1515; by Aurungzebe, 1687; by British, 1766.
=Konieh=, Asia Minor. 38N. 33E. City in which Paul and Barnabas preached.
Taken by Seljuks 1075; by Frederick Barbarossa, 1190; by Mohammed II.,
1466. Mentioned by Xenophon in the 'Anabasis.'
=Kos=, Asia Minor. 37N. 27E. Site of famous temple of Æsculapius. Bp. of
Hippocrates, Apelles, Philetas, Ariston. Theocritus also lived here.
=Kotagherry=, Madras. 11N. 77E. Res. of Sir R. Burton, described in 'Goa
and the Blue Mountains.'
=Koum=, Persia. 29N. 56E. Celebrated place of pilgrimage and contains
shrine of Fatima, sister of Reza. (See Montesquieu's 'Lettres
Persanes.')
=Kuldja=, East Turkestan. 44N. 81E. City f. after destruction of Tatar
Kulja, 1865; taken by Russians, 1871; restored to China, 1881.
=Kumarhatta=, Bengal. 24N. 89E. Bp. of poet Ram Prasad Sen.
=Kunnoj=, United Provs. 27N. 80E. Contains two Mohammedan mausoleums in
memory of Bala Pir and his son, 1650. King of Kanauj conquered by Sultan
of Delhi, 1193.
=Lahore=, Punjab. 32N. 74E. Taken by Mahmoud, 1013, 1021; by Mohammed the
Gouride, 1186; plundered and destroyed by Moguls, 1241; rebuilt, 1269;
conquered by Baber, 1522; by Sikhs, 1758; Sikhs defeated by British,
1846; became incorporated with British Empire, 1849. (See 'Purchas His
Pilgrimes,' Kipling's 'Kim.')
=Lampsacus=, Asia Minor. 40N. 27E. Ancient centre of worship of Priapus.
Bp. of Charon, Anaximenus, and Metrodorus.
=Lang-son=, Indo-China. 22N. 107E. Taken by the French under General de
Négrier, 1885.
=Laswari=, Rajputana. 28N. 77E. Total defeat of Mahrattas by British,
1803. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
=Latakia=, Syria. 36N. 36E. Scene of Dolabella's last siege, 43 B.C.;
taken by Tancred, 1102; by Saladin, 1188. Experienced severe
earthquakes, 1170, 1287, 1822. (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en
Egypte.')
=Lebanon, Mounts.=, Palestine. 34N. 36E. Mountain range mentioned in the
Bible as famous for cedars. Visited by Lamartine, 1832. (See 'Voyage en
Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria
and the Holy Land.')
=Leh=, Kashmir. 34N. 78E. Contains tomb of Stolitzka, the Austrian
geologist, who died here, 1874.
=Leiah=, Punjab. 31N. 71E. F. by Kamal Khan, c. 1550; Humayun Shah
captured near here, 1794.
=Lhasa= ('God's house'), Tibet. 31N. 91E. Sacred city of Lamas, containing
famous statue of Buddha. Forbidden to European explorers, but has been
entered several times. (See Little's 'Far East.')
=Liao-yang=, Manchuria. 41N. 123E. Japanese secured a victory over
Russians, 1904. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')
=Ligor=, Siam. 8N. 100E. Taken by Burmese, 1760, 1785.
=Lohogarh=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Mentioned by Ptolemy. Taken by Sivaji, 1648;
by British, 1818.
=Lonar=, Berar. 20N. 77E. Scene of struggle between Lonasur and an
incarnation of Vishnu.
=Lucknow=, United Provs. 27N. 81E. Contains mausoleum of Asaf-ud-Daula.
Seized by Humayun, 1526; by Babar, 1528; native insurrection against
British, 1857; recaptured by British, 1858. (See Mrs. F. A. Steel's 'On
the Face of the Waters,' Kipling's 'Kim.')
=Macao=, China. 22N. 114E. Portuguese bought right to settle here, 1557;
Chinese barricaded it from rest of island, 1573; occupied by British,
1802, 1808; port declared free, 1846. Camöens res. here in exile, and
wrote part of his 'Lusiad.'
=Madakasira=, Madras. 14N. 77E. Captured by Mahrattas, 1728; by Hyder Ali,
1762; by Morari Rao, 1764; recaptured by Hyder Ali, 1776.
=Madras=, Madras. 13N. 80E. British established here, 1639; besieged by
Aurungzebe's general, 1702; by the Mahrattas, 1741; Fort George f. by
Francis Day, 1744; taken by French, 1746; recovered by British, 1748;
San Thomé, Portuguese settlement, f. in 1504, annexed, 1749;
unsuccessfully attacked by French under General Lally, 1758, 1759.
Cathedral of Saint Thomé supposed to contain remains of Saint Thomas.
=Madura=, Madras, 10N. 78E. Taken by Malik Kafur, 1324; by Nawab of
Carnatic, 1736; held by British for Mohammed Ali, 1764; ceded to
British, 1801.
=Mahaban=, Bengal. 27N. 78E. Alleged scene of childhood of Krishna.
=Mahe=, Madras. 12N. 76E. Taken by French, 1722; by British, 1761, 1779,
1793; restored to French, 1815.
=Malatiyeh=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 38E. Khosros I. defeated by Romans, 577;
taken by Bajazet, 1396; by Tamerlane, 1401. Polyeuctus martyred here;
great massacre of Christians, 1895. (See Corneille's 'Polyeucte.')
=Mandalay=, Upper Burma. 22N. 96E. F. in 1859; became capital of Burma,
1878; occupied by British, 1885; partially destroyed by fire, 1892.
=Mandawar=, United Provs. 29N. 78E. Taken by Tamerlane, 1399; plundered by
Amir Khan, 1805.
=Mangalore=, Madras. 13N. 75E. Visited by Ibn Batatu. Occupied by
Portuguese, 1596; sustained terrible siege against Tippoo Sahib, 1782-3;
taken by British, 1799.
=Manila=, Luzon. 15N. 121E. Capital of Philippine Islands; f. by Spaniard,
Legazpi, 1571. Plundered by Chinese pirates, 1574; blockaded by Dutch,
1602; taken by British, 1762; Spanish fleet destroyed by Dewey off
coast, 1898. Severe earthquakes, 1675, 1824, 1863.
=Manissa=, Asiatic Turkey. 39N. 27E. Ancient Magnesia, near which were
supposed to be kingdom of Tantalulus, and scene of Niobe's sorrow.
Antiochus the Great defeated by Romans, 190 B.C.; city occupied by Osman
Turks, 1398.
=Maraglak=, Persia. 37N. 46E. Contains tomb of Hulaka Khan, and remains of
observatory built by him for the great astronomer, Nasr-ud-din of Tus.
=Masulipatam=, Madras. 16N. 81E. British settled here, 1611; successfully
stormed by Colonel Forde, 1759. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of
India,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
=Matsuye=, Japan. 36N. 133E. Former capital of Idzumo, and contains
numerous temples. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.')
=Mecca=, Arabia. 21N. 40E. Bp. of Mohammed, c. 570. Contains the Kaaba,
said to be built by Abraham and Ishmael with help from Angel Gabriel.
Taken by Wahabis, 1803, 1807; by Mehemet Ali, 1813. (See Sir R. Burton's
'Wanderings in Three Continents' and 'Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and
Meccah,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')
=Medina= ('the city'), Arabia. 25N. 40E. Sacred city of Islam, whence
Mohammed fled from Mecca, 622; contains tomb supposed to hold remains of
the prophet, his daughter Fatima, Abu Bekr, and Omar. Forbidden city to
all not Mohammedans, but visited by Burckhardt, 1811; Burton, 1852. (See
Sir R. Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents' and 'Pilgrimage to
Al-Madinah and Meccah,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Arabia.')
=Meerut=, United Provs. 29N. 78E. Plundered by Mahmud of Ghazni, 1017; by
Tamerlane, 1399; taken by British, 1803; first outbreak of Indian
Mutiny, 1857.
=Megiddo=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient city of Syria. Mentioned in Bible
as being fortified by Solomon; refuge of Ahaziah fleeing from Jehu, 843
B.C.; Necho overcame Josiah, c. 609 B.C.
=Menderes=, Asia Minor. 38N. 28E. Said to be ancient Scamander, flowing
past Troy, and sung of by Homer.
=Merta=, Rajputana. 27N. 74E. F. by Duda, c. 1488. Captured by Akbar,
1562.
=Merv=, Turkestan. 38N. 62E. Colonised by Alexander the Great, occupied by
Arabs, 666; taken by Mongols, 1221; by Bokharians from Persians, 1787;
occupied by Tekke-Turkomans, 1856; under Russian authority, 1884.
=Meshed=, Persia. 36N. 59E. Contains magnificent mausoleum of Imam Riza
and Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid.
=Meshed Ali=, Asiatic Turkey. 32N. 44E. Contains tomb of Ali.
=Miana=, Persia. 37N. 47E. The French traveller, Thévenot, died here,
1667.
=Miani=, Sind. 26N. 68E. Sir Charles Napier twice defeated Mohammedan
emirs, 1843.
=Michmash=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Mentioned by Josephus and Eusebius, and
in the Old Testament as the camping-place of the Philistines in the
early part of reign of Saul.
=Midagesidurga=, Madras. 14N. 77E. Seized by Hyder Ali, 1761; by
Mahrattas, 1767; by Tippoo Sahib, 1774.
=Miletus=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. Cyrus defeated, 548 B.C.; city destroyed
by Persians, 494 B.C. Res. of St. Paul for several days. Bp. of
historians Cadmus and Hecatæus, philosophers Thales, Anaximander, and
Anaximenes; also of poet Timothy, of Aristides, Æschines, and Aspasia.
=Mionoseki=, Japan. 36N. 132E. Described by Lafcadio Hearn in 'Glimpses of
Unfamiliar Japan.'
=Mityleni=, Asiatic Turkey. 39N. 27E. Rebellion crushed by Athenians, 428
B.C.; ceded to Genoese family, 1355; taken by Mohammed II., 1462;
unsuccessful rebellion against Turks, 1468; Venetian naval victories
over Turks, 1690, 1698; Greek victory, 1821. Bp. of Sappho, Alcæus,
Terpander, and Theophrastus; place of retirement of Agrippa.
=Monghyr=, Bengal. 25N. 86E. Taken by Mohammedans, 1195; became res. of
Todar Mal, 1590; taken by British from Nawab Mir Kasim, 1763.
=Mosul=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 43E. Taken by Moslems, 636; stormed by
Saladin, 1182; occupied by Persians, 1623; unsuccessfully besieged by
Nadir Shah, 1741.
=Mukden=, Manchuria. 42N. 124E. Contains relics of Nurhachu, and near town
is his tomb. Boxer outbreak, 1900; in Russo-Japanese War, Russians
defeated and Japanese occupied Mukden, 1905. (See Père Amiot for French
translation of Emperor K'ien Lung's poem 'En Mukden.')
=Multan=, Punjab. 30N. 71E. Contains tombs of Rukn-i-Alam, Bhawal Hakk and
Shams-i-Tabriz. Mahmud of Ghazni took it, 1005; Ranjit Singh, 1818;
British, in Sikh War, 1849.
=Murshidabad=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Contains tomb of Jagath Singh. Last
Mohammedan capital of Bengal; plundered by Mahrattas, 1742; entered by
Clive, 1757; Warren Hastings removed civil and criminal courts to
Calcutta, 1772.
=Muscat=, Arabia. 24N. 59E. Occupied by Albuquerque, 1507; besieged by
Imam of Oman, 1648; Portuguese expelled by Oman, 1650.
=Mush=, Asiatic Turkey. 39N. 42E. Turks massacred Armenians, 1894. Visited
by Xenophon, and supposed burial-place of Moses of Chorene.
=Muttra=, United Provs. 27N. 78E. Contains ruins of Jey Singh's
observatory and of Akbar's fort. Supposed bp. of Krishna, whose
childhood was spent here, and Balarama. Pillaged by Mahmud of Ghazni,
1017; taken by British, 1803; Sepoys murdered British officers, 1857.
=Nabadwip=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Bp. of Chaitanya, supposed to be incarnation
of Krishna; res. of Nityananda, Vasudeb, and Raghumath.
=Nabulus=, Palestine. 32N. 33E. On site of ancient Shechem mentioned in
biblical history; later was rebuilt as Neapolis by Vespasian. (See
Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Thomson's
'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
=Nagar= ('the city'), Madras. 14N. 75E. Captured by Hyder Ali, 1763; taken
by British, 1783.
=Nagasaki=, Japan. 33N. 130E. Scene of Pierre Loti's 'Madame
Chrysanthème.' (See also Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea,' Little's 'Far
East.')
=Nagpur= ('town of serpents'), Central Provs. 21N. 79E. Former capital of
Mahratta principality, crushed by British, 1817.
=Nain=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Scene of Christ's miracle of raising from the
dead the widow's son. (See Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress.')
=Najibabad=, United Provs. 30N. 78E. F. by Najib-ud-dowlah, 1755.
Destroyed by Mahrattas, 1772.
=Nakhitchevan=, Asiatic Russia. 40N. 45E. Said to be oldest city in
world, f. by Noah. Taken by Seljuk Sultan, 1064; ceded to Russia by
Persia, 1828.
=Nandidrug=, Madras. 13N. 78E. Captured by Lord Cornwallis, 1791.
=Nan-king= ('southern capital'), China. 32N. 119E. Treaty which ended
Opium War signed, 1842; city taken by Taipings, 1853; by Imperialists,
1864. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Little's 'Far East.')
=Nannur=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Bp. of Chandidas, the poet.
=Narnaul=, Punjab. 28N. 76E. Said to have been f. by Rajah Launkarn, and
to be bp. of Sher Shah.
=Nasik=, Bombay. 20N. 74E. Noted for Lena caves with Buddhistic
sculptures. Here, according to the 'Ramayana,' Ravana carried away Siva,
Rama's wife.
=Nazareth=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Res. of the Virgin Mary and of Christ;
Church of Annunciation f., c. 1620. Town captured by Moslems, 1291;
Junot vanquished combined army of Turks and Arabs, 1799. (See Kinglake's
'Eothen,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the
Book.')
=Negapatam=, Madras. 11N. 80E. Conquered by Dutch, 1660; by British, 1781.
(See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
=Nehavend=, Persia. 34N. 48E. Great victory of Saracens which brought
Persia under their sway, 641.
=Nellore=, Madras. 14N. 80E. Ancient fort of Sinhapur, 'the lion city;'
repulsed British, 1757.
=Nertchinsk=, Siberia. 52N. 117E. Treaty signed between Russians and
Chinese, 1689. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')
=Nicæa= ('city of victory'), Asia Minor. 40N. 30E. F. by Antigonus, c. 316
B.C. Taken by Seljuks, 1078; by Crusaders, 1097; by the Osmanlis, 1326.
Bp. of historian Dion Cassius and astronomer Hipparchus. Council met,
325.
=Nicomedia=, Asiatic Turkey. 41N. 30E. F. by Nicomedes I., 264 B.C.;
contains ruins of which Pliny the Younger boasted. Bp. of Arrian; res.
of Diocletian, and of Constantine who died here; scene of Hannibal's
suicide.
=Nicosia=, Cyprus. 35N. 33E. Capital of Cyprus since time of Lusignan
kings. Taken by Richard Coeur de Lion, 1191; besieged by Turks, 1570.
=Nikaria=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 26E. Island near which it is fabled Icarus
met his death.
=Nikko= ('sun's brightness'), Japan. 37N. 140E. Contains tomb of Iyeyasu,
1617; and that of his grandson, Iyemitsu, slain while visiting tomb of
Iyeyasu, 1650. (See Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
=Nineveh=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 43E. Said to have been f. c. 2680 B.C.;
enlarged by Ninus, 1968 B.C. Conquered by Arbaces, 759 B.C.; by
Nabopolassar, 625 B.C.; destroyed by Medes and Babylonians, c. 607 B.C.
Excavations by Botta, 1842; Layard, 1845; also by Hormuzd Rassam and
George Smith. Tobit said to have died here. (See 'Apocrypha.')
=Ning-po= ('calm waves'), China. 30N. 121E. Occupied by Portuguese, 1522;
Portuguese massacred, 1545; taken by British, 1842. (See 'Travels of
Marco Polo.')
=Nishapur=, Persia. 36N. 59E. Famous as bp. of Omar Khayyam, whose tomb is
also here. Res. of Nidhami-i-Arudi.
=Nisib=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 38E. Turks defeated by Egyptians under
Ibrahim Pasha, 1839.
=Nisibin=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 41E. Captured by Parthians, 149 B.C.; by
Lucullus, 68 B.C.; by Trajan, 116; by Lucius Verus, 165; given to
Persians by Jovian, 363.
=Oki Shima=, Japan. 36N. 133E. An island off the west coast of Houdo,
fully described by Lafcadio Hearn in 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.'
=Omsk=, Asiatic Russia. 55N. 74E. Capital of Akmolinsk. (See Fraser's
'Real Siberia.')
=Ophir, Mount=, Malay Peninsula. 2N. 103E. Gold-producing mountain often
identified with the Ophir of the Bible. (See 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
=Opon=, Philippine Islands. 11N. 124E. Magellan killed here by natives,
1521.
=Ormuz=, Persia. 27N. 56E. Visited by Nearchus, 325 B.C. Captured by
Albuquerque, 1507, 1514; by Shah Abbas and British, 1622. (See 'Purchas
His Pilgrimes,' 'Travels of Marco Polo,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
=Osaka=, Japan. 35N. 136E. F. by Rennio Shonin, 1495; captured by
Hideyoshi, 1580; castle secured by Iyeyasu, 1615; burnt by Tokugawa
retainers, 1868. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Out of the East,' Diosy's 'New
Far East,' Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
=Padang=, Sumatra. 1S. 100E. First Dutch settlement in Sumatra, 1666;
captured by British, 1781; surrendered to Dutch, 1783; recaptured, 1794;
yielded to Dutch, 1814.
=Padmanabham=, Madras. 18N. 83E. British defeated and killed Rajah of
Vizianagram, 1794.
=Pakpatan= ('the holy ferry'), Punjab. 30N. 73E. Contains tomb of saint
Farid-ul-Hakkwa-ud-din. Visited by Ibn Batuta; in subjection to
Tamerlane, 1398.
=Palakkat=, Madras. 11N. 77E. Fort f. by Hyder Ali taken by British, 1768.
=Palembang=, Sumatra. 3S. 105E. Visited by Marco Polo, and contains an
alleged tomb of Alexander the Great. Taken by British, 1812; by Dutch,
1821.
=Palmyra= ('city of palms'), Syria. 34N. 39E. Supposed to have been f. by
Solomon; rebuilt by Hadrian, 130; Queen Zenobia conquered by Aurelian,
273; city taken by Arabs, 634; pillaged by Tamerlane, 1401. (See
Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et
en Egypte.')
=Pandavgarh=, Bombay. 18N. 74E. Seized by Sivaji, 1673; by Aurungzebe,
1701; by British, 1818.
=Pandharpur=, Bombay. 18N. 75E. Contains famous temple of Vishnu
incarnation.
=Pandua=, Bengal. 25N. 88E. Bp. of poet Bharat Chandra Rai. Contains tombs
of Jalal-ud-din Tabrizi and of Mir Kutb Alam.
=Panipat=, Punjab. 29N. 77E. Afghans under Ibrahim Lodi defeated by Mogols
under Baber, 1526; Afghans under Hermu defeated by Akbar, 1556; Ahmed
Shah conquered Mahrattas, 1761.
=Panjim=, Bombay. 15N. 74E. (See Sir Richard Burton's 'Goa and the Blue
Mountains.')
=Paphos=, Cyprus. 35N. 32E. Scene of conversion of Sergius Paulus by Saint
Paul. Famous for worship of Aphrodite and scene of story of Pygmalion.
=Pasargada=, Persia. 30N. 53E. Ancient capital of Persia; said to have
been f. by Cyrus, c. 555 B.C. Alleged tomb of Cyrus in vicinity.
=Patan=, Baroda. 24N. 72E. F. by Vanarajah, c. 746. Conquered by Mahmoud
of Ghazni, 1024; by Ulugh Khan, 1298. Contains many Jain temples and has
fine collection of Jain MSS.
=Patna=, Bengal. 26N. 85E. Buddha said to have assisted in foundation of
city; mentioned by Strabo, Pliny, and Arrian; contains shrine of Shah
Arzani. Entered by Clive, 1759; captured by Major Adam, 1761; massacre
of British, 1763; conspiracy of Sepoys, 1857; of Wahabis, 1864.
=Pegu=, Burma. 18N. 96E. Destroyed by Alompra, 1757; occupied by British,
1852.
=Peking= ('the northern capital'), China. 40N. 116E. Seized by Ghengis
Khan, 1215; res. of Kubla Khan, 1264; occupied by British and French,
1860; by British and Americans in Boxer rising, 1900. (See Little's 'Far
East.')
=Penukonda=, Madras. 14N. 78E. Res. of Krishna Deva. Seized by Hyder Ali,
1762.
=Perambakkam=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Hyder Ali overcame British, 1780.
=Petra=, Syria. 30N. 36E. Mentioned by Strabo and Pliny, and probably Sela
of the Bible. (See Doughty's 'Travels in Arabia Deserta,' Whittier's
'"The Rock" in El Ghor.')
=Petropavlovsk=, Kamtchatka. 53N. 159E. French and British allies engaged
in naval battle with Russians under Muravieff, 1854.
=Phyeng-yang=, Korea. 39N. 126E. Japanese won a victory over Chinese,
1894. (See Diosy's 'New Far East,' McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')
=Pinjaur=, Punjab. 31N. 77E. Besieged by Patiala, 1769; taken by Bourquin,
1793.
=Plassy=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Siraj-ud-Daula suffered great defeat at hands
of Clive, 1757. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
=Pollanarrua=, Ceylon. 8N. 82E. Capital of Ceylon, 769; taken by Malabars,
c. 1204.
=Pondicherri=, Madras. 12N. 80E. First French settlement, 1674; taken by
Dutch, 1693; unsuccessfully besieged by Admiral Boscawen, 1748; taken by
Eyre Coote, 1761; restored to French, 1763; recaptured by Sir Hector
Monro, 1778; restored, 1783; retaken by British, 1793; finally restored
to French, 1816.
=Poona=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Destroyed by Nizam Ali, 1763; captured by
British, 1818.
=Port Arthur=, Manchuria. 39N. 121E. Fortified by Chinese, 1891; seized by
Japanese, 1894; leased to Russia, 1898; besieged during Russo-Japanese
War, 1904; surrendered to Japanese, 1905. (See Diosy's 'New Far East.')
=Porto Novo=, Madras. 11N. 80E. Occupied by Danes and English, 1682; Sir
Eyre Coote defeated Hyder Ali, 1781; ceded to British by Dutch, 1823.
(See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
=Pratapgarh=, Bombay. 18N. 74E. Res. of Sivaji, and scene of his murder of
Afzal Khan, 1659.
=Priene=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. One of twelve cities of Ionian League,
supposed to have been f. by Æpytus. Bp. of Bias and Achelaus.
=Prome=, Burma. 19N. 95E. Captured by British, 1825, 1852; partially
destroyed by fire, 1856.
=Pulicat=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Occupied by Dutch, 1609; conquered by
British, 1781; ceded to Dutch, 1818; to British, 1825.
=Punna=, Rajputana. 25N. 80E. Besieged by Sikander Lodi, 1494; taken by
Ram Chandra Deo, 1563. Here Pran Nath is held sacred, and his tomb
exists.
=Puri=, Bengal. 20N. 86E. Contained Gold Tooth of the Buddha for many
centuries; now famous for the temple of Vishnu in his incarnation of
Juggernaut.
=Quilon=, Madras. 9N. 77E. Visited by Marco Polo; Portuguese residents
defeated by Dutch, 1662.
=Radhanagar=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Bp. of Ram Mohan Rai, first writer of
Bengali prose.
=Rahun=, Punjab. 31N. 76E. Believed to have been f. by Rajah Raghab. Taken
by Tara Singh, 1759.
=Rajgir=, Bengal. 25N. 85E. Visited by Fa Hian and Hiuen Tsiang.
Identified with Rajagriha, res. of Buddha. (See Sir Edwin Arnold's
'Light of Asia.')
=Rajpur= ('the royal town'), United Provs. 30N. 78E. Scene of story
entitled 'The Potter's Thumb,' by Mrs. Flora Annie Steel.
=Ramleh=, Syria. 32N. 35E. Visited by W. M. Thomson, and described in 'The
Land and the Book.' (See Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
=Ramnad=, Madras. 9N. 79E. Captured by British, 1772.
=Ramnagar=, Punjab. 32N. 74E. Besieged by Ranjit Singh, 1795; Lord Gough
defeated Sikhs, 1848.
=Rangoon= ('the end of the war'), Burma. 17N. 96E. F. as Dagon, c. 588
B.C.; rebuilt by Alompra, 1755; captured by British, 1824, 1852. (See
Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
=Ranibennur=, Bombay. 15N. 76E. Seized by Colonel Wellesley, 1800;
occupied by British, 1818.
=Rattihalli=, Bombay. 14N. 76E. Defeat of Hyder Ali by Mahrattas, 1764.
=Rawal Pindi=, Punjab. 34N. 73E. Scene of surrender of Sikhs after Sir
Hugh Gough's defeat at Gujrat, 1849.
=Rhodes=, Asia Minor. 36N. 28E. F. in 408 B.C. Citizens massacred by
Cassius, 42 B.C.; held by knights of St. John of Jerusalem, 1309;
besieged by Mohammed II., 1480; taken by Solyman the Magnificent, 1522.
Bp. of Panaetius, Stratocles, Andronicus, Eudemus, Hieronymus, Pisander,
Simmias, and Aristides. Res. of Apollonius Rhodius and Posidionius. (See
Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
=Rohanked=, Berar. 21N. 76E. Nasir Khan defeated, 1437; Jamal Khan here
slain in battle, 1590.
=Rohtak=, Punjab. 29N. 77E. Scene of murder of Kai Khusru, c. 1286;
besieged by Khizr Khan, 1410.
=Rungpur= ('abode of bliss'), Bengal. 26N. 89E. Alleged res. of Rajah
Bhagadatta. Taken by British, 1765.
=Sabraon=, Punjab. 31N. 75E. First Sikh War ended by Sir Hugh Gough's
defeat of Sikhs, 1846. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
=Safed=, Palestine. 33N. 36E. Believed by Jews Messiah will make city his
capital. Scene of siege of Holophernes and murder of Judith. Bp. of
Tobias. Castle f. by Christians, 1140; taken by Saladin, 1189; destroyed
by Sultan of Damascus, 1220; rebuilt by Templars, 1240; destroyed by
Bibars of Egypt, 1266. (See Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's
'Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte.')
=Sagandari=, Bengal. 23N. 89E. Bp. of Madhu Sudan Datta, writer of
'Meghanad-Badh' and 'Krishna Kumari.'
=Saigon=, Cochin-China. 11N. 107E. Captured by French, 1858. (See Little's
'Far East.')
=St. Thomé=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Suburb of Madras; scene of victory of
French under Paradis over Maphuz Khan, 1746. (See Malleson's 'Decisive
Battles of India.')
=Salem=, Madras. 12N. 78E. Seized by British, 1768; ceded to British by
treaty of Seringapatam, 1792.
=Samana=, Punjab. 30N. 76E. Conquered by Mohammed of Ghor, 1192; by Banda
Bairagi, 1708.
=Samaria=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. F. by Omri, 912 B.C.; captured by Sargon,
722 B.C.; by Alexander the Great, 331 B.C.; by Antiochus the Great, 203
B.C.; by John Hyrcanus, 120 B.C.; given by Augustus to Herod the Great.
=Samarkand=, Turkestan. 40N. 67E. Bp. of Nidhami-i-Arudi, author of
'Chahar Maqala.' Ancient city destroyed by Alexander the Great, 329
B.C.; conquered by Kotaiba ibn Moslim, 711; by Genghis Khan, 1220; by
Amir of Bokhara, 1504; by Russians, 1868. Contains mosque of
Shah-Zindeh, and tomb of Tamerlane. Bp. of Aboul-Mansour-Matoudiri. (See
'Travels of Marco Polo.')