Feyjóo, 472, 483.
Fidalgo, 479.
Figueras, President, 504.
_Fiscal_, the, 156.
Fita, Fidel, 516.
Flanders, the Flemings, and Flemish influences, 105, 176, 187, 190, 195,
209, 233, 235, 237, 239, 247, 250, 270, 286, 294, 297, 323, 328, 342,
462.
Flor, Roger de, 129.
Florence, 209, 363.
Florencia, 347.
Flórez, 476.
Florida, 387, 395, 397, 398, 488.
Floridablanca, Count of, 395, 396, 400-402, 415, 428, 435, 436, 452,
463, 480.
Foix, Count of, 134.
France, the French, and French influences, 1, 8, 27-30, 34, 40, 42, 43,
58, 59, 64-66, 74, 75, 78-81, 83, 86, 89, 92, 105-107, 110, 115, 118,
120, 126, 127, 131, 134, 139, 161, 172, 181, 185, 188, 190, 196, 197,
200, 206-209, 214, 229, 235, 236, 240-244, 246-248, 251, 254, 255, 258,
260-265, 267-271, 280, 299, 300, 308, 312, 327, 330, 333, 351, 359, 360,
368-390, 392-397, 399-411, 419-421, 425, 427-429, 434, 440, 445, 449,
452, 454, 457, 459, 461, 468-472, 476, 482-485, 489-493, 496, 497, 500,
503, 508, 513, 514, 518, 524. _See_ French Revolution, Provençal
influences.
Franche-Comté, 235.
Francis I of France, 209, 235, 240, 241.
Franciscans, 96, 173, 216, 217, 304, 314. _See_ Church.
Franks, the, 19, 29, 30, 42, 43, 55, 56, 64.
Freemasons, 495, 512.
French Revolution, 161, 384, 399-402, 428, 429, 457, 477, 496.
_Fuero Juzgo_, 31, 37, 63, 65, 91, 98, 99, 162, 163.
_Fuero Real_, 162, 163, 441.
_Fuerza_, recourse of, 156, 164, 291, 311, 321, 322, 446.
Furfooz man, 6.
Galba, 16.
_Galeras_, the, 295.
Galés. Pedro, 308.
Galicia and the Galicians, 2, 4, 8-10, 11, 27, 28, 56-58, 71, 74, 106,
180, 184, 185, 203, 238, 327, 431, 434, 460, 478, 511.
Galván, 350.
Gálvez, Bernardo de, 397.
Gálvez, José de, 436.
Gándara, 516.
Ganivet, 515.
García de la Huerta, 484.
Garnier, 393.
Gascony, 112, 113.
Gastambide, 515.
Gaudí, 516.
Gelmírez, Diego, 74, 75, 95.
General Privilege, the, 126, 130, 167.
_Generalitat_, the, 148, 170-172, 178, 299.
Genoa, 109, 129, 131, 297, 470.
Germanic tribes, 26-29, 33, 59, 63, 75. _See_ Alans, Germans,
Ostrogoths, Suevians, Vandals, Visigoths.
Germany and the Germans, 105, 112, 113, 229, 235, 236, 238, 240-244,
246, 247, 260, 269, 285, 297, 308, 350, 359, 366, 371, 448, 462, 483,
485, 508, 513, 514. _See_ Prussia.
Gerona, city and province of, 11, 64, 65, 77, 82, 172, 173, 212, 430,
491.
Gibbon, 346.
Gibraltar, 32, 71, 371, 376, 377, 379, 381, 382, 385, 396, 397, 407,
514.
Gilbert, Humphrey, 253.
Giner de los Ríos, 516, 525.
Giotto, 187, 190.
Godoy, Manuel, 402-409, 419, 422, 423, 436, 447, 448, 455, 472, 474,
475, 477, 516.
Gómez de Baquero, 516.
Góngora, Luis de Argote y, 358.
Góngora, the historian, 347.
González Blanco, 515.
González Bravo, 500, 503.
González Dávila, Gil, 350.
González del Castillo, 484.
Gothic art, 107, 108, 110, 186, 187, 190, 197, 233, 361, 362.
Gothic rite, 36, 95, 98, 100.
Goya, Francisco José, 366, 421, 422, 471, 485, 486, 516.
Granada, city of, 2, 53, 71, 201, 205, 293, 423, 431; kingdom and
province of, 2, 3, 50, 68, 69, 71, 77, 82, 111, 113, 115, 117, 121-123,
135, 136, 142, 192, 200-202, 204-206, 211, 213, 219, 221, 225-227, 248,
277, 280, 327, 431, 460.
Granados, 516.
Grandees, 211, 273, 373, 379, 411-413, 447, 501, 505.
Great Schism, 131, 164, 167, 168, 317.
Greece, the Greeks, and Greek influences, 6, 7, 11-14, 18, 24, 36, 37,
51, 102, 103, 105, 190, 230, 242, 342, 350-353, 361, 362, 364, 484.
_See_ Byzantine Romans.
Gregory VII, Pope, 95, 164.
Gregory XIII, Pope, 322, 349.
Gregory XIV, Pope, 317.
Grimaldi, 394, 395.
Grotius, 344.
Guadalajara, 54, 450.
Guadalquivir River, 1-3, 5, 49.
Guadalupe, Sentence of, 212.
Guadarrama Mountains. _See_ Carpeto-Vetónica Mountains.
Guadiana River, 2.
Guastalla, 381.
Guatemala, 478.
Guerrero, 366.
Guesclin, Bertrand du, 120.
Guimerá, 515.
Guipúzcoa, 134, 135, 197-200, 274, 284, 301, 429, 460.
Gutiérres de Santa Clara, 347.
Guzmán, Domingo de. _See_ Dominic.
Guzmán, Leonor de, 118.
Guzmán el Bueno, 114, 115.
Guzmán family, 138, 152.
Gypsies, the, 275, 276, 414.
Hadrian, 20.
Hakem I, 43, 44.
Hakem II, 45, 57.
Hamilcar, 12.
Hannibal, 12-14.
Hapsburg, House of, 113, 207, 234-236, 241, 243, 244, 246, 260, 268-271,
276, 284, 287, 293, 303, 316, 331, 332, 368, 374, 411, 426, 432, 443,
446, 452, 454, 455, 473, 506.
Harcourt, 270.
Harrach, 270.
Hasdrubal, the elder, 12-13.
Hasdrubal, the younger, 13.
Havana, 386, 387, 395.
Hawkins, John, 253.
Hayti, 403.
Hebrew literature, 188, 230, 352. _See_ Jews.
Heceta, 479.
Henry, Prince, of Portugal, 189.
Henry I of Castile, 76.
Henry II of Castile (and León), 118-121, 138, 140, 186.
Henry III of Castile (and León), 121, 122, 135, 138, 186.
Henry IV of Castile (and León), 122-124, 134, 138, 139, 143, 164, 204,
210.
Henry VIII of England, 207, 208, 235.
Henry IV of France, 248, 260.
Henry of Lorraine, 74.
Henry I of Portugal, 251, 252.
Henry of Trastamara. _See_ Henry II of Castile (and León).
_Hermandades_, 92, 141, 155, 158, 220, 223.
Hermenegild, 30.
Herrera, Juan de, 361, 362.
Herrera, the historian, 347.
Herrera, the painter, 366.
Hevía, 347.
_Hidalgos_, 211, 273, 274, 295, 298, 411-414, 419, 434.
Hillo, Pepe, 422.
Hinojosa, 516.
Hippocrates, 350.
Hisham I, 43.
Hisham II, 45, 46, 69.
Hisham III, 46, 68.
Hispano-Romans, 18-21, 24, 25, 28-31, 33-36, 47, 50.
Hittites, the, 8.
Hobbes, 428.
Hohenstaufen, House of, 126.
Holland. _See_ Low Countries, Protestant Netherlands.
Holy Roman Emperors. _See_ Holy Roman Empire.
Holy Roman Empire, 75, 112, 113, 126, 153, 207, 209, 235, 244, 269, 270,
369, 371.
Homer, 185, 356.
Honduras, 385-387, 395, 397, 398.
_Honores_, 138.
_Honrats_, 169, 170.
Hoyos, 356.
Huesca, 450.
Humanism, 230, 231, 343, 347, 351-353, 356.
Humboldt, Alexander von, 448, 478, 483.
Hume, 345, 428.
Hungary, 26, 242.
Huns, 27.
Ibáñez, Blasco, 515, 516.
Iberian Mountains, 2.
Iberian Peninsula, 1, 5-7.
Iberians, the, 7-10, 12, 14.
Ibiza, 10, 81.
Iglesias, 515.
Ignatius, Saint. _See_ Loyola.
Ilerda, battle of, 18.
Iliberis, 22.
Illo, Pepe. _See_ Hillo.
Illuminism, 308, 309, 314, 457. _See_ Church.
Incas, the, 281.
_Index_, the, 307, 311, 319, 428, 455.
India, 50, 229.
Indians, 60, 272, 275, 296, 353, 391, 449, 518.
Iñigo Arista, 56.
Innocent III, Pope, 76, 80.
Inquisition, the, 202, 206, 210, 214-216, 221-224, 231, 248-250, 263,
276-278, 293, 304, 305, 307, 309-312, 314, 315, 319, 360, 428, 439,
444-449, 455-457, 494. _See_ Church.
Insúa, Alberto, 515.
Irish, the, 264, 315.
Isabel, Princess, 121.
Isabella I of Castile (and León), 111, 123, 124, 133, 134, 139, 154,
202-230, 242, 272, 276, 287, 290, 292-294, 300, 306, 316, 325, 332, 350,
383.
Isabella II of Spain, 498-503, 506.
Isidore, Saint, 37, 107.
Isla, 483.
Islam, 43. _See_ Mohammedanism.
Itálica, 20.
Italy, the Italians, and Italian influences, 6, 8, 13, 17, 27, 78, 100,
105, 109, 110, 125-127, 132, 167, 172, 177, 178, 181, 182, 184, 185,
187, 188, 190, 191, 195, 202, 203, 207-209, 214, 218, 219, 229-231,
233-236, 241-244, 247, 258, 260, 261, 264, 268, 297, 300, 308, 312, 316,
318, 320, 339, 351-353, 355-357, 359, 362-364, 366, 374-382, 434, 444,
470, 471, 482-485, 487, 518.
Jaén, 114.
Jaime I of Aragon, 68, 80-82, 97-100, 109-112, 125, 150, 167, 173, 192.
Jaime II of Aragon, 127, 128, 167.
Jaime II of Majorca, 82, 126, 127, 192.
Jaime of Urgel, 131, 132, 168.
Jamaica, 385.
James, Saint, 55.
James I of England, 254, 259.
Janda, battle of, 32.
Jansenists, 443, 456.
Japanese, the, 353.
Jay, John, 397.
Jena, battle of, 407.
Jenkins, 380.
Jerez, 347.
Jerusalem, 55, 312.
Jesuits, 266, 304, 310, 312-315, 323, 341, 359, 391, 443, 444, 448-453,
456, 473, 474, 478, 480, 483. _See_ Church.
Jews, the, 31, 32, 36, 39, 41, 42, 47, 84, 86, 87, 96, 98, 102-105, 143,
147, 149, 150, 158, 160, 175, 176, 182, 183, 188, 193-196, 210, 213-216,
221, 229, 266, 280, 304, 308, 315, 332, 414, 456, 457. _See_ Marranos.
Jiménez de Cisneros. _See_ Ximénez.
Jiménez de Rada, Rodrigo, 107.
Jiménez de Urrea, Miguel, 189.
João IV of Portugal, 267. _See_ Braganza.
John, Don, of Austria. _See_ Juan of Austria.
John of Gaunt, 121.
Joseph, King, of Spain, 409, 488, 490.
Jovellanos, 415, 436, 447, 459, 472, 474, 475, 480, 481.
Juan, Jorge, 476, 478.
Juan, Prince, of Castile, 114-116.
Juan I of Aragon, 131, 148, 167, 188, 189.
Juan II of Aragon, 132-134, 148, 170, 171, 195, 206, 212.
Juan of Austria, 249-251, 254.
Juan of Austria (another), 268, 269.
Juan I of Castile (and León), 121, 140, 154, 167, 186.
Juan II of Castile (and León), 122, 123, 139, 154, 156, 161, 181.
Juana Enríquez of Castile, 132-134.
Juana la Beltraneja, 123, 124, 203.
Juana la Loca, 207-209, 235, 244.
Judaizantes, 215. _See_ Marranos.
Jumilla, 450.
Junot, 407.
_Junta Central_, 492.
_Junta de Comercio y Moneda_, 330, 468.
_Junta de Moneda_. _See_ _Junta de Comercio y Moneda_.
_Justicia_, the, 97, 125, 126, 128, 130, 166.
Justinian, 29, 97, 163, 184, 301, 441.
_Juzgado de Imprenta_, 428.
Kino, Eusebio, 482.
Koran, the, 48, 49.
La Bisbal, 177.
_La Celestina_, 232, 356.
La Mancha, 2, 3, 228, 280, 460.
Labrit family, 240.
Lafita, Juan, 516.
Lancaster, Duke of. _See_ John of Gaunt.
Lanza, Silverio, 515.
_Lanzas_, 295.
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 347, 358, 518.
Las Mesas, 450.
_Latifundia_, 138, 144, 281, 325, 327, 336, 464, 522.
Latin language, 36, 50, 63, 106, 107, 184, 185, 189, 197, 230-232, 307,
341, 346, 350-353, 359. _See_ Rome.
Latins, 15. _See_ Rome.
Lauria, Roger de, 127.
Lee, Arthur, 395.
Leocadia, Saint, 22.
León, city of, 20, 56, 57, 361.
León, Ricardo, 515.
León (kingdom and province of) and the Leonese, 56-58, 60-64, 69-77,
85-97, 104-110, 161, 162, 180, 491.
León Pinelo, 347.
Leonor of Navarre, 134.
Leopold of Hohenzollern, 503.
Leovgild, 29, 30, 35.
Lepanto, battle of, 249, 356.
Lérida, 18, 78, 110.
Lerma, Duke of, 259, 266.
Lesage, 483.
_Letrados_, 154, 156, 221, 272, 274, 300.
_Leyes de Toro_, 217, 227, 281, 301, 441.
Liberalism, 489, 495-503, 506, 508, 509, 514.
_Limosna al rey_, 295.
_Limpieza de sangre_, 216, 315, 417.
Linares Rivas, 515.
Lisbon, 255, 265.
Livy, 185, 186, 347.
Llorente, 481.
Lobeira, Vasco de, 185, 232.
Locke, 428.
Loire River, 28.
London, 365, 389, 393, 403.
Lope de Vega. _See_ Vega.
López de Ayala, Pedro, 139, 152, 186.
López de Chinchilla, Garcí, 203.
López de Gómara, 347, 350.
López de Haro, 479.
López de Velasco, Juan, 347, 348.
Lords. _See_ Church, Nobles.
Loreto, 55.
Louis IX of France, 77.
Louis XII of France, 208.
Louis XIV of France, 262, 269-271, 369, 371, 373-375, 425.
Louis XV of France, 375, 377, 378, 389.
Louis XVI of France, 396, 401-403, 496.
Louis the Pious, 55.
Louisiana, 387, 405, 406.
Low Countries, the, 209, 234, 235, 244, 247, 250-252, 254-256, 258, 259,
261, 267, 269, 296, 312, 374, 376, 455. _See_ Catholic Netherlands,
Flanders, Protestant Netherlands.
Loyola, Ignacio de, 311, 312.
Lucan, 24, 185.
Lucas of Tuy, 107.
Lucero, 224.
Lucian, 356.
Lugo, 20.
Luis I of Spain, 377, 378, 426.
Lull, Raymond, 110, 188, 309.
Luna, Álvaro de, 122, 123, 139.
Luna, Pedro de. _See_ Benedict XIII.
Lusitania and the Lusitanians, 8, 9, 16, 17, 57.
Luther, Martin, 307, 309.
Luxembourg, 235.
Luzán, Ignacio de, 482.
Machado (two), 515.
Madrid, 255, 263, 270, 283, 286, 291, 329, 331, 341, 354, 365, 370,
408-410, 421-423, 435, 450, 451, 455, 460, 468, 469, 473, 478, 479, 484,
490, 491, 508; ordinance of, 160.
Maeztu, 515.
Magellan, Strait of, 388.
Mahomet, 39.
Mahomet-ben-Abdallah-abu-Amir. _See_ Almansor.
Mahón, Port, 381.
Maimónides, 103.
_Majismo_, 421, 424, 486.
Majorca and the Majorcans, 81, 82, 109, 126, 131, 172, 187, 189, 190,
192-196, 240, 274, 275, 290, 293, 359, 427, 430-432, 437.
Málaga, city and province of, 2, 10, 68, 69.
Malaspina, 476.
Malouines Islands. _See_ Falkland Islands.
Malta, 249; knights of, 404.
Maluinas Islands. _See_ Falkland Islands.
Manfred of Athens, 129.
Manfred of Sicily, 126.
Manila, 386-388.
Manuel I of Portugal, 252.
Maragall, 515, 516.
Marcus Aurelius, 20.
María Ana of Austria, 269, 284.
María Cristina, Queen, of Spain, 506.
María Cristina of Naples. _See_ Cristina (Queen).
María Luisa, Queen, 402, 404, 405, 407-409, 412, 424, 448, 455.
María Luisa of Savoy, 374.
María of Aragon, 148, 149.
María of Portugal, 247.
María Teresa of Spain, 262, 270.
María Victoria of Portugal, 392.
Mariana, 345-347.
Mariánica Mountains, 2.
Marie de Medici, 260.
Marinas, 516.
Marius, 17.
Marmontel, 482.
Marquina, 515.
Marquises, 211, 221, 273.
Marranos, 143, 158, 189, 193, 214, 215. _See_ Jews, Judaizantes.
Marseilles, 11.
Martel, Charles, 42.
Martial, 24.
Martín I of Aragon. 131, 148, 167.
Martínez de la Mata, 344.
Martínez Marina, 481.
Martínez Sierra, 515, 516.
Martyr, Peter, 230, 232.
Mary, Queen, of England, 244, 247, 253, 342.
Mary Stuart, 254.
Masdeu, 480, 481.
Mathei, 388.
Maura, Antonio, 511, 512.
Mauretania, 19.
Maurice of Saxony, 243.
Maximilian I, the Emperor, 235, 237.
Mayáns, Gregorio, 480.
_Media anata_, the, 295, 413.
Medici, Marie de. _See_ Marie.
Medina, 476.
Medina del Campo, 328, 329.
Medina Sidonia, dukes of, 138, 211, 255, 267, 268.
Mediterranean Sea, 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 45, 66, 81, 102, 105, 109,
129-132, 158, 170-172, 177, 178, 195, 206, 229, 249, 260, 325, 328.
Meléndez Valdés, 483.
Melilla, 206, 390.
Melón, 164.
Mendieta, 347.
Mendoza, Pedro de, 216, 227.
Menéndez, the painter, 485.
Menéndez Pidal, 515.
Menéndez y Pelayo, 515, 516.
Mengs, 485.
Mercado, 350.
Mercator, 348.
Mérida, 20, 22, 32, 40, 44.
_Merinos_, 90, 92, 93, 154-156, 199.
Merlin, 185.
Mesa, 515.
Mesenghi, 445, 447.
_Mesta_, the, 104, 105, 155, 174, 227-229, 282, 325, 327, 416, 463, 465.
Metaurus, battle of the, 13.
Mexico, 296, 478, 500, 523. _See_ New Spain.
Meyra, 164.
Milá Fontanals, 515.
Milan, 207, 209, 241, 267, 372.
_Milicias_, the, 453.
Military orders. _See_ Alcántara, Calatrava, Church, Malta, Nobles,
Saint John, Santiago, Templars.
_Millones_, the, 294, 297.
Milton, 482.
Mina, 491.
Minorca, 81, 195, 371, 376, 379, 381, 382, 386, 396-398, 406.
Mirabeau, 428.
Miralles, 397.
Miranda, Marquis of, 428.
Mississippi River, 387, 398.
Mociño, 477.
Moderates, the, 496, 498, 499.
Moguls, the, 121.
Mohammedanism, 39-41, 43, 47-49, 51, 59, 69-72, 217, 248, 277. _See_
Moslems.
Molina, María de, 115, 116.
Molina, the botanist, 477.
Molinism. _See_ Quietism.
Molinos, Miguel de, 309.
Mombeltrán, 450.
Mondoñedo, 164.
Moñino, José. _See_ Floridablanca.
Montaigne, 343, 482.
Montalvo, Alfonso Díaz de. _See_ Díaz.
Montalvo, Garcí Ordóñez de. _See_ Ordóñez.
Montañés, 362.
Montano, Arias, 314, 352.
_Montepíos_, 417, 463.
Montesquieu, 428.
Montfort, Simon de, 80, 81.
Montiel, battle of, 120.
Moors. _See_ Almohades, Moslems.
Morales, Ambrosio de, 346, 347.
Morales, the composer, 366.
Morales, the treasurer, 224.
Moratín, Leandro Fernández de, 483, 484.
Moratín, Nicolás Fernández de, 483.
Moreno Carbonero, 516.
Moriscos, 205, 213, 242, 248, 249, 272, 275-280, 304, 308, 327, 334,
336.
Morocco, 70, 82, 113, 117, 383, 390, 414, 456, 500, 511, 513. _See_
Africa.
Morote, 515.
Moslems, the, 5, 19, 26, 32, 33, 38-59, 63, 64, 66-73, 75-79, 81, 84,
85, 87, 88, 92, 94, 96, 98, 102-105, 111-113, 115-117, 123, 126, 135,
136, 138, 142, 158, 172, 174, 178-183, 188, 195, 196, 200, 201, 204-206,
213, 216, 225, 229, 241, 242, 247-249, 275, 279, 280, 284, 285, 295,
299, 315, 324, 332, 334, 338, 363, 66, 390, 414, 456, 513, 518, 520,
522. _See_ Almohades, Almoravides, Arabs, Benimerines, Berbers, Granada,
Islam, Mohammedanism, Moriscos, Morocco, Mudéjares, Muladíes, Renegados,
Shiites, Sunnites, Syrians.
Mota Padilla, 482.
Moura, Cristóbal de, 252.
Mozárabes, 47, 49, 50, 55, 59, 79, 84, 86, 87, 96, 98, 105. _See_ Gothic
rite.
Mozart, 487.
Mudarites. _See_ Shiites.
Mudéjar architecture, 108, 109, 187.
Mudéjares, the, 86, 87, 96-98, 100, 102, 105, 142, 143, 147, 149, 150,
158, 160, 175, 183, 193, 196, 200, 205, 210, 213, 214, 272, 276, 277,
304, 308.
Mühlberg, battle of, 243.
Muladíes, 41. _See_ Renegados.
Munda, battle of, 18.
Muñoz, Gil, 168.
Muñoz, the historian, 481.
Muñoz Degrain, 515.
Muñoz San Román, 515.
Murat, 408, 409.
Murcia, city of, 77, 437, 450; province of, 2, 44, 50, 79, 81, 280, 435.
Murillo, 365, 366, 485.
Musa, 32, 33.
Mutis, 477.
Mysticism, 309, 310, 343, 359. _See_ Church.
Nájera, 91.
Naples, city of, 132, 188, 231; kingdom of, 126, 132, 171, 189, 191,
195, 207, 208, 235, 268, 364, 372, 379, 380, 384, 447, 449, 452, 456,
472, 497.
Napoleon I of France, 399, 400, 404-410, 439, 488-492, 494, 497.
Narbonne, 29.
Narváez, 500-502.
National Assembly, the French, 400, 401, 493.
Navalcarnero, 450.
Navarre, 55-59, 64-66, 71, 73, 75, 76, 79, 82, 83, 101, 110, 112, 120,
132-135, 192, 196, 197, 199, 207-209, 213, 214, 219, 235, 240, 288-290,
427, 430-433, 441, 460, 461, 491.
Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 71, 76.
Neanderthal man, 6.
Nebrija, Antonio de, 231.
Nelson, 406.
New Castile, 2, 431. _See_ Castile.
New Orleans, 395, 397.
New Spain, 394, 448, 450, 482. _See_ Mexico.
Newfoundland, 325, 385-387, 397.
Nicene creed. _See_ Catholicism.
Nieto, 516.
Niño, Pero, 158.
Nobles, the, 30-35, 40, 41, 53-57, 60-65, 67, 73, 74, 76-82, 85, 86,
89-94, 96-101, 104, 111, 113-128, 130, 132, 133, 137-142, 144-157, 159,
160, 163, 166-172, 177, 192, 196-200, 202-204, 210-213, 217, 219-221,
225, 237-240, 252, 253, 263, 266, 267, 272-281, 288-290, 294, 295, 298,
307, 325, 334-336, 339, 341, 352, 402, 411-415, 419, 421, 422, 424,
426-428, 430, 433, 437, 447, 448, 459, 460, 462, 464, 468, 472-474, 490,
494, 501, 505, 511, 518, 522. _See_ _Caballeros_, Church, Counts, Dukes,
Grandees, _Hidalgos_, Marquises, Military orders, _Ricoshombres_.
Nootka affair, the, 400, 401.
Normans, 44, 64.
North Africa. _See_ Africa.
North America. _See_ Spanish America, United States.
Norway, 189.
_Novísima Recopilación_, 425, 441.
_Nueva Recopilación_, 300, 301, 425, 441.
Numantia, 16, 17.
Numidians, 14.
Núñez de Arce, 515.
Ocampo, Florián de, 345, 346.
Octavius. _See_ Augustus.
O’Donnell, 500-502.
_Oidores_, 154.
Old Castile, 2, 431, 460. _See_ Castile.
Olivares, Count-Duke of, 261, 263-268, 284, 288.
Oman, 489, 491.
Omar-ben Hafsun, 44, 45.
Ommayad family, 42, 46.
_Ordenanzas Reales_, the, 226, 301.
Ordóñez de Montalvo, Garcí, 232.
O’Reilly, Alejandro, 390.
Oretana Mountains, 2.
Orleans, Duke of, 375.
Orosius, 36.
Orry, 374, 434, 439.
Ortega, the historian, 482.
Ortega Gasset, 515.
Ostend Company, the, 378.
Ostrogoths, 27.
Ovid, 185.
Oviedo, 55-57.
Pacheco, 366.
Pacific Ocean, 310, 350, 381, 388.
Padilla, María de, 118, 119, 121.
Padilla family, 119.
Páez de Castro, 345, 346.
Palacio Valdés, 515.
Palacios, 516.
Palafox, General, 491.
Palafox, Juan de, 449, 450.
Palatinate, the, 260.
Palencia, 106, 450.
Palestine, 82.
Palma, 192-195, 430, 437.
Palou, 482.
Pamplona, 54, 312.
Panamá, Isthmus of, 350.
Papal States, 126-128, 241, 247, 260, 316-320, 451, 504. _See_ Church,
Rome.
Paraguay, 391, 392, 435, 449.
Pardo Bazán, 515.
Paris, city of, 247, 369, 512; treaty of, 387; university of, 312.
Parlement of Paris, 369.
Parliament, the British, 388.
Parma, 374, 376, 381, 404, 405, 445.
_Partidas_, the, 162-165, 171, 175, 181, 184, 185, 226, 281, 301, 441.
_Pase Regio_, the, 95, 164, 167, 317, 318, 320, 322, 444-447.
Passau, 243.
Patiño, 434, 436, 439.
_Patronato Real_, 227, 292, 322, 443, 445.
Paul IV, Pope, 247, 316-318.
Paul, Saint, 22.
Paula, Francisco de, 410.
Pavón, 477.
Peace, Prince of the, 403. _See_ Godoy.
Pedrell, 516.
Pedro I of Aragon (1094-1104). Omitted.
Pedro II of Aragon, 79, 80, 98, 126, 127, 167.
Pedro III of Aragon, 82, 125-127. 192.
Pedro IV of Aragon, 119, 120, 129-131, 146, 148, 150, 166-168, 171, 173,
188, 192.
Pedro I of Castile (and León), 117-121, 129, 138, 186.
Pelayo, 53, 54.
Penibética Mountains, 2.
Peninsula War, 491, 492.
Peñíscola, 168.
Pereda, 515.
Perés, Ramón D., 515.
Pérez, the navigator, 479.
Pérez de Ayala, 515.
Pérez de Guzmán, 186, 345.
Pérez de Ribas, 347.
Pérez Galdós, 515, 516.
Persia, 121.
Perú, 281, 296, 478.
_Pesquisa_, the, 156, 157, 273.
_Pesquisidores_, 220.
Pestalozzi, 474.
Petrarch, 184, 185.
Petronilla, 79.
Philip of Bourbon, Prince, 378, 381.
Philip I of Castile (and León), 207, 208, 211, 235, 244.
Philip II of Spain, 244-259, 265, 267, 283-287, 292, 294, 296, 297, 303,
306-308, 311, 314-322, 325, 326, 331, 332, 340, 342, 346, 348, 352,
362-364, 455.
Philip III of Spain, 256, 258-260, 266, 284, 285, 288, 294, 296, 340,
365.
Philip IV of Spain, 258, 260-268, 283, 284, 288, 295, 308, 310, 318,
320, 326, 333, 340, 352, 362, 365, 372.
Philip V of Spain, 270, 271, 369-378, 381, 412, 418, 419, 422, 425-427,
429, 434, 444, 449, 478, 485, 498.
Philip IV of France, 83.
Philip the Handsome. _See_ Philip I of Castile (and León).
Philippine Islands, 450, 488, 506.
Phocians, 11.
Phœnicians, 7-11, 14.
Pi y Margall, 504.
Picavea, 515.
Picón, 515.
Piquer, Andrés, 480.
Pisa, 78, 109, 129.
Pitt, William, 380, 385, 393.
Pius IV, Pope, 247, 308, 317.
Pius V, Pope, 318.
Pizarro, 296, 347.
Plasencia, 376, 381.
Plata, Río de la, 386, 391.
Plato, 103, 184.
Plutarch, 185.
Plymouth, 256.
Poitiers, 42.
Poland, 379.
Pombal, Marquis of, 391, 392.
Pompey, 18.
Ponce de la Fuente, Constantino, 307.
Ponce family, 138, 152.
Porlier, 491.
Porto Rico, 506.
Portocarrero, 270.
Portugal and the Portuguese, 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 19, 27, 58, 74-76, 113,
115, 117, 118, 120-122, 124, 155, 184, 185, 189, 195, 207, 214, 229,
231, 246, 247, 251-253, 258, 259, 262, 265-268, 288, 322, 330, 370, 383,
386, 387, 390-392, 394, 397, 404-408, 435, 449, 452, 490, 491.
Posada, 525.
Pradilla, 515.
Prado, the, 365, 484.
Pragmatic Sanction, 378, 381.
Prim, 500, 502-504, 506.
_Primicias_, 452.
Princes, 273.
Priscillian, 23.
Priscillianism, 23.
Privilege of the Union, 128, 130, 166.
Progressives, the, 496, 498, 499.
_Propios_, 93, 415.
Protestant Netherlands, the, and the Dutch, 246, 250, 251, 253, 254,
259-262, 265, 267-269, 299, 330, 344, 369, 370, 376, 378, 379, 434, 456.
_See_ Low Countries.
Protestantism, 241-243, 248, 250, 251, 253, 261, 302-304, 306-309, 315,
318, 455, 456, 472. _See_ Church, Counter-Reformation, Reformation.
Provençal influences, 79, 106, 110, 184, 188-190. _See_ France.
Prussia, 379, 381, 402, 407, 496, 503.
Puebla de los Ángeles, 450.
Puig, 516.
Pulgar, Hernando del, 232, 345.
Punic Wars, 12-14.
Puritans, 393.
Pyrenees Mountains, 1, 2, 8, 28, 40, 43, 64, 127, 190, 208, 235, 240,
262, 369, 403, 428, 482.
_Quadrivium_, 181.
Quero, 450.
Quevedo, Francisco de, 358.
Quietism, 309.
Quintana, 483.
Quintilian, 24.
Racine, 482.
Radicals, the. _See_ Progressives.
Raleigh, Walter, 253.
Ramiro I of Aragon (1035-1063). Omitted.
Ramiro II of Aragon, 79.
Ramiro I of Asturias and León (842-850). Omitted.
Ramiro II of Asturias and León, 57.
Ramón Berenguer I of Barcelona, 58, 77, 99, 100.
Ramón Buerenguer II of Barcelona (1076-1082). Omitted.
Ramón Buerenguer III of Barcelona, 73, 78.
Ramón Buerenguer IV of Barcelona, 78, 79, 100.
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, 517.
Raphael, 363.
_Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando_, 484, 485.
_Real Academia de la Historia_, 476, 481.
_Real Academia Española_, 476, 481.
_Reales_, 225.
Reccared, 30, 31, 36.
Recceswinth, 31, 35.
_Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias_, 301.
Reformation, the, 207, 236, 240, 304, 306, 342. _See_ Church,
Counter-Reformation, Protestantism.
Regency, the, 492, 493.
_Regidores_, 429, 432, 433.
Reguera, Juan de la, 441.
Reid, 343.
Renaissance, 103, 125, 149, 184, 185, 188, 189, 231, 233, 285, 338, 341,
351, 361, 363.
Rendón, 397.
Renegados, the, 41, 43-45, 47, 59, 71, 84, 200. _See_ Moslems.
Republicans, the, 503-505, 510, 511.
Requesens, 251.
_Residencia_, the, 220, 306, 433.
Revilla Gigedo, 482.
Rhine River, 26.
Rhodes, 195.
Ribera, Juan de, 279.
Ribera, the painter, 364-366.
Richelieu, 261.
_Ricoshombres_, 128, 211, 273.
Riego, 496.
_Riepto_, the, 157, 170, 222.
Ripperdá, Baron of, 378, 379, 434.
Rochford, Lord, 393.
Rocroy, battle of, 261, 262.
Roderic, 32, 33, 53.
Rodríguez Marín, 515.
Roelas, 366.
Rojas, Fernando de, 232, 356.
Roland, 43.
Romans, 12-28, 34, 36, 37, 51, 52, 64, 88, 362, 484. _See_ Rome.
Rome, city of, 27, 55, 79, 168, 308, 311, 312, 316, 318, 319, 322, 342,
349, 356, 424, 443, 451, 452; law of, 20-22, 24, 26, 33, 35, 63, 97, 99,
105, 106, 113, 138, 143, 144, 147, 149-151, 156, 163, 171, 181, 184,
189, 210, 217, 281, 301, 305, 344, 415-417, 441, 450; republic and
empire of, 12-28, 33, 36. _See_ Byzantine Romans, Hispano-Romans, Latin
language, Latins, Papal States, Romans.
Romanesque architecture, 107, 110.
Roncesvalles, 43.
Ronda, 18.
Ronsard, 482.
Rooke, 371.
Rossini, 487.
Rousseau, 428, 474.
Roussillon, the, 82, 134, 192, 206, 207, 235, 262, 264.
Rudolph of Hapsburg, Count, 113.
Rueda, Lope de, 353, 356.
Rueda, Salvador, 515.
Rueda, town of, 70.
Ruiz, Lieutenant, 410.
Ruiz, the botanist, 477.
Ruiz de Luzuriaga, 478.
Rusiñol, 515, 516.
Russia, 496.
Saavedra, Diego de, 350.
Saavedra, the minister, 436.
Sacramento, 386, 387, 391, 392, 435, 449.
Saguntum, 12, 13.
Sahagún, the historian, 347.
Sahagún, town of, 86.
Sahara Desert, 69.
Said Armesto, 515.
Saint John, order of, 170.
Salado, battle of the, 117, 131, 136.
Salamanca, city of, 95, 450; university of, 106, 181, 312, 340, 350,
428.
Salcedo, 350.
Salcillo, 485.
Salic law, 427, 498.
Salmerón, 504, 505.
Sallust, 185.
Salvá, 478.
San Ildefonso, 450.
San Lúcar, 450.
San Marcos of León, 361.
San Onofre, 318.
San Pablo of Valladolid, 233.
San Sebastián, 284.
San Telmo of Seville, 362.
Sánchez, Julián, 491.
Sancho García of Navarre, 56.
Sancho I of Asturias and León, 57.
Sancho II of Castile, 73.
Sancho III of Castile (1157-1158). Omitted.
Sancho IV of Castile (and León), 114, 115, 138, 154.
Sancho the Fat. _See_ Sancho I of Asturias and León.
Sancho the Great of Navarre, 58, 66, 71, 78, 135.
Santa Fe, 205.
Santa Tecla, 392.
Santiago. _See_ Compostela.
Santiago, order of, 94, 219, 220.
Santo Domingo, 403.
Saragossa, 20, 22, 23, 43, 69, 70, 73, 78, 167, 177, 216, 329, 431, 450,
491.
Saratoga, 395.
Sardinia, island and kingdom of, 128, 129, 131, 132, 171, 235, 262, 372,
376, 402.
Sarmiento, 478.
Savary, 409.
Savoy, 370, 372, 374, 376, 503, 504; Duke of, 374.
Scandinavia, 27, 177.
Scipio, Gnæus, 13.
Scipio, Publius Cornelius, 13.
Scipio Æmilianus, 17.
Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, 13, 14.
Scotland and the Scotch, 254, 255.
Scylax, 7.
Sebastian I of Portugal, 251, 252.
Segovia, 156.
Segoyuela, battle of, 33.
_Segundones_, 138, 220, 273.
Seneca, 24, 184.
Serrano, General, 503.
Serrano, the composer, 516.
Sertorius, 17, 18.
Servet, Miguel, 308.
Servilianus, 16, 17.
Sessé, 477.
_Setenario_, the, 162.
Seven Years War, 382, 386-388.
Severo, Saint, 22.
Seville, 10, 20, 36-38, 45, 50, 68, 69, 73, 77, 81, 95, 105, 138, 143,
149, 152, 164, 174, 180, 187, 215, 223, 265, 284, 286, 307, 325, 328,
329, 353, 361, 362, 366, 423, 431, 460, 466, 476, 492, 521, 524.
Shiites, 40, 42, 44.
“Sicilian vespers,” the, 126, 129.
Sicily, 6, 7, 12, 126-129, 131, 132, 171, 189, 235, 268, 372, 376, 377,
379.
Sierra Morena, 462. _See_ Mariánica Mountains.
Sierra Nevada. _See_ Penibética Mountains.
_Siete Partidas._ _See_ _Partidas_.
Sigüenza, 164.
Siliceo, 314.
Simancas, 342, 476.
Sisebut, 31.
Sixtus V, Pope, 318.
Smith, Adam, 344.
_Solariegos_, 212.
Solís, 347.
Solórzano, 344, 347, 358.
Somodevilla. _See_ Ensenada.
Soria, ordinance of, 160; town of, 17.
Sorolla, 516.
Sotomayor, 516.
South America, 370, 390-392, 476, 479. _See_ Spanish America.
“Span,” 10.
“Spania,” 10.
Spanish America, 5, 38, 39, 99, 112, 140, 151, 155, 156, 202, 203, 206,
210, 219-223, 227, 229-231, 234-236, 241, 244-246, 251, 253, 257-259,
262, 272, 274, 275, 279, 284, 285, 293, 296-299, 301, 303-306, 312, 313,
322, 324, 325, 327, 328, 330-332, 334, 336-339, 341, 343, 344, 347-350,
352, 353, 358-361, 368-372, 378, 380, 381, 384-387, 390-395, 397-401,
403, 406, 408, 414, 424, 431, 435, 442, 443, 451-453, 458, 466-471,
476-479, 481, 482, 485, 486, 488, 489, 492-497, 506, 508, 510, 513, 523.
Spanish Main, the, 253.
Spanish Mark, the, 56.
Spencer, 344.
Spínola, Ambrosio, 259-261.
Spires, Diets of, 243.
Squillace, 420, 450.
Stanhope, 270.
Stuart, Mary. _See_ Mary Stuart.
Suárez de Peralta, 347.
Suevians, the, 27-30, 34, 37.
Sulla, 17, 18.
Sunnites, 40, 42-44.
Sweden, 189, 269, 379.
Swinthila, 31.
Switzerland and the Swiss, 3, 209, 285.
Syria and the Syrians, 39, 42. _See_ Moslems.
Tagus River, 2, 332.
_Taifas_, 68-72, 75, 84, 102, 504.
Talavera, Hernando de, 214, 227.
Talavera, town of, 54, 155.
Tamayo, 515.
Tamerlane, 121.
Tanucci, 472.
Tarazona, 189.
Tarifa, 2, 32, 72, 114, 115, 117.
Tarik, 32, 33.
Tavera, 246.
Taverner, 430.
Téllez, Gabriel, 354.
Téllez Girón, Pedro, 139.
Tello, 347.
Templars, order of the, 94, 139.
Tenreiro, 515.
_Tercias reales_, 140.
Teresa de Jesús, Saint, 310, 311.
Teresa of Portugal, 74, 75.
Theodoric, 28, 29.
Theodosius, 20.
Theotocopuli, Domenico. _See_ El Greco.
Thirty Years War, 260-262.
_Tierras_, 138.
Tirso de Molina. _See_ Téllez (Gabriel).
Titian, 363.
Tobarra, 450.
Toledo, archbishops of, 124, 164, 167, 205, 216, 307, 314, 322; city and
province of, 2, 22, 29, 30, 32, 33, 43-45, 54, 69, 72, 78, 95, 107, 155,
164, 187, 217, 223, 237-239, 364.
Tolstoy, 344.
Tordesillas, town of, 239; treaty of, 253, 391.
Tories, 393.
Toro, Laws of (_See_ _Leyes de Toro_); ordinances of, 160.
Torquemada, Juan de, 215.
Torquemada, the historian, 347.
Torres Lanzas, 516.
Torres Naharro, 353.
Torrigiani, 452.
Tortosa, 69, 78.
Toulouse, 28, 75, 81.
Tours, battle of, 42.
Towns, 62-64, 87, 89, 91-93, 97-100, 104, 105, 108, 111, 114, 115, 117,
119, 123-127, 130, 134, 137, 138, 140-142, 144-149, 151, 152, 155-163,
168-179, 192-200, 203, 220, 221, 228, 229, 237-239, 253, 263, 272, 276,
282-284, 289, 290, 293, 295, 325, 329, 331, 332, 354, 412-419, 423, 424,
426, 427, 430, 432-434, 458, 462, 468, 469, 473, 474, 478, 493, 496,
505, 508, 510, 511, 521, 523.
Trafalgar, battle of, 406, 440.
Trajan, 20.
Trent, Council of, 281, 306, 311, 319, 321.
Trinidad Island, 406, 407.
Tripoli, 456.
_Trivium_, 181.
Tunis, 126, 242, 250, 300, 456.
Turdetanians, 8.
Turina, 516.
Turkey and the Turks, 129, 132, 139, 195, 229, 241-243, 247, 249, 250,
260, 321, 456.
Tuscany, 376, 381, 405.
Two Sicilies, 235, 380, 382. _See_ Naples (kingdom of), Sicily.
Ulloa, Antonio de, 476, 478.
Unamuno, 515, 525.
Union, the, 127, 128, 130, 131, 173. _See_ Privilege of the Union.
United States, the, and the Americans, 196, 310, 369, 385, 392-398, 406,
410, 435, 488, 500, 506, 514, 518, 520, 521, 523. _See_ American
Revolution.
Urban VI, Pope, 317.
Urban VII, Pope, 317.
Urquijo, 405, 447, 456.
Urraca, Queen, of Castile and León, 73-75, 78.
Ursins, Madame des, 373-375.
_Usatges_, 78, 99.
Utrecht, treaty of, 371, 376.
_Vacantes_, 320, 321, 444.
Valdés, Juan de, 308.
Valdés Leal, 366.
Valencia, city of, 22, 72, 73, 81, 110, 170, 173, 177-179, 188, 279,
284, 329, 431, 460, 484; university of, 350.
Valencia (kingdom and province of) and the Valencians, 2, 3, 11, 13, 50,
69, 81, 82, 97, 100, 109, 110, 127, 128, 130, 132, 146, 147, 149, 150,
166, 169, 173, 176-179, 187, 189, 190, 221, 227, 231, 239, 240, 272,
275, 276, 279, 288-290, 296, 325, 327, 359, 422, 427, 429, 431, 432,
453, 460, 461, 465, 478, 516, 520.
Valera, 515.
Valladolid, city of, 114, 233, 239, 293, 307, 431; ordinances of, 141,
142, 160, 237; university of, 340.
Valle Inclán, 515.
Valverde, Quinito, 516.
Van Eyck, 187.
Vancouver Island, 400.
Vandals, the, 26-28, 37.
Varela, 456.
Vaulgrenant, 470.
Vázquez, 344.
_Veedores_, 220, 222.
Vega, Garcilaso de la, 347, 358.
Vega, Lope de, 354, 355, 367.
Velarde, Pedro, 410.
Velázquez, the architect, 516.
Velázquez de Silva, Diego, 364-366, 485, 516.
Venice, 207, 208, 363, 364, 366.
Veragua, Duke of, 522.
Vergennes, 389, 390, 393-395.
Vernon, 380.
Versailles, 369, 425.
Vetancurt, 347.
Vicente, Gil, 353.
Vicente, Saint, 22.
Victoria, Queen, of England, 510.
Victoria, the composer, 366.
Vienna, 378.
Vigo, 467.
_Villa_, 62, 63, 85, 86, 89, 91, 290, 412, 474. _See_ Towns.
Villa-Señor, 482.
Villaespesa, 515.
Villalar, battle of, 239.
Villanueva, Juan, 484.
Villareal, 155.
Villaviciosa, battle of, 268.
Villegas, 516.
Villena, Enrique de, 183.
Villena, town of, 450.
Virgil, 185.
Viriatus, 16-18.
Visigothic rite. _See_ Gothic rite.
Visigoths, the, 26-37, 40-42, 44, 47, 48, 53, 54, 59, 63, 104, 146, 162,
163.
_Visitadores_, 220, 222, 293, 340.
Vitoria, battle of, 135; town of, 409.
Vitoria, the jurist, 344.
Vivar, 72.
Vives, Luis, 281, 342-346, 473.
Vives, the composer, 516.
Vizcaya, 134, 135, 197-199, 268, 301, 412, 460.
Voltaire, 345, 428, 482.
Wallace, 344.
Wallia, 28.
Wamba, 32.
War of Independence, 488-492, 513.
War of Jenkins’ Ear, 380.
War of the Austrian Succession, 381.
War of the Spanish Succession, 370-374, 376, 429, 430, 432, 434, 439,
441.
Ward, 480.
Wellington, Duke of, 491, 492.
West Indies, 380, 387, 393, 395, 397, 488.
Westphalia, treaties of, 262, 455.
Weymouth, Lord, 396.
Whigs, 393.
White companies, 120, 158.
Wifredo, 56.
William of Orange (two), 251.
Windward Islands. _See_ _Armada de Barlovento_.
Witiza, 32.
Ximénez de Cisneros, 205, 208, 209, 216, 223, 227, 230, 231, 242, 306,
317.
Yacub, 71.
Yemenites. _See_ Sunnites.
Young, 482.
Yuste, 244.
Yusuf, 70.
Zalaca, battle of, 70.
Zama, battle of, 14.
Zamora, 57.
Zarate, 347.
Zoraya, 204.
Zubiaurre, the brothers, 516.
Zuloaga, 516.
Zulueta, 516.
Zurbarán, 365.
Zurita, Jerónimo, 346, 347.
Printed in the United States of America.
* * * * *
The following pages contain advertisements of a few of the Macmillan
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The Founding of Spanish California:
Northwestward Expansion of New Spain, 1687-1783
$3.50
BY CHARLES E. CHAPMAN
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Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
nobles duirng the regency=> nobles durng the regency {pg 121}
Explorers wear required by law=> Explorers were required by law {pg 348}
checking inititative and making=> checking initiative and making {pg
418}
Frenchman Chappe d’Auteroche=> Frenchman Chappe d’Autereche {pg 476}
Jahresberichte der geschichtswissenschaft=> Jahresberichte der
Geschichtswissenschaft {pg 528}
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The _Historia_, in four volumes, was first published in the years
1900 to 1911, at Barcelona. It has now reached its third edition,--1913
to 1914. An excellent bibliography eighty-eight pages in length with
well over a thousand items is to be found in the fourth volume.
[2] _The founding of Spanish California_ (The Macmillan Company. New
York. 1916), chap. IX.
[3] The first and most important social question in the history of the
Spanish people, says Altamira, is that of modifying the physical
conditions of the peninsula, as the basis of their national development.
They have been able to count on the fertility of some regions, the
abundant waters of others at some seasons of the year (most of which is
lost in the sea, without being utilized), the wealth of subterranean
waters in many localities, and the mineral wealth which lends itself
also to industrial development. In other words, the problem is that of
correcting the unequal distribution of Spain’s resources, rather than of
a lack of them.
[4] So called from the localities in Germany where bones of men of this
type were discovered.
[5] The inhabitants of the Canary Islands, a Spanish group off the
northwest coast of Africa, are of this race. They preserved their racial
characteristics with great purity until the fifteenth century, since
which time more and more intermixture has taken place.
[6] As an illustration of the close relationship between Spain and
northern Africa it may be mentioned that the diocese of Spain under
Diocletian included the province of Mauretania, or northern Africa. A
seventh province was formed of the Balearic Islands.
[7] Many of these city camps date from the period of Augustus, whose
name appears in most of them, _e.g._: _Cæsaria Augusta_ (Saragossa);
_Urbs Septima Legionis_ (León); _Asturica Augusta_ (Astorga) _Lucas
Augusti_ (Lugo); _Emerita Augusta_ (Mérida); _Pax Augusta_ (Badajoz);
and _Bracara Augusta_ (Braga).
[8] Spain contributed its share of martyrs during the periods of
persecution, especially in the time of Diocletian. San Vicente of
Valencia, Santa Eulalia of Mérida, San Severo of Barcelona, Santa
Leocadia of Toledo, and Santa Engracia of Saragossa were among those put
to death in Diocletian’s reign.
[9] This term, characterized by Joaquín Escriche (_Diccionario razonado
de legislación y jurisprudencia_. Madrid, 1847) as “barbarous,” is about
equivalent to “Charter of the laws.”
[10] Named for him, Gebel-al-Tarik, or hill of Tarik.
[11] Near Medina Sidonia and Vejer.
[12] Province of Salamanca.
[13] The laws themselves furnish numerous indications of the customary
evils. Doctors, for example, were forbidden to cure women, unless in the
presence of certain specified persons. It may be added that doctors were
made responsible by law for the effect of their medicines.
[14] One curious superstitious practice was that of celebrating a mass
for an enemy who was yet alive. It was believed that this would
accelerate his death.
[15] The word “count” was not at that time a title of nobility.
[16] The figures are 300,000 and 5,408,000 dinars respectively, or
roughly $700,000 and $12,600,000. It is of course impossible to reckon
the comparative purchasing power of a dinar then and its equivalent
today, although it was no doubt much greater then; hence, the above
figures have only a relative value.
[17] Almansor burned great numbers of philosophical works so as to win
the favor of the Mohammedan priesthood.
[18] Rueda continued independent,--an unimportant exception.
[19] Less famous than the Cid, but quite as representative of his time,
was the figure of Bishop Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela, who
played an important part in the events of Urraca’s reign. He was a
vigorous, ambitious, restless, not overscrupulous man, breaking pledges
and changing from one side to another with the usual facility of men of
that age. He was not only ambitious for himself but was also an ardent
votary of the extension of church authority. He was a fighting bishop,
who engaged in military campaigns himself and encountered many
vicissitudes both in the civil wars of the kingdom and in the local
uprisings of his own subjects. On one occasion the citizens of Santiago
besieged him in his church, and set fire to a tower in which he took
refuge. Nevertheless, the bishop escaped in the guise of a beggar. In
the end he was usually successful. He procured the erection of Santiago
de Compostela into an archbishopric, and enjoyed the distinction,
equally with the church of Rome, of having seven cardinals as canons. He
also gained the influential post of chaplain to Alfonso VII.
[20] The word “_merino_” is an untranslatable term for an official in
Spanish administration whose powers varied greatly from century to
century. While the _merinos_ were at times “judges of sheep-walks,” as
the word is often translated, they usually had much broader power as
officials of the king. The _merinos mayores_, or greater _merinos_, were
appointed by the king, with functions largely judicial in character and
with authority extending over the greater provinces, such as Castile,
León, or Galicia. _Merinos menores_, or lesser _merinos_, might be the
appointees and subordinates of _merinos mayores_, or, similarly, of the
_corregidores_, or rulers of districts.
[21] The term “_adelantado_” comes from the fact that the officials
so-called were “advanced,” or “put forward,” in the place of the king,
to act in his name. There is some authority to the effect that the title
was in existence as early as the tenth century, but it was certainly
employed by the latter part of the twelfth century. In origin the
_adelantados mayores_, or greater _adelantados_, were judicial
officials, hearing appeals that had formerly gone to the king. The
_adelantado menor_, or lesser _adelantado_, came into existence early in
the thirteenth century, at which time he was a judicial officer of
higher rank than the _merinos_, but also possessed extensive
administrative powers. Many of the _adelantados menores_ were stationed
in frontier districts, and indeed they were often called _adelantados
fronterizos_ (frontier _adelantados_). It was natural, therefore, that
they should acquire military functions. It was the _adelantado
fronterizo_ of Spain who figured so prominently in the conquest of the
Americas. Most of the conquerors of the sixteenth century were
_adelantados_. After that the title died out. Hill, Roscoe R., _The
office of adelantado_, in _Political science quarterly_, v. XXVIII, no.
4; Dec., 1913.
[22] Taxes at that time were many and varied in kind, but may be reduced
to three types: regular contributions, but depending on the happening of
some event; indemnities to escape rendering certain due services; and
fines. As examples of the first type may be mentioned the _goyosa_
(rejoicing) payable by a married man at the birth of a child; the
_movicio_ (removal) payable whenever one changed his residence; the
_yantar_, or food supplies, for the king and his retinue whenever he
visited a town; the _servicios_ (services), or subsidies, granted by the
_Cortes_; the _diezmos de mar_ (tithes of the sea), or customs duties
collected at the ports. The most notable tax of the second class was the
_fonsado_ (foss), payable by those who wished to escape the obligation
of going on a military campaign. One of the third group was the _caloña_
(fine), due from the inhabitants of a region where a crime had been
committed and the guilty person had not been found. Gradually it became
the practice to commute these taxes for a single payment, except for the
_fonsado_ and the _yantar_, which were not dispensed with.
[23] At the present time the word _alférez_ is equivalent to
“sub-lieutenant.”
[24] It is still allowed to exist in a chapel of the cathedral of
Toledo, and in another of Salamanca.
[25] To Saint Dominic is due the institution of the rosary.
[26] A curious law of Jaime I recommended that ladies of noble rank
should not offer food or lodging to jugglers, or even give them kisses.
[27] Neoplatonism was a late and decadent form of the Greek
philosophies. It endeavored to unite the precepts of Christian, Jewish,
and oriental religions, and displayed a disregard for the empirical
investigation of the universe, holding that the way to redemption lay
through rising superior to the material manifestations of life.
[28] The wars of Sancho and Juan gave rise to the celebrated act of
heroism of Guzmán el Bueno. Guzmán was governor of Tarifa, and had
promised Sancho that he would not surrender the place. Juan appeared
before Tarifa with a Moslem army, and threatened to kill Guzmán’s infant
son, whom he had in his power, unless the fortress were delivered.
Guzmán preferred to keep faith with his king, and sent his own dagger
for Juan to use in fulfilling his threat. Juan had the boy beheaded in
front of the walls of Tarifa, but failed to take the town. The incident
is illustrative of the savage brutality of the age, and was a rather
unusual instance for that time of keeping political faith at any cost.
[29] So called from a legend respecting his death. He is said to have
ordered two men put to death for a crime which they protested they did
not commit. As the sentence was being executed they summoned Ferdinand
to appear before the tribunal of God within thirty days, and on the
thirtieth day thereafter Ferdinand was dead.
[30] The eldest son of Fernando de la Cerda, and therefore the rightful
king according to the laws of Alfonso X.
[31] This document is often rendered in English as “Privilege of Union,”
a phrase which is frequently misunderstood to mean, privilege to unite.
The use of the article is necessary in order to give the correct
connotation.
[32] The lack of regular armies in the medieval period gave rise to the
employment of mercenary troops composed of adventurers from all
countries, whose presence became a danger to the state, once the purpose
for which they had been hired had been achieved. Fadrique of Sicily
found himself in this position at the end of the war with his father in
1302. He therefore suggested to Roger de Flor, one of his mercenary
leaders, that he go to the aid of the Roman emperor of Constantinople,
then in grave danger from the Turks, who had overrun Asia Minor. Roger
de Flor accepted the idea, and embarked for the east with a large body
of mercenaries, many of whom were Catalans. Through their aid the
emperor won great successes against the Turks, and he therefore granted
wealth and honors to his mercenary helpers, with the result that yet
more mercenaries came to share in the prosperity of their brothers in
arms. Some of the Byzantine Greek nobles became jealous of the favor
accorded to Roger de Flor and his men, and planned a massacre which was
so successfully executed that that leader and thousands of his followers
were killed. The survivors, some 3300 in number, did not lose courage,
but on the contrary resolved to avenge this treachery, and did so, so
effectively that the “Catalan vengeance” has become quite as famous a
term in history as the “Sicilian vespers.” They defeated their enemies
in several battles, and sacked and burned many towns, but at length
accepted a call from the duke of Athens to assist him in his wars. They
freed the duke from the danger which threatened him, but when he tried
to deal with them as the Byzantine Greeks had done they dethroned him
and sent a message to Fadrique of Sicily asking him to take them under
his protection. Fadrique sent his son, Manfred, who established the
Catalan duchy of Athens, which was destined to endure over half a
century, from 1326 to 1387 or 1388.
[33] This was at the time of the Great Schism in the church. Benedict
was an Avignon pope.
[34] Blanche was the unfortunate queen divorced by Henry the Impotent of
Castile. Shortly after her imprisonment in Navarre she died suddenly,
probably poisoned by order of her sister.
[35] The figure of Pedro López de Ayala (1332-1407) is typical of the
nobility of the times, illustrating also the new tendency to win
triumphs in court intrigues rather than in warlike pursuits. Despite the
facility with which he changed from one side to another, he was able to
procure a profit for himself (even out of his reverses) without scandal
and under a pretence of serving the public good, being always on the
border of immorality without falling openly and resolutely into it. Thus
he was able to rise from untitled poverty to nobility and extraordinary
wealth, and to the position of chancellor of Castile. He was also the
most noted historian of his time.
A worthy successor of the preceding was Pedro Téllez Girón, grand master
of Calatrava, whose achievements occupied the latter years of Juan II
and most of the reign of Henry IV. As a favorite of the latter before he
became king he was influential in causing the downfall of Álvaro de
Luna, and profited by that event to secure honors and wealth for
himself, so that in the reign of Henry IV he proved to be the most
powerful of the Castilian lords. He was also one of the most turbulent
and disloyal of the nobles, and knew how to procure a good price for his
services in the civil wars of his time. He would have married Isabella,
the successor of Henry IV, if he had lived, and in that event the
history of Spain might have taken a different course.
[36] Usually the “royal thirds” amounted to two-ninths. At a later time,
both in Spain and the colonies, this tax was specifically called the
_dos novenas_ (two-ninths).
[37] The customs of the clergy will be taken up more fully in chapter
XIV.
[38] It was still the practice to farm out the revenues for a fixed sum,
leaving the contractor to collect them as a private venture.
[39] Despite the existence of bull-fighting in much earlier times,--for
example, in the Visigothic period,--there is no clear documentary
reference to that game for centuries prior to the reign of Alfonso X.
[40] The earliest recorded petition in their favor in the popular branch
of the _Cortes_ was in 1626!
[41] An estimate of 1359 states that there were 25,731 dwellings on
royal lands, and 57,278 on those of the lords. As late as the
seventeenth century it is said that 1800 cities and towns out of 2400
belonged to the nobles or the church, or three-fourths of the total.
[42] Thus Queen María felt it incumbent upon her to enact, in 1454, that
naked men should not take part in processions of masqueraders.
[43] See page 90, note 1.
[44] Literally “audience,” or “hearing.” Originally, the king gave
“audience” for the decision of cases. Later, he was relieved of this
duty by other officials, or bodies, and the name was applied finally to
the courts referred to in this volume.
[45] The most famous of these leagues was the _Santa Real Hermandad_
(Royal Holy Brotherhood) of Toledo, Talavera, and Villarreal which
lasted until the nineteenth century, although with modifications of its
jurisdiction and activities. The members of the league might pursue an
offender as far as the borders of Portugal or Aragon. When they caught
him they had a banquet, after which the criminal was tied to a post to
serve as a target, and a prize was given to the one who first shot him
through the heart. When the accused was already dead, a trial was held
and he was sentenced. This procedure helps one to visualize the real
insecurity of the times,--for the same summary methods were employed
which men have used both before and since when the central authority was
not strong enough to guarantee public security. The California Vigilance
Committees in the days of the gold rush are an instance in point.
[46] Literally “corrector.” While the royal agent of this name might
originally have been considered a “corrector” rather than an
administrator, he later came to rule over areas ranging from that of a
city to a province, with wide judicial and executive functions.
[47] In 1283 the General Privilege was added as book eight, for there
had been the usual seven parts in the code of Jaime I; in 1300 the
reforms of Jaime II; in 1348 those of Pedro IV; and finally those of
Juan I and Martín I.
[48] In medieval schools grammar, rhetoric, and logic (comprising the
_trivium_) were the principal studies, supplemented by arithmetic,
geometry, astronomy, and music (or the _quadrivium_). These subjects
were almost unrecognizably unlike those of the same names today.
[49] See page 110.
[50] The Basque game, with which the people of Navarre were equally
familiar. This game bears no resemblance to American base-ball; rather
it is more like a combination of tennis and hand-ball. At the present
time the players, three on a side, use a kind of bat, or racket, and a
leather-covered, solid rubber ball. The ball is served against a side
wall, and must be made to bound back over a net. The ball is thus kept
in play until one side misses a return, which scores a point for the
opponents. The side first making a required number of points wins the
match.
[51] After referring to the wealth of jewelry worn by the women of his
time a Moslem writer goes on to say, “The women of Granada are
beautiful, being distinguished for the symmetry of their figures, the
gracefulness of their bodies, the length and waviness of their hair, the
whiteness and brilliance of their teeth, the perfume of their breath,
the pleasing lightness of their movements, the cleverness of their
speech, and the charm of their conversation.”
[52] See p. 159.
[53] Cf. p. 155, n. 3.
[54] The _real_ was a former Spanish coin of elusive value. Prior to the
reign of Ferdinand and Isabella it was worth slightly more than ninety
_maravedís_ and after that reign slightly less than eighty-nine. Today
the _real_ of copper (a theoretical coin) is worth thirty-four
_maravedís_ and the _real_ of silver sixty-eight. As the _maravedí_
(which is no longer coined) was worth about a sixth of a cent in
present-day United States money, it will be seen that the _real_ has
ranged from about fifteen to five cents in value. These amounts do not,
of course, represent the actual value, or purchasing power, of the
_real_. That cannot be determined, but it was certainly many times
greater than it would be today.
[55] The two most important, those of Valladolid and Granada, were
distinguished from the others by being called _chancillerías_.
[56] Compare the figures on population given at page 333.
[57] The addition of the name “de Jesús” to that of some of the mystics
came from their assertions of a marriage with Christ, according to which
fact their names, in Spanish fashion, required this indication of their
marital partner.
[58] The best place to see them is in the Velázquez room of the Prado at
Madrid.
[59] The British settlement was abandoned in 1774, after which the
Spaniards returned. Following the establishment of Argentine
independence that country occupied the Falklands, and still claims them.
Since 1833, however, they have been in the possession of England.
[60] For negotiating this treaty, which certainly did not redound
greatly to the advantage of Spain, Godoy won the title of Prince of the
Peace.
[61] Those who have lived in Spanish boarding-houses (_fondas_) in our
own times will recognize that this description lacks very little of
fitting contemporary Spain.
[62] See note at page 196.
[63] The Jansenists were a sect within the Catholic Church following the
teachings of Cornelis Jansen (1585-1638), who relied upon the tenets of
Saint Augustine as the basis for a reform of the church. They were
opposed to the doctrine of papal infallibility, and were bitter enemies
of the Jesuits, besides differing from other Catholics in certain points
of dogma. Their views were eventually pronounced heretical.
[64] On the basis of the usual size of Spanish families, this would have
meant one churchman to every five to ten adult men.
[65] One well-known case of clerical impropriety was that of the two
ambitious priests whom Queen María Luisa employed as spies to keep her
informed whether Godoy were faithful to her or not.
[66] A _fanega_ equals about 1.59 acres.
[67] There were some relatively unimportant combats after this date, and
Spain did not acknowledge defeat until 1836.
[68] Belloc, Hilaire, “_The International_,” in _The Dublin Review_, v.
CXLVI, nos. 292-293, pp. 167-181, 396-411. London. Jan. and Apr., 1910.
This is an article about the Ferrer case.
End of Project Gutenberg's A History of Spain, by Charles E. Chapman