defending itself. (Approval from the Right: comments.) Is there in
Russia liberty of association for those who are not Bolshevists? No! Is
there liberty of Press for them? No! Is there liberty of meeting, of
vote? No! (Applause: comments on the Extreme Left.) You who are the
defenders of the Russian régime have not the right to protest against a
régime like mine, which cannot, even distantly, be compared with that of
the Bolshevists. (Approval on the Right: comments on the Left.)
I am not, Gentlemen, a despot who remains locked up in a castle
protected by strong walls. I circulate freely amongst the people without
any concern whatsoever, and I listen to them. (Loud assent.) Well, the
Italian people, up to now, have not asked for liberty. (Assent on the
Right: comments on the Extreme Left.) At Messina the population which
surrounded my carriage said: “Take us out of these wooden huts.”
(Assent.) In Sardinia—(you will notice that I am speaking of a region
where Fascismo has not tens of thousands of followers as in Lombardy)—in
Sardinia, at Arbatax, men came to me with drawn faces; they surrounded
me and, pointing out to me a track with a putrid river among the marshy
reeds, said to me: “Malaria is killing us!” They did not speak to me of
liberty, of the Statute, of the Constitution. It is the emigrants of the
Fascista revolution who create this idol which the Italian people, and
now, too, foreign public opinion, has largely dismantled. (Loud applause
on the Right.)
Every day I receive dozens of Committees, and hundreds of applications
are flung on my desk, in which one might say that the urgent needs of
each of the eight thousand communes of Italy are represented.
Well, why should all those not come to me and say: “We suffer because
you oppress us”? But there is a reason, a fact to which I wish to draw
your attention. You say that the ex-soldiers fought for liberty. How
does it happen, then, that these ex-soldiers are in favour of a
liberticidal Government? (Applause.)
Are force and consent antagonistic elements? Not at all! In force there
is already consent, and consent is force in itself and for itself.
But tell me, have you found on the face of the earth a Government, of
whatsoever kind, which claimed to make happy all the people it governed?
But this would mean the squaring of the circle! Whatever Government, be
it even directed by men participating in the Divine wisdom, whatever
measure it takes, will make some people discontented. And how can you
check this discontent? By force! What is the State? It is the police.
All your codes of law, the laws themselves, all your doctrines are
nothing if, at a given moment, the police by their physical strength do
not make felt the indestructible weight of the law. (Comments and
assent.)
_We do not want to abolish Parliament._ They say that we want to abolish
Parliament. No! It is not true. First of all, we do not know what we
could substitute for it. (Comment.) Parliaments, the so-called Technical
Councils, are still in the embryonic stage.
Maybe they represent some principles of life. With such subjects one can
never be dogmatic or explicit; but, in the face of to-day’s state of
affairs, they represent only attempts. Maybe that in a second stage it
may be possible to allot to these Technical Councils a portion of the
legislative work.
But, Gentlemen, I beg you to consider that Fascismo is in favour of
elections. That is to say, it calls for the elections, in order to
conquer the communes and the provinces. It has called for them in order
to send Deputies to Parliament; it does not, therefore, seek to abolish
Parliament. On the contrary, as I said before and I repeat it, the
Government wants to make of Parliament a more serious, if not more
solemn institution: it wants, if possible, to bridge over that hiatus
which undeniably exists between Fascismo and the country.
_Fascismo is not a transitory Phenomenon. Do not hope that its Life will
be short!_ Gentlemen, we must follow Fascismo, I will not say with love,
but with intelligence. There must be no illusions. How many times from
those benches it was said that Fascismo was a transitory phenomenon! You
saw it. It is an imposing phenomenon which gathers in its followers, one
might say, by millions. It is the largest mass party which has ever
existed in Italy. It has in itself some vital, powerful force, and since
it is different from all others, as regards its extent, its
organisation, its discipline, do not hope that its life be short!
To-day Fascismo is going through the travail of a profound
transformation. You will ask: “When will Fascismo grow up?” Oh! I do not
wish it to grow up too soon! (Laughter.) I prefer that it should
continue still for some time as it is to-day till all are resigned to
the _fait accompli_, and have its fine armour and its virile warlike
soul.
There is a fact which is rapidly transforming the essence of Fascismo.
The Fascista Party, on one side, becomes a Militia, and, on the other,
becomes an administration and a Government. It is incredible what a
change the head of a “squadra” undergoes when he becomes an alderman or
a mayor. He understands that it is not possible to attack abruptly the
Communal Budgets without preparation, but that it is necessary to study
them and devote himself to the administrative part, which is a hard,
dry, and difficult task. (Applause.) And as the communes conquered by
Fascisti number now several thousands, you will conclude that the
transformation of Fascismo into an organ of administration is taking
place and will be soon an accomplished fact.
_Liberty must not be converted into Licence, and Licence I shall never
grant!_ You ask: “When will this moral pressure of Fascismo end?” I
understand that you are anxious about it. It is natural, but it depends
on you. You know that I should be happy to-morrow to have in my
Government the direct representatives of the organised working classes.
I would like to have them with me; I would like also to entrust them
with a Ministry which requires delicate handling, so as to convince them
that the administration of the State is a thing of the utmost complexity
and difficulty, that there is little to improvise, that _tabula rasa_
must not be made, as in some revolutions, because afterwards it is
necessary to rebuild. You cannot take a corporal of the division of
Petrograd and make of him a general, because afterwards you have to call
in a Brusiloff! (Comment.) To sum up, so long as opponents exist who,
instead of resigning themselves to the _fait accompli_, contemplate a
reactionary movement, we cannot disarm. But I say further that the last
experience after your attempt at the strike of last year must also have
convinced you by now that that road will lead you to ruin; whilst, on
the other hand, you ought to take into account, once and for all, if you
have in your veins a little Marxist doctrine, that there is a new
situation, to which (if you are intelligent and watch over the interests
of the classes you say you represent) you should conform. And, moreover,
Colombino, who is a friend of Ludovico d’Aragona, can say if I am an
enemy of the working classes. I dare him to deny my statement that six
thousand workmen belonging to the Italian Metallurgic Consortium work
to-day because I helped them and because I did my duty as citizen and
head of the Italian Government. (Comment and assent.)
But liberty, Gentlemen, must not be converted into licence. What they
ask for is licence, and this I shall never grant! (Loud applause and
comment.) You can, if you wish, organise and march along in processions
and I shall have you escorted. But if you intend to throw stones at the
carabineers or to pass through a street where it is forbidden to do so,
you will find the State which opposes you, if necessary by force. (Loud
applause on the Right: comment on the Left.)
_Close Analysis of the Electoral Reform Bill._ But this Electoral Law
which harasses us so much: is it really a monster? I declare it to you
that, were it a monster, I should like to hand it over at once to a
museum of monstrosities. (Laughter.) This law, of which I have traced
the fundamental lines, but which afterwards has been successively
elaborated by my friend the Hon. Acerbo, and re-elaborated by the
Commission, I do not know whether for better or for worse,—(Much
laughter.)—is a creation, and, like all creations of this world, has its
qualities and defects. One must not condemn it as a whole; it would be a
great mistake.
You must consider—I say this to you with absolute frankness—that it is a
law for us;—(Comments.)—but it involves principles which are
ultra-democratic—that of the State election schedule; that of the
national constituency, which was the vindication of Socialism, as just
now Constantino Lazzari recalled. You say that the struggle is
impersonal, that the elections will cause unrest. But who tells you that
the elections are near? (Laughter: prolonged comments.) The working of
this law is such that a fourth part of the seats is guaranteed to the
minorities, while I think that, calling the elections by the present
law, the minorities would, perhaps, be further sacrificed. (Assent and
comment.) At any rate the impersonality of the struggle withholds from
the same struggle that character of harshness which might preoccupy from
the point of view of public order. As things stand to-day, elections
held on the uninominal constituency or even on the proportional basis
would certainly lead to excesses. (Assent.)
_The Government cannot accept Conditions. Either you give it your
Confidence or deny it._ I declare that I shall not call elections until
I am sure that they will be held in independence and order. (Comment and
applause.) I add that while on principle I am, and I must be,
intransigent, I entrust myself, in a certain sense, as regards technical
discussion, to the competent elements. In this hall there are very many
competent elements. They will say how this law can be even more abused
or improved. (Comment.) But this is the business of the Chamber, and the
Government declares to you that it does not refuse to accept those
improvements which would render easier the exercise of the right to
vote.
This concerns in a certain sense the Popular Party, which must decide
for itself. I have spoken plainly, but I must say not as plainly as has
been spoken from those benches. The Government cannot accept conditions.
Either you give it your confidence or you deny it. (Assent and comment.)
_On your Vote will depend in a certain sense your Fate!_ I agree with
all the speakers who have declared that the country wishes only to be
left alone; to work in peace with discipline. And my Government makes
enormous efforts to achieve this result and will go on, even if it has
to strike its own followers, because, having wished for a strong State,
it is only just that we should be the first to experience the
consequences of strength. (Loud applause.) I have also the duty of
telling you—and I tell you from a debt of loyalty—that on your vote
depends in a certain sense your fate! Do not delude yourselves, even in
this field, because nobody gets out of the Constitution—neither I nor
the others—as nobody can suppose that he is not amply guaranteed
according to the spirit and the letter of the Constitution. (Comment.)
And then, if things are thus, I tell you, take into account this
necessity. Do not let the country have once again the impression that
Parliament is far from the soul of the nation and that this Parliament,
after having manœuvred for an entire week in a campaign of opposition,
has achieved sterile results at the end. Because this is the moment in
which Parliament and country can be reconciled. But if this chance is
lost, to-morrow will be too late, and you feel it in the air, you feel
it in yourselves. And then, Gentlemen, do not hang on political labels,
do not stiffen yourselves in the formal coherence of the parties, do not
clutch at bits of straw, as do the shipwrecked in the ocean, hoping
vainly to save themselves. But listen to the secret and solemn warning
of your conscience; listen also to the incoercible voice of the nation!
(The last words of the speech of the Hon. Mussolini, which had been
listened to all through with the greatest attention by the Assembly and
the Tribunes, are greeted by frantic, repeated applause by the benches
of the Right, by the Centre and by many Deputies of the Democratic Left.
The ovation lasts for a long time and is intensified by that paid by all
the Tribunes.
When the applause is over, all the members of the Government shake hands
with the President of the Council, while from the benches of the Right
all the Deputies come down to congratulate the Hon. Mussolini, amongst
them the Hon. Fera, ex-Minister of Justice, and the ex-Prime Ministers,
the Hon. Giolitti, the Hon. Salandra, the Hon. Orlando, and the
President of the Chamber, the Hon. De Nicola, who exclaims: “It is the
finest speech in the annals of Parliamentary history.”)
The sitting is suspended for half an hour. When it is resumed at 8.10
the Hon. Mussolini agrees to accept the order of the day proposed by
Larussa, viz.:
“_The Chamber, reaffirming its confidence in the Government, approves
the principles contained in the Electoral Reform Bill, and passes to the
discussion of the Articles of the project._”
At 11.10, the operation of voting having been completed, the result is
proclaimed, viz.: “_The Chamber of Deputies votes in favour of the
Government by a large majority._”
(The sitting is adjourned.)
THE MASSACRE OF THE ITALIAN DELEGATION FOR THE DELIMITATION OF THE
GRECO-ALBANIAN FRONTIER
On the 27th of August, General Enrico Tellini, President of the
International Commission for the Delimitation of the Greco-Albanian
Frontier, the medical officer, Major Luigi Corti, and Lieutenant
Mario Bonacini, members of the Mission, were atrociously murdered in
Greece, while motoring from Janina to Santi Quaranta.
In consideration of preceding assassinations, of all the concordant
information from different sources gathered on the scene of the
massacre, and of the persistent campaign of libel and instigation on
the part of the Greek Press against Italy and the Italian Military
Mission, the Royal Government (the Stefani Agency informs us) has
come to the conclusion that the moral as well as implicitly the
material responsibility of the massacre falls on the Greek
Government. On these grounds the head of the Government, certain of
interpreting the sense of indignation of the whole Italian nation,
has instructed Commendatore Montagna, Minister at Athens, to present
to Greece the following Note containing Italy’s demands.
_Hon. Mussolini’s Note_ to Greece demands on behalf of Italy:
1. Apologies in the most ample and official form, to be presented to the
Italian Government at the Royal Italian Legation at Athens through the
highest Greek authority;
2. Solemn funeral ceremony for the victims of the massacre, to be
celebrated in the Catholic Cathedral at Athens, with the presence of all
the members of the Greek Government;
3. Honours to the Italian flag to be paid by the Hellenic Fleet in the
bay of the Piraeus to one of our naval divisions, which will proceed
there purposely, and this by means of a salute of twenty-one shots fired
by the Hellenic ships, whilst the Greek Fleet flies the Italian flag
from the masthead;
4. A strict inquiry will be held by the Greek authorities on the scene
of the massacre, with the assistance of the Royal Military Italian
Attaché, Colonel Perrone, for whose personal safety the Hellenic
Government holds itself absolutely responsible. Such an inquiry will
have to be conducted within five days of the acceptance of these
demands;
5. Capital punishment of the guilty;
6. Indemnity of fifty million Italian lire (about £500,000)—to be paid
within five days of the presentation of this Note;
7. Military honours to the remains of the victims upon their embarkation
at Prevesa on Italian warships.
MUSSOLINI.
ROME, PALAZZO CHIGI, _29th August 1923_.
FINIS
INDEX
ABBA GARIMA, 164
Abbazia, Conference of, 269, 271, 278–9, 281
Absolutism, 311
Acerbo, Signor, 310, 343;
on Electoral Law, 360
Adige, Upper, 109, 111;
effect of Austro-German union on question of, 125;
Germans in, 109, 131;
Fascismo and, 164;
Italophobia on, 184–7
Adler, Fritz, 98
Admiralty, Fascisti demand the, 174
Adrianople, 241
Adriatic, eastern shore of, 59;
Sauro and the, 74;
National Vindications and, 89;
Zara and the, 257;
Abbazia Conference, 269
Ægean, Bulgaria’s right to a port on the, 125
Albania, rebels in, 21;
as a centre of unrest, 125;
Commercial Agreement with, 283;
massacre of Italian delegation at Janina, 363
Albertini, Senator, 219–20
Alessio, Signor, 350
Alliance, Austro-German, 12;
Triple, 22;
Republican, 101;
Continental, against England, 231;
Cavour and Treaty of, with France and England, 351
Alps, the, 60;
National Vindications and, 89;
Brenner, 107, 192;
Julian Alps, 107;
Dinaric Alps, 120, 127
Alsace, 100
Amalfi, 113
Ambassadors, Conference of, 268
Ambris, Alcesto de, 9
Amendola, 352
America, cables to, xviii;
intervention of, in the war, 53.
_See also_ United States
American students, facilities for, in Italy, 335
Ancona, 307
Andreas Hoferbund, 185
Angell, Norman, 11
Angora, National Assembly of, 241;
Turkish aspirations, 254;
Allied reply to Government of, 280
Arbatax, malaria in, 356
“Arditi,” 74;
the Association of, 92
Armenia, oil wells of, 96
Army, Italian, and Fascismo, xii
Arosio, speech 30th March 1923 at, 277
Arpigati, Captain Arturo, 42
Association, of Fighters, 87, 92, 99;
of Arditi, 92;
of Volunteers, 92;
of Garibaldians, 92;
of Maimed and Disabled, 316
Athens, Fascismo and “eterie” of, ix
Austria, 12;
Italy and the Austro-German Alliance, 12;
Austro-German militarism, 16;
preparations in, against Roumania, 20;
demand for repudiation of Triple Alliance, 22;
Republic of, 124;
dual monarchy, 187, 249;
Commercial Treaty between Italy and, 284;
reparations, 295;
loan to, 299
Austrian Institute, 281
Austro-Hungarian monarchy, 187, 249
_Avanti_, xvi, 3, 4, 9, 87, 162
Bainsizza, 28
Balbo, Italo, xiii, 310
Baldwin, Mr. Stanley, 296
Balillas, 159, 343
Balkans:
Balkan zones of Austria-Hungary, 9;
Roumania, 20;
Valona, 21, 118;
Bulgaria, 125;
seeds of war in, 125;
Treaty of Rapallo, 125 _et seq._;
Montenegro’s independence, 189 _et seq._;
Turkey’s success at Lausanne, 213
Bandiera brothers, 351
Baracca Cup, 329
Barbarossa, 27
Barcelona, 270
Barzilai, 224
Battisti, Cesare, 48, 89, 134
Bazzi, 69
Bebel, 26
Belgium, martyrdom of, 12, 14;
neutrality, 23;
undertaking not to sign separate peace, 19;
colonies, 90;
ex-President Wilson and, 189
Belgrade, Fiume and the agreement concluded at, 193
Bellini, Senator, 223
Benedict XV., Palestine and, 194;
on Ruhr crisis, 345
Bentini, 353
Berchtold, Count, 19, 20
Berne Convention, powers of, respecting international traffic, 270
Bernhardi, von, 26
Bernstein, Edward, and Versailles Treaty, 99
Bersagliere Regt., 11th, Mussolini joins, xvi
Bessarabia, 20
Bezzi, Ergisto, 18, 88
Bianchi, Michele, xiii
Bismarck, 9
Bissolati, Leonida, 158
Black Shirts, Nationalists and, 148;
revolution of, a force for progress, 208
Bologna:
speech of 24th May 1918 at, 37;
speech of 3rd April 1921 at, 134;
University of, and Montenegrin independence, 191;
Fascista occupation of, 308
Bolshevism:
Mussolini saves Italy from, xiv;
textile workers’ strike, 68;
failure of, in Italy, 73, 167;
Mussolini’s fight against, 87, 101;
Florence under, 103;
Bolshevist element in Italian Socialism, 116;
in Trieste, 117, 121;
of Russia, 129, 147;
the Bolshevist State and the Liberal State, 139;
Fascismo and, 166, 179;
the Italian Bolshevist world, 178;
Germany’s resistance to influence of, 290;
Italian losses in crushing, 324;
freedom of the Press and, 355
Bolzano, xiii, 163–4; 173, 185, 187, 308
Bonacini, Lieut. Mario, murder of, 363
Bono, General Cesare de, xii, xiii, 309, 343
Bordiga, General, 105
Bourbons, 75, 351
Bourgeoisie, Fascismo and the, 165;
Risorgimento and, 50
Breitemburg, Count, 186
Brenner, the:
Battisti and, 74;
Bezzi and, 88;
Italy in possession of, 107;
as bulwark against Germany, 110;
Paduan valley and, 125;
as Italy’s northern boundary, 136;
defence of, 184;
Mussolini’s declaration to German deputies respecting, 188;
Versailles Treaty and, 293
Brest-Litowsk, Treaty of, 44
Brofferio, Angelo, 351–2
Brussels Conference, 1923, 214
Bucharest, Peace of, 44
Budapest, Danube Confederation and, 124;
peace of justice, and occupation of, 149, 172
Budget, Italian State, 215, 272–3;
Communal, 358
Bulgaria, 10, 125, 213;
reparations, 295, 299;
_coup d’état_ in, 345
Buozzi, 219
Burian, 20
Cables, conventions relative to, xviii
Cagliari, speech of 12th June 1923 at, 323
Canada, Commercial Treaty with, 214
Cannæ, 288
Capitulations, the, 241, 266
Caporetto, speech after, 30;
causes of disaster of, 32;
anti-war demonstrations after, 34;
national crisis following, 43;
German calculations after, 45;
Rapallo and, 126;
Pact of Rome and, 126;
Fascismo and, 135;
discipline of war and, 350
Carabineers, xvii, 359
Caradonna, 310
Carducci, 37
Carli, 99
Carso, 28;
Italian sentiment for the, 35;
Corridoni’s death, 48;
insurrection against Trieste on, 118;
commemoration ceremony, 120
Carthage, 177
Castelrosso, 280, 302
Castua, 278
Catholicism, Mussolini on, xii
Cattaneo, 53
Cavallotti, 351
Cavazzoni, 252
Caviglia, General, 129
Cavour, Camille, 311;
Crimean expedition and, 351
Ceccherini, Maj.-General, xii, 310
Central America, cable to, xviii
Central Empires, 9;
war desired by, 27, 72
Cervantes, 114
Cettinge, 190
Chamber of Deputies, Fascista Government and the, 313
Chiesa, 255
Child, Mr. Richard Washburn, speech at Rome by, 335
Chiusa di Verona, 185
Cicerin, Commissioner of Foreign Affairs, Russia, 44
Ciccotti, Ettore, on Italian Fascismo, ix
Cinque Giornate, 28;
speech before the
monument of, 58;
Austrian threat to city of, 135
Cipriani, Amilcare, 5
Civil Law Codes, reformation of, xvii
Class struggle, Mussolini on, 285
Clémenceau, 32, 40, 56;
on concessions in Asia Minor, 96
Clemente, Maj.-General Ozol, 310
Coalition Ministry, 221
Coliseum, 234
Colombino, 359
Colonna di Cesaro, 307
Columbus, Christopher, 50
Commerce, Chambers of, International Congress of, 274 _et seq._
Commercial Treaty:
with Switzerland, 212;
with Canada, 214;
with France, 265;
with Yugoslavia, 271, 282;
with Austria, 281
Committee of Understanding and Action, 93
Committee of Wounded and Disabled Soldiers, 51
Communes, Italian, ix
Communism, x, 116, 334
Comunale, Bologna, speech at the, 37
Constantine, King, 125
Constitution, the, and the Government, 361
_Contadini_, adherents of Fascismo, 316
Conti, Senator, 219
Continental alliance. _See under_ Alliance
Convention, of Washington, 243, 251;
for Italo-American cables, 245
_Corriere della Sera_, 163–4
Corridoni Club, 92
Corridoni, Filippo, 48, 59, 71, 88
Corsica, Italians of, 137
Corti, Major Luigi, murder of, 363
Cremona, speech at, 25th Sept. 1922, 158
Crespi, Senator, 161, 258
Crimea, expedition to the, 351
Crispi, Francesco, 108 n.
Cucco, 28
Cuno-Rosenberg Memorandum, 295
Curtatone, 289
Cyrus, 38
Czechoslovakia, Italy’s relations with, 213
Dabormida, General, 351
Dalmatia:
Rismondo on, 74;
National Vindications and, 89;
Italian minorities of, 96;
and the victory of Vittorio Veneto, 107;
Croats of, 118;
Treaty of Rapallo, 125, 262;
education of Italians of, 131;
care of Italian
residents, 132;
sufferings of Italians in, 136;
Italian unity and, 144;
betrayed, 171, 192;
Santa Margherita Agreements, 247, 256, 260–1
Dalmine, speech 20th March 1919 at, 63
Dante, 60, 77, 114, 133
D’Annunzio, 77, 114;
Mussolini at Fiume with, 103;
proclamation to the Croats, 104;
legionary occupation of Fiume, 119, 192;
the Fiume tragedy, 128–9, 141
Danube Confederation, 124
Danubian States, economic settlement of, 300
D’Aragona, Ludovico, 359
Dardanelles, 214, 241
Death duties, xvii
De Bono, Cesare. _See_ Bono, de, General Cesare
Debt, national, xviii;
Italian war, 259
Debt funding agreement, Anglo-American, 259, 296
Debts, inter-allied, and reparations, 294
Deffenu, 88
Del Croix, Carlo, 129
Delegation, Italian massacre of, at Janina, 363
Delta, the, 193, 262, 278
Democracy, meaning of, 36;
syndicalism and, 148;
Fascismo and, 167–8, 176;
and suffrage, 355
Democrats, 92
De Nicola, President of the Chamber, 362
Deutscher Verband, 185–7
_Deutschland über Alles_, 21
Diaz, General, 343
Dictatorship, proletariat and a, 349
Dinaric Alps, 120, 127
Diplomatic and consular services, 305
Dock-workers, Fascisti, 82
“Dolomites of Italian Thought,” the, 114
Dortmund, 235
Dumas, 353
Dunkirk, attack on, 19
Eastern Mediterranean. _See under_ Mediterranean
Economic policy, 274
Economy, Ministry of National, xvii
Edvige, xvi
Eight Hours Day Bill, xvii, 198, 354
Electoral Reform, xvii, 101, 165, 314, 347, 359–60, 362
Elementary schools, religious instruction in, xii
Emigration, 341
Employers and employed, co-operation between, 285
Eneo, 262
England, Russian expectation of financial aid from, 19;
Italian confidence in, 46;
D’Annunzio’s _coup_ at Fiume and, 104;
mandate in Palestine, 194–5;
continental alliance against, 231
Entente, the:
French and British soldiers at the Piave battle, 59;
Italy’s position and, 211–12;
the Ruhr advance and, 230;
Greco-Turkish affairs and, 254;
continued existence of, 259
Entente, Little, 124, 238, 240, 300, 345
d’Esperey, Franchet, 189
Esthonia, xviii, 283
Etna, eruption of, 331
Europe, economic system of, 275
Exchanges, European, 345
Ex-soldiers, blind, 277;
National Association of, 316
Facta, Signor, 165, 267
Fara, Gustavo, General, xii, 310
Farinacci, Roberto, 158
Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, 103, 328
Fascio of Fighters, 92;
demands of, 132
Fascio Nazionale dei Combattenti, x
Fascismo:
part of general historical development of nations, ix;
rise of, x;
and the Army, xii;
“March to Rome,” xii;
progress of, xiii;
Mussolini summoned to form cabinet, xiii;
official song of, xiv;
symbol, xv;
syndicalism of, 63, 177;
aims and programme of, 92, 150;
tasks of, 108 _et seq._;
patriotism of, 112;
sincerity of, 114;
not conservative, 115;
Communism and, 116, 196;
attitude of, towards Socialism, 116, 196 _et seq._;
demagogism and, 119;
problems of foreign policy, 121 _et seq._, 149 _et seq._;
attitude towards the peace treaties, 124;
demands of Italian Fascio of Fighters in matters of foreign policy,
132;
birth of, 135;
imperialism of, 136;
not essentially violent, 138, 156;
in the Socialist crisis of 1921, 139;
attitude in the 1921 elections, 139;
Fascista Day, 141;
and the Monarchy, xi, 152;
the Fascista revolution, 154;
attitude of, towards State economic attributes, 155;
and the bourgeoisie, 165;
and the proletariat, 165;
and democracy,
176–7;
and the New Provinces, 183;
demands regarding the Upper Adige, 187;
attitude towards the Popular Party, 201 _et seq._;
and the Vatican, 201–3;
and Social Democrats, 203;
military organisation of, xv, 223;
domestic policy, 215;
emigration and, 215;
foreign policy, 251;
Yugoslavian policy, 253;
women of, 286;
attempt to sever Mussolini from, 287;
strength and adherents of, 316;
associations included in, 316;
Sardinia and, 324;
Parliament and, 357;
not a transitory phenomenon, 357;
an organ of administration, 358;
liberty, not licence, under, 358;
and the constitution, 361
Fascista Council, Great, xv, 232–3, 314
Fascista Government, work of, xvii;
beginnings of, 163–4, 173;
“Government of speed,” 234;
policy respecting Fiume and Zara, 256;
foreign policy, 265, 293 _et seq._
Fascista Party, National, xiv;
military organisation, xv;
numbers and adherents, 316
Fascista revolt, 76
Fascista State, 169, 173
Federation, of Labour, General, 106, 110;
of Seamen, 106
Federzoni, Signor, 190, 192
Fera, Signor, ex-Minister of Justice, 362
Ferrara, speech of 4th April 1921 at, 75
Ferrari, Giuseppe, 78
Ferrarin, 133, 285
Ferrario, General, 192
Fiat factory, 349
Fighters, National Association of, 87, 92, 99;
Fascio, 92
Finance, Ministry of, 272–3
Finland, xviii, 283
Finzi, 310
Fiume, 53, 74;
National Vindications and, 89;
Tardieu and, 96;
Mussolini visits D’Annunzio at, 103;
international relations and D’Annunzio’s occupation of, 104;
Italian acquisition of, 111;
Hungary and, 125;
the tragedy of, 128;
the war between General Caviglia and, 129;
the Fascio of, 131;
economic annexation of, demanded by the Fascisti, 132;
sympathy of Fascista for, 136;
Italian unity and, 144;
General Ferrario, 192;
the Belgrade Agreement, 193;
Agreements of Santa Margherita and, 248;
Arbitration Commission, 262;
Abbazia Conference,
278–9;
difficulties of Yugoslav Government, 301;
representations to Belgrade, 346
Florence, speech 9th Oct. 1919 at, 103;
speeches 19th June 1923 at, 328–9;
of the Middle Ages, 113
Foreign Affairs, Ministry of, Fascisti demand, 174
Foreign policy, 121, 132, 149, 251, 278, 293, 345
Forli, xvi
Forum, the, 234
France:
Italy’s neutrality in 1914, 12;
undertaking not to conclude a separate peace, 19;
heroism of, 45;
attitude of, towards Fiume question, 104
Franche-Comté, 21
Frankfurt, Treaty of, 9
_Frankfurter Zeitung_, 21
Freedom of the Press, 353, 355
Freemasonry, 201, 314, 318
Galassi, Angelico, 201
Galicia, 20;
Eastern, 280
Galileo, 77, 114
Gandolfo, General, 309
Garibaldi, 14, 27, 77, 114, 134;
“red shirts” of, 145;
Piedmont and, 352;
and Dumas, 353
Gasparri, Cardinal, 345
Gay, Harry Nelson, 335
Geneva, Protocol of;
loan to Austria, 299;
territorial integrity of Austria, 300
Genoa, 113, 311
Gentile, Senator, xii
George V., King of England, visit of, 304
Georgia, 133
Germany:
Italy’s neutrality between Triple Entente and Austro-German Alliance,
12;
dependence on Austria, 20;
and Belgium, 22;
Prussian militarism, 23, 60;
“Wilsonites” in, 54;
imperialist, doomed, 60;
war desired by, 72;
reparations problem, 124;
Upper Adige question and, 125;
resistance in the Ruhr, 240;
reparations, 294
Gioberti, 261
Giolitti, revelations of, 12;
adherents of, in upper bureaucracy, 106;
Italian intervention in the war and the followers of, 107;
attitude towards Upper Adige question, 188;
congratulates Mussolini, 362
Giordani, Giulio, 134
“Giovinezza” (Youth), xiv
Giulietti, Captain, 104
Giuriati, 310
_Giustizia, La_, 315
Goethe, 114
Gorizia, 48;
Italophobia in, 184
Grappa, 120
Graziadei, Antonio, 196–7
Graziani, General, xii
Greco-Albanian frontier, massacre of the Italian delegation for
delimitation of the, 363
Greece, 10;
Italian relations with, under Fascista Government, 212;
Italian note to, respecting Janina massacre, 363–4
Grodno, 123
Gronchi, speech on Electoral Reform by, 348
Guardie Regie, abolition of, xvii
Guesde on Socialist nations, 14
Guglielmotti, Maj.-General, 310
Hapsburg, House of, domination of, prevented by the war, 89;
war let loose by, 100;
attempt of, to present navy to Yugoslavs, 126;
Upper Adige and, 185, 187
Harden on Germany’s desire for war, 26
Harding, President, 279
Heraclea coal mines, 96
Hermada, 48
High Commissioners, 315
Hindenburg, 36
Hohenzollerns, the Germany of the, 26, 36;
passing of militarism with the, 60;
domination of, prevented by the war, 89;
Socialists and the, 99;
war let loose by the, 100
Holland, colonies of, 90
Hungary:
preparations against Roumania, 20;
Fiume and, 125;
Popular Party and, 201;
economic relations with, 213;
reparations, 295, 298.
_See also_ Austro-Hungarian monarchy
Iglesias, speech 13th June 1923 at, 326
Immigration Bill, 341
Imperial Italy, 292
_Indipendente_, 354
Inter-allied debts, 294, 346
Internal policy, 306 _et seq._
“Internationals,” German, 26
Internationalism, 11
Islam, situation in, 213
Isonzo, fording of the Upper, 31;
Caporetto and the, 32;
Italian sacrifices beyond the, 48;
destruction of the Hapsburg empire, 107;
obligation of Italy to pass the, 111;
Yugoslav
boundaries and the, 127;
Italian army’s advance towards, 172
Ismet Pasha, 266
Istria, Slavs in, 131;
Fascisti from, 171
Italian-Croat brotherhood, 104
Italian Proletariat, Assizes of the, 105
Italo-American Association, 336
Italo-American Society, 342
Italo-Russian Agreement, 303
Italo-Ukraine Agreement, 303
Italo-Yugoslav Commission, 301
Italy:
Socialist Party, 3, 23, 93;
Triple Alliance, 22;
no ground for remaining neutral, 23;
Battisti, Sauro and Rismondo on destinies of, 74;
and the Brenner, 74;
and the Adriatic, 74;
and Dalmatia, 74;
Socialist Union, 92;
Liberal leaders out of touch with, 165;
Monarchy of, 176;
Convention with Montenegro, 190;
agreements with Yugoslavia, 251;
universities of, 291;
position of, respecting reparations, 294;
War Loan and credits to Austria, 299;
relations with Russia, 303;
relations with United States, 304;
Crimean expedition and the unity of, 351
Jaffa, Conference of, 195
Janina, 363
Japan, conflict between U.S. and, 121–2
Jerusalem, conquest of, 100;
Polish immigrants, 195
Jews:
English mandate in Palestine, 194 _et seq._;
sacrifices by Italian Jews in the war, 195
Journalism, Parliamentarism and, 313
Judiciary Circuits, 314
Jugoslavia. _See_ Yugoslavia
Kaiser, the, 66
Kemal, Mustapha, 150, 189, 266
Kerensky, 33
Klopstock, 114
Labour, Asiatic Utopia and, 82
Labour, General Confederation of, 106, 110;
Fascisti demand Ministry of, 174
Labriola, 348–9, 352
Lansing, Mr., on Dalmatian question, 96
Larussa, order of the day on Electoral Reform proposed by, 362
Lausanne Conference, recognition of Turkey’s successes by, 213;
safeguarding of European and Christian interests by, 213;
Russian representation at, 214;
Italian delegation, 232, 241, 254;
Ruhr and, 241;
Turkey’s legitimate rights, 241;
questions of the Straits and of capitulation, 241;
Angora Government and, 266;
Turks invited to new, 279;
cession of Castelrosso, 302;
Treaty of Lausanne, 345
Law, Mr. Bonar, proposals of, at Conference of Paris, 230, 295.
Lazzari, Constantino, on Election Law, 360
League of Nations, the:
disabled Italian soldiers and, 52;
ex-Pres. Wilson and, 52–4;
no substitute for victory, 54–5;
Germany and, 55;
Renan’s prediction falsified, 55–6;
Internationalism, 56;
difficulties in establishing, 56;
dream of, founded on ruins of the old world, 60;
Fascismo and, 132;
Palestine mandate and, 195;
Polish-Lithuanian boundaries, 268
League, National, 343
Legnano, 27, 45
Lenin, effect of gospel of, on Italy’s working classes, ix;
results in Russia of gospel of, 44;
and Tuscany, 103;
Bolshevism of, preferable to other forms, 129;
Milan and, 136;
an ally of Kemal, 189;
production and the Communism of, 196;
reactionary policy of, 199
Lerici, Mayor of, 163
Lettonia, 133, 283
Levanto, Fascista programme described at, 150
Liberal State, the:
weakness of, 154;
superiority of Fascista State over, 163;
devoid of spirit, 165;
necessity for broadening, 175
Liberticidal Government, 354–7
Liberty, 358
Libyan subjects, 303
Lithuania, commercial treaty with, xviii, 283;
Wilna question and, 123;
rights of, to Memel, 242, 268;
Polish-Lithuanian boundaries, 268
Little Entente. _See_ Entente, Little
Lombardy, iron foundries of, 79;
Fascismo in, 356
Lombroso’s classification of men, 54
London:
Treaty of (1915), 189;
Mussolini’s speech, 12 Dec. 1922 in, 227;
Ruhr advance and Italian memorandum of, 231, 238, 346;
Italian foreign policy at, 254;
Inter-allied meeting at, on draft Peace Treaty with Turkey, 279
Lorenzino dei Medici, 291
Lorraine, reconquest of, 100
_Lotta di classe, La_, 3
Lucci on Mussolini’s foreign policy, 253
Ludendorff, 36
Lupi, Dario, xii
Macedonia, Bulgaria’s right to, 125
Machiavelli, 38
Maeterlinck, 38–9
Maltoni, Rosa, xvi
Manzoni, Alexandro, 313
Marconi, 133
Margherita, Santa, Agreements of. _See_ Santa Margherita
Marx, Karl, 24, 27, 197, 359
Materialism, Mussolini on, 290
Mazzini, 53, 77;
Socialism of, 78;
the Risorgimento, 145;
advocate of Republicanism, 153;
on power, 288;
Democracy and, 351;
Crimea expedition and, 352
Medals, 309
Mediterranean, compensation in, for loss of Sebenico, 96;
Socialists and the, 115;
a centre of world civilisation, 122;
Italian policy in Eastern, 125;
Italy as leading power on the, 141–2, 150;
Italian losses in, 211;
Greco-Turkish affairs in Eastern, 254;
Italian interests in Eastern, 302
Melloni, 161
Memel, 241–2, 268
Memorandum of London. _See_ London
Menotti Serrati, Giacinto, 9
Merano, commissioner of, and Upper Adige, 186
Merrheim, 94
Messina, 356
Metallurgic Consortium, Italian, 359
Metz, 53
Michael, Grand Duke, 33
Michelangelo, 114
Milan, Mussolini’s speeches at:
25th Nov. 1914, 3;
25th Jan. 1915, 18;
8th April 1918, 49;
20th Oct. 1918, 52;
11th Nov. 1918, 58;
23rd March 1919, 87;
22nd July 1919, 92;
5th Feb. 1920, 67;
24th May 1920, 71;
6th Oct. 1922, 161;
6th Dec. 1922, 79;
29th March 1923, 276;
30th March 1923, 277
Militarism, Austro-German, 16.
_See also under_ Germany
Militia, National, xvii, 309
Miliukoff, 33
Mincio, the, 111
Ministerial departments, reduction of, xvii
Minorities and the Electoral Law, 360
Mirabello, Villa, blind ex-soldiers at, 276–7
Misiano, 129
Mohammedans, 213
Moltke, 9
Mommsen, 202
Monarchy, the, Statute Law and, 312.
_See also under_ Fascismo
Montagna, Commendatore, Janina massacre and, 363
Montanara, 289
Montemaggiore as Italian boundary, 127
Montenegro, independence of, 125, 189, 191
Monte Nero, 110
Monte Santo, 28
“Mopsy,” 195
Moratorium for reparations, 235–6, 238
Morgagni, 114
Moscow, Third International at, 195
“Most favoured nation” clause, 282
Mussolini, Arnaldo, xvi, 69
Mussolini, Benito:
leader of the Fascio Nazionale dei Combattenti, x;
summoned to form cabinet, xiii;
saves Italy from Bolshevism, xiv;
the “Duce,” xv;
career, xv, xvi;
family, xvi;
foreign policy, xvii;
his legislative and administrative work, xvii;
character, xix;
expulsion from Socialist Party, 3;
editor of _Avanti_, xvi, 3;
_La lotta di classe_, 3;
against reformism, 3;
agitator for intervention in the war, 9 et seq.;
editor of _Il Popolo d’Italia_, 37;
antipacifist, 58;
Fascista friend of the people, 63;
the “Fascista,” 87;
sane conception of problems of foreign policy, 108;
against revolutionary policy regarding Fiume, 128;
triumph, 134;
Fascista Member of Parliament, 183;
Prime Minister, 207;
Note to Greece on Janina massacre, 363–4.
_See also_ Fascismo.
Naples, speech of 26th Oct. 1922 at, 171;
Risorgimento and the bourgeoisie of, 150
Napoleon, 114
National League. _See_ League, National
National Militia. _See_ Militia, National
National Vindications, the, 89
Naval disarmament, 243
_Neues Deutschland_, 21
_Neue Zurcher Nachrichten_, 22
Neuilly, Treaty of, 123, 299
Nevoso, the, 120, 136, 184, 192, 286, 329
Nicholas, King of Montenegro, 189, 190
Nitti, Signor, 106
Nofri, Gregorio, 252
Nola, the Risorgimento and, 351
North African colonies, 303
North America, Italian emigration to, 341
Oberdan, Guglielmo, 344
Oldofredi, Count, 351
Olympic Games, 340, 342
Order, measures to restore, 308
Orlando, Cantiere, of Leghorn, xiii
Orlando, Signor, 362
Ortigara, 110
Ottoman Public Debt, 303
Padua, speeches:
2nd June 1923 (Women’s Congress), 286;
3rd June 1923 (at the University), 289
Palestine, 194–5
Pangermanism, xiii, 21, 44
Pareto, 312
Paris Conference, Montenegrin independence and the, 189;
failure of, 295
Parliament, Government of Fascisti and, 208, 221, 313, 357;
speech in, on Treaty of Rapallo and Agreements of Sta. Margherita,
210;
Sub-Alpine, and Cavour, 351
Parma, speech 13th Dec. 1914 at, 9
Passive resistance, 346
Perathoner, Herr, xiii, 164
Petrillo, 347
Petrograd, tyranny at, 33
Piave, the Germans on, 31, 32, 45;
Italian resistance on, 48, 59;
the “arditi” and, 74;
Austrian empire destroyed on, 111, 135, 332;
a starting point for the Fascisti in their march to Rome, 160;
deciding factor of the war, 332
Piedmont, Cavour and the constitutional movement of, 311, 351–2
Pisacane, Carlo, 78, 351
Po, Valley of (Valle Padana), 42, 125;
Socialist exploitation of the masses in, 134;
Upper Adige question and, 184
Poincaré, M., 346
Poland, xviii, 100, 123, 195, 213;
boundaries, 268, 280, 304;
Italian relations with, 304
Pontifical Allocution, Zionism and the, 194
_Popolo d’Italia_, founded, xvi;
German-Swiss and the, 21;
Mussolini and, 37;
Treaty of Rapallo criticised by, 125–6
Popular Party, strike of textile workers belonging to, 68;
annual day of, 141;
Fascismo and the, 183, 201–3, 318;
Electoral Reform Bill and, 347, 361
Porta Pia, breach of, 108, 144
Porto Baros, 193, 256, 262
Portorose Conventions, 270, 281
Porto Sauro, 278
Portugal, colonies of, 90
Post and Telegraph Offices, 307
Potsdam, 59
Prefects, 315
Press, the, 313;
jury and, 352;
freedom of, 353
_Principe_, the, 38
Priza, Admiral, 269
Proletariat, Italian, intervention and the, 16;
Assizes of the, 105
Proudhon, 10
Prussia, 9, 36, 50
Public services, industrialisation of, xvii
Public Works, Ministry of, Fascisti demand, 174
Quadrumvirate meeting, xiii
Quaranta di San Severino, Barone Bernardo, 335
Radice, Signor Lombardo, 343
Raffaello, 114
Railways, 270
Ramanadovich, Commander, 190
Rapallo, Treaty of, 123–4;
opinion of Central Committee of the Fascio on, 125;
why Italy signed, 126;
Dalmatia and, 127, 130;
mentioned in Parliament, 210;
Agreements of Sta. Margherita presented to Parliament, 247;
evacuation of territories claimed by Yugoslavia and, 248;
Italian foreign policy regarding, 249;
ratification, 251;
revision of, 256;
application of, 261;
enforcement of, 300
Red Cross, German, 21
Reggio Emilia, Congress of, 3
Regguzoni, 88
Religious instruction in elementary schools, xii
Renan, 55
Reparations Commission, 236, 298
Reparations:
decision of Reparations Commission, 26th Dec. 1922, 236;
decision 12th Jan. 1923, 236;
failure of Germany to supply wood, 236;
Italian delegate’s mandate, 236–7;
Turko-Grecian, 266;
Italy and, 294;
Italian project, 295;
owed by Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary, 295;
Italian quota of, 295–6;
German
project, 297;
German Note on, 297;
Treaty of Trianon, 298;
Allies’ agreement with Bulgaria, 299;
loan to Austria, 300.
_See also_ Inter-allied debts
Republican Alliance, electoral reform and the, 101
Republican Party, intervention and the, 24;
aims of Fascismo and the, 92
Revolution, French, ix, 14, 349;
Fascista, 354
Rhine, German threat to Italy from, 45;
American withdrawal, 230;
Ruhr advance, 230;
exploitation of forests, 236
Rismondo on Dalmatia, 74
Risorgimento, Italian, 111, 144–5, 150–1
_Risorgimento, Il_, 312
Roccatagliata, Ceccardi, 18
Rodzianko, 33
Romanoff, House of, 33
Rome, Pact of, 126
Rome, Government of, and Government at Fiume, 128;
Bolshevist Congress of, 167;
Fascista march on, 171
Rome, speeches of Mussolini at, 24th Feb. 1918, 30;
21st June 1921, 183;
16th Nov. 1922, 207;
2nd Jan. 1923, 228;
6th Jan. 1923, 82;
15th Jan. 1923, 230;
19th Jan. 1923, 234;
23rd Jan. 1923, 235;
1st Feb. 1923, 240;
6th Feb. 1923, 245;
8th Feb. 1923, 247;
10th Feb. 1923, 251;
16th Feb. 1923, 258;
2nd March 1923, 264;
6th March 1923, 271;
7th March 1923, 272;
18th March 1923, 274;
7th April 1923, 278;
8th June 1923, 293;
8th June 1923, 306;
25th June 1923, 331;
speech by American Ambassador, 28th June 1923, 335;
Mussolini’s reply to American Ambassador, 340;
2nd July 1923, 347;
3rd July 1923, 345;
16th July 1923, 347;
Internal Congress of Chambers of Commerce at, 274
Romulus, 38
Ronchi, legions of, 128
Rossoni, Edmondo, xi
Rothermere, Lord, on Mussolini’s work, xiv
Roumania, intervention of, 19;
Italian relations with, 213;
Mohammedans in, 213
Rovigo, speech at, 2nd June 1923, 284
Ruffini, Senator, 335
Ruhr, Italian policy in the, 230–1, 238–9, 254;
Memorandum of London,
231;
German Government’s orders as to coal deliveries, 235;
Reparations Commission’s report on Germany’s failure, 336;
Moratorium, 236–7;
control of mines, 236;
English representative on Rhine High Commission, 237;
Italian mediation, 237, 259;
America’s neutrality, 238;
Little Entente and, 238, 240;
Lausanne Conference, 238, 241;
Russia and, 240;
train services and, 241;
passive resistance, 264, 346;
French object, 264;
English attitude, 264;
reasons for occupation of, 295;
extension of occupation, 345;
European exchanges, 345
_Ruskoie Slovo_, admission of Russian vacillation in, 19
Russia, commercial treaty with, xviii;
undermined by revolution, 12;
Entente and financial difficulties of, 19;
Leninist policy at Brest-Litowsk, 43;
Agrarian revolution, 123;
the Baltic States, 123;
Panslavism, 123;
disagreement over Wilna and Grodno, 123;
fate of Poland, 123;
Russian Jews and Palestine, 195;
relations between Italy and, 303;
liberty of association and, 355;
freedom of the Press in, 355
Rybar, Signor, 269
Sabotino, 28
St. Germain, Treaty of, unsatisfactory to the victors, 123;
Austrian Republic and, 124;
Austro-Italian economic relations and, 282
Salandra, Signor, his formula of “sacred egoism,” 16;
congratulates Mussolini, 362
Salorno, Pass of, 185
Salute, Fascista, xv
San Terenzo, 163
Santa Margherita, Agreements of, 210;
purpose of, 247 _et seq._;
approval of, 251;
Adriatic question and, 255–6;
application of, by Italian Government, 256;
effect of, on Zara and Dalmatia, 260–1;
Abbazia Conference, 278; enforcement of, 300
Santi Quaranta, 363
Sardi, Baron, 335
Sardinia, soldiers of, 120;
Fascisti of, 171; the post-war needs of, 321;
Fascismo and, 324;
Mussolini in, 320, 323, 326;
malaria, 356
Sassari, speech 10th June 1923 at, 320
Sasseno, occupation of, 20
Sauro Basin, 279
Sauro, Nazario, 269
Savoy, Upper, Switzerland, 21;
House of, and Italian unity, 176;
Military Order of, 309
Scala, the, 25, 59
Schappner, 21
Schools, reform of, 314
Sciesa, Antonio, 161
Sea, Federation of the, 104
Seamen, Federation of, 106
Sebenico, 96
Seipel, 281
Serbia, 10, 12;
against separate peace, 19;
integrity of, safeguarded, 189
Serbo-Croat-Slovak Delegation at Abbazia, 278
Serrani, 88
Serrati on Tuscany, 103
Sesto San Giovanni, speech at, 1st Dec. 1917, 25
Sèvres, Treaty of: not satisfactory, 123;
results of possible failure of, 150;
Palestine Mandate, 194
Sforza, Count, on Montenegrin independence, 189, 191
Siam, commercial treaty with, xviii, 283
Silesia, Upper, 123, 189
Sionism. _See_ Zionism
Skrzynski, 280
Smyrna, 124;
Entente and, 254
Social-Bolshevism, 108
Social-Communists, 161
Social Democrats, 203
Social-Extremists and economic policy, 275
Socialism, 5;
Italian, 97;
co-operation with useless, 99;
State, 198
Socialist Party, Italian:
Mussolini’s expulsion from, 3;
irredentism and, 15; intervention and, 27;
Dalmine strike and, 63;
condemnation of, 69;
working class and, 70;
anti-Italian nature of, 73;
Fascismo and, 92;
membership roll, 93, 105;
Leninist Socialists, 101;
in 1913, 97;
Turati, 105;
Bolshevist element in, 116–7;
Fascisti and, 139, 154;
party Socialism and Socialism of Labour distinguished, 197
Socialist Union, Italian, 92
Socrates, 135, 162
Soldiers, Committee of Wounded and Disabled, 51
Soviet, in Italy, 97;
in Russia, 123;
Fascista policy towards, 133;
Italian Communists and the, 197;
attitude towards German proletariat, 232
Spa, conference at, 295
Spain, commercial treaty with, xviii, 283;
conditions in, 306
Spalato, 255
Sparta, Fascismo and “krypteia” of, ix
Stambuliski, 345
_Stampa_, the, 97
Statute Law, the, 311–12, 356
Stefani, de, xviii, and Budgets, 272
Stelvio, 276
Straits, the. _See_ Dardanelles
Strike, anti-Fascista, 307
Stringa, Major-General, 310
Sturck, 98
Südbahn Conference, 269–270
Sudekum, 99
Suffrage, universal, 355
Susak, 256, 262, 278
Switzerland, Mussolini expelled from, xvi, 21, 22
Syndicalist organisation of Bologna, 37;
of the Fascista, 148, 178
Syndicalism, 9, 63, 148, 178, 313–14
Syndicalist corporations, xi
Syndicalists, in Parma, 9;
of Bologna, 37;
in Dalmine, 63;
Syndicate of co-operation, 69;
Fascista syndicalism, 63, 148, 178;
Fascista syndicates, 81;
in Italy generally, 197
Syndicate, of Co-operation, 69;
Fascista, 81;
National Italian, 197;
Confederation of Italian Syndicates, 197
Tacitus, 44
Tamassia, Senator, 260
Tangorra, 215
Tardieu, 95
Taxation, 317
Theseus, 38
Tellini, General Enrico, murder of, 363
Ticino, Canton, 136, 184
Timavo, 48
Tirso, Lake, 324
Tittoni, Senator, 263
Titus, 37
Tivaroni, Senator, 260
Tokyo, circulation of _Our Next War With the United States_ in, 122
Tolstoy, 114, 118
Tonoli, 161
Toscanini, 133
Transylvania, 20
Trento, Fascismo in, xiii;
Italian aims and, 53;
statue of Dante at, 60;
reconquest of, 100;
acquisition of, 111;
Socialists and, 118;
Fascisti of, and Fiume, 131;
elections, 173;
Fascisti demands concerning, 187
Treves, 14
Trianon, Treaty of, 123;
Hungarian reparations, 298
Trieste, 25;
Giacomo Venezian and, 48;
Adriatic aspirations, 59;
reconquest of, 100;
speech of 20 Sept. 1920 at, 108;
Risorgimento, 111;
Socialists and, 118;
military sacrifices of 1915, 120;
speech of 6 Feb. 1921 at, 121;
Fascisti of, and Fiume, 131;
Fascisti of, and separation, 171;
frontier traffic, 282
Triple Alliance, 12, 22, 23
Triple Entente, 12, 15, 16
Tripoli, war in, 14
Turati, Filippo, 69, 105, 252
Turin, 43
Turkey, 10;
Treaty of Sèvres, 125;
Kemal Pasha, 150;
juridical protection of foreigners, 302–3;
Libyan subjects resident in, 303;
Ottoman debt, 303.
_See also_ Lausanne Conference
Tuscany, 328
Udine, speech of 20 Sept. 1922 at, 143
Ukraine, 195, 303
United States, internationalism and the, 46;
democracy of, 49, 110;
intervention of, 49, 51;
relations with, 214;
representatives of, at Economic Congress, 275;
agreement with Britain on debt, 296;
Austrian loan and, 300;
Italian relations with, 304, 335 _et seq._
Unity, basis of, 93, moral, of the Italian people, 352–3
Universal suffrage, 355
Universities, Padua, 289;
of Italy, 291
Unknown Warrior, tomb of, 331, 343, 344
Utopia, the Asiatic, 82
Valona, 20, 117, 118
Vanzette, 79
Vatican, the, 202
Vecchi, Cesare Maria de, xiii, 310
“Venezia Giulia,” 343
Venezia Tridentina, 171
Venezian, 134
Venice, 113, 286
Venizelos, 125
Verdi, 77
Versailles, 56
Versailles, Treaty of:
revision of, 99, 100;
indemnity under, 124;
Italy excluded from economic and colonial benefits, 293
Victor Emmanuel III., King, xii
Vidali, 88
Vienna, 11;
Danube Confederation, 124;
occupation of, 149, 172
Vigevano, Colonel, 190
Vinci, Leonardo da, 114
Vittorio Veneto, 75, 77;
vindication of fruits of, xvii, 107, 151, 154, 160, 164;
greatness of victory of, 110;
Austria crushed at, 135;
Fascista Government, the Government of, 333
Votes for Women, 286
War Office, Fascisti demand, 174
War, revolutionary, 23
Warsaw, Italian firms and, 280
Washington Conference on Disarmament, xviii, 243;
social and pacifist Conventions of, 355
Waterloo, 5
Wells, H. G., 41
White Federation, 197
Wilna, 123
Wilson, Woodrow, 28, 52, 126, 189
Woman’s Fascista Congress, 286;
suffrage, 355
Workers, General Federation of, 198
Working classes, post-war rights of, 63;
intervention and the, 69;
Fascismo and the, 75;
Fascista Government’s policy towards, 80
Workmen, Italian Union of, 66, 69
Yellow immigration, 121
Yugoslavia, pact of Rome, 126;
Isonzo and, 127;
Porto Barro and the Delta, 193;
Mohammedanism in, 213;
the Adriatic question, 255;
Abbazia Conference, 269;
commercial treaty, 271, 282.
_See also_ Fiume;
Rapallo, Treaty of
Zagabria, 127
Zahn, 21
Zambon, Maj.-General, 310
Zankoff, 345
Zara, 53, 59;
Treaty of Rapallo, 125, 262;
Fascismo and, 136;
Adriatic question and, 192;
Agreements of Sta. Margherita, 247, 260–1;
Fascista Government and, 256–7;
“Special zone of Zara,” 301.
_See also_ Yugoslavia
Zocchi, Fulvio, 9
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IN GREAT BRITAIN
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. All items mentioned in the ERRATA were corrected.
2. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
3. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
4. Footnotes were re-indexed using numbers.
5. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.