KELLY, EDWARD KIAOCHOW BAY
KELLY, SIR FITZROY KICKAPOO
KELLY, HUGH KIDD, JOHN
KELLY, MICHAEL KIDD, THOMAS
KELP KIDD, WILLIAM
KELSO KIDDERMINSTER
KELVIN, WILLIAM THOMSON KIDNAPPING
KEMBLE (English actors) KIDNEY DISEASES
KEMBLE, JOHN MITCHELL KIDWELLY
KEMÉNY, ZSIGMOND KIEF
KEMP, WILLIAM KIEL
KEMPE, JOHN KIELCE (government in Poland)
KEMPEN KIELCE (town of Poland)
KEMPENFELT, RICHARD KIEPERT, HEINRICH
KEMPT, SIR JAMES KIERKEGAARD, SÖREN AABY
KEMPTEN KIEV (government of Russia)
KEN, THOMAS KIEV (city of Russia)
KEN (river of India) KILBARCHAN
KENA KILBIRNIE
KENDAL, DUKEDOM OF KILBRIDE, WEST
KENDAL, WILLIAM HUNTER KILDARE (county of Ireland)
KENDAL (town of England) KILDARE (town of Ireland)
KENDALL, HENRY CLARENCE KILHAM, ALEXANDER
KENEALY, EDWARD VAUGHAN HYDE KILIA
KENG TUNG KILIAN, ST
KENILWORTH KILIMANJARO
KENITES KILIN
KENMORE KILKEE
KENMURE, WILLIAM GORDON KILKENNY (county of Ireland)
KENNEDY (Scottish family) KILKENNY (city of Ireland)
KENNEDY, BENJAMIN HALL KILKENNY, STATUTE OF
KENNEDY, THOMAS FRANCIS KILLALA
KENNEDY, WALTER KILLALOE
KENNEL KILLARNEY
KENNETH KILLDEER
KENNETT, WHITE KILLIECRANKIE
KENNEY, JAMES KILLIGREW, SIR HENRY
KENNGOTT, GUSTAV ADOLPH KILLIGREW, THOMAS
KENNICOTT, BENJAMIN KILLIN
KENNINGTON KILLIS
KENORA KILLYBEGS
KENOSHA KILLYLEAGH
KENSETT, JOHN FREDERICK KILMAINE, CHARLES EDWARD
KENSINGTON KILMALLOCK
KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF KILMARNOCK
KENT, JAMES KILMAURS
KENT, WILLIAM KILN
KENT (kingdom of Britain) KILPATRICK, NEW, or EAST
KENT (county of England) KILPATRICK, OLD
KENTIGERN, ST KILRUSH
KENTON KILSYTH
KENT'S CAVERN KILT
KENTUCKY KILWA
KENYA KILWARDBY, ROBERT
KENYON, LLOYD KENYON KILWINNING
KEOKUK KIMBERLEY, JOHN WODEHOUSE
KEONJHAR KIMBERLEY (town of South Africa)
KEONTHAL KIMERIDGIAN
KEPLER, JOHANN KIMHI
KEPPEL, AUGUSTUS KEPPEL KIN
KEPPEL, SIR HENRY KINCARDINESHIRE
KER, JOHN KINCHINJUNGA
KERAK KIND
KERALA KINDERGARTEN
KERASUND KINDI
KÉRATRY, AUGUSTE HILARION KINEMATICS
KERBELA KINETICS
KERCH KING, CHARLES WILLIAM
KERCKHOVEN, JAN VAN DEN KING, CLARENCE
KERGUELEN ISLAND KING, EDWARD
KERGUELEN'S LAND CABBAGE KING, EDWARD
KERKUK KING, HENRY
KERMADEC KING, RUFUS
KERMAN (province of Persia) KING, THOMAS
KERMAN (city of Persia) KING, WILLIAM (Anglican divine)
KERMANSHAH KING, WILLIAM (English poet)
KERMES KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING
KERMESSE KING (title)
KERN, JAN HENDRIK KING-BIRD
KERNEL KING-CRAB
KERNER, JUSTINUS CHRISTIAN KINGFISHER
KERRY KINGHORN
KERSAINT, ARMAND DE COETNEMPREN KINGLAKE, ALEXANDER WILLIAM
KERVYN DE LETTENHOVE, BRUNO KINGLET
KESHUB CHUNDER SEN KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF
KÉSMÁRK KING'S BENCH, COURT OF
KESTREL KINGSBRIDGE
KESWICK KING'S COUNTY
KESWICK CONVENTION KINGSDOWN, THOMAS PEMBERTON LEIGH
KET, ROBERT KING'S EVIL
KETCH, JOHN KINGSFORD, WILLIAM
KETCHUP KINGSLEY, CHARLES
KETENES KINGSLEY, HENRY
KETI KINGSLEY, HENRY
KETONES KING'S LYNN
KETTELER, WILHELM EMMANUEL KING'S MOUNTAIN
KETTERING KINGSTON, ELIZABETH
KETTLE, SIR RUPERT ALFRED KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES
KETTLEDRUM KINGSTON (Ontario, Canada)
KEUPER KINGSTON (New York, U.S.A.)
KEW KINGSTON (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.)
KEWANEE KINGSTON-ON-THAMES
KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER KINGSTON-UPON-HULL, EARLS AND DUKES OF
KEY, THOMAS HEWITT KINGSTOWN
KEY (for lock) KING-TÊ CHÊN
KEYBOARD KINGUSSIE
KEYSTONE KING WILLIAM'S TOWN
KEY WEST KINKAJOU
KHABAROVSK KINKEL, JOHANN GOTTFRIED
KHAIRAGARH KINNING PARK
KHAIREDDIN KINNOR
KHAIRPUR KINO
KHAJRAHO KINORHYNCHA
KHAKI KINROSS-SHIRE
KHALIFA, THE KINSALE
KHALIL IBN AHMAD KINTORE
KHAMGAON KIOTO
KHAMSEH KIOWAS
KHAMSIN KIPLING, RUDYARD
KHAMTIS KIPPER
KHAN KIPPIS, ANDREW
KHANDESH, EAST and WEST KIRBY, WILLIAM
KHANDWA KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS
KHANSA KIRCHHEIM-UNTER-TECK
KHAR KIRCHHOFF, GUSTAV ROBERT
KHARAGHODA KIRCHHOFF, JOHANN WILHELM ADOLF
KHARGA KIRGHIZ
KHARKOV (government of Russia) KIRIN
KHARKOV (town of Russia) KIRK, SIR JOHN
KHARPUT KIRKBY, JOHN
KHARSAWAN KIRKCALDY
KHARTUM KIRKCALDY OF GRANGE, SIR WILLIAM
KHASI AND JAINTIA HILLS KIRKCUDBRIGHT
KHASKOY KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE
KHATTAK KIRKE, PERCY
KHAZARS KIRKEE
KHEDIVE KIRKINTILLOCH
KHERI KIRK-KILISSEH
KHERSON (government of Russia) KIRKSVILLE
KHERSON (town of Russia) KIRKWALL
KHEVENHÜLLER, LUDWIG ANDREAS KIRRIEMUIR
KHEVSURS KIRSCH
KHILCHIPUR KIR-SHEHER
KHINGAN KIRWAN, RICHARD
KHIVA (kingdom of Asia) KISFALUDY, KÁROLY
KHIVA (town in Western Asia) KISH
KHNOPFF, FERNAND JEAN MARIE KISHANGARH
KHOI KISHINEV
KHOJENT KISHM
KHOKAND KISKUNFÉLEGYHÁZA
KHOLM KISLOVODSK
KHONDS KISMET
KHORASAN KISS
KHORREMABAD KISSAR
KHORSABAD KISSINGEN
KHOTAN KISTNA (river of India)
KHOTIN KISTNA (district of India)
KHULNA KIT
KHUNSAR KITAZATO, SHIBASABURO
KHURJA KIT-CAT CLUB
KHYBER PASS KITCHEN
KIAKHTA KITCHENER, HORATIO HERBERT KITCHENER
KIANG-SI KITE
KIANG-SU
KELLY, EDWARD (1854-1880), Australian bushranger, was born at Wallan
Wallan, Victoria. His father was a transported Belfast convict, and his
mother's family included several thieves. As boys he and his brothers
were constantly in trouble for horse-stealing, and "Ned" served three
years' imprisonment for this offence. In April 1878, an attempt was made
to arrest his brother Daniel on a similar charge. The whole Kelly family
resisted this and Ned wounded one of the constables. Mrs Kelly and some
of the others were captured, but Ned and Daniel escaped to the hills,
where they were joined by two other desperadoes, Byrne and Hart. For two
years, despite a reward of £8000 offered jointly by the governments of
Victoria and New South Wales for their arrest, the gang under the
leadership of Kelly terrorized the country on the borderland of Victoria
and New South Wales, "holding up" towns and plundering banks. Their
intimate knowledge of the district, full of convenient hiding-places,
and their elaborate system of well-paid spies, ensured the direct
pecuniary interest of many persons and contributed to their long
immunity from capture. They never ill-treated a woman, nor preyed upon
the poor, thus surrounding themselves with an attractive atmosphere of
romance. In June 1880, however, they were at last tracked to a wooden
shanty at Glenrowan, near Benalla, which the police surrounded, riddled
with bullets, and finally set on fire. Kelly himself, who was outside,
could, he claimed, easily have escaped had he not refused to desert his
companions, all of whom were killed. He was severely wounded, captured
and taken to Beechworth, where he was tried, convicted and hanged in
October 1880. The total cost of the capture of the Kelly gang was
reckoned at £115,000.
See F. A. Hare, _The Last of the Bushrangers_ (London, 1892).
KELLY, SIR FITZROY (1796-1880), English judge, was born in London in
October 1796, the son of a captain in the Royal Navy. In 1824 he was
called to the bar, where he gained a reputation as a skilled pleader. In
1834 he was made a king's counsel. A strong Tory, he was returned as
member of parliament for Ipswich in 1835, but was unseated on petition.
In 1837 however he again became member for that town. In 1843 he sat for
Cambridge, and in 1852 was elected member for Harwich, but, a vacancy
suddenly occurring in East Suffolk, he preferred to contest that seat
and was elected. He was solicitor-general in 1845 (when he was
knighted), and again in 1852. In 1858-1859 he was attorney-general in
Lord Derby's second administration. In 1866 he was raised to the bench
as chief baron of the exchequer and made a member of the Privy Council.
He died at Brighton on the 18th of September 1880.
See E. Foss, _Lives of the Judges_ (1870).
KELLY, HUGH (1739-1777), Irish dramatist and poet, son of a Dublin
publican, was born in 1739 at Killarney. He was apprenticed to a
staymaker, and in 1760 went to London. Here he worked at his trade for
some time, and then became an attorney's clerk. He contributed to
various newspapers, and wrote pamphlets for the booksellers. In 1767 he
published _Memoirs of a Magdalen, or the History of Louisa Mildmay_ (2
vols.), a novel which obtained considerable success. In 1766 he
published anonymously _Thespis; or, A Critical Examination into the
Merits of All the Principal Performers belonging to Drury Lane Theatre_,
a poem in the heroic couplet containing violent attacks on the principal
contemporary actors and actresses. The poem opens with a panegyric on
David Garrick, however, and bestows foolish praise on friends of the
writer. This satire was partly inspired by Churchill's _Rosciad_, but
its criticism is obviously dictated chiefly by personal prejudice. In
1767 he produced a second part, less scurrilous in tone, dealing with
the Covent Garden actors. His first comedy, _False Delicacy_, written in
prose, was produced by Garrick at Drury Lane on the 23rd of January
1768, with the intention of rivalling Oliver Goldsmith's _Good-Natured
Man_. It is a moral and sentimental comedy, described by Garrick in the
prologue as a sermon preached in acts. Although Samuel Johnson described
it as "totally void of character," it was very popular and had a great
sale. In French and Portuguese versions it drew crowded houses in Paris
and Lisbon. Kelly was a journalist in the pay of Lord North, and
therefore hated by the party of John Wilkes, especially as being the
editor of the _Public Ledger_. His _Thespis_ had also made him many
enemies; and Mrs Clive refused to act in his pieces. The production of
his second comedy, _A Word to the Wise_ (Drury Lane, 3rd of March 1770),
occasioned a riot in the theatre, repeated at the second performance,
and the piece had to be abandoned. His other plays are: _Clementina_
(Covent Garden, 23rd of February 1771), a blank verse tragedy, given out
to be the work of a "young American Clergyman" in order to escape the
opposition of the Wilkites; _The School for Wives_ (Drury Lane, 11th of
December 1773), a prose comedy given out as the work of Major
(afterwards Sir William) Addington; a two-act piece, _The Romance of an
Hour_ (Covent Garden, 2nd of December 1774), borrowed from Marmontel's
tale _L'Amitié à l'épreuve_; and an unsuccessful comedy, _The Man of
Reason_ (Covent Garden, 9th of February 1776). He was called to the bar
at the Middle Temple in 1774, and determined to give up literature. He
failed in his new profession and died in poverty on the 3rd of February
1777.
See _The Works of Hugh Kelly, to which is prefixed the Life of the
Author_ (1778); Genest, _History of the Stage_ (v. 163, 263-269, 308,
399, 457, 517). Pamphlets in reply to _Thespis_ are: "Anti-Thespis
..." (1767); "The Kellyad ..." (1767), by Louis Stamma; and "The
Rescue or Thespian Scourge ..." (1767), by John Brown-Smith.
KELLY, MICHAEL (1762-1826), British actor, singer and composer, was the
son of a Dublin wine-merchant and dancing-master. He had a musical
education at home and in Italy, and for four years from 1783 was engaged
to sing at the Court Theatre at Vienna, where he became a friend of
Mozart. In 1786 he sang in the first performance of the _Nozze di
Figaro_. Appearing in London, at Drury Lane in 1787, he had a great
success, and thenceforth was the principal English tenor at that
theatre. In 1793 he became acting-manager of the King's Theatre, and he
was in great request at concerts. He wrote a number of songs (including
"The Woodpecker"), and the music for many dramatic pieces, now fallen
into oblivion. In 1826 he published his entertaining _Reminiscences_, in
writing which he was helped by Theodore Hook. He combined his
professional work with conducting a music-shop and a wine-shop, but with
disastrous financial results. He died at Margate on the 9th of October
1826.
KELP (in M.E. _culp_ or _culpe_, of unknown origin; the Fr. equivalent
is _varech_), the ash produced by the incineration of various kinds of
sea-weed (_Algae_) obtainable in great abundance on the west coasts of
Ireland and Scotland, and the coast of Brittany. It is prepared from the
deep-sea tangle (_Laminaria digitata_), sugar wrack (_L. saccharina_),
knobbed wrack (_Fucus nodosus_), black wrack (_F. serratus_), and
bladder wrack (_F. vesiculosus_). The Laminarias yield what is termed
"drift-weed kelp," obtainable only when cast up on the coasts by storms
or other causes. The species of _Fucus_ growing within the tidal range
are cut from the rocks at low water, and are therefore known as
"cut-weeds." The weeds are first dried in the sun and are then collected
into shallow pits and burned till they form a fused mass, which while
still hot is sprinkled with water to break it up into convenient pieces.
A ton of kelp is obtained from 20 to 22 tons of wet sea-weed. The
average composition may vary as follows: potassium sulphate, 10 to 12%;
potassium chloride, 20 to 25%; sodium carbonate, 5%; other sodium and
magnesium salts, 15 to 20%; and insoluble ash from 40 to 50%. The
relative richness in iodine of different samples varies largely, good
drift kelp yielding as much as 10 to 15 lb. per ton of 22½ cwts., whilst
cut-weed kelp will not give more than 3 to 4 lb. The use of kelp in
soap and glass manufacture has been rendered obsolete by the modern
process of obtaining carbonate of soda cheaply from common salt (see
IODINE).
KELSO, a police burgh and market town of Roxburghshire, Scotland, on the
left bank of the Tweed, 52 m. (43 m. by road) S.E. of Edinburgh and 10¼
m. N.E. of Jedburgh by the North British railway. Pop. (1901), 4008. The
name has been derived from the Old Welsh _calch_, or Anglo-Saxon
_cealc_, "chalk", and the Scots _how_, "hollow," a derivation more
evident in the earlier forms Calkon and Calchon, and illustrated in
Chalkheugh, the name of a locality in the town. The ruined abbey,
dedicated to the Virgin and St John the Evangelist, was founded in 1128
by David I. for monks from Tiron in Picardy, whom he transferred hither
from Selkirk, where they had been installed fifteen years before. The
abbey, the building of which was completed towards the middle of the
13th century, became one of the richest and most powerful establishments
in Scotland, claiming precedence over the other monasteries and
disputing for a time the supremacy with St Andrews. It suffered damage
in numerous English forays, was pillaged by the 4th earl of Shrewsbury
in 1522, and was reduced to ruins in 1545 by the earl of Hertford
(afterwards the Protector Somerset). In 1602 the abbey lands passed into
the hands of Sir Robert Ker of Cessford, 1st earl of Roxburghe. The
ruins were disfigured by an attempt to render part of them available for
public worship, and one vault was long utilized as the town gaol. All
excrescences, however, were cleared away at the beginning of the 19th
century, by the efforts of the Duke of Roxburghe. The late Norman and
Early Pointed cruciform church has an unusual ground-plan, the west end
of the cross forming the nave and being shorter than the chancel. The
nave and transepts extend only 23 ft. from the central tower. The
remains include most of the tower, nearly the whole of the walls of the
south transept, less than half of the west front with a fragment of the
richly moulded and deeply-set doorway, the north and west sides of the
north transept, and a remnant of the chancel. The chancel alone had
aisles, while its main circular arches were surmounted by two tiers of
triforium galleries. The predominant feature is the great central tower,
which, as seen from a distance, suggests the keep of a Norman castle. It
rested on four Early Pointed arches, each 45 ft. high (of which the
south and west yet exist) supported by piers of clustered columns. Over
the Norman porch in the north transept is a small chamber with an
interlaced arcade surmounted by a network gable.
The Tweed is crossed at Kelso by a bridge of five arches constructed in
1803 by John Rennie. The public buildings include a court house, the
town hall, corn exchange, high school and grammar school (occupying the
site of the school which Sir Walter Scott attended in 1783). The public
park lies in the east of the town, and the race-course to the north of
it. The leading industries are the making of fishing tackle,
agricultural machinery and implements, and chemical manures, besides
coach-building, cabinet-making and upholstery, corn and saw mills, iron
founding, &c. James and John Ballantyne, friends of Scott, set up a
press about the end of the 18th century, from which there issued, in
1802, the first two volumes of the _Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_;
but when the brothers transferred their business to Edinburgh printing
languished. The _Kelso Mail_, founded by James Ballantyne in 1797, is
now the oldest of the Border newspapers. The town is an important
agricultural centre, there being weekly corn and fortnightly cattle
markets, and, every September, a great sale of Border rams.
Kelso became a burgh of barony in 1634 and five years later received
the Covenanters, under Sir Alexander Leslie, on their way to the
encampment on Duns Law. On the 24th of October 1715 the Old Pretender
was proclaimed James VIII. in the market square, but in 1745 Prince
Charles Edward found no active adherents in the town.
About 1 m. W. of Kelso is Floors or Fleurs Castle, the principal seat
of the duke of Roxburghe. The mansion as originally designed by Sir
John Vanbrugh in 1718 was severely plain, but in 1849 William Henry
Playfair converted it into a magnificent structure in the Tudor style.
On the peninsula formed by the junction of the Teviot and the Tweed
stood the formidable castle and flourishing town of Roxburgh, from
which the shire took its name. No trace exists of the town, and of the
castle all that is left are a few ruins shaded by ancient ash trees.
The castle was built by the Northumbrians, who called it Marchidum, or
Marchmound, its present name apparently meaning Rawic's burgh, after
some forgotten chief. After the consolidation of the kingdom of
Scotland it became a favoured royal residence, and a town gradually
sprang up beneath its protection, which reached its palmiest days
under David I., and formed a member of the Court of Four Burghs with
Edinburgh, Stirling and Berwick. It possessed a church, court of
justice, mint, mills, and, what was remarkable for the 12th century,
grammar school. Alexander II. was married and Alexander III. was born
in the castle. During the long period of Border warfare, the town was
repeatedly burned and the castle captured. After the defeat of Wallace
at Falkirk the castle fell into the hands of the English, from whom it
was delivered in 1314 by Sir James Douglas. Ceded to Edward III. in
1333, it was regained in 1342 by Sir Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie,
only to be lost again four years later. The castle was finally retaken
and razed to the ground in 1460. It was at the siege that the king,
James II., was killed by the explosion of a huge gun called "the
Lion." On the fall of the castle the town languished and was finally
abandoned in favour of the rising burgh of Kelso. The town, whose
patron-saint was St James, is still commemorated by St James's Fair,
which is held on the 5th of every August on the vacant site, and is
the most popular of Border festivals.
Sandyknowe or Smailholm Tower, 6 m. W. of Kelso, dating from the 15th
century, is considered the best example of a Border Peel and the most
perfect relic of a feudal structure in the South of Scotland. Two m.
N. by E. of Kelso is the pretty village of Ednam (Edenham, "The
Village on the Eden"), the birthplace of the poet James Thomson, to
whose memory an obelisk, 52 ft. high, was erected on Ferney Hill in
1820.
KELVIN, WILLIAM THOMSON, BARON (1824-1907), British physicist, the
second son of James Thomson, LL.D., professor of mathematics in the
university of Glasgow, was born at Belfast, Ireland, on the 26th of June
1824, his father being then teacher of mathematics in the Royal
Academical Institution. In 1832 James Thomson accepted the chair of
mathematics at Glasgow, and migrated thither with his two sons, James
and William, who in 1834 matriculated in that university, William being
then little more than ten years of age, and having acquired all his
early education through his father's instruction. In 1841 William
Thomson entered Peterhouse, Cambridge, and in 1845 took his degree as
second wrangler, to which honour he added that of the first Smith's
Prize. The senior wrangler in his year was Stephen Parkinson, a man of a
very different type of mind, yet one who was a prominent figure in
Cambridge for many years. In the same year Thomson was elected fellow of
Peterhouse. At that time there were few facilities for the study of
experimental science in Great Britain. At the Royal Institution Faraday
held a unique position, and was feeling his way almost alone. In
Cambridge science had progressed little since the days of Newton.
Thomson therefore had recourse to Paris, and for a year worked in the
laboratory of Regnault, who was then engaged in his classical researches
on the thermal properties of steam. In 1846, when only twenty-two years
of age, he accepted the chair of natural philosophy in the university of
Glasgow, which he filled for fifty-three years, attaining universal
recognition as one of the greatest physicists of his time. The Glasgow
chair was a source of inspiration to scientific men for more than half a
century, and many of the most advanced researches of other physicists
grew out of the suggestions which Thomson scattered as sparks from his
anvil. One of his earliest papers dealt with the age of the earth, and
brought him into collision with the geologists of the Uniformitarian
school, who were claiming thousands of millions of years for the
formation of the stratified portions of the earth's crust. Thomson's
calculations on the conduction of heat showed that at some time between
twenty millions and four hundred millions, probably about one hundred
millions, of years ago, the physical conditions of the earth must have
been entirely different from those which now obtain. This led to a long
controversy, in which the physical principles held their ground. In 1847
Thomson first met James Prescott Joule at the Oxford meeting of the
British Association. A fortnight later they again met in Switzerland,
and together measured the rise of the temperature of the water in a
mountain torrent due to its fall. Joule's views of the nature of heat
strongly influenced Thomson's mind, with the result that in 1848
Thomson proposed his absolute scale of temperature, which is
independent of the properties of any particular thermometric substance,
and in 1851 he presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh a paper on
the dynamical theory of heat, which reconciled the work of N. L. Sadi
Carnot with the conclusions of Count Rumford, Sir H. Davy, J. R. Mayer
and Joule, and placed the dynamical theory of heat and the fundamental
principle of the conservation of energy in a position to command
universal acceptance. It was in this paper that the principle of the
dissipation of energy, briefly summarized in the second law of
thermodynamics, was first stated.
Although his contributions to thermodynamics may properly be regarded as
his most important scientific work, it is in the field of electricity,
especially in its application to submarine telegraphy, that Lord Kelvin
is best known to the world at large. From 1854 he is most prominent
among telegraphists. The stranded form of conductor was due to his
suggestion; but it was in the letters which he addressed in November and
December of that year to Sir G. G. Stokes, and which were published in
the _Proceedings of the Royal Society_ for 1855, that he discussed the
mathematical theory of signalling through submarine cables, and
enunciated the conclusion that in long cables the retardation due to
capacity must render the speed of signalling inversely proportional to
the square of the cable's length. Some held that if this were true ocean
telegraphy would be impossible, and sought in consequence to disprove
Thomson's conclusion. Thomson, on the other hand, set to work to
overcome the difficulty by improvement in the manufacture of cables, and
first of all in the production of copper of high conductivity and the
construction of apparatus which would readily respond to the slightest
variation of the current in the cable. The mirror galvanometer and the
siphon recorder, which was patented in 1867, were the outcome of these
researches; but the scientific value of the mirror galvanometer is
independent of its use in telegraphy, and the siphon recorder is the
direct precursor of one form of galvanometer (d'Arsonval's) now commonly
used in electrical laboratories. A mind like that of Thomson could not
be content to deal with any physical quantity, however successfully from
a practical point of view, without subjecting it to measurement.
Thomson's work in connexion with telegraphy led to the production in
rapid succession of instruments adapted to the requirements of the time
for the measurement of every electrical quantity, and when electric
lighting came to the front a new set of instruments was produced to meet
the needs of the electrical engineer. Some account of Thomson's
electrometer is given in the article on that subject, while every modern
work of importance on electric lighting describes the instruments which
he has specially designed for central station work; and it may be said
that there is no quantity which the electrical engineer is ordinarily
called upon to measure for which Lord Kelvin did not construct the
suitable instrument. Currents from the ten-thousandth of an ampere to
ten thousand amperes, electrical pressures from a minute fraction of a
volt to 100,000 volts, come within the range of his instruments, while
the private consumer of electric energy is provided with a meter
recording Board of Trade units.
When W. Weber in 1851 proposed the extension of C. F. Gauss's system of
absolute units to electromagnetism, Thomson took up the question, and,
applying the principles of energy, calculated the absolute electromotive
force of a Daniell cell, and determined the absolute measure of the
resistance of a wire from the heat produced in it by a known current. In
1861 it was Thomson who induced the British Association to appoint its
first famous committee for the determination of electrical standards,
and it was he who suggested much of the work carried out by J. Clerk
Maxwell, Balfour Stewart and Fleeming Jenkin as members of that
committee. The oscillatory character of the discharge of the Leyden jar,
the foundation of the work of H. R. Hertz and of wireless telegraphy
were investigated by him in 1853.
It was in 1873 that he undertook to write a series of articles for _Good
Words_ on the mariner's compass. He wrote the first, but so many
questions arose in his mind that it was five years before the second
appeared. In the meanwhile the compass went through a process of
complete reconstruction in his hands a process which enabled both the
permanent and the temporary magnetism of the ship to be readily
compensated, while the weight of the 10-in. card was reduced to
one-seventeenth of that of the standard card previously in use, although
the time of swing was increased. Second only to the compass in its value
to the sailor is Thomson's sounding apparatus, whereby soundings can be
taken in 100 fathoms by a ship steaming at 16 knots; and by the
employment of piano-wire of a breaking strength of 140 tons per square
inch and an iron sinker weighing only 34 lb., with a self-registering
pressure gauge, soundings can be rapidly taken in deep ocean. Thomson's
tide gauge, tidal harmonic analyser and tide predicter are famous, and
among his work in the interest of navigation must be mentioned his
tables for the simplification of Sumner's method for determining the
position of a ship at sea.
It is impossible within brief limits to convey more than a general idea
of the work of a philosopher who published more than three hundred
original papers bearing upon nearly every branch of physical science;
who one day was working out the mathematics of a vortex theory of matter
on hydrodynamical principles or discovering the limitations of the
capabilities of the vortex atom, on another was applying the theory of
elasticity to tides in the solid earth, or was calculating the size of
water molecules, and later was designing an electricity meter, a dynamo
or a domestic water-tap. It is only by reference to his published papers
that any approximate conception can be formed of his life's work; but
the student who had read all these knew comparatively little of Lord
Kelvin if he had not talked with him face to face. Extreme modesty,
almost amounting to diffidence, was combined with the utmost kindliness
in Lord Kelvin's bearing to the most elementary student, and nothing
seemed to give him so much pleasure as an opportunity to acknowledge the
efforts of the humblest scientific worker. The progress of physical
discovery during the last half of the 19th century was perhaps as much
due to the kindly encouragement which he gave to his students and to
others who came in contact with him as to his own researches and
inventions; and it would be difficult to speak of his influence as a
teacher in stronger terms than this.
One of his former pupils, Professor J. D. Cormack, wrote of him: "It is
perhaps at the lecture table that Lord Kelvin displays most of his
characteristics.... His master mind, soaring high, sees one vast
connected whole, and, alive with enthusiasm, with smiling face and
sparkling eye, he shows the panorama to his pupils, pointing out the
similarities and differences of its parts, the boundaries of our
knowledge, and the regions of doubt and speculation. To follow him in
his flights is real mental exhilaration."
In 1852 Thomson married Margaret, daughter of Walter Crum of
Thornliebank, who died in 1870; and in 1874 he married Frances Anna,
daughter of Charles R. Blandy of Madeira. In 1866, perhaps chiefly in
acknowledgment of his services to trans-Atlantic telegraphy, Thomson
received the honour of knighthood, and in 1892 he was raised to the
peerage with the title of Baron Kelvin of Largs. The Grand Cross of the
Royal Victorian Order was conferred on him in 1896, the year of the
jubilee of his professoriate. In 1890 he became president of the Royal
Society, and he received the Order of Merit on its institution in 1902.
A list of the degrees and other honours which he received during the
fifty-three years he held his Glasgow chair would occupy as much space
as this article; but any biographical sketch would be conspicuously
incomplete if it failed to notice the celebration in 1896 of the jubilee
of his professorship. Never before had such a gathering of rank and
science assembled as that which filled the halls in the university of
Glasgow on the 15th, 16th and 17th of June in that year. The city
authorities joined with the university in honouring their most
distinguished citizen. About 2500 guests were received in the university
buildings, the library of which was devoted to an exhibition of the
instruments invented by Lord Kelvin, together with his certificates,
diplomas and medals. The Eastern, the Anglo-American and the Commercial
Cable companies united to celebrate the event, and from the university
library a message was sent through Newfoundland, New York, Chicago, San
Francisco, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Florida and Washington, and was
received by Lord Kelvin seven and a half minutes after it had been
despatched, having travelled about 20,000 miles and twice crossed the
Atlantic during the interval. It was at the banquet in connexion with
the jubilee celebration that the Lord Provost of Glasgow thus summarized
Lord Kelvin's character: "His industry is unwearied; and he seems to
take rest by turning from one difficulty to another--difficulties that
would appal most men and be taken as enjoyment by no one else.... This
life of unwearied industry, of universal honour, has left Lord Kelvin
with a lovable nature that charms all with whom he comes in contact."
Three years after this celebration Lord Kelvin resigned his chair at
Glasgow, though by formally matriculating as a student he maintained his
connexion with the university, of which in 1904 he was elected
chancellor. But his retirement did not mean cessation of active work or
any slackening of interest in the scientific thought of the day. Much of
his time was given to writing and revising the lectures on the wave
theory of light which he had delivered at Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, in 1884, but which were not finally published till 1904. He
continued to take part in the proceedings of various learned societies;
and only a few months before his death, at the Leicester meeting of the
British Association, he attested the keenness with which he followed the
current developments of scientific speculation by delivering a long and
searching address on the electronic theory of matter. He died on the
17th of December 1907 at his residence, Netherhall, near Largs,
Scotland; there was no heir to his title, which became extinct.
In addition to the Baltimore lectures, he published with Professor P.
G. Tait a standard but unfinished _Treatise on Natural Philosophy_
(1867). A number of his scientific papers were collected in his
_Reprint of Papers on Electricity and Magnetism_ (1872), and in his
_Mathematical and Physical Papers_ (1882, 1883 and 1890), and three
volumes of his _Popular Lectures and Addresses_ appeared in 1889-1894.
He was also the author of the articles on "Heat" and "Elasticity" in
the 9th edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_.
See Andrew Gray, _Lord Kelvin_ (1908); S. P. Thompson, _Life of Lord
Kelvin_ (1910), which contains a full bibliography of his writings.
(W. G.; H. M. R.)
KEMBLE, the name of a family of English actors, of whom the most famous
were Mrs Siddons (q.v.) and her brother John Philip Kemble, the eldest
of the twelve children of ROGER KEMBLE (1721-1802), a strolling player
and manager, who in 1753 married an actress, Sarah Wood.
JOHN PHILIP KEMBLE (1757-1823), the second child, was born at Prescot,
Lancashire, on the 1st of February 1757. His mother was a Roman
Catholic, and he was educated at Sedgeley Park Catholic seminary, near
Wolverhampton, and the English college at Douai, with the view of
becoming a priest. But at the conclusion of the four years' course he
discovered that he had no vocation for the priesthood, and returning to
England he joined the theatrical company of Crump & Chamberlain, his
first appearance being as Theodosius in Lee's tragedy of that name at
Wolverhampton on the 8th of January 1776. In 1778 he joined the York
company of Tate Wilkinson, appearing at Wakefield as Captain Plume in
Farquhar's _The Recruiting Officer_; in Hull for the first time as
Macbeth on the 30th of October, and in York as Orestes in Ambrose
Philips's _Distressed Mother_. In 1781 he obtained a "star" engagement
at Dublin, making his first appearance there on the 2nd of November as
Hamlet. He also achieved great success as Raymond in _The Count of
Narbonne_, a play taken from Horace Walpole's _Castle of Otranto_.
Gradually he won for himself a high reputation as a careful and finished
actor, and this, combined with the greater fame of his sister, led to an
engagement at Drury Lane, where he made his first appearance on the 30th
of September 1783 as Hamlet. In this rôle he awakened interest and
discussion among the critics rather than the enthusiastic approval of
the public. But as Macbeth on the 31st of March 1785 he shared in the
enthusiasm aroused by Mrs Siddons, and established a reputation among
living actors second only to hers. Brother and sister had first appeared
together at Drury Lane on the 22nd of November 1783, as Beverley and Mrs
Beverley in Moore's _The Gamester_, and as King John and Constance in
Shakespeare's tragedy. In the following year they played Montgomerie and
Matilda in Cumberland's _The Carmelite_, and in 1785 Adorni and Camiola
in Kemble's adaptation of Massinger's _A Maid of Honour_, and Othello
and Desdemona. Between 1785 and 1787 Kemble appeared in a variety of
rôles, his Mentevole in Jephson's _Julia_ producing an overwhelming
impression. On the 8th of December 1787 he married Priscilla Hopkins
Brereton (1756-1845), the widow of an actor and herself an actress.
Kemble's appointment as manager of Drury Lane in 1788 gave him full
opportunity to dress the characters less according to tradition than in
harmony with his own conception of what was suitable. He was also able
to experiment with whatever parts might strike his fancy, and of this
privilege he took advantage with greater courage than discretion. His
activity was prodigious, the list of his parts including a large number
of Shakespearian characters and also a great many in plays now
forgotten. In his own version of _Coriolanus_, which was revived during
his first season, the character of the "noble Roman" was so exactly
suited to his powers that he not only played it with a perfection that
has never been approached, but, it is said, unconsciously allowed its
influence to colour his private manner and modes of speech. His tall and
imposing person, noble countenance, and solemn and grave demeanour were
uniquely adapted for the Roman characters in Shakespeare's plays; and,
when in addition he had to depict the gradual growth and development of
one absorbing passion, his representation gathered a momentum and
majestic force that were irresistible. His defect was in flexibility,
variety, rapidity; the characteristic of his style was method,
regularity, precision, elaboration even of the minutest details, founded
on a thorough psychological study of the special personality he had to
represent. His elocutionary art, his fine sense of rhythm and emphasis,
enabled him to excel in declamation, but physically he was incapable of
giving expression to impetuous vehemence and searching pathos. In
Coriolanus and Cato he was beyond praise, and possibly he may have been
superior to both Garrick and Kean in Macbeth, although it must be
remembered that in it part of his inspiration must have been caught from
Mrs Siddons. In all the other great Shakespearian characters he was,
according to the best critics, inferior to them, least so in Lear,
Hamlet and Wolsey, and most so in Shylock and Richard III. On account of
the eccentricities of Sheridan, the proprietor of Drury Lane, Kemble
withdrew from the management, and, although he resumed his duties at the
beginning of the season 1800-1801, he at the close of 1802 finally
resigned connexion with it. In 1803 he became manager of Covent Garden,
in which he had acquired a sixth share for £23,000. The theatre was
burned down on the 20th of September 1808, and the raising of the prices
after the opening of the new theatre, in 1809, led to riots, which
practically suspended the performances for three months. Kemble had been
nearly ruined by the fire, and was only saved by a generous loan,
afterwards converted into a gift, of £10,000 from the duke of
Northumberland. Kemble took his final leave of the stage in the part of
Coriolanus on the 23rd of June 1817. His retirement was probably
hastened by the rising popularity of Edmund Kean. The remaining years of
his life were spent chiefly abroad, and he died at Lausanne on the 26th
of February 1823.
See Boaden, _Life of John Philip Kemble_ (1825); Fitzgerald, _The
Kembles_ (1871).
STEPHEN KEMBLE (1758-1822), the second son of Roger, was rather an
indifferent actor, ever eclipsed by his wife and fellow player,
Elizabeth Satchell Kemble (c. 1763-1841), and a man of such portly
proportions that he played Falstaff without padding. He managed theatres
in Edinburgh and elsewhere.
CHARLES KEMBLE (1775-1854), a younger brother of John Philip and
Stephen, was born at Brecon, South Wales, on the 25th of November 1775.
He, too, was educated at Douai. After returning to England in 1792, he
obtained a situation in the post-office, but this he soon resigned for
the stage, making his first recorded appearance at Sheffield as Orlando
in _As You Like It_ in that year. During the early period of his career
as an actor he made his way slowly to public favour. For a considerable
time he played with his brother and sister, chiefly in secondary parts,
and this with a grace and finish which received scant justice from the
critics. His first London appearance was on the 21st of April 1794, as
Malcolm to his brother's Macbeth. Ultimately he won independent fame,
especially in such characters as Archer in George Farquhar's _Beaux'
Stratagem_, Dorincourt in Mrs Cowley's _Belle's Stratagem_, Charles
Surface and Ranger in Dr Benjamin Hoadley's _Suspicious Husband_. His
Laertes and Macduff were hardly less interesting than his brother's
Hamlet and Macbeth. In comedy he was ably supported by his wife, Marie
Therèse De Camp (1774-1838), whom he married on the 2nd of July 1806.
His visit, with his daughter Fanny, to America during 1832 and 1834,
aroused much enthusiasm. The later period of his career was clouded by
money embarrassments in connexion with his joint proprietorship in
Covent Garden theatre. He formally retired from the stage in December
1836, but his final appearance was on the 10th of April 1840. For some
time he held the office of examiner of plays. In 1844-1845 he gave
readings from Shakespeare at Willis's Rooms. He died on the 12th of
November 1854. Macready regarded his Cassio as incomparable, and summed
him up as "a first-rate actor of second-rate parts."
See _Gentleman's Magazine_, January 1855; _Records of a Girlhood_, by
Frances Anne Kemble.
ELIZABETH WHITLOCK (1761-1836), who was a daughter of Roger Kemble, made
her first appearance on the stage in 1783 at Drury Lane as Portia. In
1785 she married Charles E. Whitlock, went with him to America and
played with much success there. She had the honour of appearing before
President Washington. She seems to have retired about 1807, and she died
on the 27th of February 1836. Her reputation as a tragic actress might
have been greater had she not been Mrs Siddons's sister.
FRANCES ANNE KEMBLE (Fanny Kemble) (1800-1893), the actress and author,
was Charles Kemble's elder daughter; she was born in London on the 27th
of November 1809, and educated chiefly in France. She first appeared on
the stage on the 25th of October 1829 as Juliet at Covent Garden. Her
attractive personality at once made her a great favourite, her
popularity enabling her father to recoup his losses as a manager. She
played all the principal women's parts, notably Portia, Beatrice and
Lady Teazle, but Julia in Sheridan Knowles's _The Hunchback_, especially
written for her, was perhaps her greatest success. In 1832 she went with
her father to America, and in 1834 she married there a Southern planter,
Pierce Butler. They were divorced in 1849. In 1847 she returned to the
stage, from which she had retired on her marriage, and later, following
her father's example, appeared with much success as a Shakespearian
reader. In 1877 she returned to England, where she lived--using her
maiden name--till her death in London on the 15th of January 1893.
During this period Fanny Kemble was a prominent and popular figure in
the social life of London. Besides her plays, _Francis the First_,
unsuccessfully produced in 1832, _The Star of Seville_ (1837), a volume
of _Poems_ (1844), and a book of Italian travel, _A Year of Consolation_
(1847), she published a volume of her _Journal_ in 1835, and in 1863
another (dealing with life on the Georgia plantation), and also a volume
of _Plays_, including translations from Dumas and Schiller. These were
followed by _Records of a Girlhood_ (1878), _Records of Later Life_
(1882), _Notes on some of Shakespeare's Plays_ (1882), _Far Away and
Long Ago_ (1889), and _Further Records_ (1891). Her various volumes of
reminiscences contain much valuable material for the social and dramatic
history of the period.
ADELAIDE KEMBLE (1814-1879), Charles Kemble's second daughter, was an
opera singer of great promise, whose first London appearance was made in
_Norma_ on the 2nd of November 1841. In 1843 she married Edward John
Sartoris, a rich Italian, and retired after a brief but brilliant
career. She wrote _A Week in a French Country House_ (1867), a bright
and humorous story, and of a literary quality not shared by other tales
that followed. Her son, Algernon Charles Sartoris, married General U. S.
Grant's daughter.
Among more recent members of the Kemble family, mention may also be made
of Charles Kemble's grandson, HENRY KEMBLE (1848-1907), a sterling and
popular London actor.
KEMBLE, JOHN MITCHELL (1807-1857), English scholar and historian, eldest
son of Charles Kemble the actor, was born in 1807. He received his
education partly from Dr Richardson, author of the _Dictionary of the
English Language_, and partly at the grammar school of Bury St Edmunds,
where he obtained in 1826 an exhibition to Trinity College, Cambridge.
At the university his historical essays gained him high reputation. The
bent of his studies was turned more especially towards the Anglo-Saxon
period through the influence of the brothers Grimm, under whom he
studied at Göttingen (1831). His thorough knowledge of the Teutonic
languages and his critical faculty were shown in his _Beowulf_
(1833-1837), _Über die Stammtafel der Westsachsen_ (1836), _Codex
Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici_ (1839-1848), and in many contributions to
reviews; while his _History of the Saxons in England_ (1849; new ed.
1876), though it must now be read with caution, was the first attempt at
a thorough examination of the original sources of the early period of
English history. He was editor of the _British and Foreign Review_ from
1835 to 1844; and from 1840 to his death was examiner of plays. In 1857
he published _State Papers and Correspondence illustrative of the Social
and Political State of Europe from the Revolution to the Accession of
the House of Hanover_. He died at Dublin on the 26th of March 1857. His
_Horae Ferales, or Studies in the Archaeology of Northern Nations_, was
completed by Dr R. G. Latham, and published in 1864. He married the
daughter of Professor Amadeus Wendt of Göttingen in 1836; and had two
daughters and a son; the elder daughter was the wife of Sir Charles
Santley, the singer.
KEMÉNY, ZSIGMOND, BARON (1816-1875), Hungarian author, came of a noble
but reduced family. In 1837 he studied jurisprudence at Marosvásárhely,
but soon devoted himself entirely to journalism and literature. His
first unfinished work, _On the Causes of the Disaster of Mohacs_ (1840),
attracted much attention. In the same year he studied natural history
and anatomy at Vienna University. In 1841, along with Lajos Kovács, he
edited the Transylvanian newspaper _Erdélyi Hiradó_. He also took an
active part in provincial politics and warmly supported the principles
of Count Stephen Széchenyi. In 1846 he moved to Pest, where his
pamphlet, _Korteskedés és ellenszerei_ (Partisanship and its Antidote),
had already made him famous. Here he consorted with the most eminent of
the moderate reformers, and for a time was on the staff of the _Pesti
Hirlap_. The same year he brought out his first great novel, _Pál
Gyulay_. He was elected a member of the revolutionary diet of 1848 and
accompanied it through all its vicissitudes. After a brief exile he
accepted the amnesty and returned to Hungary. Careless of his
unpopularity, he took up his pen to defend the cause of justice and
moderation, and in his two pamphlets, _Forradalom után_ (After the
Revolution) and _Még egysz ó a forradalom után_ (One word more after the
Revolution), he defended the point of view which was realized by Deák in
1867. He subsequently edited the _Pesti Napló_, which became virtually
Deák's political organ. Kemény also published several political essays
(e.g. _The Two Wesselényis_, and _Stephen Szechenyi_) which are among
the best of their kind in any literature. His novels published during
these years, such as _Férj és nö_ (Husband and Wife), _Szivörvényei_
(The Heart's Secrets), &c., also won for him a foremost rank among
contemporary novelists. During the 'sixties Kemény took an active part
in the political labours of Deák, whose right hand he continued to be,
and popularized the Composition of 1867 which he had done so much to
bring about. He was elected to the diet of 1867 for one of the divisions
of Pest, but took no part in the debates. The last years of his life
were passed in complete seclusion in Transylvania. To the works of
Kemény already mentioned should be added the fine historical novel
_Rajongok_ (The Fanatics) (Pest, 1858-1859), and _Collected Speeches_
(Hung.) (Pest, 1889).
See L. Nogrady, _Baron Sigismund Kemény's Life and Writings_ (Hung.)
(Budapest, 1902); G. Beksics, _Sigismund Kemény, the Revolution and
the Composition_ (Hung.) (Budapest, 1888). (R. N. B.)
KEMP, WILLIAM (fl. 1600), English actor and dancer. He probably began
his career as a member of the earl of Leicester's company, but his name
first appears after the death of Leicester in a list of players
authorized by an order of the privy council in 1593 to play 7 m. out of
London. Ferdinand Stanley, Lord Strange, was the patron of the company
of which Kemp was the leading member until 1598, and in 1594 was
summoned with Burbage and Shakespeare to act before the queen at
Greenwich. He was the successor, both in parts and reputation, of
Richard Tarlton. But it was as a dancer of jigs that he won his greatest
popularity, one or two actors dancing and singing with him, and the
words doubtless often being improvised. Examples of the music may be
seen in the MS. collection of John Dowland now in the Cambridge
University library. At the same time Kemp was given parts like Dogberry,
and Peter in _Romeo and Juliet_; indeed his name appears by accident in
place of those of the characters in early copies. Kemp seems to have
exhibited his dancing on the Continent, but in 1602 he was a member of
the earl of Worcester's players, and Philip Henslowe's diary shows
several payments made to him in that year.
KEMPE, JOHN (c. 1380-1454), English cardinal, archbishop of Canterbury,
and chancellor, was son of Thomas Kempe, a gentleman of Ollantigh, in
the parish of Wye near Ashford, Kent. He was born about 1380 and
educated at Merton College, Oxford. He practised as an ecclesiastical
lawyer, was an assessor at the trial of Oldcastle, and in 1415 was made
dean of the Court of Arches. Then he passed into the royal service, and
being employed in the administration of Normandy was eventually made
chancellor of the duchy. Early in 1419 he was elected bishop of
Rochester, and was consecrated at Rouen on the 3rd of December. In
February 1421 he was translated to Chichester, and in November following
to London. During the minority of Henry VI. Kempe had a prominent
position in the English council as a supporter of Henry Beaufort, whom
he succeeded as chancellor in March 1426. In this same year he was
promoted to the archbishopric of York. Kempe held office as chancellor
for six years; his main task in government was to keep Humphrey of
Gloucester in check. His resignation on the 28th of February 1432 was a
concession to Gloucester. He still enjoyed Beaufort's favour, and
retaining his place in the council was employed on important missions,
especially at the congress of Arras in 1435, and the conference at
Calais in 1438. In December 1439 he was created cardinal, and during the
next few years took less share in politics. He supported Suffolk over
the king's marriage with Margaret of Anjou; but afterwards there arose
some difference between them, due in part to a dispute about the
nomination of the cardinal's nephew, Thomas Kempe, to the bishopric of
London. At the time of Suffolk's fall in January 1450 Kempe once more
became chancellor. His appointment may have been due to the fact that he
was not committed entirely to either party. In spite of his age and
infirmity he showed some vigour in dealing with Cade's rebellion, and by
his official experience and skill did what he could for four years to
sustain the king's authority. He was rewarded by his translation to
Canterbury in July 1452, when Pope Nicholas added as a special honour
the title of cardinal-bishop of Santa Rufina. As Richard of York gained
influence, Kempe became unpopular; men called him "the cursed cardinal,"
and his fall seemed imminent when he died suddenly on the 22nd of March
1454. He was buried at Canterbury, in the choir. Kempe was a politician
first, and hardly at all a bishop; and he was accused with some justice
of neglecting his dioceses, especially at York. Still he was a capable
official, and a faithful servant to Henry VI., who called him "one of
the wisest lords of the land" (_Paston Letters_, i. 315). He founded a
college at his native place at Wye, which was suppressed at the
Reformation.
For contemporary authorities see under HENRY VI. See also J. Raine's
_Historians of the Church of York_, vol. ii.; W. Dugdale's
_Monasticon_, iii. 254, vi. 1430-1432; and W. F. Hook's _Lives of
Archbishops of Canterbury_, v. 188-267. (C. L. K.)
KEMPEN, a town in the Prussian Rhine Province, 40 m. N. of Cologne by
the railway to Zevenaar. Pop. (1900), 6319. It has a monument to Thomas
à Kempis, who was born there. The industries are considerable, and
include silk-weaving, glass-making and the manufacture of electrical
plant. Kempen belonged in the middle ages to the archbishopric of
Cologne and received civic rights in 1294. It is memorable as the scene
of a victory gained, on the 17th of January 1642, by the French and
Hessians over the Imperialists.
See Terwelp, _Die Stadt Kempen_ (Kempen, 1894), and Niessen,
_Heimatkunde des Kreises Kempen_ (Crefeld, 1895).
KEMPENFELT, RICHARD (1718-1782), British rear-admiral, was born at
Westminster in 1718. His father, a Swede, is said to have been in the
service of James II., and subsequently to have entered the British army.
Richard Kempenfelt went into the navy, and saw his first service in the
West Indies, taking part in the capture of Portobello. In 1746 he
returned to England, and from that date to 1780, when he was made
rear-admiral, saw active service in the East Indies with Sir George
Pocock and in various quarters of the world. In 1781 he gained, with a
vastly inferior force, a brilliant victory, fifty leagues south-west of
Ushant, over the French fleet under De Guichen, capturing twenty prizes.
In 1782 he hoisted his flag on the "Royal George," which formed part of
the fleet under Lord Howe. In August this fleet was ordered to refit at
top speed at Portsmouth, and proceed to the relief of Gibraltar. A leak
having been located below the waterline of the "Royal George," the
vessel was careened to allow of the defect being repaired. According to
the version of the disaster favoured by the Admiralty, she was
overturned by a breeze. But the general opinion of the navy was that the
shifting of her weights was more than the old and rotten timbers of the
"Royal George" could stand. A large piece of her bottom fell out, and
she went down at once. It is estimated that not fewer than 800 persons
went down with her, for besides the crew there were a large number of
tradesmen, women and children on board. Kempenfelt, who was in his
cabin, perished with the rest. Cowper's poem, the "Loss of the Royal
George," commemorates this disaster. Kempenfelt effected radical
alterations and improvements in the signalling system then existing in
the British navy. A painting of the loss of the "Royal George" is in the
Royal United Service Institution, London.
See Charnock's _Biog. Nav._, vi. 246, and Ralfe's _Naval Biographies_,
i. 215.
KEMPT, SIR JAMES (1764-1854), British soldier, was gazetted to the 101st
Foot in India in 1783, but on its disbandment two years later was placed
on half-pay. It is said that he took a clerkship in Greenwood's, the
army agents (afterwards Cox & Co.). He attracted the notice of the Duke
of York, through whom he obtained a captaincy (very soon followed by a
majority) in the newly raised 113th Foot. But it was not long before his
regiment experienced the fate of the old 101st; this time however Kempt
was retained on full pay in the recruiting service. In 1799 he
accompanied Sir Ralph Abercromby to Holland, and later to Egypt as an
aide-de-camp. After Abercromby's death Kempt remained on his successor's
staff until the end of the campaign in Egypt. In April 1803 he joined
the staff of Sir David Dundas, but next month returned to regimental
duty, and a little later received a lieutenant-colonelcy in the 81st
Foot. With his new regiment he went, under Craig, to the Mediterranean
theatre of operations, and at Maida the light brigade led by him bore
the heaviest share of the battle. Employed from 1807 to 1811 on the
staff in North America, Brevet-Colonel Kempt at the end of 1811 joined
Wellington's army in Spain with the local rank of major-general, which
was, on the 1st of January 1812, made substantive. As one of Picton's
brigadiers, Kempt took part in the great assault on Badajoz and was
severely wounded. On rejoining for duty, he was posted to the command of
a brigade of the Light Division (43rd, 52nd and 95th Rifles), which he
led at Vera, the Nivelle (where he was again wounded), Bayonne, Orthez
and Toulouse. Early in 1815 he was made K.C.B., and in July for his
services at Waterloo, G.C.B. At that battle he commanded the 28th, 32nd
and 79th as a brigadier under his old chief, Picton, and on Picton's
death succeeded to the command of his division. From 1828 to 1830 he was
Governor-General of Canada, and at a critical time displayed firmness
and moderation. He was afterwards Master-General of the Ordnance. At the
time of his death in 1854 he had been for some years a full General.
KEMPTEN, a town in the kingdom of Bavaria on the Iller, 81 m. S.W. of
Munich by rail. Pop. (1905), 20,663. The town is well built, has many
spacious squares and attractive public grounds, and contains a castle, a
handsome town-hall, a gymnasium, &c. The old palace of the abbots of
Kempten, dating from the end of the 17th century, is now partly used as
barracks, and near to it is the fine abbey church. The industries
include wool-spinning and weaving and the manufacture of paper, beer,
machines, hosiery and matches. As the commercial centre of the Algäu,
Kempten carries on active trade in timber and dairy produce. Numerous
remains have been discovered on the Lindenberg, a hill in the vicinity.
Kempten, identified with the Roman Cambodunum, consisted in early times
of two towns, the old and the new. The continual hostility that existed
between these was intensified by the welcome given by the old town, a
free imperial city since 1289, to the Reformed doctrines, the new town
keeping to the older faith. The Benedictine abbey of Kempten, said to
have been founded in 773 by Hildegarde, the wife of Charlemagne, was an
important house. In 1360 its abbot was promoted to the dignity of a
prince of the Empire by the emperor Charles IV.; the town and abbey
passed to Bavaria in 1803. Here the Austrians defeated the French on the
17th of September 1796.
See Förderreuther, _Die Stadt Kempten und ihre Umgebung_ (Kempten,
1901); Haggenmüller, _Geschichte der Stadt und der gefürsteten
Grafschaft Kempten_, vol. i. (Kempten, 1840); and Meirhofer,
_Geschichtliche Darstellung der denkwürdigsten Schicksale der Stadt
Kempten_ (Kempten, 1856).
KEN, THOMAS (1637-1711), the most eminent of the English non-juring
bishops, and one of the fathers of modern English hymnology, was born at
Little Berkhampstead, Herts, in 1637. He was the son of Thomas Ken of
Furnival's Inn, who belonged to an ancient stock,--that of the Kens of
Ken Place, in Somersetshire; his mother was a daughter of the now
forgotten poet, John Chalkhill, who is called by Walton an "acquaintant
and friend of Edmund Spenser." Ken's step-sister, Anne, was married to
Izaak Walton in 1646, a connexion which brought Ken from his boyhood
under the refining influence of this gentle and devout man. In 1652 Ken
entered Winchester College, and in 1656 became a student of Hart Hall,
Oxford. He gained a fellowship at New College in 1657, and proceeded
B.A. in 1661 and M.A. in 1664. He was for some time tutor of his
college; but the most characteristic reminiscence of his university life
is the mention made by Anthony Wood that in the musical gatherings of
the time "Thomas Ken of New College, a junior, would be sometimes among
them, and sing his part." Ordained in 1662, he successively held the
livings of Little Easton in Essex, Brighstone (sometimes called Brixton)
in the Isle of Wight, and East Woodhay in Hampshire; in 1672 he resigned
the last of these, and returned to Winchester, being by this time a
prebendary of the cathedral, and chaplain to the bishop, as well as a
fellow of Winchester College. He remained there for several years,
acting as curate in one of the lowest districts, preparing his _Manual
of Prayers for the use of the Scholars of Winchester College_ (first
published in 1674), and composing hymns. It was at this time that he
wrote, primarily for the same body as his prayers, his morning, evening
and midnight hymns, the first two of which, beginning "Awake, my soul,
and with the sun" and "Glory to Thee, my God, this night," are now
household words wherever the English tongue is spoken. The latter is
often made to begin with the line "All praise to Thee, my God, this
night," but in the earlier editions over which Ken had control, the line
is as first given.[1] In 1674 Ken paid a visit to Rome in company with
young Izaak Walton, and this journey seems mainly to have resulted in
confirming his regard for the Anglican communion. In 1679 he was
appointed by Charles II. chaplain to the Princess Mary, wife of William
of Orange. While with the court at the Hague, he incurred the
displeasure of William by insisting that a promise of marriage, made to
an English lady of high birth by a relative of the prince, should be
kept; and he therefore gladly returned to England in 1680, when he was
immediately appointed one of the king's chaplains. He was once more
residing at Winchester in 1683 when Charles came to the city with his
doubtfully composed court, and his residence was chosen as the home of
Nell Gwynne; but Ken stoutly objected to this arrangement, and succeeded
in making the favourite find quarters elsewhere. In August of this same
year he accompanied Lord Dartmouth to Tangier as chaplain to the fleet,
and Pepys, who was one of the company, has left on record some quaint
and kindly reminiscences of him and of his services on board. The fleet
returned in April 1684, and a few months after, upon a vacancy occurring
in the see of Bath and Wells, Ken, now Dr Ken, was appointed bishop. It
is said that, upon the occurrence of the vacancy, Charles, mindful of
the spirit he had shown at Winchester, exclaimed, "Where is the good
little man that refused his lodging to poor Nell?" and determined that
no other should be bishop. The consecration took place at Lambeth on the
25th of January 1685; and one of Ken's first duties was to attend the
deathbed of Charles, where his wise and faithful ministrations won the
admiration of everybody except Bishop Burnet. In this year he published
his _Exposition on the Church Catechism_, perhaps better known by its
sub-title, _The Practice of Divine Love_. In 1688, when James reissued
his "Declaration of Indulgence," Ken was one of the "seven bishops" who
refused to publish it. He was probably influenced by two considerations:
first, by his profound aversion from Roman Catholicism, to which he felt
he would be giving some episcopal recognition by compliance; but, second
and more especially, by the feeling that James was compromising the
spiritual freedom of the church. Along with his six brethren, Ken was
committed to the Tower on the 8th of June 1688, on a charge of high
misdemeanour; the trial, which took place on the 29th and 30th of the
month, and which resulted in a verdict of acquittal, is matter of
history. With the revolution which speedily followed this impolitic
trial, new troubles encountered Ken; for, having sworn allegiance to
James, he thought himself thereby precluded from taking the oath to
William of Orange. Accordingly, he took his place among the non-jurors,
and, as he stood firm to his refusal, he was, in August 1691, superseded
in his bishopric by Dr Kidder, dean of Peterborough. From this time he
lived mostly in retirement, finding a congenial home with Lord Weymouth,
his friend from college days, at Longleat in Wiltshire; and though
pressed to resume his diocese in 1703, upon the death of Bishop Kidder,
he declined, partly on the ground of growing weakness, but partly no
doubt from his love for the quiet life of devotion which he was able to
lead at Longleat. His death took place there on the 19th of March 1711.
Although Ken wrote much poetry, besides his hymns, he cannot be called
a great poet; but he had that fine combination of spiritual insight
and feeling with poetic taste which marks all great hymn-writers. As a
hymn-writer he has had few equals in England; it can scarcely be said
that even Keble, though possessed of much rarer poetic gifts,
surpassed him in his own sphere (see HYMNS). In his own day he took
high rank as a pulpit orator, and even royalty had to beg for a seat
amongst his audiences; but his sermons are now forgotten. He lives in
history, apart from his three hymns, mainly as a man of unstained
purity and invincible fidelity to conscience, weak only in a certain
narrowness of view which is a frequent attribute of the intense
character which he possessed. As an ecclesiastic he was a High
Churchman of the old school.
Ken's poetical works were published in collected form in four volumes
by W. Hawkins, his relative and executor, in 1721; his prose works
were issued in 1838 in one volume, under the editorship of J. T.
Round. A brief memoir was prefixed by Hawkins to a selection from
Ken's works which he published in 1713; and a life, in two volumes, by
the Rev. W. L. Bowles, appeared in 1830. But the standard biographies
of Ken are those of J. Lavicount Anderdon (_The Life of Thomas Ken,
Bishop of Bath and Wells, by a Layman_, 1851; 2nd ed., 1854) and of
Dean Plumptre (2 vols., 1888; revised, 1890). See also the Rev. W.
Hunt's article in the _Dict. Nat. Biog._