Wurzburg in Bavaria on the 15th of September 1824. He studied at
Wurzburg and at Rome. After spending a year as parish priest at
Zellingen, near his native city, he went, in 1850, at his bishop's
command, to the university of Munich, where he took his degree of doctor
of theology the same year, becoming in 1851 _Privatdozent_, and in 1855
professor of ecclesiastical law and history. At Munich he gained the
reputation of being one of the most learned theologians on the
Ultramontane side of the Infallibility question, which had begun to be
discussed; and in 1868 he was sent to Rome to arrange the proceedings of
the Vatican Council. He was a stanch supporter of the infallibility
dogma; and in 1870 he wrote _Anti-Janus_, an answer to _The Pope and the
Council_, by "Janus" (Dollinger and J. Friedrich), which made a great
sensation at the time. In 1877 he was made prelate of the papal
household; he became cardinal deacon in 1879, and was afterwards made
curator of the Vatican archives. He died in Rome on the 3rd of October
1890.
Hergenrother's first published work was a dissertation on the doctrine
of the Trinity according to Gregory Nazianzen (Regensburg, 1850), and
from this time onward his literary activity was immense. After several
articles and brochures on Hippolytus and the question of the
authorship of the _Philosophumena_, he turned to the study of Photius,
patriarch of Constantinople, and the history of the Greek schism. For
twelve years he was engaged upon this work, the result being his
monumental _Photius, Patriarch von Constantinopel. Sein Leben, seine
Schriften und das griechische Schisma_ (3 vols., Regensburg,
1867-1869); an additional volume (1869) gave, under the title
_Monumenta Graeca ad Photium ... pertinentia_, a collection of the
unpublished documents on which the work was largely based. Of
Hergenrother's other works, the most important are his history of the
Papal States since the Revolution (_Der Kirchenstaat seit der
franzosischen Revolution_, Freiburg i. B., 1860; Fr. trans., Leipzig,
1860), his great work on the relations of church and state
(_Katholische Kirche und christlicher Staat in ihrer geschichtlichen
Entwickelung und in Beziehung auf Fragen der Gegenwart_, 2 parts,
Freiburg i. B., 1872; 2nd ed. expanded, 1876; Eng. trans., London,
1876, Baltimore, 1889), and his universal church history (_Handbuch
der allgemeinen Kirchengeschichte_, 3 vols., Freiburg i. B.,
1876-1880; 2nd ed., 1879, &c.; 3rd ed., 1884-1886; 4th ed., by Peter
Kirsch, 1902, &c.; French trans., Paris, 1880, &c.). He also found
time for a while to edit the new edition of Wetzer and Welte's
_Kirchenlexikon_ (1877), to superintend the publication of part of the
_Regesta_ of Pope Leo X. (Freiburg i. B., 1884-1885), and to add two
volumes to Hefele's _Conciliengeschichte_ (ib., 1887 and 1890).
HERINGSDORF, a seaside resort of Germany, in the Prussian province of
Pomerania, on the north coast of the island of Usedom, 5 m. by rail N.W.
of Swinemunde. It is surrounded by beech woods, and is perhaps the most
popular seaside resort on the German shore of the Baltic, being
frequented by some 12,000 visitors annually.
HERIOT, GEORGE (1563-1623), the founder of Heriot's Hospital, Edinburgh,
was descended from an old Haddington family; his father, a goldsmith in
Edinburgh, represented the city in the Scottish parliament. George was
born in 1563, and after receiving a good education was apprenticed to
his father's trade. In 1586 he married the daughter of a deceased
Edinburgh merchant, and with the assistance of her patrimony set up in
business on his own account. At first he occupied a small "buith" at the
north-east corner of St Giles's church, and afterwards a more
pretentious shop at the west end of the building. To the business of a
goldsmith he joined that of a money-lender, and in 1597 he had acquired
such a reputation that he was appointed goldsmith to Queen Anne, consort
of James VI. In 1601 he became jeweller to the king, and followed him to
London, occupying a shop opposite the Exchange. Heriot was largely
indebted for his fortune to the extravagance of the queen, and the
imitation of this extravagance by the nobility. Latterly he had such an
extensive business as a jeweller that on one occasion a government
proclamation was issued calling upon all the magistrates of the kingdom
to aid him in securing the workmen he required. He died in London on the
10th of February 1623. In 1608, having some time previously lost his
first wife, he married Alison Primrose, daughter of James Primrose,
grandfather of the first earl of Rosebery, but she died in 1612; by
neither marriage had he any issue. The surplus of his estate, after
deducting legacies to his nearest relations and some of his more
intimate friends, was bequeathed to found a hospital for the education
of freemen's sons of the town of Edinburgh; and its value afterwards
increased so greatly as to supply funds for the erection of several
Heriot foundation schools in different parts of the city.
Heriot takes a leading part in Scott's novel, _The Fortunes of Nigel_
(see also the Introduction). A _History of Heriot's Hospital, with a
Memoir of the Founder_, by William Steven, D.D., appeared in 1827; 2nd
ed. 1859.
HERIOT, by derivation the arms and equipment (_geatwa_) of a soldier or
army (_here_); the O. Eng. word is thus here-geatwa. The lord of a fee
provided his tenant with arms and a horse, either as a gift or loan,
which he was to use in the military service paid by him. On the death of
the tenant the lord claimed the return of the equipment. When by the
10th century land was being given instead of arms, the heriot was still
paid, but more in the nature of a "relief" (q.v.). There seems to have
been some connexion between the payment of the heriot and the power of
making a will (F. W. Maitland, _Domesday Book and Beyond_, p. 298). By
the 13th century the payment was made either in money or in kind by the
handing over of the best beast or of the best other chattel of the
tenant (see Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law_, i. 270 sq.).
For the manorial law relating to heriots, see COPYHOLD.
HERISAU, the largest town in the entire Swiss canton of Appenzell, built
on the Glatt torrent, and by light railway 7 m. south-west of St Gall or
13(1/2) m. north of Appenzell. In 1900 it had 13,497 inhabitants, mainly
Protestant and German-speaking. The lower portion of the massive tower
of the parish church (Protestant) dates from the 11th century or even
earlier. It is a prosperous little industrial town in the Ausser Rhoden
half of the canton, especially busied with the manufacture of embroidery
by machinery, and of muslins. Near it is the goats' whey cure
establishment of Heinrichsbad, and the two castles of Rosenberg and
Rosenburg, ruined in 1403 when the land rose against its lord, the abbot
of St Gall. About 5 m. to the south-east is Hundwil, a village of 1523
inhabitants, where the _Landsgemeinde_ of Ausser Rhoden meets In the odd
years (in other years at Trogen) on the last Sunday in April.
HERITABLE JURISDICTIONS, in the law of Scotland, grants of jurisdiction
made to a man and his heirs. They were a usual accompaniment to feudal
tenures, and the power which they conferred on great families, being
recognized as a source of danger to the state, led to frequent attempts
being made by statute to restrict them, both before and after the Union.
They were all abolished in 1746.
HERKIMER, a village and the county-seat of Herkimer county, New York,
U.S.A., in the township of the same name, on the Mohawk river, about 15
m. S.E. of Utica. Pop. (1900) 5555 (724 being foreign-born); (1905,
state census) 6596; (1910) 7520. It is served by the New York Central &
Hudson River railway, a branch of which (the Mohawk & Malone railway)
extends through the Adirondacks to Malone, N.Y.; by inter-urban electric
railway to Little Falls, Syracuse, Richfield Springs, Cooperstown and
Oneonta, and by the Erie canal. The village has a public library, and is
the seat of the Folts Mission Institute (opened 1893), a training school
for young women, controlled by the Women's Foreign Missionary Society of
the Methodist Episcopal Church. Herkimer is situated in a rich dairying
region, and has various manufactures. The municipality owns and operates
its water-supply system and electric-lighting plant. Herkimer, named in
honour of General Nicholas Herkimer (c. 1728-1777), who was mortally
wounded in the Battle of Oriskany, and in whose memory there is a
monument (unveiled on the 6th of August 1907) in the village, was
settled about 1725 by Palatine Germans, who bought from the Mohawk
Indians a large tract of land including the present site of the village
and established thereon several settlements which became known
collectively as the "German Flats." In 1756 a stone house, built in 1740
by General Herkimer's father, John Jost Herkimer (d. 1775)--apparently
one of the original group of settlers--a stone church, and other
buildings, standing within what is now Herkimer village, were enclosed
in a stockade and ditch fortifications by Sir William Johnson, and this
post, at first known as Fort Kouari (the Indian name), was subsequently
called Fort Herkimer. Another fort (Ft. Dayton) was built within the
limits of the present village in 1776 by Colonel Elias Dayton
(1737-1807), who later became a brigadier-general (1783) and served in
the Confederation Congress in 1787-1788. During the French and Indian
War the settlement was attacked (12th November 1757) and practically
destroyed, many of the settlers being killed or taken prisoners; and it
was again attacked on the 30th of April 1758. In the War of Independence
General Herkimer assembled here the force which on the 6th of August
1777 was ambushed near Oriskany on its march from Ft. Dayton to the
relief of Ft. Schuyler (see ORISKANY); and the settlement was attacked
by Indians and "Tories" in September 1778 and in June 1782. The township
of Herkimer was organized in 1788, and in 1807 the village was
incorporated.
See Nathaniel I. Benton, _History of Herkimer County_ (Albany, 1856);
and Phoebe S. Cowen, _The Herkimers and Schuylers_, (1903).
HERKOMER, SIR HUBERT VON (1849- ), British painter, was born at Waal,
in Bavaria, and eight years later was brought to England by his father,
a wood-carver of great ability. He lived for some time at Southampton
and in the school of art there began his art training; but in 1866 he
entered upon a more serious course of study at the South Kensington
Schools, and in 1869 exhibited for the first time at the Royal Academy.
By his picture, "The Last Muster," at the Academy in 1875, he definitely
established his position as an artist of high distinction. He was
elected an associate of the Academy in 1879, and academician in 1890; an
associate of the Royal Society of Painters in Water Colours in 1893, and
a full member in 1894; and in 1885 he was appointed Slade professor at
Oxford. He exhibited a very large number of memorable portraits, figure
subjects and landscapes, in oil and water colour; he achieved marked
success as a worker in enamel, as an etcher, mezzotint engraver and
illustrative draughtsman; and he exercised wide influence upon art
education by means of the Herkomer School (Incorporated), at Bushey,
which he founded in 1883 and directed gratuitously until 1904, when he
retired. It was then voluntarily wound up, and is now conducted
privately. Two of his pictures, "Found" (1885) and "The Chapel of the
Charterhouse" (1889), are in the National Gallery of British Art. In the
year 1907 he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. at Oxford, and a
knighthood was conferred upon him by the king in addition to the
commandership of the Royal Victorian Order with which he was already
decorated.
See _Hubert von Herkomer, R.A., a Study and a Biography_, by A. L.
Baldry (London, 1901); _Professor Hubert Herkomer, Royal Academician,
His Life and Work_, by W. L. Courtney (London, 1892).
HERLEN (or HERLIN), FRITZ, of Nordlingen, German artist of the early
Swabian school, in the 15th century. The date and place of his birth are
unknown, but his name is on the roll of the tax-gatherers of Ulm in
1449; and in 1467 he was made citizen and town painter at Nordlingen,
"because of his acquaintance with Flemish methods of painting." One of
the first of his acknowledged productions is a shrine on one of the
altars of the church of Rothenburg on the Tauber, the wings of which
were finished in 1466, with seven scenes from the lives of Christ and
the Virgin Mary. In the town-hall of Rothenburg is a Madonna and St
Catherine of 1467; and in the choir of Nordlingen cathedral a triptych
of 1488, representing the "Nativity" and "Christ amidst the Doctors," at
the side of a votive Madonna attended by St Joseph and St Margaret as
patrons of a family. In each of these works the painter's name certifies
the picture, and the manner is truly that of an artist "acquainted with
Flemish methods." We are not told under whom Herlen laboured in the
Netherlands, but he probably took the same course as Schongauer and Hans
Holbein the elder, who studied in the school of van der Weyden. His
altarpiece at Rothenburg contains groups and figures, as well as forms
of action and drapery, which seem copied from those of van der Weyden's
or Memlinc's disciples, and the votive Madonna of 1488, whilst
characterized by similar features, only displays such further changes as
may be accounted for by the master's constant later contact with
contemporaries in Swabia. Herlen had none of the genius of Schongauer.
He failed to acquire the delicacy even of the second-rate men who handed
down to Matsys the traditions of the 15th century; but his example was
certainly favourable to the development of art in Swabia. By general
consent critics have assigned to him a large altar-piece, with scenes
from the gospels and figures of St Florian and St Floriana, and a
Crucifixion, the principal figure of which is carved in high relief on
the surface of a large panel in the church of Dinkelsbuhl. A
Crucifixion, with eight scenes from the New Testament, is shown as his
in the cathedral, a "Christ in Judgment, with Mary and John," and the
"Resurrection of Souls" in the town-hall of Nordlingen. A small
Epiphany, once in the convent of the Minorites of Ulm, is in the
Holzschuher collection at Augsburg, a Madonna and Circumcision in the
National Museum at Munich. Herlen's epitaph, preserved by Rathgeber,
states that he died on the 12th of October 1491, and was buried at
Nordlingen.
HERMAE, in Greek antiquities, quadrangular pillars, broader above than
at the base, surmounted by a head or bust, so called either because the
head of Hermes was most common or from their etymological connexion with
the Greek word [Greek: hermata] (blocks of stone), which originally had
no reference to Hermes at all. In the oldest times Hermes, like other
divinities, was worshipped in the form of a heap of stones or of an
amorphous block of wood or stone, which afterwards took the shape of a
phallus, the symbol of productivity. The next step was the addition of a
head to this phallic column which became quadrangular (the number 4 was
sacred to Hermes, who was born on the fourth day of the month), with the
significant indication of sex still prominent. In this shape the number
of herms rapidly increased, especially those of Hermes, for which the
distinctive name of Hermhermae has been suggested. In Athens they were
found at the corners of streets; before the gates and in the courtyards
of houses, where they were worshipped by women as having the power to
make them prolific; before the temples; in the gymnasia and palaestrae.
On each side of the road leading from the Stoa Poikile to the Stoa
Basileios, rows of Hermae were set up in such numbers by the piety of
private individuals or public corporations, that the Stoa Basileios was
called the Stoa of the Hermae. The function of Hermes as protector of
the roads, of merchants and of commerce, explains the number of Hermae
that served the purpose of signposts on the roads outside the city. It
is stated in the pseudo-Platonic _Hipparchus_ that the son of
Peisistratus had set up marble pillars at suitable places on the roads
leading from the different country districts to Athens, having the
places connected with the roads inscribed on the one side in a hexameter
verse, and on the other a pentameter containing a short proverb or moral
precept for the edification of travellers. Sometimes they bore
inscriptions celebrating the valour of those who had fought for their
country. Just as it was customary for the passer-by to show respect to
the rudest form of the god (the heap of stones) by contributing a stone
to the heap or anointing it with oil, in like manner small offerings,
generally of dried figs, were deposited near the Hermae, to appease the
hunger of the necessitous wayfarer. Garlands of flowers were also
suspended on the two arm-like tenons projecting from either side of the
column at the top (for the oracle at Pharae see HERMES). These pillars
were also used to mark the frontier boundaries or the limits of
different estates. The great respect attaching to them is shown by the
excitement caused in Athens by the "Mutilation of the Hermae" just
before the departure of the Sicilian expedition (May 415 B.C.). They
formed the object of a special industry, the makers of them being called
Hermoglyphi. The surmounting heads were not, however, confined to those
of Hermes; those of other gods and heroes, and even of distinguished
mortals, were of frequent occurrence. In this case a compound was
formed: Hermathena (a herm of Athena), Hermares, Hermaphroditus,
Hermanubis, Hermalcibiades, and so on. In the case of these compounds it
is disputed whether they indicated a herm with the head of Athena, or
with a Janus-like head of both Hermes and Athena, or a figure compounded
of both deities. The Romans not only borrowed the Hermes pillars for
their deities which at an early period they assimilated to those of the
Greeks (as Heracles--Hercules) but also for the indigenous gods who
preserved their individuality. Thus herms of Jupiter Terminalis (the
hermae being identified with the Roman termini) and of Silvanus occur.
Under the empire, the function of the hermae was rather architectural
than religious. They were used to keep up the draperies in the interior
of a house, and in the Circus Maximus they were used to support the
barriers.
See the article with bibliography by Pierre Paris in Daremberg and
Saglio's _Dictionnaire des antiquites_; for the mutilation of the
Hermae, Thucydides vi. 27; Andocides, _De mysteriis_; Grote, _Hist. of
Greece_, ch. 58; H. Weil, _Etudes sur l'antiquite grecque_ (1900);
Burolt, _Griech. Gesch._ (ed. 1904), III. ii. p. 1287.
HERMAGORAS, of Temnos, Greek rhetorician of the Rhodian school and
teacher of oratory in Rome, flourished during the first half of the 1st
century B.C. He obtained a great reputation among a certain section and
founded a special school, the members of which called themselves
Hermagorei. His chief opponent was Posidonius of Rhodes, who is said to
have contended with him in argument in the presence of Pompey (Plutarch,
_Pompey_, 42). Hermagoras devoted himself particularly to the branch of
rhetoric known as [Greek: oikonomia] (_inventio_), and is said to have
invented the doctrine of the four [Greek: staseis] (_status_) and to
have arranged the parts of an oration differently from his predecessors.
Cicero held an unfavourable opinion of his methods, which were approved
by Quintilian, although he considers that Hermagoras neglected the
practical side of rhetoric for the theoretical. According to Suidas and
Strabo, he was the author of [Greek: technai rhetorikai] (rhetorical
manuals) and of other works, which should perhaps be attributed to his
younger namesake, surnamed Carion, the pupil of Theodorus of Gadara.
See Strabo xiii. p. 621; Cicero, _De inventione_, i. 6. 8, _Brutus_,
76, 263. 78, 271; Quintilian, _Instit._ iii. 1. 16, 3. 9, 11. 22; C.
W. Piderit, _De Hermagora rhetore_ (1839); G. Thiele, _Hermagoras Ein
Beitrag zur Geschichte der Rhetorik_ (1893).
HERMANDAD (from _hermano_, Lat. _germanus_, a brother), a Castilian word
meaning, strictly speaking, a brotherhood. In the Romance language
spoken on the east coast of Spain in Catalonia it is written _germandat_
or _germania_. In the form _germania_ it has acquired the significance
of "thieves' Latin" or "thieves' cant," and is applied to any jargon
supposed to be understood only by the Initiated. But the typical
"germania" is a mixture of slang and of the gipsy language. The
hermandades have played a conspicuous part in the history of Spain. The
first recorded case of the formation of an hermandad occurred in the
12th century when the towns and the peasantry of the north united to
police the pilgrim road to Santiago in Galicia, and protect the pilgrims
against robber knights. Throughout the middle ages such alliances were
frequently formed by combinations of towns to protect the roads
connecting them, and were occasionally extended to political purposes.
They acted to some extent like the Fehmic courts of Germany. The
Catholic sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella, adapted an existing
hermandad to the purpose of a general police acting under officials
appointed by themselves, and endowed with large powers of summary
jurisdiction even in capital cases. The hermandad became, in fact, a
constabulary, which, however, fell gradually into neglect. In Catalonia
and Valencia the "germanias" were combinations of the peasantry to
resist the exactions of the feudal lords.
HERMAN DE VALENCIENNES, 12th-century French poet, was born at
Valenciennes, of good parentage. His father and mother, Robert and
Herembourg, belonged to Hainault, and gave him for god-parents Count
Baldwin and Countess Yoland--doubtless Baldwin IV. of Hainault and his
mother Yoland. Herman was a priest and the author of a verse _Histoire
de la Bible_, which includes a separate poem on the Assumption of the
Virgin. The work is generally known as _Le Roman de sapience_, the name
arising from a copyist's error in the first line of the poem:
"Comens de sapiense, ce est la cremors de Deu"
the first word being miswritten in one MS. _Romens_, and In another
_Romanz_. His work has, indeed, the form of an ordinary romance, and
cannot be regarded as a translation. He selects such stories from the
Bible as suit his purpose, and adds freely from legendary sources,
displaying considerable art in the selection and use of his materials.
This scriptural poem, very popular in its day, mentions Henry II. of
England as already dead, and must therefore be assigned to a date
posterior to 1189.
See _Notices et extraits des manuscrits_ (Paris, vol. 34), and Jean
Bonnard, _Les Traductions de la Bible en vers francais au moyen age_
(1884).