FOOTNOTE:

[1] The fact, however, that in 1712--only a year after Ken's

death--his publisher, Brome, published the hymn with the opening

words "All praise," has been deemed by such a high authority as the

1st earl of Selborne sufficient evidence that the alteration had

Ken's authority.

KEN, a river of Northern India, tributary to the Jumna on its right

bank, flowing through Bundelkhand. An important reservoir in its upper

basin, which impounds about 180 million cubic feet of water, irrigates

about 374,000 acres in a region specially liable to drought.

KENA, or KENEH (sometimes written _Qina_), a town of Upper Egypt on a

canal about a mile E. of the Nile and 380 m. S.S.E. of Cairo by rail.

Pop. (1907), 20,069. Kena, the capital of a province of the same name,

was called by the Greeks Caene or Caenepolis (probably the [Greek: Neê

polis] of Herodotus; see AKHMIM) in distinction from Coptos (q.v.), 15

m. S., to whose trade it eventually succeeded. It is a remarkable fact

that its modern name should be derived from a purely Greek word, like

Iskenderia from Alexandria, and Nekrash from Naucratis; in the absence

of any known Egyptian name it seems to point to Kena having originated

in a foreign settlement in connexion with the Red Sea trade. It is a

flourishing town, specially noted for the manufacture of the porous

water jars and bottles used throughout Egypt. The clay for making them

is obtained from a valley north of Kena. The pottery is sent down the

Nile in specially constructed boats. Kena is also known for the

excellence of the dates sold in its bazaars and for the large colony of

dancing girls who live there. It carries on a trade in grain and dates

with Arabia, via Kosseir on the Red Sea, 100 m. E. in a direct line.

This inconsiderable traffic is all that is left of the extensive

commerce formerly maintained--chiefly via Berenice and Coptos--between

Upper Egypt and India and Arabia. The road to Kosseir is one of great

antiquity. It leads through the valley of Hammamat, celebrated for its

ancient breccia quarries and deserted gold mines. During the British

operations in Egypt in 1801 Sir David Baird and his force marched along

this road to Kena, taking sixteen days on the journey from Kosseir.

KENDAL, DUKEDOM OF. The English title of duke of Kendal was first

bestowed in May 1667 upon Charles (d. 1667), the infant son of the duke

of York, afterwards James II. Several persons have been created earl of

Kendal, among them being John, duke of Bedford, son of Henry IV.; John

Beaufort, duke of Somerset (d. 1444); and Queen Anne's husband, George,

prince of Denmark.

In 1719 Ehrengarde Melusina (1667-1743), mistress of the English king

George I., was created duchess of Kendal. This lady was the daughter of

Gustavus Adolphus, count of Schulenburg (d. 1691), and was born at Emden

on the 25th of December 1667. Her father held important positions under

the elector of Brandenburg; her brother Matthias John (1661-1747) won

great fame as a soldier in Germany and was afterwards commander-in-chief

of the army of the republic of Venice. Having entered the household of

Sophia, electress of Hanover, Melusina attracted the notice of her son,

the future king, whose mistress she became about 1690. When George

crossed over to England in 1714, the "Schulenburgin," as Sophia called

her, followed him and soon supplanted her principal rival, Charlotte

Sophia, Baroness von Kilmannsegge (c. 1673-1725), afterwards countess of

Darlington, as his first favourite. In 1716 she was created duchess of

Munster; then duchess of Kendal; and in 1723 the emperor Charles VI.

made her a princess of the Empire. The duchess was very avaricious and

obtained large sums of money by selling public offices and titles; she

also sold patent rights, one of these being the privilege of supplying

Ireland with a new copper coinage. This she sold to a Wolverhampton iron

merchant named William Wood (1671-1730), who flooded the country with

coins known as "Wood's halfpence," thus giving occasion for the

publication of Swift's famous _Drapier's Letters_. In political matters

she had much influence with the king, and she received £10,000 for

procuring the recall of Bolingbroke from exile. After George's death in

1727 she lived at Kendal House, Isleworth, Middlesex, until her death on

the 10th of May 1743. The duchess was by no means a beautiful woman, and

her thin figure caused the populace to refer to her as the "maypole." By

the king she had two daughters: Petronilla Melusina (c. 1693-1778), who

was created countess of Walsingham in 1722, and who married the great

earl of Chesterfield; and Margaret Gertrude, countess of Lippe

(1703-1773).

KENDAL, WILLIAM HUNTER (1843- ), English actor, whose family name was

Grimston, was born in London on the 16th of December 1843, the son of a

painter. He made his first stage appearance at Glasgow in 1862 as Louis

XIV., in _A Life's Revenge_, billed as "Mr Kendall." After some

experience at Birmingham and elsewhere, he joined the Haymarket company

in London in 1866, acting everything from burlesque to Romeo. In 1869 he

married Margaret (Madge) Shafto Robertson (b. 1849), sister of the

dramatist, T. W. Robertson. As "Mr and Mrs Kendal" their professional

careers then became inseparable. Mrs Kendal's first stage appearance was

as Marie, "a child," in _The Orphan of the Frozen Sea_ in 1854 in

London. She soon showed such talent both as actress and singer that she

secured numerous engagements, and by 1865 was playing Ophelia and

Desdemona. She was Mary Meredith in _Our American Cousin_ with Sothern,

and Pauline to his Claud Melnotte. But her real triumphs were at the

Haymarket in Shakespearian revivals and the old English comedies. While

Mr Kendal played Orlando, Charles Surface, Jack Absolute and Young

Marlowe, his wife made the combination perfect with her Rosalind, Lady

Teazle, Lydia Languish and Kate Hardcastle; and she created Galatea in

Gilbert's _Pygmalion and Galatea_ (1871). Short seasons followed at the

Court theatre and at the Prince of Wales's, at the latter of which they

joined the Bancrofts in _Diplomacy_ and other plays. Then in 1879 began

a long association with Mr (afterwards Sir John) Hare as joint-managers

of the St James's theatre, some of their notable successes being in _The

Squire_, _Impulse_, _The Ironmaster_ and _A Scrap of Paper_. In 1888,

however, the Hare and Kendal régime came to an end. From that time Mr

and Mrs Kendal chiefly toured in the provinces and in America, with an

occasional season at rare intervals in London.

KENDAL, a market town and municipal borough in the Kendal parliamentary

division of Westmorland, England, 251 m. N.N.W. from London on the

Windermere branch of the London & North-Western railway. Pop. (1901),

14,183. The town, the full name of which is Kirkby-Kendal or

Kirkby-in-Kendal, is the largest in the county. It is picturesquely

placed on the river Kent, and is irregularly built. The white-walled

houses with their blue-slated roofs, and the numerous trees, give it an

attractive appearance. To the S.W. rises an abrupt limestone eminence,

Scout Scar, which commands an extensive view towards Windermere and the

southern mountains of the Lake District. The church of the Holy Trinity,

the oldest part of which dates from about 1200, is a Gothic building

with five aisles and a square tower. In it is the helmet of Major Robert

Philipson, who rode into the church during service in search of one of

Cromwell's officers, Colonel Briggs, to do vengeance on him. This major

was notorious as "Robin the Devil," and his story is told in Scott's

_Rokeby_. Among the public buildings are the town hall, classic in

style; the market house, and literary and scientific institution, with a

museum containing a fossil collection from the limestone of the

locality. Educational establishments include a free grammar school, in

modern buildings, founded in 1525 and well endowed; a blue-coat school,

science and art school, and green-coat Sunday school (1813). On an

eminence east of the town are the ruins of Kendal castle, attributed to

the first barons of Kendal. It was the birthplace of Catherine Parr,

Henry VIII.'s last queen. On the Castlebrow Hill, an artificial mound

probably of pre-Norman origin, an obelisk was raised in 1788 in memory

of the revolution of 1688. The woollen manufactures of Kendal have been

noted since 1331, when Edward III. is said to have granted letters of

protection to John Kemp, a Flemish weaver who settled in the town; and,

although the coarse cloth known to Shakespeare as "Kendal green" is no

longer made, its place is more than supplied by active manufactures of

tweeds, railway rugs, horse clothing, knitted woollen caps and jackets,

worsted and woollen yarns, and similar goods. Other manufactures of

Kendal are machine-made boots and shoes, cards for wool and cotton,

agricultural and other machinery, paper, and, in the neighbourhood,

gunpowder. There is a large weekly market for grain, and annual horse

and cattle fairs. The town is governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18

councillors. Area, 2622 acres.

The outline of a Roman fort is traceable at Watercrook near Kendal. The

barony and castle of Kendal or Kirkby-in-Kendal, held by Turold before

the Conquest, were granted by William I. to Ivo de Taillebois, but the

barony was divided into three parts in the reign of Richard II., one

part with the castle passing to Sir William Parr, knight, ancestor of

Catherine Parr. After the death of her brother William Parr, marquess of

Northampton, his share of the barony called Marquis Fee reverted to

Queen Elizabeth. The castle, being evidently deserted, was in ruins in

1586. Kendal was plundered by the Scots in 1210, and was visited by the

rebels in 1715 and again in 1745 when the Pretender was proclaimed king

there. Burgesses in Kendal are mentioned in 1345, and the borough with

"court housez" and the fee-farm of free tenants is included in a

confirmation charter to Sir William Parr in 1472. Richard III. in 1484

granted the inhabitants of the barony freedom from toll, passage and

pontage, and the town was incorporated in 1576 by Queen Elizabeth under

the title of an alderman and 12 burgesses, but Charles I. in 1635

appointed a mayor, 12 aldermen and 20 capital burgesses. Under the

Municipal Reform Act of 1835 the corporation was again altered. From

1832 to 1885 Kendal sent one member to parliament, but since the last

date its representation has been merged in that of the southern division

of the county. A weekly market on Saturday granted by Richard I. to

Roger Fitz Reinfred was purchased by the corporation from the earl of

Lonsdale and Captain Bagot, lords of the manor, in 1885 and 1886. Of the

five fairs which are now held three are ancient, that now held on the

29th of April being granted to Marmaduke de Tweng and William de Ros in

1307, and those on the 8th and 9th of November to Christiana, widow of

Ingelram de Gynes, in 1333.

See _Victoria County History, Westmorland_; Cornelius Nicholson, _The

Annals of Kendal_ (1861).

KENDALL, HENRY CLARENCE (1841-1882), Australian poet, son of a

missionary, was born in New South Wales on the 18th of April 1841. He

received only a slight education, and in 1860 he entered a lawyer's

office in Sydney. He had always had literary tastes, and sent some of

his verses in 1862 to London to be published in the _Athenaeum_. Next

year he obtained a clerkship in the Lands Department at Sydney, being

afterwards transferred to the Colonial Secretary's office; and he

combined this work with the writing of poetry and with journalism. His

principal volumes of verse were _Leaves from an Australian Forest_

(1869) and _Songs from the Mountains_ (1880), his feeling for nature, as

embodied in Australian landscape and bush-life, being very true and full

of charm. In 1869 he resigned his post in the public service, and for

some little while was in business with his brothers. Sir Henry Parkes

took an interest in him, and eventually appointed him to an

inspectorship of forests. He died on the 1st of August 1882. In 1886 a

memorial edition of his poems was published at Melbourne.

KENEALY, EDWARD VAUGHAN HYDE (1819-1880), Irish barrister and author,

was born at Cork on the 2nd of July 1819, the son of a local merchant.

He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin; was called to the Irish bar

in 1840 and to the English bar in 1847; and obtained a fair practice in

criminal cases. In 1868 he became a Q.C. and a bencher of Gray's Inn. It

was not, however, till 1873, when he became leading counsel for the

Tichborne claimant, that he came into any great prominence. His violent

conduct of the case became a public scandal, and after the verdict

against his client he started a paper to plead his cause and to attack

the judges. His behaviour was so extreme that in 1874 he was disbenched

and disbarred by his Inn. He then started an agitation throughout the

country to ventilate his grievances, and in 1875 was elected to

parliament for Stoke; but no member would introduce him when he took his

seat. Dr Kenealy, as he was always called, gradually ceased to attract

attention, and on the 16th of April 1880 he died in London. He published

a great quantity of verse, and also of somewhat mystical theology. His

second daughter, Dr Arabella Kenealy, besides practising as a physician,

wrote some clever novels.

KENG TUNG, the most extensive of the Shan States in the province of

Burma. It is in the southern Shan States' charge and lies almost

entirely east of the Salween river. The area of the state is rather over

12,000 sq. m. It is bounded N. by the states of Mang Lön, Möng Lem and

Keng Hung (Hsip Hsawng Panna), the two latter under Chinese control; E.

by the Mekong river, on the farther side of which is French Lao

territory; S. by the Siamese Shan States, and W. in a general way by the

Salween river, though it overlaps it in some places. The state is known

to the Chinese as Mêng Kêng, and was frequently called by the Burmese

"the 32 cities of the Gôn" (Hkön). Keng Tung has expanded very

considerably since the establishment of British control, by the

inclusion of the districts of Hsen Yawt, Hsen Mawng, Möng Hsat, Möng Pu,

and the cis-Mekong portions of Keng Cheng, which in Burmese times were

separate charges. The "classical" name of the state is Khemarata or

Khemarata Tungkapuri. About 63% of the area lies in the basin of the

Mekong river and 37% in the Salween drainage area. The watershed is a

high and generally continuous range. Some of its peaks rise to over 7000

ft., and the elevation is nowhere much below 5000 ft. Parallel to this

successive hill ranges run north and south. Mountainous country so

greatly predominates that the scattered valleys are but as islands in a

sea of rugged hills. The chief rivers, tributaries of the Salween, are

the Nam Hka, the Hwe Lông, Nam Pu, and the Nam Hsim. The first and last

are very considerable rivers. The Nam Hka rises in the Wa or Vü states,

the Nam Hsim on the watershed range in the centre of the state. Rocks

and rapids make both unnavigable, but much timber goes down the Nam

Hsim. The lower part of both rivers forms the boundary of Keng Tung

state. The chief tributaries of the Mekong are the Nam Nga, the Nam Lwe,

the Nam Yawng, Nam Lin, Nam Hôk and Nam Kôk. Of these the chief is the

Nam Lwe, which is navigable in the interior of the state, but enters the

Mekong by a gorge broken up by rocks. The Nam Lin and the Nam Kôk are

also considerable streams. The lower course of the latter passes by

Chieng Rai in Siamese territory. The lower Nam Hôk or Me Huak forms the

boundary with Siam.

The existence of minerals was reported by the sawbwa, or chief, to

Francis Garnier in 1867, but none is worked or located. Gold is washed

in most of the streams. Teak forests exist in Möng Pu and Möng Hsat,

and the sawbwa works them as government contracts. One-third of the

price realized from the sale of the logs at Moulmein is retained as

the government royalty. There are teak forests also in the Mekong

drainage area in the south of the state, but there is only a local

market for the timber. Rice, as elsewhere in the Shan States, is the

chief crop. Next to it is sugar-cane, grown both as a field crop and

in gardens. Earth-nuts and tobacco are the only other field crops in

the valleys. On the hills, besides rice, cotton, poppy and tea are the

chief crops. The tea is carelessly grown, badly prepared, and only

consumed locally. A great deal of garden produce is raised in the

valleys, especially near the capital. The state is rich in cattle, and

exports them to the country west of the Salween. Cotton and opium are

exported in large quantities, the former entirely to China, a good

deal of the latter to northern Siam, which also takes shoes and

sandals. Tea is carried through westwards from Keng Hung, and silk

from the Siamese Shan States. Cotton and silk weaving are dying out as

industries. Large quantities of shoes and sandals are made of buffalo

and bullock hide, with Chinese felt uppers and soft iron hobnails.

There is a good deal of pottery work. The chief work in iron is the

manufacture of guns, which has been carried on for many years in

certain villages of the Sam Tao district. The gun barrels and springs

are rude but effective, though not very durable. The revenue of the

state is collected as the Burmese _thathameda_, a rude system of

income-tax. From 1890, when the state made its submission, the annual

tributary offerings made in Burmese times were continued to the

British government, but in 1894 these offerings were converted into

tribute. For the quinquennial period 1903-1908 the state paid Rs.

30,000 (£2000) annually.

The population of the state was enumerated for the first time in 1901,

giving a total of 190,698. According to an estimate made by Mr G. C.

Stirling, the political officer in charge of the state, in 1897-1898,

of the various tribes of Shans, the Hkün and Lü contribute about

36,000 each, the western Shans 32,000, the Lem and Lao Shans about

7000, and the Chinese Shans about 5000. Of the hill tribes, the Kaw or

Aka are the most homogeneous with 22,000, but probably the Wa (or Vü),

disguised under various tribal names, are at least equally numerous.

Nominal Buddhists make up a total of 133,400, and the remainder are

classed as animists. Spirit-worship is, however, very conspicuously

prevalent amongst all classes even of the Shans. The present sawbwa or

chief received his patent from the British government on the 9th of

February 1897. The early history of Keng Tung is very obscure, but

Burmese influence seems to have been maintained since the latter half,

at any rate, of the 16th century. The Chinese made several attempts to

subdue the state, and appear to have taken the capital in 1765-66, but

were driven out by the united Shan and Burmese troops. The same fate

seems to have attended the first Siamese invasion of 1804. The second

and third Siamese invasions, in 1852 and 1854, resulted in great

disaster to the invaders, though the capital was invested for a time.

Keng Tung, the capital, is situated towards the southern end of a

valley about 12 m. long and with an average breadth of 7 m. The town

is surrounded by a brick wall and moat about 5 m. round. Only the

central and northern portions are much built over. Pop. (1901), 5695.

It is the most considerable town in the British Shan States. In the

dry season crowds attend the market held according to Shan custom

every five days, and numerous caravans come from China. The military

post formerly was 7 m. west of the town, at the foot of the watershed

range. At first the headquarters of a regiment was stationed there;

this was reduced to a wing, and recently to military police. The site

was badly chosen and proved very unhealthy, and the headquarters both

military and civil have been transferred to Loi Ngwe Lông, a ridge

6500 ft. above sea-level 12 m. south of the capital. The rainfall

probably averages between 50 and 60 in. for the year. The temperature

seems to rise to nearly 100° F. during the hot weather, falling 30° or

more during the night. In the cold weather a temperature of 40° or a

few degrees more or less appears to be the lowest experienced. The

plain in which the capital stands has an altitude of 3000 ft.

(J. G. Sc.)

KENILWORTH, a market town in the Rugby parliamentary division of

Warwickshire, England; pleasantly situated on a tributary of the Avon,

on a branch of the London & North-Western railway, 99 m. N.W. from

London. Pop. of urban district (1901), 4544. The town is only of

importance from its antiquarian interest and the magnificent ruins of

its old castle. The walls originally enclosed an area of 7 acres. The

principal portions of the building remaining are the gatehouse, now used

as a dwelling-house; Caesar's tower, the only portion built by Geoffrey

de Clinton now extant, with massive walls 16 ft. thick; the Merwyn's

tower of Scott's _Kenilworth_; the great hall built by John of Gaunt

with windows of very beautiful design; and the Leicester buildings,

which are in a very ruinous condition. Not far from the castle are the

remains of an Augustinian monastery founded in 1122, and afterwards made

an abbey. Adjoining the abbey is the parish church of St Nicholas,

restored in 1865, a structure of mixed architecture, containing a fine

Norman doorway, which is supposed to have been the entrance of the

former abbey church.

Kenilworth (_Chinewrde_, _Kenillewurda_, _Kinelingworthe_, _Kenilord_,

_Killingworth_) is said to have been a member of Stoneleigh before the

Norman Conquest and a possession of the Saxon kings, whose royal

residence there was destroyed in the wars between Edward and Canute. The

town was granted by Henry I. to Geoffrey de Clinton, a Norman who built

the castle round which the whole history of Kenilworth centres. He also

founded a monastery here about 1122. Geoffrey's grandson released his

right to King John, and the castle remained with the crown until Henry

III. granted it to Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester. The famous

"Dictum de Kenilworth" was proclaimed here in 1266. After the battle of

Evesham the rebel forces rallied at the castle, which, after a siege of

six months, was surrendered by Henry de Hastings, the governor, on

account of the scarceness of food and of the "pestilent disease" which

raged there. The king then granted it to his son Edmund. Through John of

Gaunt it came to Henry IV. and was granted by Elizabeth in 1562 to

Robert Dudley, afterwards earl of Leicester, but on his death in 1588

again merged in the possessions of the Crown. The earl spent large sums

on restoring the castle and grounds, and here in July 1575 he

entertained Queen Elizabeth at "excessive cost," as described in Scott's

_Kenilworth_. On the queen's first entry "a small floating island

illuminated by a great variety of torches ... made its appearance upon

the lake," upon which, clad in silks, were the Lady of the Lake and two

nymphs waiting on her, and for the several days of her stay "rare shews

and sports were there exercised." During the civil wars the castle was

dismantled by the soldiers of Cromwell and was from that time abandoned

to decay. The only mention of Kenilworth as a borough occurs in a

charter of Henry I. to Geoffrey de Clinton and in the charters of Henry

I. and Henry II. to the church of St Mary of Kenilworth confirming the

grant of lands made by Geoffrey to this church, and mentioning that he

kept the land in which his castle was situated and also land for making

his borough, park and fishpond. The town possesses large tanneries.

KENITES, in the Bible a tribe or clan of the south of Palestine, closely

associated with the Amalekites, whose hostility towards Israel, however,

it did not share. On this account Saul spared them when bidden by Yahweh

to destroy Amalek; David, too, whilst living in Judah, appears to have

been on friendly terms with them (1 Sam. xv. 6; xxx. 29). Moses himself

married into a Kenite family (Judges i. 16), and the variant tradition

would seem to show that the Kenites were only a branch of the Midianites

(see JETHRO, MIDIAN). Jael, the slayer of Sisera (see DEBORAH), was the

wife of Heber the Kenite, who lived near Kadesh in Naphtali; and the

appearance of the clan in this locality may be explained from the

nomadic habits of the tribe, or else as a result of the northward

movement in which at least one other clan or tribe took part (see Dan).

There is an obscure allusion to their destruction in an appendage to the

oracles of Balaam (Num. xxiv. 21 seq., see G. B. Gray, _Intern. Crit.

Comm._ p. 376); and with this, the only unfavourable reference to them,

may perhaps be associated the curse of Cain. Although some connexion

with the name of Cain is probable, it is difficult, however, to explain

the curse (for one view, see LEVITES). More important is the prominent

part played by the Kenite (or Midianite) father-in-law of Moses, whose

help and counsel are related in Exod. xviii.; and if, as seems probable,

the Rechabites (q.v.) were likewise of Kenite origin (1 Chron. ii. 55),

this obscure tribe had evidently an important part in shaping the

religion of Israel.

See on this question, HEBREW RELIGION, and Budde, _Religion of Israel

to the Exile_, vol. i.; G. A. Barton, _Semitic Origins_, pp. 272 sqq.;

L. B. Paton, _Biblical World_ (1906, July and August). On the

migration of the Kenites into Palestine (cf. Num. x. 29 with Judges i.

16), see CALEB, GENESIS, JERAHMEEL, JUDAH. (S. A. C.)

KENMORE, a village and parish of Perthshire, Scotland, 6 m. W. of

Aberfeldy. Pop. of parish (1901), 1271. It is situated at the foot of

Loch Tay, near the point where the river Tay leaves the lake. Taymouth

Castle, the seat of the Marquess of Breadalbane, stands near the base of

Drummond Hill in a princely park through which flows the Tay. It is a

stately four-storeyed edifice with corner towers and a central pavilion,

and was built in 1801 (the west wing being added in 1842) on the site of

the mansion erected in 1580 for Sir Colin Campbell of Glenorchy. The old

house was called Balloch (Gaelic, _bealach_, "the outlet of a lake").

Two miles S.W. of Kenmore are the Falls of the Acharn, 80 ft. high. When

Wordsworth and his sister visited them in 1803 the grotto at the cascade

was fitted up to represent a "hermit's mossy cell." At the village of

Fortingall, on the north side of Loch Tay, are the shell of a yew

conjectured to be 3000 years old and the remains of a Roman camp.

Glenlyon House was the home of Campbell of Glenlyon, chief agent in the

massacre of Glencoe. At Garth, 2½ m. N.E., are the ruins of an ancient

castle, said to have been a stronghold of Alexander Stewart, the Wolf of

Badenoch (1343-1405), in close proximity to the modern mansion built for

Sir Donald Currie.

KENMURE, WILLIAM GORDON, 6th viscount (d. 1716), Jacobite leader, son of

Alexander, 5th viscount (d. 1698), was descended from the same family as

Sir John Gordon of Lochinvar (d. 1604), whose grandson, Sir John Gordon

(d. 1634), was created Viscount Kenmure in 1633. The family had

generally adhered to the Presbyterian cause, but Robert, the 4th

viscount, had been excepted from the amnesty granted to the Scottish

royalists in 1654, and the 5th viscount, who had succeeded his kinsman

Robert in 1663, after some vacillation, had joined the court of the

exiled Stuarts. The 6th viscount's adherence to the Pretender in 1715 is

said to have been due to his wife Mary Dalzell (d. 1776), sister of

Robert, 6th earl of Carnwath. He raised the royal standard of Scotland

at Lochmaben on the 12th of October 1715, and was joined by about two

hundred gentlemen, with Carnwath, William Maxwell, 5th earl of

Nithsdale, and George Seton, 5th earl of Wintoun. This small force

received some additions before Kenmure reached Hawick, where he learnt

the news of the English rising. He effected a junction with Thomas

Forster and James Radclyffe, 3rd earl of Derwentwater, at Rothbury.

Their united forces of some fourteen hundred men, after a series of

rather aimless marches, halted at Kelso, where they were reinforced by a

brigade under William Mackintosh. Threatened by an English army under

General George Carpenter, they eventually crossed the English border to

join the Lancashire Jacobites, and the command was taken over by

Forster. Kenmure was taken prisoner at Preston on the 13th of November,

and was sent to the Tower. In the following January he was tried with

other Jacobite noblemen before the House of Lords, when he pleaded

guilty, and appealed to the king's mercy. Immediately before his

execution on Tower Hill on the 24th of February he reiterated his belief

in the claims of the Pretender. His estates and titles were forfeited,

but in 1824 an act of parliament repealed the forfeiture, and his direct

descendant, John Gordon (1750-1840), became Viscount Kenmure. On the

death of the succeeding peer, Adam, 8th viscount, without issue in 1847,

the title became dormant.

KENNEDY, the name of a famous and powerful Scottish family long settled

in Ayrshire, derived probably from the name Kenneth. Its chief seat is

at Culzean, or Colzean, near Maybole in Ayrshire.

A certain Duncan who became earl of Carrick early in the 13th century is

possibly an ancestor of the Kennedys, but a more certain ancestor is

John Kennedy of Dunure, who obtained Cassillis and other lands in

Ayrshire about 1350. John's descendant, Sir James Kennedy, married Mary,

a daughter of King Robert III. and their son, Sir Gilbert Kennedy, was

created Lord Kennedy before 1458. Another son was James Kennedy (c.

1406-1465), bishop of St Andrews from 1441 until his death in July 1465.

The bishop founded and endowed St Salvator's college at St Andrews and

built a large and famous ship called the "St Salvator." Andrew Lang

(_History of Scotland_, vol. i.) says of him, "The chapel which he built

for his college is still thronged by the scarlet gowns of his students;

his arms endure on the oaken doors; the beautiful silver mace of his

gift, wrought in Paris, and representing all orders of spirits in the

universe, is one of the few remaining relics of ancient Scottish plate."

Before the bishop had begun to assist in ruling Scotland, a kinsman, Sir

Hugh Kennedy, had helped Joan of Arc to drive the English from France.

One of Gilbert Kennedy's sons was the poet, Walter Kennedy (q.v.), and

his grandson David, third Lord Kennedy (killed at Flodden, 1513), was

created earl of Cassillis before 1510; David's sister Janet Kennedy was

one of the mistresses of James IV. The earl was succeeded by his son

Gilbert, a prominent figure in the history of Scotland from 1513 until

he was killed at Prestwick on the 22nd of December 1527. His son

Gilbert, the 3rd earl (c. 1517-1558), was educated by George Buchanan,

and was a prisoner in England after the rout of Solway Moss in 1542. He

was soon released and was lord high treasurer of Scotland from 1554 to

1558, although he had been intriguing with the English and had offered

to kill Cardinal Beaton in the interests of Henry VIII. He died somewhat

mysteriously at Dieppe late in 1558 when returning from Paris, where he

had attended the marriage of Mary Queen of Scots, and the dauphin of

France. He was the father of the "king of Carrick" and the brother of

Quintin Kennedy (1520-1564), abbot of Crossraguel. The abbot wrote

several works defending the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, and

in 1562 had a public discussion on these questions with John Knox, which

took place at Maybole and lasted for three days. He died on the 22nd of

August 1564.

Gilbert Kennedy, 4th earl of Cassillis (c. 1541-1576), called the "king

of Carrick," became a protestant, but fought for Queen Mary at Langside

in 1568. He is better known through his cruel treatment of Allan

Stewart, the commendator abbot of Crossraguel, Stewart being badly

burned by the earl's orders at Dunure in 1570 in order to compel him to

renounce his title to the abbey lands which had been seized by

Cassillis. This "ane werry greedy man" died at Edinburgh in December

1576. His son John (c. 1567-1615), who became the 5th earl, was lord

high treasurer of Scotland in 1599 and his lifetime witnessed the

culmination of a great feud between the senior and a younger branch of

the Kennedy family. He was succeeded as 6th earl by his nephew John (c.

1595-1668), called "the grave and solemn earl." A strong presbyterian,

John was one of the leaders of the Scots in their resistance to Charles

I. In 1643 he went to the Westminster Assembly of Divines and several

times he was sent on missions to Charles I. and to Charles II.; for a

time he was lord justice general and he was a member of Cromwell's House

of Lords. His son, John, became the 7th earl, and one of his daughters,

Margaret, married Gilbert Burnet, afterwards bishop of Salisbury. His

first wife, Jean (1607-1642), daughter of Thomas Hamilton, 1st earl of

Haddington, has been regarded as the heroine of the ballad "The Gypsie

Laddie," but this identity is now completely disproved. John, the 7th

earl, "the heir," says Burnet, "to his father's stiffness, but not to

his other virtues," supported the revolution of 1688 and died on the

23rd of July 1701; his grandson John, the 8th earl, died without sons in

August 1759.

The titles and estates of the Kennedys were now claimed by William

Douglas, afterwards duke of Queensberry, a great-grandson in the female

line of the 7th earl and also by Sir Thomas Kennedy, Bart., of Culzean,

a descendant of the 3rd earl, i.e. by the heir general and the heir

male. In January 1762 the House of Lords decided in favour of the heir

male, and Sir Thomas became the 9th earl of Cassillis. He died unmarried

on the 30th of November 1775, and his brother David, the 10th earl, also

died unmarried on the 18th of December 1792, when the baronetcy became

extinct. The earldom of Cassillis now passed to a cousin, Archibald

Kennedy, a captain in the royal navy, whose father, Archibald Kennedy

(d. 1763), had migrated to America in 1722 and had become collector of

customs in New York. His son, the 11th earl, had estates in New Jersey

and married an American heiress; in 1765 he was said to own more houses

in New York than any one else. He died in London on the 30th of December

1794, and was succeeded by his son Archibald (1770-1846), who was

created Baron Ailsa in 1806 and marquess of Ailsa in 1831. His

great-grandson Archibald (b. 1847) became 3rd marquess.

See the article in vol. ii. of Sir R. Douglas's _Peerage of Scotland_,

edited by Sir J. B. Paul (1905). This is written by Lord Ailsa's son

and heir, Archibald Kennedy, earl of Cassillis (b. 1872).

KENNEDY, BENJAMIN HALL (1804-1889), English scholar, was born at Summer

Hill, near Birmingham, on the 6th of November 1804, the eldest son of

Rann Kennedy (1772-1851), who came of a branch of the Ayrshire family

which had settled in Staffordshire. Rann Kennedy was a scholar and man

of letters, several of whose sons rose to distinction. B. H. Kennedy was

educated at Birmingham and Shrewsbury schools, and St John's College,

Cambridge. After a brilliant university career he was elected fellow and

classical lecturer of St John's College in 1828. Two years later he

became an assistant master at Harrow, whence he went to Shrewsbury as

headmaster in 1836. He retained this post until 1866, the thirty years

of his rule being marked by a long series of successes won by his

pupils, chiefly in classics. When he retired from Shrewsbury a large sum

was collected as a testimonial to him, and was devoted partly to the new

school buildings and partly to the founding of a Latin professorship at

Cambridge. The first two occupants of the chair were both Kennedy's old

pupils, H. A. J. Munro and J. E. B. Mayor. In 1867 he was elected

regius professor of Greek at Cambridge and canon of Ely. From 1870 to

1880 he was a member of the committee for the revision of the New

Testament. He was an enthusiastic advocate for the admission of women to

a university education, and took a prominent part in the establishment

of Newnham and Girton colleges. He was also a keen politician of liberal

sympathies. He died near Torquay on the 6th of April 1889. Among a

number of classical school-books published by him are two, a _Public

School Latin Primer_ and _Public School Latin Grammar_, which were for

long in use in nearly all English schools.

His other chief works are: Sophocles, _Oedipus Tyrannus_ (2nd ed.,

1885), Aristophanes, _Birds_ (1874); Aeschylus, _Agamemnon_ (2nd ed.,

1882), with introduction, metrical translation and notes; a commentary

on Virgil (3rd ed., 1881); and a translation of Plato, _Theaetetus_

(1881). He contributed largely to the collection known as _Sabrinae

Corolla_, and published a collection of verse in Greek, Latin and

English under the title of _Between Whiles_ (2nd ed., 1882), with many

autobiographical details.

His brother, CHARLES RANN KENNEDY (1808-1867), was educated at

Shrewsbury school and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as

senior classic (1831). He then became a barrister. From 1849-1856 he was

professor of law at Queen's College, Birmingham. As adviser to Mrs

Swinfen, the plaintiff in the celebrated will case Swinfen v. Swinfen

(1856), he brought an action for remuneration for professional services,

but the verdict given in his favour at Warwick assizes was set aside by

the court of Common Pleas, on the ground that a barrister could not sue

for the recovery of his fees. The excellence of Kennedy's scholarship is

abundantly proved by his translation of the orations of Demosthenes

(1852-1863, in Bohn's _Classical Library_), and his blank verse

translation of the works of Virgil (1861). He was also the author of

_New Rules for Pleading_ (2nd ed., 1841) and _A Treatise on Annuities_

(1846). He died in Birmingham on the 17th of December 1867.

Another brother, REV. WILLIAM JAMES KENNEDY (1814-1891), was a prominent

educationalist, and the father of Lord Justice Sir William Rann Kennedy

(b. 1846), himself a distinguished Cambridge scholar.

KENNEDY, THOMAS FRANCIS (1788-1879), Scottish politician, was born near

Ayr in 1788. He studied for the bar and became advocate in 1811. Having

been elected M.P. for the Ayr burghs in 1818, he devoted the greater

part of his life to the promotion of Liberal reforms. In 1820 he married

the only daughter of Sir Samuel Romilly. He was greatly assisted by Lord

Cockburn, then Mr Henry Cockburn, and a volume of correspondence

published by Kennedy in 1874 forms a curious and interesting record of

the consultations of the two friends on measures which they regarded as

requisite for the political regeneration of their native country. One of

the first measures to which he directed his attention was the withdrawal

of the power of nominating juries from the judges, and the imparting of

a right of peremptory challenge to prisoners. Among other subjects were

the improvement of the parish schools, of pauper administration, and of

several of the corrupt forms of legal procedure which then prevailed. In

the construction of the Scottish Reform Act Kennedy took a prominent

part; indeed he and Lord Cockburn may almost be regarded as its authors.

After the accession of the Whigs to office in 1832 he held various

important offices in the ministry, and most of the measures of reform

for Scotland, such as burgh reform, the improvements in the law of

entail, and the reform of the sheriff courts, owed much to his sagacity

and energy. In 1837 he went to Ireland as paymaster of civil services,

and set himself to the promotion of various measures of reform. Kennedy

retired from office in 1854, but continued to take keen interest in

political affairs, and up to his death in 1879 took a great part in both

county and parish business. He had a stern love of justice, and a

determined hatred of everything savouring of jobbery or dishonesty.

KENNEDY, WALTER (c. 1460-c. 1508), Scottish poet, was the third son of

Gilbert, 1st Lord Kennedy. He matriculated at Glasgow University in

1475 and took his M.A. degree in 1478. In 1481 he was one of four

examiners in his university, and in 1492 he acted as depute for his

nephew, the hereditary bailie of Carrick. He is best known for his share

in the _Flyting_ with Dunbar (q.v.). In this coarse combat of wits

Dunbar taunts his rival with his Highland speech (the poem is an

expression of Gaelic and "Inglis," i.e. English, antagonism); and

implies that he had been involved in treason, and had disguised himself

as a beggar in Galloway. With the exception of this share in the

_Flyting_ Kennedy's poems are chiefly religious in character. They

include _The Praise of Aige_, _Ane Agit Manis Invective against Mouth

Thankless_, _Ane Ballat in Praise of Our Lady_, _The Passion of Christ_

and _Pious Counsale_. They are printed in the rare supplement to David

Laing's edition of _William Dunbar_ (1834), and they have been re-edited

by Dr J. Schipper in the proceedings of the Kais. Akad. der

Wissenschaften (Vienna).

See also the prolegomena in the Scottish Text Society's edition of

Dunbar; and (for the life) Pitcairn's edition of the _Historie of the

Kennedies_ (1830).

KENNEL, a small hut or shelter for a dog, also extended to a group of

buildings for a pack of hounds (see DOG). The word is apparently from a

Norman-French _kenil_ (this form does not occur, but is seen in the

Norman _kinet_, a little dog), modern French _chenil_, from popular

Latin _canile_, place for a dog, _canis_, cf. _ovile_, sheep-cote. The

word "kennel," a gutter, a drain in a street or road, is a corruption of

the Middle English _canel, cannel_, in modern English "channel," from

Latin _canalis_, canal.

KENNETH, the name of two kings of the Scots.

KENNETH I., MacAlpin (d. c. 860), often described as the first king of

Scotland (kingdom of Scone), was the son of the Alpin, called king of

the Scots, who had been slain by the Picts in 832 or 834, whilst

endeavouring to assert his claim to the Pictish throne. On the death of

his father, Kenneth is said to have succeeded him in the kingdom of the

Scots. The region of his rule is matter of conjecture, though Galloway

seems the most probable suggestion, in which case he probably led a

piratic host against the Picts. On the father's side he was descended

from the Conall Gabhrain of the old Dalriadic Scottish kingdom, and the

claims of father and son to the Pictish throne were probably through

female descent. Their chief support seems to have been found in Fife. In

the seventh year of his reign (839 or 841) he took advantage of the

effects of a Danish invasion of the Pictish kingdom to attack the

remaining Picts, whom he finally subdued in 844 or 846. In 846 or 848 he

transported the relics of St Columba to a church which he had

constructed at Scone. He is said also to have carried out six invasions

of Northumbria, in the course of which he burnt Dunbar and took Melrose.

According to the _Scalacronica_ of Sir Thomas Gray he drove the Angles

and Britons over the Tweed, reduced the land as far as that river, and

first called his kingdom Scotland. In his reign there appears to have

been a serious invasion by Danish pirates, in which Cluny and Dunkeld

were burnt. He died in 860 or 862, after a reign of twenty-eight years,

at Forteviot and was buried at Iona. The double dates are due to a

contest of authorities. Twenty-eight years is the accepted length of his

reign, and according to the chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon it began in

832. The Pictish Chronicle, however, gives Tuesday, the 13th of February

as the day, and this suits 862 only, in which case his reign would begin

in 834.

KENNETH II. (d. 995), son of Malcolm I., king of Alban, succeeded

Cuilean, son of Indulph, who had been slain by the Britons of

Strathclyde in 971 in Lothian. Kenneth began his reign by ravaging the

British kingdom, but he lost a large part of his force on the river

Cornag. Soon afterwards he attacked Eadulf, earl of the northern half of

Northumbria, and ravaged the whole of his territory. He fortified the

fords of the Forth as a defence against the Britons and again invaded

Northumbria, carrying off the earl's son. About this time he gave the

city of Brechin to the church. In 977 he is said to have slain Amlaiph

or Olaf, son of Indulph, king of Alban, perhaps a rival claimant to the

throne. According to the English chroniclers, Kenneth paid homage to

King Edgar for the cession of Lothian, but these statements are probably

due to the controversy as to the position of Scotland. The _mormaers_,

or chiefs, of Kenneth were engaged throughout his reign in a contest

with Sigurd the Norwegian, earl of Orkney, for the possession of

Caithness and the northern district of Scotland as far south as the

Spey. In this struggle the Scots attained no permanent success. In 995

Kenneth, whose strength like that of the other kings of his branch of

the house of Kenneth MacAlpin lay chiefly north of the Tay, was slain

treacherously by his own subjects, according to the later chroniclers at

Fettercairn in the Mearns through an intrigue of Einvela, daughter of

the earl of Angus. He was buried at Iona.

See _Chronicles of the Picts and Scots_, ed. W. F. Skene (Edinburgh,

1867), and W. F. Skene, _Celtic Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1876).

KENNETT, WHITE (1660-1728), English bishop and antiquary, was born at

Dover in August 1660. He was educated at Westminster school and at St

Edmund's Hall, Oxford, where, while an undergraduate, he published

several translations of Latin works, including Erasmus _In Praise of

Folly_. In 1685 he became vicar of Ambrosden, Oxfordshire. A few years

afterwards he returned to Oxford as tutor and vice-principal of St

Edmund's Hall, where he gave considerable impetus to the study of

antiquities. George Hickes gave him lessons in Old English. In 1695 he

published _Parochial Antiquities_. In 1700 he became rector of St

Botolph's, Aldgate, London, and in 1701 archdeacon of Huntingdon. For a

eulogistic sermon on the first duke of Devonshire he was in 1707

recommended to the deanery of Peterborough. He afterwards joined the Low

Church party, strenuously opposed the Sacheverel movement, and in the

Bangorian controversy supported with great zeal and considerable

bitterness the side of Bishop Hoadly. His intimacy with Charles

Trimnell, bishop of Norwich, who was high in favour with the king,

secured for him in 1718 the bishopric of Peterborough. He died at

Westminster in December 1728.

Kennett published in 1698 an edition of Sir Henry Spelman's _History

of Sacrilege_, and he was the author of fifty-seven printed works,

chiefly tracts and sermons. He wrote the third volume (Charles

I.-Anne) of the composite _Compleat History of England_ (1706), and a

more detailed and valuable _Register and Chronicle_ of the

Restoration. He was much interested in the Society for the Propagation

of the Gospel.

The _Life of Bishop White Kennett_, by the Rev. William Newton

(anonymous), appeared in 1730. See also Nichols's _Literary

Anecdotes_, and I. Disraeli's _Calamities of Authors_.

KENNEY, JAMES (1780-1849), English dramatist, was the son of James

Kenney, one of the founders of Boodles' Club in London. His first play,

a farce called _Raising the Wind_ (1803), was a success owing to the

popularity of the character of "Jeremy Diddler." Kenney produced more

than forty dramas and operas between 1803 and 1845, and many of his

pieces, in which Mrs Siddons, Madame Vestris, Foote, Lewis, Liston and

other leading players appeared from time to time, enjoyed a considerable

vogue. His most popular play was _Sweethearts and Wives_, produced at

the Haymarket theatre in 1823, and several times afterwards revived; and

among the most successful of his other works were: _False Alarms_

(1807), a comic opera with music by Braham; _Love, Law and Physic_

(1812); _Spring and Autumn_ (1827); _The Illustrious Stranger, or

Married and Buried_ (1827); _Masaniello_ (1829); _The Sicilian Vespers_,

a tragedy (1840). Kenney, who numbered Charles Lamb and Samuel Rogers

among his friends, died in London on the 25th of July 1849. He married

the widow of the dramatist Thomas Holcroft, by whom he had two sons and

two daughters.

His second son, CHARLES LAMB KENNEY (1823-1881), made a name as a

journalist, dramatist and miscellaneous writer. Commencing life as a

clerk in the General Post Office in London, he joined the staff of _The

Times_, to which paper he contributed dramatic criticism. In 1856,

having been called to the bar, he became secretary to Ferdinand de

Lesseps, and in 1857 he published _The Gates of the East_ in support of

the projected construction of the Suez Canal. Kenney wrote the words for

a number of light operas, and was the author of several popular songs,

the best known of which were "Soft and Low" (1865) and "The Vagabond"

(1871). He also published a _Memoir of M. W. Balfe_ (1875), and

translated the _Correspondence_ of Balzac. He included Thackeray and

Dickens among his friends in a literary coterie in which he enjoyed the

reputation of a wit and an accomplished writer of _vers de société_. He

died in London on the 25th of August 1881.

See John Genest, _Some Account of the English Stage, 1660-1830_, vols.

vii. and viii. (10 vols., London, 1832); P. W. Clayden, _Rogers and

his Contemporaries_ (2 vols., London, 1889); _Dict. National Biog_.

KENNGOTT, GUSTAV ADOLPH (1818-1897), German mineralogist, was born at

Breslau on the 6th of January 1818. After being employed in the

Hofmineralien Cabinet at Vienna, he became professor of mineralogy in

the university of Zürich. He was distinguished for his researches on

mineralogy, crystallography and petrology. He died at Lugano, on the 7th

of March 1897.

PUBLICATIONS.--_Lehrbuch der reinen Krystallographie_ (1846);

_Lehrbuch der Mineralogie_ (1852 and 1857; 5th ed., 1880); _Übersicht

der Resultate mineralogischer Forschungen in den Jahren 1844-1865_ (7

vols., 1852-1868); _Die Minerale der Schweiz_ (1866); _Elemente der

Petrographie_ (1868).

KENNICOTT, BENJAMIN (1718-1783), English divine and Hebrew scholar, was

born at Totnes, Devonshire, on the 4th of April 1718. He succeeded his

father as master of a charity school, but by the liberality of friends

he was enabled to go to Wadham College, Oxford, in 1744, where he

distinguished himself in Hebrew and divinity. While an undergraduate he

published two dissertations, _On the Tree of Life in Paradise, with some

Observations on the Fall of Man_, and _On the Oblations of Cain and

Abel_ (2nd ed., 1747), which procured him the honour of a bachelor's

degree before the statutory time. In 1747 he was elected fellow of

Exeter College, and in 1750 he took his degree of M.A. In 1764 he was

made a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1767 keeper of the Radcliffe

Library. He was also canon of Christ Church (1770) and rector of Culham

(1753), in Oxfordshire, and was subsequently presented to the living of

Menheniot, Cornwall, which he was unable to visit and resigned two years

before his death. He died at Oxford, on the 18th of September 1783.

His chief work is the _Vetus Testamentum hebraicum cum variis

lectionibus_ (2 vols. fol., Oxford, 1776-1780). Before this appeared

he had written two dissertations entitled _The State of the Printed

Hebrew Text of the Old Testament considered_, published respectively

in 1753 and 1759, which were designed to combat the then current ideas

as to the "absolute integrity" of the received Hebrew text. The first

contains "a comparison of 1 Chron. xi. with 2 Sam. v. and xxiii. and

observations on seventy MSS., with an extract of mistakes and various

readings"; the second defends the claims of the Samaritan Pentateuch,

assails the correctness of the printed copies of the Chaldee

paraphrase, gives an account of Hebrew MSS. of the Bible known to be

extant, and catalogues one hundred MSS. preserved in the British

Museum and in the libraries of Oxford and Cambridge. In 1760 he issued

his proposals for collating all Hebrew MSS. of date prior to the

invention of printing. Subscriptions to the amount of nearly £10,000

were obtained, and many learned men addressed themselves to the work

of collation, Bruns of Helmstadt making himself specially useful as

regarded MSS. in Germany, Switzerland and Italy. Between 1760 and 1769

ten "annual accounts" of the progress of the work were given; in its

course 615 Hebrew MSS. and 52 printed editions of the Bible were

either wholly or partially collated, and use was also made (but often

very perfunctorily) of the quotations in the Talmud. The materials

thus collected, when properly arranged and made ready for the press,

extended to 30 vols. fol. The text finally followed in printing was

that of Van der Hooght--unpointed however, the points having been

disregarded in collation--and the various readings were printed at the

foot of the page. The Samaritan Pentateuch stands alongside the Hebrew

in parallel columns. The _Dissertatio generalis_, appended to the

second volume, contains an account of the MSS. and other authorities

collated, and also a review of the Hebrew text, divided into periods,

and beginning with the formation of the Hebrew canon after the return

of the Jews from the exile. Kennicott's great work was in one sense a

failure. It yielded no materials of value for the emendation of the

received text, and by disregarding the vowel points overlooked the one

thing in which some result (grammatical if not critical) might have

been derived from collation of Massoretic MSS. But the negative result

of the publication and of the _Variæ lectiones_ of De Rossi,

published some years later, was important. It showed that the Hebrew

text can be emended only by the use of the versions aided by

conjecture.

Kennicott's work was perpetuated by his widow, who founded two

university scholarships at Oxford for the study of Hebrew. The fund

yields an income of £200 per annum.

KENNINGTON, a district in the south of London, England, within the

municipal borough of Lambeth. There was a royal palace here until the

reign of Henry VII. Kennington Common, now represented by Kennington

Park, was the site of a gallows until the end of the 18th century, and

was the meeting-place appointed for the great Chartist demonstration of

the 10th of April 1848. Kennington Oval is the ground of the Surrey

County Cricket Club. (See LAMBETH.)

KENORA (formerly RAT PORTAGE), a town and port of entry in Ontario,

Canada, and the chief town of Rainy River district, situated at an

altitude of 1087 ft. above the sea. Pop. (1891), 1806; (1901) 5222. It

is 133 m. by rail east of Winnipeg, on the Canadian Pacific railway, and

at the outlet of the Lake of the Woods. The Winnipeg river has at this

point a fall of 16 ft., which, with the lake as a reservoir, furnishes

an abundant and unfailing water-power. The industrial establishments

comprise reduction works, saw-mills and flour-mills, one of the latter

being the largest in Canada. It is the distributing point for the gold

mines of the district, and during the summer months steamboat

communication is maintained on the lake. There is important sturgeon

fishing.

KENOSHA, a city and the county-seat of Kenosha county, Wisconsin,

U.S.A., on the S.W. shore of Lake Michigan, 35 m. S. of Milwaukee and 50

m. N. of Chicago. Pop. (1900), 11,606, of whom 3333 were foreign-born;

(1910), 21,371. It is served by the Chicago & North-Western railway, by

interurban electric lines connecting with Chicago and Milwaukee, and by

freight and passenger steamship lines on Lake Michigan. It has a good

harbour and a considerable lake commerce. The city is finely situated on

high bluffs above the lake, and is widely known for its healthiness. At

Kenosha is the Gilbert M. Simmons library, with 19,300 volumes in 1908.

Just south of the city is Kemper Hall, a Protestant Episcopal school for

girls, under the charge of the Sisters of St Mary, opened in 1870 as a

memorial to Jackson Kemper (1789-1870), the first missionary bishop

(1835-1859), and the first bishop of Wisconsin (1854-1870) of the

Protestant Episcopal Church. Among Kenosha's manufactures are brass and

iron beds (the Simmons Manufacturing Co.), mattresses, typewriters,

leather and brass goods, wagons, and automobiles--the "Rambler"

automobile being made at Kenosha by Thomas B. Jeffery and Co. There is

an extensive sole-leather tannery. The total value of the factory

product in 1905 was $12,362,600, the city ranking third in product value

among the cities of the state. Kenosha, originally known as Southport,

was settled about 1832, organized as the village of Southport in 1842,

and chartered in 1850 as a city under its present name.

KENSETT, JOHN FREDERICK (1818-1872), American artist, was born in

Cheshire, Connecticut, on the 22nd of March 1818. After studying

engraving he went abroad, took up painting, and exhibited at the Royal

Academy, London, in 1845. In 1849 he was elected to the National Academy

of Design, New York, and in 1859 he was appointed a member of the

committee to superintend the decoration of the United States Capitol at

Washington, D.C. After his death the contents of his studio realized at

public auction over $150,000. He painted landscapes more or less in the

manner of the Hudson River School.

KENSINGTON, a western metropolitan borough of London, England, bounded

N.E. by Paddington, and the city of Westminster, S.E. by Chelsea, S.W.

by Fulham, N.W. by Hammersmith, and extending N. to the boundary of the

county of London. Pop. (1901), 176,628. It includes the districts of

Kensal Green (partly) in the north, Notting Hill in the north-central

portion, Earl's Court in the south-west, and Brompton in the south-east.

A considerable but indefinite area adjoining Brompton is commonly called

South Kensington; but the area known as West Kensington is within the

borough of Fulham.

The name appears in early forms as _Chenesitun_ and _Kenesitune_. Its

origin is obscure, and has been variously connected with a Saxon royal

residence (King's town), a family of the name of Chenesi, and the word

_caen_, meaning wood, from the forest which originally covered the

district and was still traceable in Tudor times. The most probable

derivation, however, finds in the name a connection with the Saxon tribe

or family of Kensings. The history of the manor is traceable from the

time of Edward the Confessor, and after the Conquest it was held of the

Bishop of Coutances by Aubrey de Vere. Soon after this it became the

absolute property of the de Veres, who were subsequently created Earls

of Oxford. The place of the manorial courts is preserved in the name of

the modern district of Earl's Court. With a few short intervals the

manor continued in the direct line until Tudor times. There were also

three sub-manors, one given by the first Aubrey de Vere early in the

12th century to the Abbot of Abingdon, whence the present parish church

is called St Mary Abbots; while in another, Knotting Barnes, the origin

of the name Notting Hill is found.

The brilliant period of history for which Kensington is famous may be

dated from the settlement of the Court here by William III. The village,

as it was then, had a reputation for healthiness through its gravel soil

and pure atmosphere. A mansion standing on the western flank of the

present Kensington Gardens had been the seat of Heneage Finch, Lord

Chancellor and afterwards Earl of Nottingham. It was known as Nottingham

House, but when bought from the second earl by William, who was desirous

of avoiding residence in London as he suffered from asthma, it became

known as Kensington Palace. The extensive additions and alterations made

by Wren according to the taste of the King resulted in a severely plain

edifice of brick; the orangery, added in Queen Anne's time, is a better

example of the same architect's work. In the palace died Mary, William's

consort, William himself, Anne and George II., whose wife Caroline did

much to beautify Kensington Gardens, and formed the beautiful lake

called the Serpentine (1733). But a higher interest attaches to the

palace as the birthplace of Queen Victoria in 1819; and here her

accession was announced to her. By her order, towards the close of her

life, the palace became open to the public.

Modern influences, one of the most marked of which is the widespread

erection of vast blocks of residential flats, have swept away much that

was reminiscent of the historical connexions of the "old court suburb."

Kensington Square, however, lying south of High Street in the vicinity

of St Mary Abbots church, still preserves some of its picturesque

houses, nearly all of which were formerly inhabited by those attached to

the court; it numbered among its residents Addison, Talleyrand, John

Stuart Mill, and Green the historian. In Young Street, opening from the

Square, Thackeray lived for many years. His house here, still standing,

is most commonly associated with his work, though he subsequently moved

to Onslow Square and to Palace Green. Another link with the past is

found in Holland House, hidden in its beautiful park north of Kensington

Road. It was built by Sir Walter Cope, lord of the manor, in 1607, and

obtained its present name on coming into the possession of Henry Rich,

earl of Holland, through his marriage with Cope's daughter. He extended

and beautified the mansion. General Fairfax and General Lambert are

mentioned as occupants after his death, and later the property was let,

William Penn of Pennsylvania being among those who leased it. Addison,

marrying the widow of the 6th earl, lived here until his death in 1719.

During the tenancy of Henry Fox, third Lord Holland (1773-1840), the

house gained a European reputation as a meeting-place of statesmen and

men of letters. The formal gardens of Holland House are finely laid out,

and the rooms of the house are both beautiful in themselves and enriched

with collections of pictures, china and tapestries. Famous houses no

longer standing were Campden House, in the district north-west of the

parish church, formerly known as the Gravel Pits; and Gore House, on the

site of the present Albert Hall, the residence of William Wilberforce,

and later of the countess of Blessington.

The parish church of St Mary Abbots, High Street, occupies an ancient

site, but was built from the designs of Sir Gilbert Scott in 1869. It is

in Decorated style, and has one of the loftiest spires in England. In

the north the borough includes the cemetery of Kensal Green (with the

exception of the Roman Catholic portion, which is in the borough of

Hammersmith); it was opened in 1838, and great numbers of eminent

persons are buried here. The Roman Catholic church of Our Lady of

Victories lies close to Kensington Road, and in Brompton Road is the

Oratory of St Philip Neri, a fine building with richly decorated

interior, noted for the beauty of its musical services, as is the

Carmelite Church in Church Street. St Charles's Roman Catholic College

(for boys), near the north end of Ladbroke Grove, was founded by

Cardinal Manning in 1863; the buildings are now used as a training

centre for Catholic school mistresses. Of secular institutions the

principal are the museums in South Kensington. The Victoria and Albert,

commonly called the South Kensington, Museum contains various exhibits

divided into sections, and includes the buildings of the Royal College

of Science. Close by is the Natural History Museum, in a great building

by Alfred Waterhouse, opened as a branch of the British Museum in 1880.

Near this stood Cromwell House, erroneously considered to have been the

residence of Oliver Cromwell, the name of which survives in the adjacent

Cromwell Road. In Kensington Gardens, near the upper end of Exhibition

Road, which separates the two museums, was held the Great Exhibition of

1851, the hall of which is preserved as the Crystal Palace at Sydenham.

The greater part of the gardens, however, with the Albert Memorial,

erected by Queen Victoria in memory of Albert, prince consort, the

Albert Hall, opposite to it, one of the principal concert-halls in

London, and the Imperial Institute to the south, are actually within the

city of Westminster, though commonly connected with Kensington. The

gardens (275 acres) were laid out in the time of Queen Anne, and have

always been a popular and fashionable place of recreation. Extensive

grounds at Earl's Court are open from time to time for various

exhibitions. Further notable buildings in Kensington are the town-hall

and free library in High Street, which is also much frequented for its

excellent shops, and the Brompton Consumption Hospital, Fulham Road. In

Holland Park Road is the house of Lord Leighton (d. 1896), given to the

nation, and open, with its art collection, to the public.

Kensington is a suffragan bishopric in the diocese of London. The

parliamentary borough of Kensington has north and south divisions, each

returning one member. The borough council consists of a mayor, 10

aldermen and 60 councillors. Area, 2291.1 acres.

KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF. The first holder of the English earldom of

Kent was probably Odo, bishop of Bayeux, and the second a certain

William de Ypres (d. 1162), both of whom were deprived of the dignity.

The regent Hubert de Burgh obtained this honour in 1227, and in 1321 it

was granted to Edmund Plantagenet, the youngest brother of Edward II.

Edmund (1301-1330), who was born at Woodstock on the 5th of August 1301,

received many marks of favour from his brother the king, whom he

steadily supported until the last act in Edward's life opened in 1326.

He fought in Scotland and then in France, and was a member of the

council when Edward III. became king in 1327. Soon at variance with

Queen Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer, Edmund was involved in a

conspiracy to restore Edward II., who he was led to believe was still

alive; he was arrested, and beheaded on the 19th of March 1330. Although

he had been condemned as a traitor his elder son Edmund (c. 1327-1333)

was recognized as earl of Kent, the title passing on his death to his

brother John (c. 1330-1352).

After John's childless death the earldom appears to have been held by

his sister Joan, "the fair maid of Kent," and in 1360 Joan's husband,

Sir Thomas de Holand, or Holland, was summoned to parliament as earl of

Kent. Holand, who was a soldier of some repute, died in Normandy on the

28th of December 1360, and his widow married Edward the Black Prince,

by whom she was the mother of Richard II. The next earl was Holand's

eldest son Thomas (1350-1397), who was marshal of England from 1380 to

1385, and was in high favour with his half-brother, Richard II. The 3rd

earl of Kent of the Holand family was his son Thomas (1374-1400). In

September 1397, a few months after becoming earl of Kent, Thomas was

made duke of Surrey as a reward for assisting Richard II. against the

lords appellant; but he was degraded from his dukedom in 1399, and was

beheaded in January of the following year for conspiring against Henry

IV. However, his brother Edmund (1384-1408) was allowed to succeed to

the earldom, which became extinct on his death in Brittany in September

1408.

In the same century the title was revived in favour of William, a

younger son of Ralph Neville, 1st earl of Westmorland, and through his

mother Joan Beaufort a grandson of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster.

William (c. 1405-1463), who held the barony of Fauconberg in right of

his wife, Joan, gained fame during the wars in France and fought for the

Yorkists during the Wars of the Roses. His prowess is said to have been

chiefly responsible for the victory of Edward IV. at Towton in March

1461, and soon after this event he was created earl of Kent and admiral

of England. He died in January 1463, and, as his only legitimate issue

were three daughters, the title of earl of Kent again became extinct.

Neville's natural son Thomas, "the bastard of Fauconberg" (d. 1471), was

a follower of Warwick, the "Kingmaker."

The long connexion of the family of Grey with this title began in 1465,

when Edmund, Lord Grey of Ruthin, was created earl of Kent. Edmund (c.

1420-1489) was the eldest son of Sir John Grey, while his mother,

Constance, was a daughter of John Holand, duke of Exeter. During the

earlier part of the Wars of the Roses Grey fought for Henry VI.; but by

deserting the Lancastrians during the battle of Northampton in 1460 he

gave the victory to the Yorkists. He was treasurer of England and held

other high offices under Edward IV. and Richard III. His son and

successor, George, 2nd earl of Kent (c. 1455-1503), also a soldier,

married Anne Woodville, a sister of Edward IV.'s queen, Elizabeth, and

was succeeded by his son Richard (1481-1524). After Richard's death

without issue, his half-brother and heir, Henry (c. 1495-1562), did not

assume the title of earl of Kent on account of his poverty; but in 1572

Henry's grandson Reginald (d. 1573), who had been member of parliament

for Weymouth, was recognized as earl; he was followed by his brother

Henry (1541-1615), and then by another brother, Charles (c. 1545-1623).

Charles's son, Henry, the 8th earl (c. 1583-1639), married Elizabeth

(1581-1651), daughter of Gilbert Talbot, 7th earl of Shrewsbury. This

lady, who was an authoress, took for her second husband the jurist John

Selden. Henry died without children in November 1639, when the earldom

of Kent, separated from the barony of Ruthin, passed to his cousin

Anthony (1557-1643), a clergyman, who was succeeded by his son Henry

(1594-1651), Lord Grey of Ruthin. Henry had been a member of parliament

from 1640 to 1643, and as a supporter of the popular party was speaker

of the House of Lords until its abolition. The 11th earl was his son

Anthony (1645-1702), whose son Henry became 12th earl in August 1702,

lord chamberlain of the royal household from 1704 to 1710, and in 1706

was created earl of Harold and marquess of Kent, becoming duke of Kent

four years later. All his sons predeceased their father, and when the

duke died in June 1740, his titles of earl, marquess and duke of Kent

became extinct.

In 1799 Edward Augustus, fourth son of George III., was created duke of

Kent and Strathearn by his father. Born on the 2nd of November 1767,

Edward served in the British army in North America and elsewhere,

becoming a field marshal in 1805. To quote Sir Spencer Walpole, Kent, a

stern disciplinarian, "was unpopular among his troops; and the storm

which was created by his well-intentioned effort at Gibraltar to check

the licentiousness and drunkenness of the garrison compelled him finally

to retire from the governorship of this colony." Owing to pecuniary

difficulties his later years were mainly passed on the continent of

Europe. He died at Sidmouth on the 23rd of January 1820. In 1818 the

duke married Maria Louisa Victoria (1786-1861), widow of Emich Charles,

prince of Leiningen (d. 1814), and sister of Leopold I., king of the

Belgians; and his only child was Queen Victoria (q.v.).

KENT, JAMES (1763-1847), American jurist, was born at Philippi in New

York State on the 31st of July 1763. He graduated at Yale College in

1781, and began to practise law at Poughkeepsie, in 1785 as an attorney,

and in 1787 at the bar. In 1791 and 1702-93 Kent was a representative of

Dutchess county in the state Assembly. In 1793 he removed to New York,

where Governor Jay, to whom the young lawyer's Federalist sympathies

were a strong recommendation, appointed him a master in chancery for the

city. He was professor of law in Columbia College in 1793-98 and again

served in the Assembly in 1796-97. In 1797 he became recorder of New

York, in 1798 judge of the supreme court of the state, in 1804 chief

justice, and in 1814 chancellor of New York. In 1822 he became a member

of the convention to revise the state constitution. Next year,

Chancellor Kent resigned his office and was re-elected to his former

chair. Out of the lectures he now delivered grew the _Commentaries on

American Law_ (4 vols., 1826-1830), which by their learning, range and

lucidity of style won for him a high and permanent place in the

estimation of both English and American jurists. Kent rendered most

essential service to American jurisprudence while serving as chancellor.

Chancery law had been very unpopular during the colonial period, and had

received little development, and no decisions had been published. His

judgments of this class (see Johnson's _Chancery Reports_, 7 vols.,

1816-1824) cover a wide range of topics, and are so thoroughly

considered and developed as unquestionably to form the basis of American

equity jurisprudence. Kent was a man of great purity of character and of

singular simplicity and guilelessness. He died in New York on the 12th

of December 1847.

To Kent we owe several other works (including a _Commentary on

International Law_) of less importance than the _Commentaries_. See J.

Duer's _Discourse on the Life, Character and Public Services of James

Kent_ (1848); _The National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished

Americans_, vol. ii. (1852); W. Kent, _Memoirs and Letters of

Chancellor Kent_ (Boston, 1898).

KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748), English "painter, architect, and the father

of modern gardening," as Horace Walpole in his _Anecdotes of Painting_

describes him, was born in Yorkshire in 1685. Apprenticed to a

coach-painter, his ambition soon led him to London, where he began life

as a portrait and historical painter. He found patrons, who sent him in

1710 to study in Italy; and at Rome he made other friends, among them

Lord Burlington, with whom he returned to England in 1719. Under that

nobleman's roof Kent chiefly resided till his death on the 12th of April

1748--obtaining abundant commissions in all departments of his art, as

well as various court appointments which brought him an income of £600 a

year. Walpole says that Kent was below mediocrity in painting. He had

some little taste and skill in architecture, of which Holkham palace is

perhaps the most favourable example. The mediocre statue of Shakespeare

in Westminster Abbey sufficiently stamps his powers as a sculptor. His

merit in landscape gardening is greater. In Walpole's language, Kent

"was painter enough to taste the charms of landscape, bold and

opinionative enough to dare and to dictate, and born with a genius to

strike out a great system from the twilight of imperfect essays." In

short, he was the first in English gardening to vindicate the natural

against the artificial. Banishing all the clipped monstrosities of the

topiary art in yew, box or holly, releasing the streams from the

conventional canal and marble basin, and rejecting the mathematical

symmetry of ground plan then in vogue for gardens, Kent endeavoured to

imitate the variety of nature, with due regard to the principles of

light and shade and perspective. Sometimes he carried his imitation too

far, as when he planted dead trees in Kensington gardens to give a

greater air of truth to the scene, though he himself was one of the

first to detect the folly of such an extreme. Kent's plans were designed

rather with a view to immediate effect over a comparatively small area

than with regard to any broader or subsequent results.

KENT, one of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon Britain, the dimensions of

which seem to have corresponded with those of the present county (see

below). According to tradition it was the first part of the country

occupied by the invaders, its founders, Hengest and Horsa, having been

employed by the British king Vortigern against the Picts and Scots.

Their landing, according to English tradition, took place between

450-455, though in the Welsh accounts the Saxons are said to have

arrived in 428 (cf. _Hist. Britt._ 66). According to _The Anglo-Saxon

Chronicle_, which probably used some lost list of Kentish kings, Hengest

reigned 455-488, and was succeeded by his son Aesc (Oisc), who reigned

till 512; but little value can be attached to these dates. Documentary

history begins with Aethelberht, the great-grandson of Aesc, who reigned

probably 560-616. He married Berhta, daughter of the Frankish king

Haribert, or Charibert, an event which no doubt was partly responsible

for the success of the mission of Augustine, who landed in 597.

Aethelberht was at this time supreme over all the English kings south of

the Humber. On his death in 616 he was succeeded by his son Eadbald, who

renounced Christianity and married his stepmother, but was shortly

afterwards converted by Laurentius, the successor of Augustine. Eadbald

was succeeded in 640 by his son Erconberht, who enforced the acceptance

of Christianity throughout his kingdom, and was succeeded in 664 by his

son Ecgbert, the latter again by his brother Hlothhere in 673. The early

part of Hlothhere's reign was disturbed by an invasion of Aethelred of

Mercia. He issued a code of laws, which is still extant, together with

his nephew Eadric, the son of Ecgbert, but in 685 a quarrel broke out

between them in which Eadric called in the South Saxons. Hlothhere died

of his wounds, and was succeeded by Eadric, who, however, reigned under

two years.

The death of Eadric was followed by a disturbed period, in which Kent

was under kings whom Bede calls "_dubii vel externi_." An unsuccessful

attempt at conquest seems to have been made by the West Saxons, one of

whose princes, Mul, brother of Ceadwalla, is said to have been killed in

687. There is some evidence for a successful invasion by the East Saxon

king Sigehere during the same year. A king named Oswine, who apparently

belonged to the native dynasty, seems to have obtained part of the

kingdom in 688. The other part came in 689 into the hands of Swefheard,

probably a son of the East Saxon king Sebbe. Wihtred, a son of Ecgbert,

succeeded Oswine about 690, and obtained possession of the whole kingdom

before 694. From him also we have a code of laws. At Wihtred's death in

725 the kingdom was divided between his sons Aethelberht, Eadberht and

Alric, the last of whom appears to have died soon afterwards.

Aethelberht reigned till 762; Eadberht, according to the _Chronicle_,

died in 748, but some doubtful charters speak of him as alive in

761-762. Eadberht was succeeded by his son Eardwulf, and he again by

Eanmund, while Aethelberht was succeeded by a king named Sigered. From

764-779 we find a king named Ecgbert, who in the early part of his reign

had a colleague named Heaberht. At this period Kentish history is very

obscure. Another king named Aethelberht appears in 781, and a king

Ealhmund in 784, but there is some reason for suspecting that Offa

annexed Kent about this time. On his death (796) Eadberht Praen made

himself king, but in 798 he was defeated and captured by Coenwulf, who

made his own brother Cuthred king in his place. On Cuthred's death in

807 Coenwulf seems to have kept Kent in his own possession. His

successors Ceolwulf and Beornwulf likewise appear to have held Kent, but

in 825 we hear of a king Baldred who was expelled by Ecgbert king of

Wessex. Under the West Saxon dynasty Kent, together with Essex, Sussex

and Surrey, was sometimes given as a dependent kingdom to one of the

royal family. During Ecgbert's reign it was entrusted to his son

Aethelwulf, on whose accession to the throne of Wessex, in 839, it was

given to Aethelstan, probably his son, who lived at least till 851. From

855 to 860 it was governed by Aethelberht son of Aethelwulf. During the

last years of Alfred's reign it seems to have been entrusted by him to

his son Edward. Throughout the 9th century we hear also of two earls,

whose spheres of authority may have corresponded to those of the two

kings whom we find in the 8th century. The last earls of whom we have

any record were the two brothers Sigehelm and Sigewulf, who fell at the

Holm in 905 when the Kentish army was cut off by the Danes, on Edward

the Elder's return from his expedition into East Anglia. At a later

period Kent appears to have been held, together with Sussex, by a single

earl.

The internal organization of the kingdom of Kent seems to have been

somewhat peculiar. Besides the division into West Kent and East Kent,

which probably corresponds with the kingdoms of the 8th century, we

find a number of lathes, apparently administrative districts under

reeves, attached to royal villages. In East Kent there were four of

these, namely, Canterbury, Eastry, Wye and Lymne, which can be traced

back to the 9th century or earlier. In the 11th century we hear of two

lathes in West Kent, those of Sutton and Aylesford.

The social organization of the Kentish nation was wholly different

from that of Mercia and Wessex. Instead of two "noble" classes we find

only one, called at first eorlcund, later as in Wessex, gesithcund.

Again below the ordinary freeman we find three varieties of persons

called _laetas_, probably freedmen, to whom we have nothing analogous

in the other kingdoms. Moreover the wergeld of the ceorl, or ordinary

freeman, was two or three times as great as that of the same class in

Wessex and Mercia, and the same difference of treatment is found in

all the compensations and fines relating to them. It is not unlikely

that the peculiarities of Kentish custom observable in later times,

especially with reference to the tenure of land, are connected with

these characteristics. An explanation is probably to be obtained from

a statement of Bede--that the settlers in Kent belonged to a different

nationality from those who founded the other kingdoms, namely the

Jutes (q.v.).

See Bede, _Historiae ecclesiasticae_, edited by C. Plummer (Oxford,

1896); _Two of the Saxon Chronicles_, edited by J. Earle and C.

Plummer (Oxford, 1892-1899); W. de G. Birch, _Cartularium Saxonicum_

(London, 1885-1889); B. Seebohm, _Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law_

(London, 1902); H. M. Chadwick, _Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions_

(Cambridge, 1905); and T. W. Shore, _Origin of the Anglo-Saxon Race_

(London, 1906). (F. G. M. B.)

KENT, a south-eastern county of England, bounded N. by the Thames

estuary, E. and S.E. by the English Channel, S.W. by Sussex, and W. by

Surrey. In the north-west the administrative county of London encroaches

upon the ancient county of Kent, the area of which is 1554.7 sq. m. The

county is roughly triangular in form, London lying at the apex of the

western angle, the North Foreland at that of the eastern and Dungeness

at that of the southern. The county is divided centrally, from west to

east, by the well-marked range of hills known as the North Downs,

entering Kent from Surrey. In the west above Westerham these hills

exceed 800 ft.; to the east the height is much less, but even in Kent

(for in Surrey they are higher) the North Downs form a more striking

physical feature than their height would indicate. They are intersected,

especially on the north, by many deep valleys, well wooded. At three

points such valleys cut completely through the main line of the hills.

In the west the Darent, flowing north to the Thames below Dartford,

pierces the hills north of Sevenoaks, but its waters are collected

chiefly from a subsidiary ridge of the Downs running parallel to the

main line and south of it, and known as the Ragstone Ridge, from 600 to

800 ft. in height. The Medway, however, cuts through the entire hill

system, rising in the Forest Ridges of Sussex, flowing N.E. and E. past

Tonbridge, collecting feeders from south and east (the Teise, Beult and

others) near Yalding, and then flowing N.E. and N. through the hills,

past Maidstone, joining the Thames at its mouth through a broad estuary.

The rich lowlands, between the Downs and the Forest Ridges to the south

(which themselves extend into Kent), watered by the upper Medway and its

feeders, are called the Vale of Kent, and fall within the district well

known under the name of the Weald. The easternmost penetration of the

Downs is that effected by the Stour (Great Stour) which rises on their

southern face, flows S.E. to Ashford, where it receives the East Stour,

then turns N.E. past Wye and Canterbury, to meander through the lowlands

representing the former channel which isolated the Isle of Thanet from

the mainland. The channel was called the Wantsume, and its extent may be

gathered from the position of the village of Fordwich near Canterbury,

which had formerly a tidal harbour, and is a member of the Cinque Port

of Sandwich. The Little Stour joins the Great Stour in these lowlands

from a deep vale among the Downs.

About two-thirds of the boundary line of Kent is formed by tidal water.

The estuary of the Thames may be said to stretch from London Bridge to

Sheerness in the Isle of Sheppey, which is divided from the mainland by

the narrow channel (bridged at Queensbridge) of the Swale. Sheerness

lies at the mouth of the Medway, a narrow branch of which cuts off a

tongue of land termed the Isle of Grain lying opposite Sheerness. Along

the banks of the Thames the coast is generally low and marshy,

embankments being in several places necessary to prevent inundation. At

a few points, however, as at Gravesend, spurs of the North Downs descend

directly upon the shore. In the estuary of the Medway there are a number

of low marshy islands, but Sheppey presents to the sea a range of slight

cliffs from 80 to 90 ft. in height. The marshes extend along the Swale

to Whitstable, whence stretches a low line of clay and sandstone cliffs

towards the Isle of Thanet, when they become lofty and grand, extending

round the Foreland southward to Pegwell Bay. The coast from Sheppey

round to the South Foreland is skirted by numerous flats and sands, the

most extensive of which are the Goodwin Sands off Deal. From Pegwell Bay

south to a point near Deal the coast is flat, and the drained marshes or

levels of the lower Stour extend to the west; but thence the coast rises

again into chalk cliffs, the eastward termination of the North Downs,

the famous white cliffs which form the nearest point of England to

continental Europe, overlooking the Strait of Dover. These cliffs

continue round the South Foreland to Folkestone, where they fall away,

and are succeeded west of Sandgate by a flat shingly shore. To the south

of Hythe this shore borders the wide expanse of Romney Marsh, which,

immediately west of Hythe, is overlooked by a line of abrupt hills, but

for the rest is divided on the north from the drainage system of the

Stour only by a slight uplift. The marsh, drained by many channels,

seldom rises over a dozen feet above sea-level. At its south-eastern

extremity, and at the extreme south of the county, is the shingly

promontory of Dungeness. Within historic times much of this marsh was

covered by the sea, and the valley of the river Rother, which forms part

of the boundary of Kent with Sussex, entering the sea at Rye harbour,

was represented by a tidal estuary for a considerable distance inland.

_Geology._--The northern part of the county lies on the southern rim

of the London basin; here the beds are dipping northwards. The

southern part of the county is occupied by a portion of the Wealden

anticline. The London Clay occupies the tongue of land between the

estuaries of the Thames and Medway, as well as Sheppey and a district

about 8 m. wide stretching southwards from Whitstable to Canterbury,

and extending eastwards to the Isle of Thanet. It reappears at Pegwell

Bay, and in the neighbourhood of London it rises above the plastic

clay into the elevation of Shooter's Hill, with a height of about 450

ft. and a number of smaller eminences. The thickness of the formation

near London is about 400 ft., and at Sheppey it reaches 480 ft. At

Sheppey it is rich in various kinds of fossil fish and shells. The

plastic clay, which rests chiefly on chalk, occupies the remainder of

the estuary of the Thames, but at several places it is broken through

by outcrops of chalk, which in some instances run northwards to the

banks of the river. The Lower Tertiaries are represented by three

different formations known as the Thanet beds, the Woolwich and

Reading beds, and the Oldhaven and Blackheath beds. The Thanet beds

resting on chalk form a narrow outcrop rising into cliffs at Pegwell

Bay and Reculver, and consist (1) of a constant base bed of clayey

greenish sand, seldom more than 5 ft. in thickness; (2) of a thin and

local bed composed of alternations of brown clay and loam; (3) of a

bed of fine light buff sand, which in west Kent attains a thickness of

more than 60 ft.; (4) of bluish grey sandy marl containing fossils,

and almost entirely confined to east Kent, the thickness of the

formation being more than 60 ft.; and (5) of fine light grey sand of

an equal thickness, also fossiliferous. The middle series of the Lower

Tertiaries, known as the Woolwich and Reading beds, rests either on

the Thanet beds or on chalk, and consists chiefly of irregular

alternations of clay and sand of very various colours, the former

often containing estuarine and oyster shells and the latter flint

pebbles. The thickness of the formation varies from 15 to 80 ft., but

most commonly it is from 25 to 40 ft. The highest and most local

series of the Lower Tertiaries is the Oldhaven and Blackheath beds

lying between the London Clay and the Woolwich beds. They consist

chiefly of flint pebbles or of light-coloured quartzose sand, the

thickness being from 20 to 30 ft, and, are best seen at Oldhaven and

Blackheath. To the south the London basin is succeeded by the North

Downs, an elevated ridge of country consisting of an outcrop of chalk

which extends from Westerham to Folkestone with an irregular breadth

generally of 3 to 6 miles, but expanding to nearly 12 miles at

Dartford and Gravesend and also to the north of Folkestone. After

dipping below the London Clay at Canterbury, it sends out an outcrop

which forms the greater part of Thanet. Below the chalk is a thin crop

of Upper Greensand between Otford and Westerham. To the south of the

Downs there is a narrow valley formed by the Gault, a fossiliferous

blue clay. This is succeeded by an outcrop of the Lower

Greensand--including the Folkestone, Sandgate and Hythe beds with the

thin Atherfield Clay at the base--which extends across the country

from west to east with a breadth of from 2 to 7 m., and rises into the

picturesque elevations of the Ragstone hills. The remains of

_Iguanodon_ occur in the Hythe beds. The valley, which extends from

the borders of Sussex to Hythe, is occupied chiefly by the Weald

clays, which contain a considerable number of marine and freshwater

fossils. Along the borders of Sussex there is a narrow strip of

country consisting of picturesque sandy hills, formed by the Hastings

beds, whose highest elevation is nearly 400 ft. and the south-west

corner of the county is occupied by Romney Marsh, which within a

comparatively recent period has been recovered from the sea. Valley

gravels border the Thames, and Pleistocene mammalia have been found in

fissures in the Hythe beds at Ightham, where ancient stone implements

are common. Remains of crag deposits lie in pipes in the chalk near

Lenham. Coal-measures, as will be seen, have been found near Dover.

The London Clay is much used for bricks, coarse pottery and Roman

cement. Lime is obtained from the Chalk and Greensand formations.

Ironstone is found in the Wadhurst Clay, a subdivision of the Hastings

beds, clays and calcareous ironstone in the Ashdown sand, but the

industry has long been discontinued. The last Wealden furnace was put

out in 1828.

_Climate and Agriculture._--The unhealthiness of certain portions of

the county caused by the marshes is practically removed by draining.

In the north-eastern districts the climate is somewhat uncertain, and

damage is often done to early fruit-blossoms and vegetation by cold

easterly winds and late frosts. In the large portion of the county

sheltered by the Downs the climate is milder and more equable, and

vegetation is somewhat earlier. The average temperature for January is

37.9° F. at Canterbury, and 39.8° at Dover; for July 63.3° and 61.6°

respectively, and the mean annual 50° and 50.2° respectively. Rainfall

is light, the mean annual being 27.72 in. at Dover, and 23.31 at

Margate, compared with 23.16 at Greenwich. The soil is varied in

character, but on the whole rich and under high cultivation. The

methods of culture and the kinds of crop produced are perhaps more

widely diversified than those of any other county in England. Upon the

London Clay the land is generally heavy and stiff, but very fruitful

when properly manured and cultivated. The marsh lands along the banks

of the Thames, Medway, Stour and Swale consist chiefly of rich chalk

alluvium. In the Isle of Thanet a light mould predominates, which has

been much enriched by fish manure. The valley of the Medway,

especially the district round Maidstone, is the most fertile part of

the county, the soil being a deep loam with a subsoil of brick-earth.

On the ragstone the soil is occasionally thin and much mixed with

small portions of sand and stone; but in some situations the ragstone

has a thick covering of clay loam, which is most suitable for the

production of hops and fruits. In the district of the Weald marl

prevails, with a substratum of clay. The soil of Romney Marsh is a

clay alluvium.