in 7th century A.D. Religious capital of India, containing many temples.
Taken by Sultan Mahmoud, 1190; ceded to England, 1775; outbreak during
Indian Mutiny, 1857. (See Sir Edwin Arnold's 'Light of Asia,' Burton's
'Vikram and the Vampire.')
=Bencoolen=, Sumatra. 4S. 102E. F. by British, 1685; Fort Marlborough
built, 1714. Formerly chief British possession in Sumatra; ceded to
Holland in exchange for Malacca, 1824.
=Bendemeer=, Persia. 30N. 52E. (See Thos. Moore's 'Lalla Rookh,' story of
the 'Veiled Prophet of Khorassan.')
=Berasia=, Central India. 24N. 77E. Contains tomb of his father built by
Dost Mohammed.
=Berea=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Battle fought in which Judas Maccabæus was
killed, 161 B.C.
=Berezov=, Siberia. 64N. 65E. F. in 1593. Partially burnt, 1719, 1808.
Prince Menshikov died in exile, 1729; Prince Dolgoruki, 1730. General
Ostermann exiled, 1742; died, 1747.
=Berghama=, Asiatic Turkey. 39N. 27E. Ancient capital of Pergamus, and
contains many magnificent ruins; bequeathed to Romans by Attalus III.,
133 B.C. Bp. of Galen and Apollodorus.
=Berhampur=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Indian Mutiny originated here, 1857.
=Besika=, Asia Minor. 40N. 26E. Bay used as station for British fleet,
1853-1854, 1877-1878.
=Bethany=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Frequently mentioned in the Bible as the
house of Lazarus, Martha and Mary, Simon the leper. Contains alleged
tomb of Lazarus, and village is now called 'El-Azariyeh,' the 'Place of
Lazarus.'
=Bethel= ('house of God'), Palestine. 32N. 35E. Supposed to have been f.
by Abraham or Jacob. Rachel and Deborah died at Bethel.
=Beth-horon= ('place of caves'), Palestine. 32N. 35E. The Syrians under
Prince Sorom vanquished by Judas Maccabæus.
=Bethlehem= ('house of bread'), Palestine. 33N. 35E. Bp. of David and of
Christ. Devastated by Hadrian, 132. Contains Church of the Nativity
built by Constantine; enlarged by Justinian; embellished by Manuel
Comnenus, 1170; by Edward IV. and Philip of Burgundy, 1482. Burial-place
of Jerome. (See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Twain's 'New Pilgrim's Progress,'
Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' 'Purchas His Pilgrimes,' Thomson's 'Land
and the Book.')
=Beyrout=, Syria. 34N. 35E. Destroyed by Tryphon, 140 B.C.; taken by
Arabs, 635; by Baldwin, 1111; re-captured by Saladin, 1187; by Turks,
1763. Lamartine's only daughter died here, 1832. (See Kinglake's
'Eothen,' Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' Lamartine's 'Voyage
en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book,' Volney's 'Voyage en Syrie et
en Egypte.')
=Bhadaur=, Punjab. 30N. 75E. F. by Sirdar Dunna Singh, 1718; res. of
Bhadaur chiefs.
=Bhagalpur=, Bengal. 25N. 87E. Contains famous Jain temples, and native
monument to Augustus Cleveland.
=Bhagwangola=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Unsuccessfully besieged by Mahrattas,
1743; burnt by Mahrattas, 1750. Temporary res. of Surajah Dowlah.
=Bhainsrorgarh=, Rajputana. 25N. 76E. Said to have been f. by Bhainsa Sah;
captured by Ala-ud-din, c. 1303.
=Bhanpura=, Rajputana. 25N. 76E. Res. and burial-place of Jaswant Rao
Holkar.
=Bhartpur= ('city of Bhurat'), Rajputana. 27N. 78E. Unsuccessfully stormed
by Lord Lake, 1805; taken by Lord Combermere, 1826. Under British
administration, 1853. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
=Bhatner=, Punjab. 30N. 74E. Captured and partially destroyed by
Tamerlane, 1398.
=Bhilsa=, Rajputana. 24N. 78E. Contains mosques built by Akbar, 1583; by
Aurungzebe, 1682. Plundered by Altamsh, 1235; seized by Ala-ud-din,
1290.
=Bhojpur=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Contains stones bearing ancient carvings and
inscription dating from c. 200 B.C.
=Bhubaneswar=, Bengal. 20N. 86E. Sacred city of the followers of Siva; of
great antiquity.
=Bhuj=, Bombay. 23N. 70E. Taken by storm by Sir William Kier, 1819.
=Bidar=, Haidarabad. 18N. 78E. Captured by Ulugh Khan, 1321; by
Aurungzebe, 1656.
=Biderra=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Colonel Forde conquered Dutch under Colonel
Roussel, 1759. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
=Bijanagur= ('city of triumph'), Madras. 16N. 77E. F. in 1336; destroyed
by Mohammedan kings, 1564. Contains temples made of granite.
=Bijapur= ('city of victory'), Bombay. 17N. 76E. Taken by Aurungzebe,
1686; given to Rajah of Satara by British, 1818.
=Bilsa=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. Remarkable Buddhist remains discovered by
English travellers, 1822; contains tomb of Mussulman, Djelal-ed-din
Bhokhary.
=Bimlipatam=, Madras. 18N. 83E. Captured by Mahrattas, 1754; ceded to
British by Dutch, 1825.
=Bindraban=, Bengal. 26N. 88E. Krishna is supposed to have passed his
childhood here, and several temples are erected in his honour.
=Birsinha=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Bp. of Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, writer of
'Sitar Banabas.'
=Bisauli=, United Provs. 28N. 79E. Res. and burial-place of Dunde Khan.
=Bithur=, United Provs. 27N. 80E. One of chief centres of worship of
Brahma. Nana Sahib here defeated by Havelock during Mutiny, 1857.
=Bitlis=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 42E. Supposed to have been f. by Alexander
the Great. Taken by Arabs, 648. Scene of defeat of Solyman by Persians,
1554.
=Blagovieshtchensk= ('city of the annunciation'), Siberia. 50N. 146E. F.
in 1856; capital of Amur district, 1858. Attacked unsuccessfully by
Chinese, 1900. (See Fraser's 'Real Siberia.')
=Boca Tigris= ('the tiger's mouth'), China. 23N. 114E. Entrance to the
Canton river, containing fortified islands taken by British, 1841,
1856.
=Bodinayakkanur=, Madras. 10N. 77E. Captured by Hyder Ali, 1776.
=Bokhara= ('a church'), Turkestan. 40N. 65E. Burnt by Djenghis-Khan, 1221.
Contains 360 mosques and many colleges. Scene of youth of Zelica and
Azim in Moore's 'Lalla Rookh.'
=Bombay=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Ceded to Portugal, 1530; part of
marriage-portion of Catherine of Portugal, 1661; British established
themselves here, 1666.
=Borsad=, Bombay. 22N. 73E. Res. of Rangoji, 1741; here made prisoner,
1748.
=Botad=, Bombay. 22N. 72E. Town near which is tomb of Pir Hamir Khan,
Mussulman saint.
=Brahmakund=, Bengal. 28N. 96E. Pool which was the scene of an incident in
which Parasu Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu, took part.
=Brahmapuri=, Bombay. 18N. 76E. Res. of Aurungzebe from 1695 to 1700.
=Brahmini=, Bengal. 21N. 86E. Famous as scene of wooing of Matsya Gandha,
mother of alleged compiler of 'Mahabharata' and the Vedas.
=Broach=, Bombay. 22N. 73E. Captured by British, 1772; ceded to Scindia,
1783; re-captured by British, 1803.
=Brusa=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 29E. Former capital of Bithynia. F. by
Prusus II., King of Bithynia. Captured by Sultan Orkhan of Turkey, 1326;
plundered by Tartars, 1402; suffered from earthquakes, 1855.
=Budaun=, United Provs. 28N. 78E. Supposed to have been f. c. 905. Seized
by Kutb-ud-din, 1196; joined in Mutiny, 1857. Res. of Ala-ud-din.
=Buddha-Gaya=, Bengal. 25N. 85E. Formerly centre of worship of Buddha, and
contains sacred pipal-tree under which Sakyamuni reached Buddhahood.
Visited by Hieun Tsiang, 635.
=Budihaul=, Madras. 14N. 76E. Captured by Hyder Ali, 1761; by Mahrattas,
1771, 1790.
=Budrum=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 27E. F. on site of ancient Halicarnassus.
Contains a fortress built by the knights of Rhodes, 1402. Bp. of
Herodotus and Dionysius.
=Burhanpur=, Central Provs. 21N. 76E. F. by Nasir Khan, c. 1400; adorned
by Akbar, 1600. Pillaged by Mahrattas, 1685; captured by Wellesley,
1803.
=Buxar=, Bengal. 26N. 84E. Mir Kasim defeated by Sir Hector Munro, 1764.
Of literary interest as res. of writers of Vedic hymns.
=Cæsarea=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. F. by Herod the Great on site of Strato's
Tower. Famous in biblical history as city in which St. Peter preached to
Cornelius, and St. Paul was incarcerated for two years. Vespasian became
emperor, 69; Eusebius was bishop, 315-318; captured by Crusaders but
regained by Saladin, 1101; destroyed by Sultan Bibars, 1265. (See
Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
=Calah=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 43E. One of ancient capitals of Assyria; f.
by Shalmaneser I., c. 1300 B.C.; rebuilt by Asurnazirpal, 880 B.C. Ruins
discovered by Sir A. H. Layard, 1845.
=Calcutta=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. F. by Governor Job Charnock, 1686; Fort
William established, 1696; besieged by Surajah Dowlah, Nawab of Bengal,
and captives imprisoned in the 'Black Hole,' 1756; recaptured by Clive,
1757; chief seat of British government, 1773. (See Kipling's 'City of
Dreadful Night.')
=Calicut=, Madras. 11N. 76E. Covilham landed here, 1486; Vasco da Gama,
1498; Captain Keeling, 1615. Don Fernando Coutinho repulsed, 1509;
devastated by Hyder Ali, 1765; taken by British, 1782; by Tippoo Sahib,
1788; re-taken by British, 1790. (See Burton's 'Goa and the Blue
Mountains,' also 'Purchas His Pilgrimes.')
=Cambay=, Bombay. 22N. 73E. Taken by General Goddard, 1780; given to
Mahrattas, 1783; ceded to British, 1803. (See Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
=Cana=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Famous in biblical history as scene of
Christ's first miracle. Bp. of his disciple Simon.
=Cannanore=, Madras. 12N. 75E. Visited by Vasco de Gama, 1498.
=Canton=, China. 23N. 113E. Bogue forts captured by British, 1841; city
occupied by French and British forces, 1857. (See Little's 'Far East,'
Kipling's 'From Sea to Sea.')
=Capernaum= ('village of Nahum'), Palestine. 33N. 36E. City in which
Christ resided, and performed many miracles; home of St. Matthew. (See
Thomson's 'Land and the Book.')
=Carchemish=, Asiatic Turkey. 37N. 38E. Captured by Tiglath-pileser I., c.
1120 B.C.; Josiah killed by Necho II. of Egypt, 609 B.C.; Necho
vanquished by Nebuchadnezzar, 605 B.C.
=Carmel=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Mountain on which Elijah slaughtered the
priests of Baal. Napoleon used one of the monasteries situated here as
a hospital, 1799. Visited by Lamartine, 1832.
=Cawnpur= ('city of Krishna'), United Provs. 26N. 80E. Scene of the
massacre of Europeans by Nana Sahib during Mutiny, 1857. (See
Trevelyan's 'Cawnpore.')
=Cayster=, Asia Minor. 38N. 28E. River made famous by Virgil in the
'Georgics' and Ovid in the 'Metamorphoses.' Remains of Ephesus are near
its mouth.
=Celebes=, Malay Archipelago. 4S. 121E. Discovered by Portuguese, 1512;
established fort at Macassar, 1525; driven out by Dutch, 1660; taken by
British, but yielded to Dutch, 1814.
=Ceylon=, Indian Ocean. 8N. 81E. Visited by Portuguese, 1505; driven from
island by Dutch, 1658; ceded to Britain by Treaty of Amiens, 1802;
annexed, 1815.
=Chakan=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Captured by Malik Ahmad, 1486; by Shaista
Khan, 1662; by Lieut.-Col. Deacon, 1818.
=Chakdaha=, Bengal. 23N. 89E. Bp. of Karta Baba, who f. the Kartabhaja
sect.
=Champaner=, Bombay. 22N. 74E. Taken by Mahmoud Begara, 1484; plundered by
Humayun, 1535.
=Chanar=, United Provs. 25N. 83E. Supposed to have been f. by Bhartrinath.
Taken by Humayun, 1537; by Akbar, 1575; attempted seizure by Major
Munro, 1763. Near fort is tomb of Saint Shah Kasim Sulaimani.
=Chandaur=, Bombay. 20N. 74E. Taken by the Mogols, 1635; by Aurungzebe,
1665; by Colonel Wallace, 1804; British possession, 1818.
=Chanderi=, Central India. 25N. 78E. Seized by Ghiyas-ud-din, 1251; by
Mahmoud Khilji I., 1438; by Jean Baptiste Filose, 1811; by Sir Hugh
Rose, 1858.
=Chandernagore= ('city of the moon'), Bengal. 23N. 88E. Ceded to French by
Aurungzebe, 1688; taken by British, 1757; restored to French, 1816.
=Chandragiri=, Madras. 14N. 79E. Said to have been f. by Immadi Narashima
Yadava Rayalu, 1000. Res. of deposed Vijayanagar kings. Conquered by
Hyder Ali, 1782.
=Charsadda=, Punjab. 34N. 72E. Mentioned by Ptolemy and Arrian; visited by
Hieun Tsiang.
=Chaul=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Occupied by Portuguese, 1516; pillaged by
Gujerat troops, 1529; Ahmadnagar army defeated by Portuguese, 1594;
taken by Mahrattas, 1740.
=Chemulpo=, Korea. 37N. 127E. In Russian-Japanese war, Russians defeated
by Admiral Urin, 1904. (See McKenzie's 'From Tokyo to Tiflis.')
=Chengalput=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Said to have been f. by Timmarajah.
Captured by French, 1751; by Clive, 1752; place of refuge of British
troops, 1780.
=Chetwai=, Madras. 11N. 76E. Occupied by Dutch, 1717; taken by Hyder Ali,
1776; British possession, 1790.
=Chhapia=, United Provs. 27N. 82E. Bp. of Swami Narayan, incarnation of
Krishna.
=Chidambaram= ('the atmosphere of wisdom'), Madras. 11N. 80E. Taken by
French, 1753; unsuccessfully attacked by British, 1759; captured by
Major Monson, 1760; unsuccessfully attacked by Sir Eyre Coote, 1781.
=Chi-fu=, China. 38N. 122E. Convention held between Sir Thomas Wade and Li
Hung Chang, 1876; meeting-place of blockade runners, 1904-5.
=Chiknayakanhilli=, Madras. 13N. 77E. Pillaged by Mahrattas, 1791.
Burial-place of Dodda Deva Rajah.
=Chillianwallah=, Punjab. 33N. 74E. Sikhs defeated in doubtful battle by
Lord Gough, 1849. (See Malleson's 'Decisive Battles of India.')
=Chinchvad=, Bombay. 19N. 74E. Res. of Moroba, incarnation of Ganpati, and
scene of his miracles.
=Chin-Kiang=, China. 35N. 108E. Partially destroyed by Tai-pings, 1853.
=Chinsurah=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. F. by Dutch, 1656; routed by British under
Colonel Forde, 1758; occupied by British, 1795; restored to Dutch, 1814;
ceded to British, 1825.
=Chitakul=, Bombay. 15N. 74E. Captured by Portuguese, 1752; by Fazl-ullah
Khan, 1763.
=Chitrakut=, United Provs. 25N. 81E. Mentioned in the 'Ramayana' as scene
of wanderings of Rama and Sita, and here they were sought out by Bharat.
=Chittagong=, Burma. 22N. 92E. Visited by Portuguese, 1618; belonged to
Mogol empire, 1666; taken by British, 1760.
=Chupni=, Bengal. 25N. 92E. Bp. of Akhay Kumar Datta, prose-writer of
Bengal.
=Cnidus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 27E. Supposed to have been f. by Triopas.
Famous for the worship of Venus. Near the coast of Cnidus Conon defeated
the Spartan fleet, 314 B.C. Bp. of Eudoxus, Ctesias, and Sostratus.
=Cochin=, Madras. 10N. 76E. Taken from the Portuguese by Dutch, 1633;
captured by British, 1795; ceded by treaty to British, 1814. Visited by
Vasco da Gama, 1502; by St. Francis Xavier, 1530. (See Hakluyt's
'Voyages.')
=Coimbatore=, Madras. 11N. 77E. Taken by British from Tippoo Sahib, 1799.
=Colgong=, Bengal. 25N. 87E. Death of Ghiyas-ud-din Mahmoud, last king of
Bengal, took place here, 1539.
=Colombo=, Ceylon. 7N. 80E. Taken by Portuguese, 1517; ousted by Dutch,
1603; conquered by British, 1796.
=Colophon=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. Supposed to have been f. by Andracmon of
Pylos or by Mopsus. Bp. of Homer, Mimnermus, and Nicander.
=Colossæ=, Asia Minor. 38N. 29E. Now represented by Khonas, bp. of Nicetas
Khoniates. Mentioned by Xenophon and Herodotus. St. Paul sent a letter
to its church during his imprisonment at Rome.
=Conjeveram=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Captured by Mussulmans, 1310, 1646; by
Mahrattas, 1677; by Clive, 1752; burnt by French, 1757.
=Coringa=, Madras. 17N. 82E. Became British possession, 1759. Inundated
and partially destroyed by ocean, 1787, 1832.
=Cossimbazar=, Bengal. 24N. 88E. British defeated by Surajah Dowlah, 1757.
Contains tomb of first wife of Warren Hastings.
=Covelong=, Madras. 13N. 80E. Captured by French, 1750; by Clive, 1752.
=Cranganore=, Madras. 10N. 76E. Fortress erected by Portuguese, 1505;
ceded to Dutch, 1660; sold to Rajah of Travancore.
=Cunaxa=, Asiatic Turkey. 33N. 44E. Cyrus the Younger killed here in a
battle with his brother, Artaxerxes Mnemon, 401 B.C.
=Cydnus=, Asia Minor. 37N. 35E. River up which Cleopatra sailed to meet
Antony.
=Cyprus=, Asiatic Turkey. 35N. 33E. Seat of worship of Aphrodite; bp. of
Barnabas. Conquered by Arabs, 646; retaken by Greeks, 648; secured by
Haroun-al-Raschid, 802; by Comnenus, 1184; ruled by Guy de Lusignan,
1193; occupied by Turks, 1570; ruled by British, 1878. (See Kinglake's
'Eothen,' Hakluyt's 'Voyages.')
=Dafar=, Arabia. 17N. 54E. Described in 'Travels of Marco Polo' as Dulfar.
=Damalcheruvu Pass=, Madras. 13N. 79E. Mahrattas defeated and killed Nawab
Dost Ali, 1740.
=Daman=, Bombay. 20N. 73E. Portuguese possession since 1531.
=Damascus=, Syria. 34N. 36E. Supposed to have been f. by Uz. Conquered by
David, by Jeroboam II., Tiglath-Pileser, Sennacherib, and
Nebuchadnezzar. Subdued by Pompey, 64 B.C.; by Mohammedans, 635;
conquered by Nureddin, 1154; Saladin died here, 1193; Egyptians defeated
by Tamerlane, 1401; taken from Turks by Selim I., 1516; captured by
Ibrahim Pasha, 1832; ceded to Turkey, 1840. Massacre of Jews, 1840; of
Christians, 1860. The English historian Buckle died here. (See
Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Burton's 'Wanderings in Three Continents,' Twain's
'New Pilgrim's Progress,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient,' Hakluyt's
'Voyages,' Burckhardt's 'Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.')
=Daminya=, Bengal. 25N. 88E. Bp. of Mukunda Ram Chakrabarti.
=Daulatabad= ('abode of prosperity'), Haidarabad. 20N. 75E. F. by Bhillama
I., c. 1187 A.D.; seized by Ala-ud-din Khilji, 1294; by Mohammedans,
1307, 1310; Rajah Harpal flayed alive, 1318; captured by Nijam Shakis
from Bahmanis, 1526; from Emperor Akbar, 1595; taken by Malik Amber,
1607; by Shah Jahan, 1633; Abul Hasan imprisoned here by Aurungzebe,
1687.
=Dead Sea=, Palestine. 32N. 36E. Frequently mentioned in biblical history.
(See Kinglake's 'Eothen,' Lamartine's 'Voyage en Orient.')
=Deglur=, Haidarabad. 19N. 78E. Contains tomb of Shah Zia-ud-din Rifai.
=Delhi=, Punjab. 29N. 77E. Captured by Mohammedans, 1193; by Tamerlane,
1398; Sultan Baber established Mogol dynasty, 1526; burnt by Mahrattas,
1736; taken by Persians, who plundered it of treasures, including
Koh-i-noor diamond, 1739; recaptured by Mahrattas, 1789; seized by Lord
Lake, 1803; scene of terrible massacre of British in Mutiny, 1857;
Durbar of Edward VII. held here, 1903; of George V., 1911. (See Mrs. F.
A. Steel's 'On the Face of the Waters' and 'India through the Ages,'
Madhu Sudan Datta's 'Captive Ladie,' Moore's 'Lalla Rookh.')
=Deogarh=, United Provs. 25N. 78E. Contains carvings dating from 1097.
Captured by Colonel Baptiste, 1811.
=Deogurk=, Bengal. 25N. 87E. Contains many temples to Siva, and is famous
place of pilgrimage.
=Deraiyeh=, Arabia. 25N. 46E. Ancient capital of Wahabis; destroyed by
Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha, 1818.
=Devanhalli=, Madras. 15N. 78E. F. in 1501; captured by Lord Cornwallis,
1791. Bp. of Tippoo Sahib.
=Devikottai=, Madras. 11N. 80E. Taken from Pratap Singh by British, 1749;
occupied by British garrison, 1760.
=Dhampur=, United Provs. 29N. 79E. Captured by Dunde Khan, c. 1750; by
Amir Khan, 1805.
=Dhar=, Central India. 23N. 75E. Destroyed by Jaya Sinha, 1020; yielded to
Aurungzebe, 1658. Bp. of Baji Rao II., and contains mausoleum of
Abdullah Shah Changal, Mohammedan saint.
=Dharapuram=, Madras. 11N. 78E. Taken by Colonel Wood, 1768; by Hyder Ali,
1768; by General Medows, 1790.
=Dharwar=, Bombay. 15N. 75E. Fort said to have been f. by Dhar Rao, 1403;
captured by Ali Adil Shah, 1573; by Aurungzebe, 1685; by Hyder Ali,
1778; British possession, 1818.
=Dholka=, Bombay. 23N. 72E. Captured by Mahrattas, 1736; ceded to British,
1804.
=Dholpur= ('the town of Dholan'), Rajputana. 27N. 78E. Alleged to have
been f. by Dholan Deo. Taken by Sikander Lodi, 1501; by Babar, 1526.
=Dhulia=, Bombay. 21N. 75E. Devastated by Holkar, 1803; British
possession, 1818.
=Diarbekr=, Asiatic Turkey. 38N. 40E. F. on the site of ancient city of
Amida. Fortified by Constantius, 340; captured by Persians, 502; by
Arabs, 640; by Sultan Selim I., 1515.
=Dig=, Rajputana. 27N. 77E. Fell to Najaf Khan, 1776; General Frazer
conquered Holkar in the vicinity, 1804.
=Dindigull=, Madras. 10N. 78E. Overcome by Rajah of Mysore, 1755; taken by
British from Tippoo Sahib, 1783, but given back, 1784; ceded to British,
1792.
=Dipalpur=, Punjab. 31N. 74E. Conquered by Tamerlane, 1398; besieged by
Babar, 1524; by Mahrattas, 1758.
=Diu=, Bombay. 21N. 71E. Occupied by Portuguese, 1515; fortified, 1535;
plundered by Arabs, 1670.
=Dolon-nor=, Mongolia. 42N. 116E. Contains many Buddhist temples, and the
ruins of Changtou described by Marco Polo are near this city.
=Dondra Head= ('island's end'), Ceylon. 6N. 80E. Most southernly point of
island, considered sacred by the Hindus. Ibn Batouka, the Arabian
geographer, visited this place, 1344. Destroyed by Portuguese, 1587.
=Dumdum=, Bengal. 23N. 88E. Scene of Sepoy rising in Mutiny, 1857.
=Dwarka=, Bombay. 22N. 69E. Taken by British, 1816. Associated with
Krishna, and sometimes said to be his birthplace.
=Ecbatana= ('an assembly'), Persia. 35N. 48E. Ancient capital of Media,
supposed to have been f. by Deioces, c. 705 B.C.; now known as Hamadan.
Conquered and plundered by Seleucus, 313; by Alexander, 331 B.C.
Contains tombs alleged to be those of Mordecai and Esther, also mosque
of Avicenna.
=Efsene=, Turkestan. 40N. 65E. Bp. of Avicenna, Persian philosopher and
physician.
=Ekron=, Palestine. 32N. 35E. Ancient city of Philistia, frequently
mentioned in the Bible. Taken by Thothmes III., c. 1500 B.C.; by
Sennacherib, 701 B.C.
=Elburz=, Persia. 37N. 50E. Mountains, on one of which Saum exposed his
son Zalzer. (See Firdausi's 'Sha Name.')
=El Elah=, Arabia. 26N. 39E. Visited by C. M. Doughty, and described in
'Travels in Arabia Deserta.'
=Elephanta=, Bombay. 19N. 73E. Sacred island in Hindu mythology,
containing many temples.
=Ellichpur=, Berar. 21N. 77E. F. by Rajah Ellon. Besieged by Mahrattas,
1772; taken by Ala-Eddin, 1794.
=Ellora=, Haidarabad. 20N. 75E. Contains wonderful temples to Buddha hewn
out of rock. The Kailasa temple possesses sculptures of scenes from the
'Ramayana' and the 'Mahabharata.'
=Endor=, Palestine. 33N. 35E. Place where witch summoned before Saul the
spirit of Samuel, who foretold his defeat and death.
=Engedi= ('goat's spring'), Palestine. 31N. 35E. Frequently mentioned in
the Bible, especially as the wilderness to which David fled from Saul.
Pliny refers to it as a ruin.
=Enoshima=, Japan. 35N. 140E. An island near Yokohama containing
celebrated shrine. (See Lafcadio Hearn's 'Glimpses of Unfamiliar
Japan.')
=Ephesus=, Asia Minor. 38N. 27E. Said to have been f. by Amazons, or by
Androcles, son of Codrus. Taken by the Arabs from the Persians, 1283.
Famous as a sacred city of Artemis. The first Christian church
established here, of which Timothy was bishop. John the Baptist and the
Virgin Mary are said to have died in this city. Bp. of Heraclitus,
Hermodorus, Hipponax, and Parrhasius. (See Mark Twain's 'New Pilgrim's
Progress.')
=Erbil=, Asiatic Turkey. 36N. 44E. Darius finally defeated by Alexander, 331
B.C.
=Erivan=, Transcaucasia. 40N. 45E. Taken by the Turks 1582; by Shah Abbas,
1604; stormed by Turks, 1615; unsuccessfully attacked by Heraclius,
1780; by Russians, 1804; taken by Paskevich, 1827; ceded to Russia,
1828. Partially destroyed by earthquake, 1679. (See Bodenstedt's
'Tausend und ein Tage im Orient' for Tatar poem in celebration of
Russian victory.)
=Erode=, Madras. 11N. 78E. Captured by British, 1768; by Hyder Ali, 1768;
by General Medows, 1790.
=Erzerum=, Turkish Armenia. 40N. 41E. Taken by Seljuks, 1201; by Mogols,
1242; by Turks, 1517; by Russians, 1828, 1878; but restored to Turks,
1878. Experienced severe earthquake, 1859.
=Erzingan=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 40E. Home of St. Gregory. Greatly
suffered from earthquake, 1774.
=Esdraelon= ('God has sown'), Palestine. 33N. 35E. Plain frequently
occurring in biblical history, notably at the time of Barak's defeat of
Sisera, Gideon's victory over Midianites, and Philistines over Saul,
also in the time of Ahab.
=Eskishehr=, Asiatic Turkey. 40N. 30E. Contains several tombs of
Mohammedan saints. Near the city Godfrey of Bouillon defeated Soliman.
=Etchmiadsin=, Transcaucasia. 40N. 44E. Ecclesiastical capital of Armenia,
with famous monastery. Taken by Russians during Russo-Persian war, 1827;
ceded to Russians, 1828.