first scientific treatise on its subject brought him

into notice with the leading entomologists of his own and foreign

countries. The practical result of a friendship formed in 1805 with

William Spence, of Hull, was the jointly written _Introduction to

Entomology_ (4 vols., 1815-1826; 7th ed., 1856), one of the most popular

books of science that have ever appeared. In 1830 he was chosen to write

one of the _Bridgewater Treatises_, his subject being _The History,

Habits, and Instincts of Animals_ (2 vols., 1835). This undeniably fell

short of his earlier works in point of scientific value. He died on the

4th of July 1850.

Besides the books already mentioned he was the author of many papers

in the _Transactions of the Linnean Society_, the _Zoological Journal_

and other periodicals; _Strictures on Sir James Smith's Hypothesis

respecting the Lilies of the Field of our Saviour and the Acanthus of

Virgil_ (1819); _Seven Sermons on our Lord's Temptations_ (1829); and

he wrote the sections on insects in the _Account of the Animals seen

by the late Northern Expedition while within the Arctic Circle_

(1821), and in _Fauna Boreali-Americana_ (1837). His _Life_ by the

Rev. John Freeman, published in 1852, contains a list of his works.

KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS (1601-1680), German scholar and mathematician, was

born on the 2nd of May 1601, at Geisa near Fulda. He was educated at the

Jesuit college of Fulda, and entered upon his noviciate in that order at

Mainz in 1618. He became professor of philosophy, mathematics, and

Oriental languages at Würzburg, whence he was driven (1631) by the

troubles of the Thirty Years' War to Avignon. Through the influence of

Cardinal Barberini he next (1635) settled in Rome, where for eight years

he taught mathematics in the Collegio Romano, but ultimately resigned

this appointment to study hieroglyphics and other archaeological

subjects. He died on the 28th of November 1680.