Slavery, 64, 65, 176 _et seq._;_The settlement of Illinois, 1778-1830

abolition recommended by Coles, 185;

anti-slavery article of Ordinance of 1787, 55, 177, 180;

“Black Laws” of Illinois, 176, 186;

children of slaves, 177;

constitutional provisions, 178;

decrease of, 187;

effect on settlement, 177;

freeing of slaves, 64, 65, 177, 179;

French slaveholders, 55, 176, 177;

importation of slaves authorized, 87;

increase, 180, 181;

indentured servitude, 117, 176 _et seq._;

legalization, 176;

number of slaves, 1820, 1840, 187;

Ordinance of 1787, 55, 176, 177, 180;

whipping of slaves, 179.

Slave-trade, abolition of, 178.

Smith’s Prairie, fruit at, 129.

Soulard, _Mr._, 152.

Southern influence in Illinois, 145, 180.

Spain claims the Illinois country, 38;

offers free land to Illinois settlers, 55, 71;

refuses to allow navigation of Mississippi, 21.

Spanish, aggression upon United States, 73;

trouble Illinois settlers, 21, 24.

Sprigg, _Judge_ William, 111.

Springfield, called Calhoun when founded, 196;

first store, 206;

land-office at, 144;

sales of public land, 137, 143;

terminus of mail route, 158.

Squatters in Illinois, 50, 58, 72, 99, 148.

State Historical Society of Wisconsin. _See under_ Wisconsin.

Steamboats, first on Ohio and Mississippi, 123;

speed and rates of, 160, 162, 163.

Stephenson, Benjamin, delegate in Congress, 113.

Stuart, _Judge_ Alexander, 111, 113.

Stuart, John T., mention, 207.

Suffrage, qualifications, 77, 78, 112-14, 117, 147, 148.

Sugar, maple, 129.

Supreme Court, U. S., decision of, 11.

Talbott, Benjamin, leg. coun., 113.

Tallmadge, James, opposes admission of Illinois, 118, 179.

Tamarois, Indians, 110.

Tardiveau, Bartholomew, 51, 52, 55, 69.

Tavern-keepers (housekeepers) given freehold privileges, 147.

Tavern-sites, land ceded for, 75, 79.

Taxation, in N.-W. terr., 83;

of land, 130, 133;

of live-stock, 83.

Taylor, Zachary, mention, 207.

Tazewell, L. W., mention, 209.

Tea, price of, 130.

Teachers, salaries of, 174.

Tennessee, lands sold for taxes, 189.

Tennessee wagon, 155.

Thomas, _Judge_ Jesse B., signs petition for retention of slavery in

Illinois, 111, 178;

territorial judge, 113, 145.

Timber, want of, 131.

Todd, _Col._ John, _Jr._, 15, 16 _et seq._

Toll roads, 157.

Tomahawk rights, 51.

Trading firms: Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, 10;

British Michilimackinac Company, 49.

Trammell, Philip, rep., 113.

Transportation,

cost:

_via_ canals, 141;

_via_ rivers, 124, 125, 126, 160;

improvement in facilities, 157;

land, 93, 126, 154-7, 161;

water, 83, 92 _et seq._, 114, 126, 129.

_See also_ River craft, Wagons.

Treaties.—Fort Wayne, 1803, 79;

Greenville, 1795, 79;

St. Louis, 1804, 81;

Spain-U. S., commercial treaty, 73;

Vincennes, 1803, 79;

1805, 81.

Trottier, F., 36.

Turbine wheel, 167.

Turner, Frederick Jackson, 5.

Turnpike, 93.

United States Supreme Court decision, 11.

Vandalia, mention, 188, 189;

land-office at, 207;

public lands sold, 137.

Vegetables, 168.

Vehicles, 152, 155, 156;

emigrant wagons, 159, 164;

Tennessee wagon, 155.

Vermilion saline, 142.

Vincennes, accept inducements of Morgan, 63;

attack on, 32, 73;

court, 17, 59;

description of, 13;

levy of troops at, 54;

treaty, 1803, 79;

treaty, 1805, 81.

_See also_ Post Vincennes.

Virginia, Augusta county, 15;

Board of Commissioners for the Settlement of Western Accounts, 42-44;

cedes Western lands to the United States, 45, 46;

emigration from, to Illinois, 91, 92, 190, 201;

legislation for protection of Illinois county, 9;

military bounty lands, 46;

money, 21, 23, 24.

Vote, August 2, 1824, 183;

chart of, 184.

Wabash Land Company, 10 _et seq._, 88.

Wabash Navigation Company, 200.

Wabash river, boundary line, 90, 154;

expedition on, 41;

landholders on, 10, 87, 88.

Wages, 96, 169.

Wagons, first, Galena to Chicago, 152.

_See also_ Vehicles.

War of 1812, 106 _et seq._; mention, 118.

Water supply, 86.

Wayne county, separated from Illinois, 86.

Wea. _See_ Ouia.

West, The, Commerce of, 96.

_Western Christian Monitor_, mention, 197.

Western frontier. _See_ Frontier; _also_ Wilderness.

_Western Intelligencer_, 132.

Western Territory, Ordinance for government of, 46.

Westward movement, 190.

Wharton, ——, member of trading firm, 10.

Wheat, price of, 164.

Wheeling, _Va._, Committee of Workingmen, 144.

Wild animals, 14.

Wilderness, description of, 86;

mention, 95.

_See also_ Frontier.

Wilderness Road, 93.

Wilkins, John, _British Commandant in Illinois_, 10.

Wilkinson, _Gen._ James, 204.

Williams, _Maj._, 39.

Wilson, Alexander, rep., 113.

Winnebago Indians, 135, 151.

Winnebago war, 135, 146, 207.

Winston, Richard, 17, 18;

sheriff at Kaskaskia, 26, 41, 61.

Wirt, William, mention, 209.

Wisconsin, southern boundary, 150.

Wisconsin, State Historical Society of, 11.

Wolves, 14;

bounty for, 84, 148.

Wood, scarcity of retards settlement, 165.

Wyllys, _Maj._, 69.

Yorkshire, _England_, emigrants from, reach Jacksonville, 189.

Zewapetas, 63.

[Illustration: Map of Illinois Country.]

FOOTNOTES

1 “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 106-7; “Jour. of Senate,”

Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 52.

Erroneous statements concerning the time of the formation of the

County of Illinois have been made by Winsor, “Westward Movement,”

122; Poole, in Winsor, “Narrative and Crit. Hist. of Am.,” VI., 729;

Thwaites, “How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest,” 64; Boyd, in

“Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., 623; Mason, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”

IV., 286; Pirtle, “Clark’s Campaign in the Ill.,” 5; Moore, “The

Northwest Under Three Flags,” 220; Wallace, “Hist, of Ill. and La.

Under French Rule,” 402; Butler, “Hist. of Ky.,” 1836 ed., 64; and

others. Roosevelt’s indefinite statement that the county was formed

“in the fall of 1778”—“Winning of the West,” II., 168—is technically

correct. Kate Mason Rowland truthfully says—“George Mason,” I., 307,

308—that a committee was ordered to prepare a bill for the formation

of the county, on November 19, 1778, and that such a bill was

presented on November 30. Butterfield says—“George Rogers Clark’s

Conquest of the Ill.,” 681-6—that the Act was passed between the

10th of November and the 12th of December, 1778. It is true that the

bill in its final amended form passed both houses on December 9, was

signed by the Speaker of the Senate on December 17, and

subsequently, if at all, by the Speaker of the House of Delegates.

On the 12th of December, Governor Patrick Henry issued three

important sets of instructions in accordance with the provisions of

the Act creating the County of Illinois. As the signing of the bill

by the Speakers was mandatory after its passage, it is easy to

understand the issuance of these instructions previous to the

signing. It is almost impossible to conceive that Governor Henry,

who showed marked interest in the Western frontier, should first

have begun to issue orders at least six weeks after the county was

formed, as is implied by the date commonly given for its formation.

For the legislative history of the act, see “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va.,

Oct. Sess., 1778, 65, 72, 79-80, 91, 96, 106-7; “Jour. of Senate,”

Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 70-1.

2 “Jour. H. of Del.” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 72; “Hening’s Statutes,”

IX., 553.

3 “Public Lands,” II., 204, 206-9.

4 The Illinois and Wabash Land companies, which had several members in

common, united in 1780. After a long series of memorials to

Congress, the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1823, decided

that “a title to land, under grant to private individuals, made by

Indian tribes or nations, northwest of the river Ohio, in 1773 and

1775, can not be recognized in the courts of the United States”—8

“Wheaton,” 543-605. In general see: “Pub. Lands,” I., 24, 27, 72,

74, 160, 189, 301; II., 108-20, 138, 253; “Sen. Jour.,” 1793-99,

317, 326; _Ibid._, “2d Cong.,” 165; “Va. Calendar State Papers,” I.,

314; “Jour. of Cong.,” III., 676-7, 681; IV., 23; “An Account of the

Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1-55, Phil’a,

1796; “Memorial of the Ill. and Wabash Land Company,” 1-26, Phil’a,

1797; “Memorial of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1802,

1-20; “An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land

Company,” 1-74, Phil’a, 1803; “Memorial of the United Ill. and

Wabash Land Companies,” 1-48, Baltimore, 1816. For a map of the

claims, see “Map of the State of Ky. with the Adjoining

Territories,” 1794, pub. by H. D. Symonds; also a copy of the same

published by Smith, Reid and Wayland, in 1795; and “States of

America,” by J. Russell, London, C. Dilly and G. G. & J. Robinson,

1799. The last map gives the claims of the Ill., Wabash, and N. J.

companies, respectively, the others, the claims of the last two

only. All references here given are to material to be found in the

libraries of the Chicago Historical Society and of the State Hist.

Soc. of Wis.

5 Mother Mary of the Incarnation, of Quebec, in 1668. In “Glimpses of

the Monastery.” “Scenes from the Hist. of the Ursulines of Quebec,”

1639-1839, “by a Member of the Community,” 90. Charlevoix, “Histoire

de la Nouvelle-France,” III., 322, expressed a similar opinion in

1721, and Collot, “Journey in N. A.,” I., 232-3, shows that the

Illinois French of 1796-7 were a case in point.

6 Pittman, “European Settlements on the Miss.,” 55. See pp. 42, 44,

45, 47, 48, for the settlement in detail.

7 Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” 36-8.

8 “Mandements des Evêques de Quebec,” II., 1741-1806, 205-6.

9 Thwaites, “Early Western Travels,” I., 141, reprint of Croghan’s

Jour.

10 “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 165; “Ind. Hist Soc. Pub.,” II.,

513-4.

11 “Public Lands,” I., 10.

12 Two of the many maps illustrating this are in “Pub. Lands,” II.,

facing 183, 195. A number of maps in Hopkins’, “The Home Lots of the

Early Settlers of the Providence Plantations,” especially the one

following page 17, show that the same form of holdings existed in

Providence, R. I. For reasons for this form, see the note by Emma

Helen Blair, in Thwaites’, “Jesuit Relations,” IV., 268-9. Stiles,

“Ancient Windsor,” I., 149, has a map showing such holdings in

Windsor, Conn., 1633-1650.

13 Monroe, “Writings,” I., 117; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 483-92;

Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” map facing 41; Collot, “A

Journey in N. A.,” I., 239-42, describes the roads in Illinois in

1796, and plate 28 of the accompanying atlas gives an excellent map,

_q. v._ in pocket.

14 “Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 99.

15 Harmar to Sec. of War from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair

Papers,” II., 30-1.

16 Collot, “A Journey in N. A.,” I., 233.

17 At the November session of 1738, Virginia had formed the County of

Augusta, which technically included the Illinois country—“Hening’s

Statutes,” V., 78-80. For a map, see Waddell, “Annals of Augusta

Co., Va.,” frontispiece.

18 “Hening’s Statutes,” IX., 117, 552-5; V., 489, 491.

19 Henry, “Life of Patrick Henry,” III., 209-18.

20 “Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 312-14.

Col. John Todd, jr., was born March 27, 1750, in Pennsylvania. He

was well educated by his uncle in Virginia, in which state young

Todd practised law for some years. In 1775, he was one of the

representatives chosen at the call of the proprietors of

Transylvania to form an ultra-constitutional government for that new

settlement. In 1777, he was one of the first two burgesses from the

county of Kentucky. He was killed at the Battle of the Blue Licks,

August 19, 1782. For biographical sketches see John Mason Brown,

“Oration at the Centennial of the Battle of the Blue Licks,” 27-31;

“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 285-8; Green, “Historic Families of

Ky.,” 211; White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 56; “Filson Club

Pub.” VI., 27-8; Morehead, “Settlement of Ky.,” 174. Morehead’s

facts were from R. Wickliffe, Todd’s son-in-law, but this fact loses

its significance from the circumstance that Todd’s only living child

was of posthumous birth.

21 Henry, “Life of Patrick Henry,” III., 216-18.

_ 22 Ibid._, 237.

23 “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 43, original MS. in French.

24 “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 295.

25 “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 294-6, 418; “Mich. Pioneer Coll.,”

IX., 498.

A Mr. Winston, probably Richard, was in Illinois in 1770, and was

regarded as an authority on the prices of cattle, as is shown by the

court records. In 1773, upon the occasion of the purchase of land

from the Kaskaskia Indians, by the Illinois Land Company, Richard

Winston was at Kaskaskia, and interpreted in French to the

illiterate Indian interpreter of His Majesty what the company

desired to say to the Indians—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 435;

“An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land

Companies,” 1796, 14. Richard Winston was one of the original

Indiana Company—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” VI., 18, 35.

26 “Hening’s Statutes,” X., 26, 32, 43, 161.

27 “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 301; “Pub. Lands,” I., 16.

28 Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 302;

Todd to Judges at Kaskaskia, July 31, 1779—_Ibid._, 304; McCarty to

Todd, from Cahokia, July 18, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX.,

72, original MS.; McCarty to Montgomery, from Cahokia, Sept. 19,

1779,—_Ibid._, XLIX., 71, original MS.

Richard McCarty had been a resident of Cahokia under British rule

and had warned the British against American encroachments. He was

licensed to trade by the county government upon the recommendation

of the court of the District of Cahokia, June 5, 1779—“Mich. Pioneer

Coll.,” IX., 368, 383; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 296-7-8.

29 Capt. John Williams to G. R. Clark, from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia,

Sept. 25, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 73, original MS.

30 Todd to Col. Will Fleming, senator from Botetourt, from Kaskaskia,

Aug. 18, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXIII, 103, original MS.

31 Todd to Gov. of Va., from Kaskaskia, Aug. 18, 1779—“Chicago Hist.

Soc. Coll.,” IV., 319.

32 Capt. John Williams to Col. Wm. Preston, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia,

Sept. 20, 1779—“Draper Coll., Preston Papers.” V., 9, original MS.

Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Oct. 5,

1779—_Ibid._, “Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 78, original MS.

33 Shelby to Clark, from Vincennes, Oct. 10, 1779—_Ibid._, XLIX., 79,

original MS.; Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Nov.

15, 1779—_Ibid._, XLIX., 85, original MS.

34 Montgomery to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Feb. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll.

Clark MSS.,” L., 9, original MS.; Clark to Todd, from Louisville,

March, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 338-9; John McArthur

from Ste. Genevieve, Mo., Oct. 22, 1883—“Draper Coll. Clark MSS.,”

VIII., 27.

I have been unable to determine just when Col. Todd left Illinois,

whether he resigned as county-lieutenant, and whether he again

returned. Boyd in his article in the “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., says

that he left in 1780, resigned in the same year, and apparently did

not return. Mason, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 287, says

that he seems to have left in 1779, seems not to have resigned, and

not to have returned. Wickliffe, in Morehead, “Settlement of Ky.,”

174, implies that he did not resign, and says that he several times

revisited the county. No one of these writers gives any authority

for his statement and I have found none. It is certain that Todd was

at the Falls of Ohio on December 23, 1779; that he then wrote to the

governor of Virginia expressing his intention of resigning; that the

governor, Jefferson, strongly opposed his resigning—“Chicago Hist.

Soc. Coll.,” IV., 359; that he left some peltry in the joint care of

his subordinates, Montgomery and Winston, in November, 1779; that

goods were said to be consigned to him as county-lieutenant of

Illinois in November, 1780; that he wrote “I still receive

complaints from the Illinois,” on April 15, 1781; that on April 29,

1781, Winston was referred to as “Deputy County-Lieutenant for the

Illinois County;” and that Thimothé Demunbrunt signed as “Lt. Comd.

par interim, &c.” in February and again in March, 1782—“Chicago

Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 315-16, 335, 343, 359; “Draper’s Notes, Trip

1860,” III., 40-4.

35 Edward Murray to ——, from Kaskaskia, Apr. 19, 1780—“Draper Coll.,

Clark MSS.,” XLVI., 52, original MS. John Dodge had been an Indian

trader between Detroit and Pittsburg. He was captured by the

British, but escaped on Oct. 9, 1778, after thirty-three months

detention. Washington recommended him to Congress as a man who would

be useful because of his knowledge of the country—“Draper’s Notes,

Trip 1860,” VI., 153-5.

36 Unsigned and unaddressed, from “Williamsburg, Jan. 28, 1780”—“Draper

Coll., Clark MSS.,” I., 5, original MS.

37 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 13, 1788—“Draper Coll.,

Harmar Papers,” I., 386-7.

38 Clark to Todd from Louisville, Mar., 1780—“Cal. of Va. State

Papers,” I., 338-9; _see also_ pp. 358, 360.

Unsigned and unaddressed official letter, from Williamsburg, Jan.

28, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 5, original MS.

39 Dodge to Gov. of Va., from Ft. Jefferson, Aug. 1, 1780—“Cal. of Va.

State Papers,” I., 368.

40 Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Richmond, June 2, 1780—“Cal. of Va.

State Papers,” I., 358; Address from the people of Cahokia to G. R.

Clark, April 11, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 27, original

MS. in French.

41 Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Aug. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark

MSS.,” L., 54, original MS. in French.

42 “Hening’s Statutes,” X., 303, 388-9.

43 Extract from McCarty’s journal, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14,

1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 66; McCarty to Col. Slaughter,

Jan. 27, 1781—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 1, 2; incomplete in

“Cal. of Va. State Papers.” I., 465; Montgomery to McCarty, between

Aug. 27 and Aug. 30, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 66, 68;

_Ibid._, L., 70, original MS.

44 McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State

Papers,” L., 380.

45 Winston to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State

Papers,” I., 380-2.

46 Winston to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark

MSS.,” L., 71, original MS.; “Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” II.,

136-40; Helm to Slaughter, from Fort Jefferson, Oct. 29, 1780—“Cal.

of Va. State Papers,” I., 383; Williams to Clark, from Camp

Jefferson, Oct. 28, 1780—_Ibid._, I., 383.

47 Montgomery to Jefferson, from New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1781—“Cal. of Va.

State Papers,” I., 424-5.

48 “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” VIII., 78.

49 Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Jan. 24, 1781—“Cal. of

Va. State Papers,” I., 460.

50 “Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” II., 158.

51 Rogers to Gov. Jefferson, from Harrodsburg, Apr. 29, 1781—“Draper’s

Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 40-4; incomplete in “Cal. of Va. State

Papers,” II., 76-7. Rogers refers to Winston as “Deputy County

Lieutenant for the Illinois County.” Who was county-lieutenant?

52 Slaughter to Gov. Jefferson, from Louisville, Jan. 14, 1781—“Draper

Coll., Clark MSS.,” LI., 12, original MS.; Maj. Williams’s orders,

endorsed “pretended orders,” from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, Feb. 12,

1781.

53 Clark to Gov. of Va., from “Yough,” Mar. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State

Papers,” I., 597.

54 Montgomery to Gov. of Va., from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—“Cal.

of Va. State Papers,” II., 313; Montgomery to the Board of

Commissioners for the Settlement of Western Accounts, from New

Holland, Feb. 22, 1783—_Ibid._, III., 441-4.

55 Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Apr. 15, 1781—“Cal. of

Va. State Papers,” II., 44-5.

56 “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LX., 17, No. 2; Maj. de Peyster to

Brig.-Gen. Powell, from Detroit, July 12, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer

Coll.,” XIX., 646.

57 “Can. Archives,” Series B., Vol. 182, 489; “Rept. on Can. Archives,”

1888, 882.

58 Montgomery to Gov. Nelson, from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—“Cal.

of Va. State Papers,” II., 313; Same to same, same date—_Ibid._,

II., 315.

59 Capt. Bailey to Col. Slaughter, from “Port Vincennes,” Aug. 6,

1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 338.

60 “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1781, 13-39.

_ 61 Ibid._, 72, 73, 74. Boyd states in “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., 632, 635,

that the county ceased to exist in 1781. This is erroneous. Mr.

Boyd’s article is the most scholarly treatment of the County of

Illinois which has been published. Aside from the errors as to the

time of the beginning and the ending of the county, and doubtful

statements as to Todd’s leaving Illinois and subsequently resigning,

no errors of fact have been noted. A more complete, but unpublished,

article on the subject is by Dr. Edith Lyle.

62 Sinclair to Haldim, from Michilimackinac, Feb. 17, 1780—“Mich.

Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 546; Same to same, May 29, 1780—_Ibid._, IX.,

548-9; Same to De Peyster, Feb. 15, 1780—_Ibid._, XIX., 500-1; Same

to Lt.-Col. Bolton, June 4, 1780—_Ibid._, XIX., 529; De Peyster to

Lt.-Col. Bolton, from Detroit, June 8, 1780—_Ibid._, XIX., 531-2;

McKee to De Peyster, June 4, 1780—_Ibid._, XIX., 530-1; Bird to De

Peyster, from “a day’s march from the Ohio,” June 3, 1780—_Ibid._,

XIX., 527-9.

63 Sinclair to Bolton, from Michilimackinac, July 4, 1780—“Mich.

Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 529-30; Same to Haldimand, July 8,

1780—_Ibid._, IX., 558-9; Same to same, May 29, 1780—_Ibid._, IX.,

548-9; Same to De Peyster, July 30, 1780—_Ibid._, IX., 586; “Draper

Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVIII., No. 117, p. 6; Scharf to Lyman C.

Draper, from Baltimore, Dec. 16, 1882—_Ibid._, p. 7; Capt. John

Rogers’ account—_Ibid._, p. 3; Capt. John Murphy’s account—_Ibid._,

VIII., 66-78; See also _Ibid._, XXVI., 18.

64 “Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, p. 904; “Mag. of Am. Hist.,”

III., 366.

65 Bentley to Clark, from Vincennes, July 30, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark

MSS.,” L., 51. A copy, incomplete and not exact, is in _Ibid._,

XXVI., 85.

66 Extracts from Capt. McCarty’s Journal, at Kaskaskia—“Draper Coll.,

Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 85-6; McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14,

1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 380; Winston to Todd, from

Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—_Ibid._, I., 381-2; Auguste St. Jemme, son

of an inhabitant of Kaskaskia, to Lyman C. Draper—“Draper’s Notes,

Trip 1851,” I., 48-9—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 82.

67 De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Nov. 13, 1780—“Mich. Pioneer

Coll.,” XIX., 581; Same to Haldimand, Nov. 16, 1780—_Ibid._, X.,

448-9; Linctot to Slaughter, “O’Post,” Jan. 11, 1781—“Cal. of Va.

State Papers,” I., 429; J. L. William to Lyman C. Draper, from Fort

Wayne, Ind., Oct. 1, 1881—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 92;

McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State

Papers” I., 465; Col. Brodhead to Washington, from Fort Pitt, Mar.

10, 1781, “Olden Time,” II., 391; Col. Levin Powell, from

Harrodsburg, Jan. 21, 1781—“Pa. Archives,” VIII., 768; De Peyster to

Haldimand, from Detroit, Nov. 13, 1780, Farmer, “Hist. of Detroit

and Michigan,” 257; Letter from J. M. P. Legras, from Vincennes,

Dec. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 77, original corrected

draft; “Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, 904-5; extract from

“Scot’s Magazine,” May, 1781, in “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI.,

82. Whether La Balme had any countenance from either the French

government or its representatives is an unsettled question. That

France should regain her hold in America was desired by many

Frenchmen, but on the other hand, the French government was pledged

by its treaty of alliance to make no acquisitions of territory in

America. The following references raise the question, but I know of

none which settle it: Kingsford, “Canada,” VI., 342-3; Sparks,

“Washington,” VI., 106 ff., 113; Stevens, “Facsimiles,” XVII., No.

1609; “Secret Jour. of Cong.,” II., 111-117, 125.

68 Haldimand to De Peyster, from Quebec, Jan. 6, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer

Coll.,” IX., 641.

69 This amounts to but sixteen men. De Peyster says that the party was

one of sixteen; McCarty says there were seventeen.

70 McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State

Papers,” I., 465; Sinclair to Mathews, from Michilimackinac, Feb.

23, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 629; De Peyster to Powell, from

Detroit, Jan. 8, 1781—_Ibid._, XIX., 591-2; Same to Haldimand, same

date—_Ibid._, X., 450-1; Same to McKee, from Detroit, Feb. 1,

1781—De Peyster, “Miscellanies,” p. xxvi.; Linctot to commanding

officer at the Falls of Ohio, “Opost Vincennes,” Jan. 13, 1781—“Cal.

of Va. State Papers,” I., 432; Draper on date of the expedition,

“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 88; De Peyster to Powell, from

Detroit, Mar. 17, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 600; Sinclair to

Powell, from Michilimackinac Id., May 1, 1781—_Ibid._, XIX., 632;

“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 216.

71 Jay to Livingston, from Madrid, Apr. 28, 1782—“Secret Jour. of

Cong.,” IV., 64; or Wharton, “Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.,” V.,

363-4; or Sparks, _Ibid._, VIII., 76-8; McCarty to Slaughter, from

Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 1-2;

incomplete copy in “Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 465; Linctot to

commanding officer at Falls of Ohio, from Vincennes, Jan. 13,

1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 432; Franklin to Livingston,

from Passy, Apr. 12, 1782—Sparks, “Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.,”

III., 339. See also _Ibid._, VIII., 150; Sparks, “Franklin’s Works,”

IX., 206, Boston, 1856.

72 Linctot to ——, from St. Louis, July 31, 1781—“Draper Coll., Clark

MSS.,” LI., 75, original MS. in French; Gratiot to Clark, from St.

Louis, Aug. 1, 1781—_Ibid._, LI., 77, original MS. in French.

73 This chapter was read, by request, before the Wisconsin Academy of

Sciences, Arts, and Letters, on February 8, 1906.

74 In Council, Jan. 29, 1782—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLVI., 69,

original MS.

75 Demunbrunt to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 5, 1782—“Draper Coll.,

Clark MSS.,” L., 70; LI., 25, original MS. Demunbrunt, whose name

also appears as Demunbrun and De Munbrun, was prominent in early

Illinois history. Records signed by him as Lieutenant Commandant

_par interim_ appear in “John Todd’s Record-Book” under the dates

June 14, 1779, Feb’y, 1782, and March 22, 1782. In 1783, 1784, and

probably at other dates he made grants of land in the Illinois

country. He served under Clark. From the time Winston was appointed

to the command of the County of Illinois, until the coming of St.

Clair, Demunbrunt was “commandant of the village of Kaskaskia and

its dependencies.” He had important dealings with an embassy from

the Cherokee Indians. He was allowed land under the Virginia grants.

In his memorial to the General Assembly, he said: “Your memorialist,

little acquainted with the mode of doing business in this State,

never kept a regular account, depending altogether on the justice

and generosity of the Legislature”—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” V.,

15-18; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 315-16; “Pub. Lands,” II.,

146.

76 Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV.,

302; Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Dec. 31, 1782—“Draper Coll.,

Clark MSS.,” LII., 67, original MS.; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”

IV., 289.

77 Letter from Capt. Dodge, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 6, 1783—“Draper Coll.,

Clark MSS.,” LX., No. 3, p. 48.

78 Dodge to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 3, 1783—_Ibid._, LII., 78.

79 Officers to Clark, from Ft. Nelson, Falls of Ohio, March 30,

1783—_Ibid._, LII., 80.

80 Montgomery to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 22,

1783—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” III., 441-4.

81 Board of Commissioners to Gov. Benjamin Harrison, from Jefferson

county, Feb. 17, 1783—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 350-1.

82 Walker Daniel to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 3,

1783—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” III., 430-2.

83 “Jour. of Cong.,” III., 383-5.

84 “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., May Sess., 1780, 25, 69, 70.

85 Law, “The Colonial Hist. of Vincennes,” 1858, 117-8, gives a copy of

the deed. For claims under such deeds see “Pub. Lands,” I., 294-8.

86 “Pub. Lands,” I., 301.

87 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 342-4.

_ 88 Ibid._, IV., 379-80; Thwaites, “The Boundaries of Wisconsin,” in

“Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XI., 452, gives a map of Jefferson’s

proposed states.

89 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 473, 477.

90 John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785—“Draper’s Notes,

Trip 1860,” VI., 214-5.

91 Petition to Clark, from Vincennes, Mar. 16, 1786—“Draper Coll.,

Clark MSS.,” LIII., 23.

92 Petition to Congress, from Vincennes, June 1, 1786—_Ibid._, LIII.,

31.

93 Clark to Richard H. Lee, pres. of Cong., from Louisville, received

June 8, 1786—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 208-9.

94 Moses Henry to Clark, from Vincennes, June 12, 1786—“Draper Coll.,

Clark MSS.,” LIII., 32.

95 Daniel Sullivan to Clark, from Vincennes, June 23, 1786—“Draper

Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 35; John Small to Clark, same place and

day—_Ibid._, LIII., 36.

96 John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786—_Ibid._, LIII.,

56.

97 Clark to people of Vincennes—_Ibid._, LIII., 52.

98 Letter from a man at Falls of Ohio to a friend in N. England, Dec.

4, 1786—“Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 321.

99 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 688-9.

100 Harmar to Sec’y of War, from Fort Harmar, May 14, 1787—“St. Clair

Papers,” II., 20-1; Maj. Wyllys to Harmar, from Fort Finney, Rapids

of Ohio, Feb. 6, 1787—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 281-2; Knox

to Harmar, June 19, 1787—_Ibid._, I., 303. See also _Ibid._, I.,

290; Sec’y of War to Harmar, Apr. 26, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II.,

22.

101 Harmar to Sec’y of War, from Vincennes, Aug. 7, 1787—“St. Clair

Papers,” II., 27-9; Address of Am. settlers at Vincennes to Harmar,

transmitted to the War Office, Aug. 7, 1787—“Draper Coll., Harmar

Papers,” I., 337-9; Address of French at Vincennes to Harmar, July

28, 1787—_Ibid._, I., 331-3.

102 Harmar to Sec’y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair

Papers,” II., 30-2.

103 Harmar to the Sec’y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St.

Clair Papers,” II., 34.

104 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 3, 1787—“Draper Coll.,

Harmar Papers,” I., 352.

105 Harmar to Sec’y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair

Papers,” II., 35.

106 “Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 170-3.

107 “Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 301-29.

108 St. Clair to the President, 1790—“St. Clair Papers” II., 175.

109 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Oct. 13, 1788—“Draper Coll.,

Harmar Papers,” I., 479; extract in “St. Clair Papers,” II., 105.

110 Tardiveau to St. Clair, from Danville, June 30, 1789—“St. Clair

Papers,” II., 117-19.

111 Extract from above letter.—_Ibid._, II., 119-20, note.

112 George Morgan was much engaged in large land purchases. In 1763,

some Shawanese and other Indians carried off the property of certain

whites to the value of £85,916 10_s._, 8_d._ The offenders being

tributary to the Six Nations, the latter granted to King George

III., for the exclusive use of the sufferers, on November 3, 1768,

at Fort Stanwix, the tract of some two million five hundred thousand

acres, later known as the claim of the Indiana Company. The land lay

southeast of the Ohio, and was claimed in part by both Virginia and

Pennsylvania. For map see “States of America,” by J. Russell,

London, E. Dilly and G. G. and J. Robinson, 1799; Hutchins,

“Topographical Desc. of Va.,” etc., French ed., Paris, 1781; Winsor,

“Westward Movement,” 17. Morgan, who was a large shareholder in the

company, was for years its agent. The claim was finally denied.

Morgan was also the founder of New Madrid, in what is now Missouri,

but he was unfortunate in assuming powers denied by the Spanish

government. His experience in Illinois was likewise a failure—“Cal.

of Va. State Papers” I., 273, 297, 320; VI., 1-36 (a history of the

Indiana purchase), 261, 679, 301; “Jour. of Cong.,” III., 359, 373;

IV., 23; “Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, p. 939; “Draper Coll.,

Clark MSS.,” LIII., 78; Gayerré, “Hist. of La.,” index under Morgan

refers to passages giving several quotations from sources; Kate

Mason Rowland, “George Mason,” I., 230, 324-8, 289, 308, 333, 341-4;

II., 21, 26, 239, 244, 262, 341-5, 406, 440-1. George Mason was

manager for the commonwealth when, in 1791, the final effort was

made by the Indiana Company to overthrow the Virginia settlement of

its claim. Some original sources of importance are given in this

work—“Plain Facts: being an Examination into the Rights of the

Indian Nations of America, to their respective Countries, and a

Vindication of the Grant, from the Six United Nations of Indians, to

the Proprietors of Indiana, against the decision of Virginia,

together with authentic documents, proving that the territory,

westward of the Alleghany Mountain, never belonged to Virginia,

etc., Philadelphia...: M.DCC.LXXXI.” The work gives a resumé of the

proceedings of the company to 1779, 164 pp. “View of the Title to

Indiana, a tract of country on the River Ohio,” 24 pp., printed

about 1775.

113 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 341-2, 823-5.

114 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 823-5. The location of the ridge of rocks is

clearly shown in Hutchins’ “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” 1778, on a

map opposite p. 41. French edition of 1781, facing p. 16; Winsor,

“Nar. and Crit. Hist. of Am.,” VI., 700; Collot, “Atlas of America,”

1826.

115 Throughout the period covered by this work, the term squatter

denoted one who illegally settled on public land, without a title.

Later laws permitted settling before securing a title, but in the

early period, no squatting was legal.

116 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 857-9.

117 “John Todd’s Record-Book,” “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 308-14.

118 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, April 13, 1788—“Draper Coll.,

Harmar Papers,” I., 386-7. At the time fees as above were being

charged, prices current in Vincennes were:

Corn, per bu. $ 2.00

Flour, per cwt. 7.00

Pork, per lb. .30

Beef, per lb. .15

Bordeaux wine, per bottle 2.00

Spirits, per gal. 12.00

Whisky, per gal. $ 8.00

Butter, per lb. 1.00

Eggs, per doz. 1.00

Loaf sugar, per lb. 1.00

Brown sugar, per lb. .60

Coffee, per lb. 1.45

A dunghill fowl $ 1.00

Potatoes, per bu. 2.00

Onions, per bu. 5.00

Cabbage, per head .15

Turnips, per bu. 1.00

See _Ibid._, 388-9.

Beef was probably buffalo beef, as that was then the common meat for

garrisons and settlers in the West.

119 “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 389-92.

120 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, May 21, 1788—“Draper Coll.,

Harmar Papers,” I., 396. “Mr. Henry, of this place, who is very much

connected with the Indians, particularly his wife,” implies that

Henry’s wife was an Indian—_Ibid._, 3-4.

121 Same to same, Aug. 31, 1788—_Ibid._, I., 450.

122 Same to same, July 29, 1789—_Ibid._, II., 70-1.

123 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 11, 1789—“Draper Coll.,

Harmar Papers,” II., 130-2.

124 Same to same, June 24, 1790—_Ibid._, II., 254.

125 Same to ——, Jan. 1, 1788—_Ibid._, I., 371.

126 Morgan’s proclamation, Oct. 3, 1788—_Ibid._, “Clark MSS.,” LIII.,

78, incomplete.

127 From Vincennes, Aug. 26, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I.,

455-61.

128 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Mar. 28, 1789—_Ibid._, II.,

17-18.

129 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 11, 1789—“Draper Coll.,

Harmar Papers,” II., 27-28.

130 Harmar to St. Clair, from Fort Harmar, May 8, 1789—_Ibid._, II., 51.

Harmar to Knox, same date and of similar tenor—_Ibid._, II., 53.

131 Hamtramck to Wyllys, from Vincennes, May 27, 1789—_Ibid._, II., 39.

132 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Fort Knox, Vincennes, Jan. 19,

1789—_Ibid._, II., 1.

133 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Aug. 14, 1798—“Draper Coll.,

Harmar Papers,” II., 90-1.

134 Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 2,

1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 124-7.

135 Offer dated Oct. 3, 1789. Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, Nov. 2,

1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 127-8.

136 Hamtramck’s reply of Oct. 14, 1789, to petition of Sept. 14,

preceding, inclosed as above—_Ibid._, II., 128-30; “Draper Coll.,

Harmar Papers,” II., 128-130.

137 Edgar to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789—“Draper Coll.,

Harmar Papers,” II., 132-6.

138 Jones to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789—“Draper Coll.,

Harmar Papers,” II., 136-41.

_ 139 Ibid._, II., 182; “St. Clair Papers,” II., 164.

140 Tardiveau to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Aug. 1, 1790—“Draper Coll.,

Harmar Papers,” II., 302.

141 “St. Clair Papers,” II., 165.

142 Harmar to Hamtramck, Sept. 3, 1790—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,”

II., 332.

143 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 823.

144 Pittman, “European Settlements on the Miss.,” 55.

145 Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.” 36-8.

146 “St. Clair Papers,” II. 122-3.

147 “Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 301-29.

148 “St. Clair Papers,” I., 150.

149 “Pub. Lands,” I., 20.

150 “Statutes at Large,” I., 221-2.

151 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 14, 1791—“Draper Coll.,

Harmar Papers,” II., 410.

152 “Draper MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents,” 49-60.

153 Carondolet to Duke of Alcudia, from New Orleans, Sept. 27,

1793—“Draper MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents.” 24, second

pagination of typewritten matter.

154 Carondolet to ——,—_Ibid._, 33, first pagination of matter in long

hand.

155 “Pub. Lands,” I., 69.

156 “St. Clair Papers,” II., 398-9.

157 John Edgar, for years the wealthiest citizen of Illinois, was born

in Ireland, came to Kaskaskia in 1784, and soon became a large

landholder by purchasing French donation-rights. Wm. Morrison, a

native of Bucks county, Pa., came from Philadelphia to Kaskaskia in

1790 and became a leading merchant and shipper. Wm. St. Clair, a son

of James St. Clair, once captain in the Irish Brigade in the service

of France, was the first clerk of the court of St. Clair county.

John Dumoulin (or De Moulin) was a Swiss. In 1790, he was a judge of

the Court of Common Pleas in the Cahokia district of St. Clair

county.

158 St. Clair county had been formed in 1790 and Randolph county in

1795. In 1796, they were the only counties lying wholly within the

present State of Illinois. A strip of the eastern part of Illinois

lay in Knox county. The line between St. Clair and Randolph was an

east-and-west line, a little south of New Design, Randolph lying to

the south—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 165, 166, 345.

159 “Pub. Lands,” I., 68-9; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 447-52, 452-55.

160 “Pub. Lands,” I., 68; Poore, “Desc. Catalogue of Govt.

Publications,” 43; “Laws of U. S. Relating to Pub. Lands,” 420-5.

161 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 455-61; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong.,

735.

162 “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 537-538; Poore, “Desc. Catalogue of

Govt. Publications,” 43; “Statutes at Large,” II., 73-8.

163 “Statutes at Large,” II., 58-9; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 507,

699, 701.

164 According to the Act of May 10, 1800, public land was to be sold in

tracts, not smaller than one-half sections, and for a minimum price

of two dollars per acre. One-twentieth of the purchase-money should

be paid at the time of sale, the remainder of one-fourth of the

price within forty days, one-fourth in two years, one-fourth in

three years, and one-fourth in four years. On the last three

payments, interest should be paid at six per cent from the date of

sale, and on the same three payments a discount of eight per cent

per year should be granted for prepayment. Land unpaid for reverted

to the United States—“Statutes at Large,” II., 73-8.

165 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70; “Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong.,

1st Sess., 1023-4; 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293-4, 466-8.

166 A western tributary of the lower part of the Kaskaskia.

167 “Pub. Lands,” I., 591.

168 “Statutes at Large,” II., 469; Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,”

821, 832, 964, 973; McMaster, “Acquisition of the ... Rights of Man

in Am.,” 111-22; “Proceedings and Debates of the Va. State Conv. of

1829-30,” _passim_; Mowry, “The Dorr War,” _passim_.

169 “Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 37, 39, 43, 54, 57, 58, 67, 102, 104,

107, 108, 113; “Pub. Lands,” I., 20; “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VII.,

300; “ ‘Father Clark;’ or, The Pioneer Preacher,” 181 _et seq._

170 “Indian Aff.,” I., 562; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18,

Pt. 2, 656-7, Plates CXXIV., CXXV.; see map of Indian cessions,

1795-1809.

171 “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 656-7; Plates

CXXIV., CXXV.; “Indian Aff.,” I., 688; see map of Indian cessions.

172 “Indian Aff.,” I., 687; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18,

Pt. 2, 664-5, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

173 “Statutes at Large,” II., 277-83, 343-5, 446-8, 517, 590-1.

174 “Indian Aff.,” I., 693-4; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,”

18, Pt. 2, 666-7, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

175 “Indian Aff.,” I., 704-5; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,”

18, Pt. 2, 672-3, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

176 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 339; see map in the “Hist.

of Randolph, Monroe, and Perry Counties, Ill.,” frontispiece.

177 St. Clair to Judge Turner, from Marietta, May 2, 1795—“St. Clair

Papers,” II., 348-9.

178 Edwards, “Great West,” 271, 274-5; figures from the official census.

179 See map of Illinois country.

180 “St. Clair Papers,” I., 193; II., 345.

181 “Laws of N.-W. Ter.,” 1800, I., 47-51.

_ 182 Ibid._, 1800, I., 58-61.

_ 183 Ibid._, 1800, I., 178.

_ 184 Ibid._, 1800, I., 61-71.

_ 185 Ibid._, 1800, I., 119-21.

_ 186 Ibid._, 1800, I., 197.

187 “Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,” I., 226-7; “Laws of Ill. Ter., 1815-16;”

_Ibid._, 1816-17, 4; _Ibid._, 17-19.

188 “Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,” I., 157-61; McMaster, “Acquisition of

the Pol., Social and Industrial Rights of Man in Am.,” 64-66; 16th

Cong., 2d Sess., “Rept. of Com. No. 63.”

189 “Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,” I., 184-5.

190 “Statutes at Large,” II., 58-9; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 1007;

_Ibid._, 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 275.

191 “Misc.,” I., 206-7.

192 “St. Clair Papers,” II., 533-4.

193 “Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 489, 1659-60.

194 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 486-7.

195 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 483-92; original among the House files

at Washington.

196 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 476-83.

197 “Laws of Ind. Ter.,” 1807, pp. 12-13.

198 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 498-506.

199 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Session, 469.

_ 200 Ibid._, 466-8; “Misc.,” I., 450; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II.,

494-7.

201 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 505-10.

202 “H. J.,” 8th and 9th Cong., 611.

203 “Annals of Cong.,” 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 1976, 2067.

_ 204 Ibid._, 10th Cong., 2d Sess., 971-3, 1093; “Stat. at Large,” II.,

514-16.

205 “Annals of Cong.,” 10th Cong., 2d Sess., 1093-4.

206 “St. Clair Papers,” II., 318.

207 Cutler, “Life of Manasseh Cutler,” II., 382.

208 “ ‘Father Clark,’ or the Pioneer Preacher,” 202; Moses, “Illinois,”

I., 228.

209 “Pub. Lands,” I., 256.

210 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 469. The land bought in

Kentucky was probably near Eddyville, which the purchaser founded.

211 Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 275-7, 687; Speed, “The Wilderness

Road,” _passim_.

212 Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” I., 129-32.

213 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew

Lyon of Kentucky.

214 Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” I., 132.

215 For vivid accounts of journeys between the East and Ohio, giving an

excellent idea of the difficulties of transit, in the period

1795-1809, see Cutler, “Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler,” 17-22,

38-41, 90-103; also, many passages in Cutler, “Life, Journals and

Corr. of Rev. Manasseh Cutler.” A similar journey made in 1790 is

described in “St. Clair Papers,” II., 164.

216 Collot, “Journey in N. A.,” I., 192-3, 239.

217 “ ‘Father Clark,’ or The Pioneer Preacher,” 193.

218 Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” II., 38.

219 Cuming, “Sketches of a Tour,” 245; Schultz, “Travels on an Inland

Voyage,” I., 199; Moses, “Illinois,” I., 265.

220 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew

Lyon of Kentucky.

221 “Pub. Lands,” I., 69; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 448.

222 Ethelbert Stewart, “A Few Notes for an Industrial Hist. of Ill.,” in

“Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” 120.

223 “Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 73, 74. Original accounts of Wm. Biggs,

high sheriff of the county of St. Clair in the N.-W. Ter.

224 Hamilton, “Writings of James Monroe,” I., 117.

225 “Statutes at Large,” II., 607.

226 “Pub. Lands,” II., 123.

227 “Statutes at Large,” II., 677; “Pub. Lands,” II., 254-5, 257-8,

210-41.

228 “Territorial Records of Ill.,” (“Pub. of Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No.

III., 109-10).

229 “Pub. Lands,” II., 157-81, 210-41.

230 “Territorial Records of Ill.,” (“Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,”

No. III., 118-20); “Statutes at Large,” II., 175; “Annals of Cong.”

(ed. 1853), 12th Cong., III., 883, 1011, 1015.

231 “State Papers,” 15th Cong., 1st Sess., III., No. 61, p. 6; Poore,

“Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 436, 438, 445; “Statutes at

Large,” III., 318.

232 “Statutes at Large,” II., 797.

233 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 156.

234 Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 430; “Acts of 1811” (Ky.), 213-15; “Acts

of 1816” (Ky.), 107; “Acts of 1817” (Ky.), 326.

235 “Pub. Lands,” III., 2.

_ 236 Ibid._, II., 873-4.

237 “Statutes at Large,” III., 125.

238 “State Papers,” II., 14th Cong., 2d Sess., folio. Other volumes of

the same number and session are quarto.

239 “Statutes at Large,” II., 591; III., 113; “Pub. Lands,” II., 873-4.

240 Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 395-7, 456.

_ 241 Ibid._, I., 430.

242 O’Callaghan, “Doc. Hist. of N. Y.,” III., 1069-83, quarto; 649-57,

folio.

243 Agnew, “Settlement and Land Titles of N.-W. Pa.,” 118-19. See also

“Jour. of H. of R.” (Pa.), 1792-1794, first page of second appendix

to record of 1st Sess. of 3d House; _ibid_., first page of second

appendix to record of 1st Sess. of 4th House; Sergeant, “View of the

Land Laws of Pa., with Notices of Its Early Hist. and Legislation,”

_passim_.

244 Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 516.

_ 245 Ibid._, II., 420-2; “Acts of 1811” (Ky.), 213-15; “Acts of 1817”

(Ky.), 554; “Acts of 1819” (Ky.), 832.

246 “Acts of 1816” (Ky.), 107; “Acts of 1817” (Ky.), 326.

247 Phelan, “Hist. of Tenn.,” 303. Quoted from Jones, “The Chickasaw

Country Lately Ceded to the U. S.” (1819).

248 “Statutes at Large,” III., 307; “Pub. Lands,” II., 741; III., 1-5,

384-5.

249 Brown, “Western Gazetteer, or Emigrants’ Directory” (1817), 33.

250 White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 458-9, 461.

251 A land-office was established at Edwardsville by an act of Apr. 29,

1816.

252 “State Papers,” No. 52, 15th Cong., 2d Sess., IV. Hundredths of

acres and cents are omitted from the tables. The figures for

Shawneetown cover the periods from Jan. 1 to Sept. 30; those for the

other offices, from Jan. 1 to Aug. 31.

253 “Pub. Lands,” III., 405.

254 “Indian Aff.,” I., 761-2; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of

Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 678; Nos. 73, 74. Plate CXXIV. See map of Indian

cessions.

255 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 81-4.

256 Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” 301.

257 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 82.

258 Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” 329.

259 Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” 335.

260 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 86-7.

_ 261 Ibid._, 102.

262 “Indian Aff.,” II., 99.

263 “Indian Aff.,” II., 95-6; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of

Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 680-3, No. 77, Plate CXXV., and No. 78, Plate

CXXIV. See map of Indian cessions.

264 “Indian Aff.,” II., 167; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of

Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 692-3; No. 96a, Plate CXXIV. See also No. 48 on

the same plate, and No. 77, Plate CXXV. See map of Indian cessions.

265 “Territorial Records of Ill.,” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No.

III., 3, 6, 7).

266 “Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No.

III., 10-19). Of the thirty-eight laws selected by the Governor and

judges in the Northwest Territory, three were from the codes of

southern states; of the fifteen so selected in Indiana Territory,

thirteen were from southern codes—“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pamphlets,” No.

I., 16; contained in Vol. 2 of “Publications.” Illinois was thus

most southern of the three.

267 “Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No.

III., 23, 26-7).

268 “Statutes at Large,” II., 741-2.

269 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70.

270 Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards.” 296, 306.

271 “Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III.,

62, 86).

(For each of the following officials, their Nativity and County are

listed.)

Legislative Council.

Pierre Menard, Canada, Randolph.

Wm. Biggs, Md. St. Clair.

Sam’l Judy, Swiss or Md., Madison.

Thos. Ferguson, Johnson.

Benjamin Talbott, Gallatin.

House of Reps.

Dr. George Fisher, Va., Randolph.

Rev. Joshua Oglesby, St. Clair.

Jacob Short, St. Clair.

Rev. Wm. Jones, N. C., Madison.

Philip Trammell, Gallatin.

Alex. Wilson, Va., Gallatin.

John Grammar, Johnson.

Territorial Judges.

Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland.

Alexander Stuart, Virginia.

William Sprigg, Maryland.

Territorial Secretaries.

Nathaniel Pope, Kentucky.

Joseph Philips, Tennessee.

Delegates in Congress and Term.

Shadrach Bond, Md, Dec. 3, 1812-14.

Benj. Stephenson, Ky, Nov. 14, 1814-16.

Nathan’l Pope, Ky, Dec. 2, 1816-18.

Governor.

Ninian Edwards, Md., 1809-1818.

Officers other than members are added to the above in order to

emphasize the southern origin of Illinois territorial officials. New

England was not yet a factor in Illinois politics.

272 “Territorial Records of Illinois” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,”

No. III., 62-170).

273 “Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18,” pp. 72-82; _Ibid._, 1815-16, p. 44.

274 “Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18,” pp. 57-64.

275 “Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 1st Sess., 1677, 1738; “H. J.,” 15th

Cong., 1st Sess., 151, 174; Benton, “Abridgment of Debates in

Cong.,” VI., 173; “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XI., 494-501.

276 “Statutes at Large,” III., 428; “Laws of Ill. Ter.,” 1817-18. pp.

42-5; Dana, “Sketches of Western Country,” 1819, 153; “Niles’

Peck,” 99.

277 Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 442, 445. Of the

members of the Constitutional Convention of Illinois whose nativity

has been learned, ten were natives of the South, two were natives of

Illinois born of southern parents, two were Irishmen from the South,

and five were natives of the North. New England was represented by

one man, John Messinger, a son-in-law of Matthew Lyon.

278 “Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 305-11; “Statutes at

Large,” III., 536.

279 “Niles’ Register,” XIII., 1817, 224.

280 Kingdom, “America and the British Colonies,” 1816, 17.

281 Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 25, 29.

282 Wright, “Letters from the West, or, A Caution to Emigrants,” 1818,

283 Harding, “Tour through the Western Country,” 1818-19, 5.

284 “Am. Mag. and Review,” III., 1818, 152; I., 1817, 473.

285 Goodrich, “Recollections of a Life Time,” II., 78 ff.; Birkbeck,

“Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 25; “Va. Patriot,” Sept. 7, 21,

1816; Varney, “A Brief Hist. of Me.,” 239; Abbott, “Hist. of Me.,”

424; Williamson, “Hist. of Me.,” II., 664-6; Sanborn, “Hist. of N.

H.,” 265; Whiton, “Hist. of N. H.,” 188; Barstow, “Hist. of N. H.,”

392; Thompson, “Hist. of the State of Vt.,” 1833, 222; same, 1853,

Pt. I., 20; Hoskins, “Hist. of the State of Vt.,” 232; Wilbur,

“Early Hist. of Vt.,” III., 162-3; Heaton, “Story of Vt.,” 136;

Beckley, “Hist. of Vt.,” 171-2; “Gov. and Council-Vt.,” VI., 429-31.

286 “Va. Patriot,” Sept. 11, 1816.

287 White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 425, 453, 461.

288 Bassett, “Anti-Slavery Leaders of N. C.” (J. H. U. Studies, XVI.,

267-71).

289 De Bow, “Industrial Resources of the U. S.,” I., 122-3. Millions of

pounds of cotton raised in the U. S.:

1808, 75.

1809, 82.

1810, 85.

1811, 80.

1812, 75.

1813, 75.

1814, 70.

1815, 100.

1816, 124.

1817, 130.

1818, 125.

1819, 167.

1820, 160.

1821, 180.

1822, 210.

In Ga. 1811, 20, 1821, 45.

In Tenn. 1811, 3., 1821, 20.

290 “Statutes at Large,” S. C., VII., 451-66; “Laws of Tenn., revision

of 1831,” I., 314-30; “Acts of 1818,” Ky., 623, 787; “Acts of 1815,”

Ky., Feb. 8, 1815.

291 J. L. Watkins, in “U. S. Dept. of Agric., Div. of Statistics, Misc.

Ser., Bulletin No. 9,” p. 8.

292 “National Intelligencer,” Washington, D. C., Apr. 18, 1812.

293 “Rambler in N. A.,” I., 104-11; “Am. Register,” II., 1817, 202-3.

294 “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 81.

295 “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 156.

296 Morris Birkbeck and George Flower, from England, founded in 1817, in

Edwards County, Illinois, what was the most famous of the English

settlements in Illinois. Birkbeck was an educated man and his

writings are among the important sources for the early history of

Illinois. He was at one time Secretary of State of Illinois. George

Flower became the historian of the settlement.

297 Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 56.

298 Flower, “Hist. of the Eng. Settlement in Edwards Co., Ill.,”

“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 95-99.

299 “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 71, 74.

_ 300 Ibid._, 74-81. The disparity in dates in the latter part of the

quotation suggests that “23d of October” should probably read “3d of

October.”

301 Fearon, “Sketches of America,” 258; William Tell Harris, “Remarks

Made During a Tour through the U. S. of America in the Years 1817,

1818, 1819.”

302 Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 128.

303 Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 1817, 260. In Fearon’s work 2_s._ 3_d._

is equal to 50 cents, p. 5.

304 Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 2.

305 Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika,”

1818-19, I., 34.

306 Warden, “Acct. of the U. S. of N. A.,” 1819, III., 62.

307 “State Papers,” 13th Cong., 3d Sess.

308 “State Papers,” 14th Cong., 2d Sess., II., folio. Another volume

with the same number is a quarto.

_ 309 Ibid._, 14th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

310 Ross, “Early Pioneers and Pioneer Events,” 65.

311 Kingston, “Early Western Days,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VII.,

313.

312 Shaw, “Personal Narrative,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II., 225.

313 Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 1817, 258; Brown, “Western Gazetteer; or,

Emigrant’s Directory,” 1817, 20.

314 Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 137.

315 Burnham in “Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. VIII., 181.

316 Harding, “Tour through the Western Country,” 8. This passage is

practically plagiarized in Ogden, “Letters from the West,” and in

Thwaites, “Early Western Travels,” XIX., 56.

317 Palmer, “U. S. and Canada,” 1818, 417; “Statutes at Large,” II.,

584; “Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall

Hubbard,” 38.

318 “State Papers,” 13th Cong., 3d Sess.

_ 319 Ibid._, 13th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

320 “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 178; Birkbeck, “Journey from

Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 128.

321 James and Loveless, “Newspapers in Ill. Prior to 1860,” “Pub. of the

Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. I., 41, 42, 64, 73, 74; Palmer, “U. S.

and Canada,” 1818, 416.

322 Burnham, “An Early Ill. Newspaper,” “Pub. of the Ill. State Hist.

Lib.,” No. VIII., 182.

323 Col. Daniel M. Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc.

Coll.,” II., 326-7, _cf._ “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 76, 87.

324 “Indian Aff.,” II., 196-7; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of

Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 696-9, Plate CXXV.; Dana, “Sketches of Western

Country,” 1819, 147. See map of Indian cessions.

325 “State Papers,” No. 64, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., IV.

_ 326 Ibid._, No. 118, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., VI.

_ 327 Ibid._, No. 96, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; “Ex. Doc.,” No. 140,

20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV.

328 “Senate Doc.,” No. 47, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

_ 329 Ibid._, No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

330 “Senate Doc.,” No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.; see also _ibid._,

No. 27.

331 “State Papers,” No. 24, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., II.; “18th An. Rept.

of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 722-5, Plate CXXV.

_ 332 Ibid._, Pt. 2, 736-7, 738-9, 750-1, Plates CXXIV. and CXXV.

333 Tenney, “Early Times in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 96.

334 McLaughlin, “Lewis Cass,” 125; Young, “Life of Gen. Lewis Cass,” 93.

335 “State Papers,” Senate, No. 87, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

_ 336 Ibid._, No. 57, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., V.

337 “Statutes at Large,” III., 566-7.

338 Donaldson, “Public Domain,” 200 ff.

339 “State Papers,” No. 35, 10th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

340 “Pub. Lands,” III., 533. It is interesting to note that for the five

years ending in 1822, the Pulteney estate of 380,000 acres of land

in Steuben and Alleghany counties, New York, had sold an average of

10,000 acres per year, at an average price of $3.37 per

acre—“Columbian Sentinel,” Boston, Oct. 2, 1822.

341 “Illinois Intelligencer,” Oct. 30, 1821.

342 “Pub. Lands,” IV.. 145; “ Repts. and S. Doc.,” No. 25, 18th Cong.,

2d Sess., II.

343 “Pub. Lands,” IV., 871; “S. Doc.,” No. 17, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

344 “H. J.,” Ill., 1826-27, p. 54.

345 “Repts. of Com.,” No. 125, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

346 “Senate Doc.,” No. 58, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I. For the long and

futile effort made in Congress to secure a law graduating the price

of public lands, see Meigs, “Life of Thomas Hart Benton,” ch. xi.,

with the foot references thereto.

347 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 246, 254.

348 “Statutes at Large,” IV., 420-1.

349 “Pub. Lands,” VI., 240.

350 “Statutes at Large,” III., 786; “Repts. of Com.,” No. 58, 17th

Cong., 1st Sess., I.; “Pub. Lands,” III., 406, 412-3, 421, 462-3;

VI., 23-5; “S. Doc.,” No. 10, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

351 “Illinois Intelligencer,” Vandalia, Ill., Apr. 24, 1821.

352 “Niles’ Register,” XXV., 117.

353 “Washington (D. C.) Republican,” Sept. 27, 1823.

354 “Illinois Intelligencer,” Oct. 3, 1829.

355 “Senate Jour.,” Ill., 1830-31, 8-51. The message was delivered on

Dec. 7, 1830, and Edwards’ successor was inaugurated the following

day.

356 “State Papers,” No. 17, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

357 “Statutes at Large,” III., 659-60; “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 59.

358 “Pub. Lands,” IV., 437-8; “Repts. of Com.,” No. 147, 19th Cong., 1st

Sess., II.; _ibid._, No. 53, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., I.; “S. Doc.,”

No. 49, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

_ 359 Ibid._, No. 46, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.; “State Papers,” No. 81,

19th Cong., 2d Sess., V.

360 “Pub. Lands,” VI., 27; “Statutes at Large,” IV., 234.

361 “S. Doc.,” No. 11, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

362 “Pub. Lands,” IV., 888, 921; V., 33, 35, 620; “Statutes at Large,”

IV., 305.

363 “Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, 39-45; 1824-25, 72.

_ 364 Ibid._, 1820-21, 153-4.

365 The total receipts from sales of 1829 is erroneously given as

$256,124.54 in the original.

366 “Pub. Lands,” VI., 158-9.

_ 367 Ibid._, VI., 219; “H. Ex. Doc.,” No. 19, 21st Cong., 2d Sess., I.

368 “Rept. of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City of Wheeling, Va., on

Forming a Settlement in the State of Ill.,” Oct. 4, 1830, 1-12.

369 “Information for Emigrants,” London, 1848, 33, first pagination. The

hogs were sold in 1829.

370 Senators from Illinois:

Ninian Edwards, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 4, 1824

Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1829

John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 20, 1824-Mar. 3, 1825

and Dec. 7, 1829-Oct. 14, 1830

Elias K. Kane, New York, Dec. 5, 1825-Dec. 11, 1835

David J. Baker, Connecticut, Dec. 6, 1830-Jan. 4, 1831

Representatives from Illinois:

John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1819

Daniel P. Cook, Kentucky, Dec. 6, 1819-Mar. 3, 1827

Joseph Duncan, Kentucky, Dec. 3, 1827-Nov. 1834

Governors of Illinois:

1809-1818: Ninian Edwards, Maryland

1818-1822: Shadrach Bond, Maryland

1822-1826: Edward Coles, Virginia

1826-1830: Ninian Edwards, Maryland

1830-1834: John Reynolds, Pennsylvania

The governors from 1834-1842 were from Kentucky, 1842-1861 from the

North, 1861-1873 from Kentucky. During the period 1846-1853,

Illinois had a Democratic governor (Augustus C. French), from New

Hampshire, this being the only instance of an Illinois governor from

New England.

371 Sulte, “Histoire des Canadiens-Français,” VIII., 53.

372 “Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 436, 704; “H. J.,” 15th

Cong., 2d Sess., 100, 136-7, 273, 308; “S. J.,” 15th Cong., 2d

Sess., 239, 240, 278-85, 322; 16th Cong., 1st Sess., 107, 201-2,

245; “Annals of Cong.,” 16th Cong., 1st Sess., I., 450-2, 482-5;

II., 1331-3; “S. J.,” 21st Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 48, 51.

373 “S. J.,” 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 401; “H. J.,” 18th Cong., 1st Sess.,

428; “Cong. Debates,” 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV. 786, 2471.

374 “Cong. Debates,” 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV., 90.

375 “Ohio Republican,” April 19, 1823.

376 Eames, “Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,” 22. A letter from

the son of Mr. Eames, now deceased, says that search has failed to

recover the constitution of the Regulators of the Valley. Regulators

were also useful in preventing speculators from entering the claims

of squatters, even when the squatter was too poor to enter his own

claim—Henderson, “Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 21. For

another instance, see Blaney, “Excursion through the U. S.,” 233-6;

also, Reynolds, “My Own Times,” 1879, 113.

377 “Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, pp. 45-6; 1822-23, p. 109; Henderson,

“Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 21.

378 “Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, p. 86 ff.; 1824-25, p. 116.

379 “Miners’ Journal,” Galena, Dec. 22, 1829; “Revised Laws of Ill.,”

1829, 57; “H. J.,” (Ill.), 1828-29, p. 57.

380 “Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, pp. 149-51.

_ 381 Ibid._, 1824-25, pp. 121-8; “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1829, 149.

382 “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1829, p. 100; McMaster, “Rights of Man in

Am.,” 97.

383 “Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, pp. 229-30.

384 “H. J.,” Ill., 1828-29, p. 8.

385 Tenney, “Early Times in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 97;

“Niles’ Register,” XXXVII., 53; “State Papers,” No. 35, 20th Cong.,

2d Sess., II.

386 “Repts. of Com.,” No. 177, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; Meeker,

“Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc.

Coll.,” VI., 278-9.

387 “State Papers,” No. 66, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

388 “Statutes at Large,” IV., 334.

389 “Galena Advertiser,” Sept. 14, 1829.

390 Bonner, “Life and Adventures of Beckwourth,” 20, 21. Written from

Beckwourth’s dictation.

391 Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 48.

392 Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist.

Soc. Coll.,” VI., 276-9.

393 Blaney, “Excursion through the U. S. and Canada,” 159.

394 “Niles’ Register,” XXVIII., 168; Dana, “Sketches of Western

Country,” 1819, 154; “Laws of Ill. Ter.,” 1817-18, pp. 57-64.

395 Henderson, “Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 13.

396 Reid, “Sketch of Enoch Long,” “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” Il., 61-2.

397 “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 156; Strickland,

“Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 200-1; Faux, “Memorable Days in

Am.,” 310.

398 “Reminiscences of Levi Coffin,” 89-99.

_ 399 Ibid._, 76.

_ 400 Ibid._, 94-5; Mrs. Delilah Mullin-Evans, in “Trans. of the McLean

Co. (Ill.) Hist. Soc.,” II., 17; Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten

Staaten,” I., 37-8.

401 Loomis, “Notes of a Journey to the Great West,” pages unnumbered;

“Niles’ Register,” XXII., 320.

402 “Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” MS. in Ill. State Hist.

Lib.

403 Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 120.

404 Melish, “Information and Advice to Emigrants,” 1819, 108.

405 Woods, “Residence in Ill.,” 140.

406 “Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, pp. 94-6.

407 Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 54.

408 Hamilton, “Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall

Hubbard,” 136.

409 Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 81; Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter

Cartwright,” 250.

410 “State Papers,” No. 77, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., III.

411 “S. Doc.,” No. 28, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

412 Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist.

Soc. Coll.,” VI., 278-9.

413 Reid, “Sketch of Enoch Long,” Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll., II., 67-8.

See also Owen, in “Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatter,”

Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, 42.

414 Chetlain, “Recollections of Seventy Years,” 10.

415 Hulme, in Cobbett. “Year’s Residence in the U. S.,” 279, 302.

416 Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 113; Birkbeck, “Jour. from Va. to

Ill.,” 133-4.

417 Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 260, repeated in Kingdom, “Am. and the

British Colonies,” 63. In the works of Fearon and Kingdom 4_s._

6_d._ are equal to $1.00.

418 Cobbett, “A Year’s Residence in the U. S.,” 337.

419 Birkbeck, “Extracts,” 4.

420 Woods, “Residence in Illinois,” 33, 74, 111, 131, 133, 143-4.

421 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 315.

422 Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 2.

423 “Niles’ Register,” XXV., 95.

424 “Cincinnati Emporium,” Feb. 3, 1825.

425 “Cincinnati Gazette,” Apr. 1, 1825.

426 “Niles’ Register,” XXXI., 58.

_ 427 Ibid._, XXXI., 38.

428 “Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer,” July 27, 1830.

429 “Niles’ Register,” XXXVIII., 97.

_ 430 Ibid._, XLIV., 36.

431 “Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer,” July 27, 1830.

432 Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 217, 260. Reprinted in Kingdom, “Am. and

the British Colonies,” 55, 62.

433 “Niles’ Register,” XXIX., 165; “The Intelligencer” Petersburg, Va.,

Mar. 11, 1825; “Charleston (S. C.) Mercury,” May 25, 1825;

“Nashville (Tenn.) Republican,” Apr. 16, 1825.

434 “Niles’ Register,” XXXI., 52.

435 “Miners’ Journal,” Galena, Oct. 4, 1829.

_ 436 Ibid._, Nov. 3, 1829; Dec. 15, 1829; Aug. 14, 1830.

437 “Twelfth Census of the U. S., Occupations,” p. xxx.

438 Duden, “Nordamerika,” 61.

439 Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten,” II., 134-5.

440 The following describes a ditch and bank fence: “I very much admire

Mr. Birkbeck’s mode of _fencing_. He makes a ditch 4 ft. wide at

top, sloping to 1 ft. wide at bottom, and 4 ft. deep. With the earth

that comes out of the ditch he makes a bank on one side, which is

turfed towards the ditch. Then a long pole is put up from the bottom

of the ditch to 2 ft. above the bank; this is crossed by a short

pole from the other side, and then a rail is laid along between the

forks. The banks were growing beautifully, and looked altogether

very neat as well as formidable, though a live hedge (which he

intends to have) instead of dead poles and rails, upon top, would

make the fence far more effectual as well as handsomer.”—Hulme, in

Cobbett, “Year’s Residence in the U. S.,” 282.

441 Ernst in “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 156;

“Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal,” Apr. 18, 1877 (in “Ill. Local

Hist.,” III., in Wis. Hist. Soc. Lib.)

442 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 213.

443 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 244.

444 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 273.

445 Ernst, in “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 155.

446 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 254.

447 Chapman, Lyde Grove, in “Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” in

MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.

448 “Niles’ Register,” XXIX., 37; “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I., 127.

449 “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 2, 67, 245, 386; “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I.,

129; Loomis, “Journey to the Great West in 1825,” ch. iv., pages

unnumbered.

450 “Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” in MSS. in Ill. State

Hist. Lib.

451 “Niles’ Register,” XXX., 287; “Ill. Intelligencer,” May 18, 1826.

452 “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I., 129.

_ 453 Ibid._, I., 128-9

454 Fearon, “Sketches of America,” 1817, 261, reprinted in Kingdom, “Am.

and the British Colonies,” 63; Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.” 22,

32-3, 51-2, 69, 78, 85; Birkbeck, “Extracts,” 24-5, shows that a

honey-locust hedge could be made (1819) for less than 12 cents per

rod.

455 Birkbeck, “Jour. from Va. to Ill.,” 36; Duden, “Nordamerika,” 319.

456 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 315.

457 Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 35-6.

458 Mackenzie, “View of the U. S.,” 1819, 298.

459 “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 112.

_ 460 Ibid._, XXV., 272.

461 Loomis, “Notes of a Journey to the Great West in 1825,” ch. iv,

pages unnumbered.

462 “H. J.” (Ill.), 1828-29, 63.

463 “State Papers,” No. 55, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.; “Niles’

464 “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 226.

465 Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II.,

328-9.

466 Owen, “Ums Jahr 1819 und 1829,” in “Deutsch-Amerikanische

Geschichtsblatter,” Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, S. 42.

467 Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc.

Coll.,” VI., 280.

468 “Pub. Lands,” IV, 800.

469 “Narrative of Morgan L. Martin,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XL,

398.

470 Chetlain, “Recollections of Seventy Years,” 6; Mrs. Adile Gratiot,

in “Early Ill. Towns,” Lib. of Chicago Hist. Soc.

471 Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II.,

329.

472 “Ex. Doc.,” No. 277, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. VII.

473 “Shattuck Memorials,” 233-4.

474 “Niles’ Register,” XXXIV., 344.

475 “Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal,” Apr. 18, 1877.

476 Babcock, “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 123.

477 Peck, “ ‘Father Clark’; or, The Pioneer Preacher,” 240.

478 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 59.

479 Babcock, “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 229.

480 “Trans. of the McLean Co. (Ill.) Hist. Soc,” II., 19.

481 “Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal,” Apr. 18, 1877.

482 Peck, in Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,” 259.

_ 483 Ibid._, 272-3.

484 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 386-7.

485 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 254.

486 Babcock, “Memoir of John M. Peck,” 96-7.

487 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 128.

_ 488 Ibid._, 116-7.

489 Babcock, “Memoir of John M. Peck,” 94-5.

_ 490 Ibid._, 183, _et seq._, 203, 209.

In general, on the subject of religion in early Illinois, see: Peck,

in Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,” 253-75, and the above

mentioned works.

491 Harris, “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 116-9, note 3, p. 118.

492 “Public Laws” (Ill.). 1865, 105.

493 The question of the binding effect of the Ordinance received much

attention, especially from state courts, but early petitions show

that the discussion was not early important. In general, see Haight,

“Ordinance of 1787,” in “Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass’n Pub.,” II., 343-402;

Cooley, “Michigan,” 137-9; Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,”

67-71.

494 “Pub. Lands,” I., 68-9; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 447-52, 452-5.

495 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 455-61; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong.,

735.

496 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70; “A. S. P. Misc.,” I., 387;

“Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 1023-4; _ibid._, 9th Cong.,

1st Sess., 466-8.

497 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 476-83, 498-506.

_ 498 Ibid._, II., 494-7; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 450; “Annals of Cong.,”

9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293, 466-8.

499 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 507-10; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 467,

477; “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 2d Sess., 375, 482.

500 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 515-21; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 484;

“Annals of Cong.,” 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 23, _et seq._, 816.

501 Harris, “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 11, note 3.

502 Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 445-6.

503 “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1833, 457-62.

504 “Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 5, 7,

24-5; Melish, “Geog. Desc. of the U. S.,” 1822, 359.

505 “Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 3, 7.

506 J. Q. Adams, “Memoirs,” V., 9.

507 “Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Apr. 24, 1821.

508 “Ninth Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 3.

509 The vote for governor given by W. H. Brown, “Early Movement in

Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,” (“Fergus Hist. Ser.,” No.

4, p. 15), differs from that by Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,”

58, and Bonham, “Fifty Years Recollections,” 22, while neither gives

Coles a plurality of 46 votes, as Harris in “Negro Servitude in

Ill.,” 31, says the official returns show him to have received. For

the purposes of this work the differences are so slight as to be

negligible.

510 “House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 25-7; “Senate Journal” (Ill.),

1822-23, pp. 29-30.

511 “Senate Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 43-6; “House Journal” (Ill.),

1822-23, pp. 68, 134, 147-8.

512 “House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 44, 45.

513 Davidson and Stuvé, “Hist. of Ill.,” 320.

514 “House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 272.

_ 515 Ibid._, 1822-23, P. 276; “Senate Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 252.

516 Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” _passim._

517 “Edwardsville Spectator,” Jan. 27, 1824; Nov. 29, 1823.

518 Eames, “Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,” 12.

519 “House Journal” (Ill.), 1824-25, p. 64. The corrected official vote

(Aug. 2, 1824), by counties, is as follows:

For. Against.

Alexander, 75, 51

Bond, 63, 240

Clark, 31, 116

Crawford, 134, 262

Edgar, 3, 234

Edwards, 189, 391

Fayette, 125, 121

Franklin, 170, 113

Fulton, 5, 60

Gallatin, 597, 133

Greene, 164, 379

Hamilton, 173, 85

Jackson, 180, 93

Jefferson, 99, 43

Johnson, 74, 74

Lawrence, 158, 261

Madison, 351, 563

Marion, 45, 52

Montgomery, 74, 90

Monroe, 141, 196

Morgan, 42, 432

Pike, 19, 165

Pope, 273, 124

Randolph, 357, 284

Sangamon, 153, 722

St. Clair, 408, 506

Union, 213, 240

Washington, 112, 173

Wayne, 189, 111

White, 355, 326

Totals, 4972, 6640

The vote as here given is from Moses, “Illinois,” I., 324. It is

also given in Harris, “Negro Servitude in Illinois,” 48. It differs

to a slight degree from that given by William H. Brown in his

“Historical Sketch of the Early Movement in Illinois for the

Legalization of Slavery,” read at the annual meeting of the Chicago

Hist. Soc., Dec. 5, 1864 (“Fergus Hist. Ser.,” No. 4), and in

Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 191. Brown was one of the

leaders in the struggle and his work is of especial value. It is

probable that the vote appended to his address was prepared by some

one else. The work of Moses is of later date and his figures

correspond to the official report in respect to the majority against

the convention, as the others do not.

520 Brown, “Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,”

in “Fergus Hist. Series,” No. 4, pp. 16-17.

521 “Niles’ Register,” XXV., 39; “The Columbian Star” (Washington, D.

C.), Feb. 21, 1824.

522 “H. J.” (Ill.), 1824-25, p. 13; on kidnapping see Harris, “Negro

Servitude in Ill.,” 53 ff.

_ 523 Ibid._, 1824-25, pp. 26, 27, 151.

_ 524 Ibid._, 1826-27, pp. 9-10.

525 “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1833, 180-1.

526 “Laws of Ill.,” 1824-25, p. 50.

527 “Revised Laws of Ill.” 1833, 463-65.

528 “Ninth Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” p. 7.

_ 529 Ibid._, 3; “H. J.” (Ill.), 1826, 11.

530 “H. J.” (Ill.), 1826, 11.

531 “Edwardsville (Ill.) Spectator,” Oct. 5, 1824.

532 “Niles’ Register,” XXIX., 208.

_ 533 Ibid._, XXIX., 422.

534 Shaler, “Kentucky,” 176-85.

535 “Nashville (Tenn.) Republican,” Apr. 16, 1825.

536 “Niles’ Register,” XXX., 449.

537 “Galena Advertiser,” July 20, Aug. 10, Sept. 21, 1829.

538 “Niles’ Register,” XXXVI., 222.

539 “Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Oct. 31, 1829.

540 “Niles’ Register,” XXXVI., 271.

541 “Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Nov. 27, 1830.

542 “Niles’ Register,” XXXVII., 195.

543 “Galena Advertiser,” July 20, 1829; “Niles’ Register,” XXXVII., 230.

544 “Niles’ Register,” XXVIII., 161.

545 “State Papers,” No. 69, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.

546 Thomas S. Hinde, writing over the signature of “Theophilus

Arminius,” in “Methodist Magazine,” XI., 1828, 154-8. The identity

of the writer is shown by a note on p. 33 of the same volume.

Among the many writings concerning Peter Cartwright, the best are

Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright”; Cartwright, “Fifty

Years as a Presiding Elder,” and the obituary notice in “Minutes of

the Annual Conferences of the M. E. Church,” 1873, 115-7. See also

Moses, “Illinois,” I., 348, 379, 395, 506, 1166.

For the character of John M. Peck, also a noted pioneer preacher and

founder of Rock Spring Seminary in Illinois, see “Memoir of John

Mason Peck, D. D.,” edited by Rufus Babcock.

547 “Pub. Lands,” I., 69-70; II., 203-4; “Early Chicago and Illinois,”

in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 145, 159, 167, 169-70, 178-9,

209; Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,” 110, 116-8, 180, 215; John

Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785, in “Draper’s Notes,

Trip 1860,” VI., 214-5; Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23,

1786, “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 56; Petition from

Kaskaskia, Sept. 14, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II.,

124-7; Offer of John Edgar, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 3, 1789, “Draper

Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 127-8; Hamtramck’s reply to the

Kaskaskia petition of Sept. 14, 1789, from Vincennes, Oct. 14, 1789,

“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 128-30; Edgar to Hamtramck, from

Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789, ibid., II., 132-6; “DraperColl., Kenton

MSS.,” Edgar Papers.

548 Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,” 170-2; W. A. Burt Jones, in

“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 230-70; Jones to Hamtramck, from

Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II.,

136-41.

549 “Methodist Magazine,” XI., 1828, 154-8. The remarks of Hinde recall

the difficulty which was experienced by the men who governed the

Northwest Territory under the Ordinance of 1787 when they attempted

to use only such laws as had been adopted by some state. The attempt

was early and finally abandoned. Hinde gives the following in a

foot-note: “A gentleman, a Virginian, a physician of eminence who

was educated in Paris, visited a western state many years ago

[written in 1827], and lost all his money by gambling, (playing at

cards). Meeting a friend on the mountains on his return, he was thus

addressed: ‘Well, doctor, you have been to see the new country.’

‘Yes,’ replied the doctor, biting his lips, ‘it is a new country, it

is true; but there are some of the oldest people in it that I ever

saw.’ ”—See above reference, p. 155.

On Mt. Carmel and its founders, in general, see: “Articles of

Association for the City of Mount Carmel”; Bangs, “Hist. of the M.

E. Church,” IV., appendix, 3, 25; III., 230, 308-14; “Minutes of

Conferences” Annual, M. E., I., 347, 474, 516; “American Pioneer,”

I., 327; II., 363-8; “Laws of Ill., 1824-25,” 72-5; Simpson,

“Cyclopedia of Methodism,” 97-S; “Methodist Magazine,” VIII., 17,

49, 86. Less reliable data is given in “Hist. of Edwards, Lawrence,

and Wabash Counties, Ill.,” 85, 162, 189-90, 236, 238, 239. Mount

Carmel is now (1908) the county seat of Wabash county. The “Hinde

MSS.” in the “Draper Coll.” are large in volume, but have slight

historic value, being chiefly musings of the author’s later years.

550 Bay, “Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar of Mo.,” 78-91; “Pub.

Lands,” II., index under Easton, Rufus; Easton, “Descendants of

Joseph Easton, Hartford, Conn.,” I, 37, 65; Moses, “Illinois,” I.,

272; “Laws of Ill., 1820-21,” 39-45; _ibid._, 1822-23, 147.

551 For information concerning Iles, see: “Reminiscences of Elijah

Iles,” in “Hist. of Sangamon County, Ill.,” 580-3; Power, “Hist. of

the Early Settlers of Sangamon Co., Ill.,” 397-400 (practically a

short autobiography of Iles, written in 1876); Moses, “Illinois,”

I., 344; II., 1174. Concerning Enos, see: Stiles, “Ancient Windsor,”

(Conn.), II., 245, 246; “Executive Journal,” Senate, 1815-29, pp.

325, 328, 551, 553, 555; _ibid._, 1829-37, pp. 50, 391; “Edwards

Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” III., 205, 391. Concerning

Cox, see: Moses, “Illinois,” II., 1168; “Executive Journal,” Senate,

1815-29, pp. 216-7, 325, 328, 551, 553, 555; Washburne, “Sketch of

Edward Coles,” 128-30; “Edwards Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc.

Coll.,” III., 76, 211, 336-7; Gue, “Hist. of Iowa,” I., 205, 211;

Fairall, “Manual of Iowa Politics,” 107; “Hist. of Jackson County,”

Iowa, 360-403. On Springfield, see: Peck, “Gazetteer of Illinois,”

1834, 337.

552 Moses, “Illinois,” I., 287, 289-90; Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of

Ill.,” 291-4, 323-7.

553 Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 16 _et seq._, 54-7. Washburne,

the writer, came to Galena, Illinois, when it still had many

frontier characteristics, and for seventeen years represented his

district in Congress.

554 Moses, “Illinois,” L., 242-3, 336, 340-1, 351; Washburne, “Sketch of

Edward Coles,” 54-7; and for a general view of Edwards, see: N. W.

Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” and “The

Edwards Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” III.