government to be successful must not only be legitimately the choice of
the whole people; that the offices of that government must not only be
open to all, but that in the fierce struggle of nations in the field of
economic competition and in the field of war, the salvation and
perpetuity of the republic depend upon recognition of the fact that
specialization of the organs of the government, the choice of the fit
and the capable for office, is quite as important as the extension of
popular control. When we lost our free lands and our isolation from the
Old World, we lost our immunity from the results of mistakes, of waste,
of inefficiency, and of inexperience in our government.
But in the present day we are also learning another lesson which was
better known to the pioneers than to their immediate successors. We are
learning that the distinction arising from devotion to the interests of
the commonwealth is a higher distinction than mere success in economic
competition. America is now awarding laurels to the men who sacrifice
their triumphs in the rivalry of business in order to give their service
to the cause of a liberty-loving nation, their wealth and their genius
to the success of her ideals. That craving for distinction which once
drew men to pile up wealth and exhibit power over the industrial
processes of the nation, is now finding a new outlet in the craving for
distinction that comes from service to the Union, in satisfaction in the
use of great talent for the good of the republic.
And all over the nation, in voluntary organizations for aid to the
government, is being shown the pioneer principle of association that was
expressed in the "house raising." It is shown in the Red Cross, the Y.
M. C. A., the Knights of Columbus, the councils and boards of science,
commerce, labor, agriculture; and in all the countless other types, from
the association of women in their kitchen who carry out the
recommendations of the Food Director and revive the plain living of the
pioneer, to the Boy Scouts who are laying the foundations for a
self-disciplined and virile generation worthy to follow the trail of the
backwoodsmen. It is an inspiring prophecy of the revival of the old
pioneer conception of the obligations and opportunities of
neighborliness, broadening to a national and even to an international
scope. The promise of what that wise and lamented philosopher, Josiah
Royce called, "the beloved community." In the spirit of the pioneer's
"house raising" lies the salvation of the Republic.
This then is the heritage of pioneer experience,--a passionate belief
that a democracy was possible which should leave the individual a part
to play in free society and not make him a cog in a machine operated
from above; which trusted in the common man, in his tolerance, his
ability to adjust differences with good humor, and to work out an
American type from the contributions of all nations--a type for which
he would fight against those who challenged it in arms, and for which in
time of war he would make sacrifices, even the temporary sacrifice of
individual freedom and his life, lest that freedom be lost forever.
FOOTNOTES:
[335:1] An address delivered at the dedication of the building of the
State Historical Society of Minnesota, May 11, 1918. Printed by
permission of the Society.
[343:1] See De Tocqueville's interesting appreciation of this American
phenomenon.
INDEX
Absentee proprietors, 55, 297
Achievement, 309
Adams, Henry, 213
Adams, J. Q., 26, 192, 230
Agriculture, 314, 329;
Middle West, 149, 150
Agriculture, Department of, 320
Alamance, 119, 120
Alaska, 296
Albany, 43, 52
Albany congress of 1754, 15
Algonquin Indians, 130
Aliens, land tenure by, 110
Alleghany Mountains, 9, 18, 67;
as barrier to be overcome, 195
Allen, Ethan, 54
Allen, W. V., 220
American Historical Assoc., 159
American history, social forces, 311;
survey of recent, 311
American life, distinguishing feature, 2
American people, 339
American spirit, 306, 336, 337
"American System," 171, 172
Americanization, effective, 4
Arid lands, 9, 147, 219, 239, 245, 278
Aristocracy, 250, 254, 257, 275
Army posts, frontier, 16;
prototypes, 47
Asia, 296
Association, voluntary, 343, 344, 358
Astor's American Fur Co., 6, 143
Atlantic coast, as early frontier, 4;
Mississippi Valley and, 190, 191;
Northern, History, 295
Atlantic frontier, composition, 12
Atlantic states, 207, 208
Augusta, Ga., 98
Autocracy, 344
Back country, 68, 70;
democracy of, 248;
New England, 75
Backwoods society, 212
Backwoodsmen, 163, 164
Bacon, Francis, 286
Bacon's Rebellion, 84, 247, 251, 301
Baltimore, trade, 108
Bancroft, George, 168
Bank, 171, 254, 325
Bedford, Pa., 5
Beecher, Lyman, 35
Bell, John, 192
Benton, T. H., 26, 35, 192, 325, 328
Berkshires, 60, 71, 77
Beverley, Robert, 85, 91;
manor, 92
"Birch seal," 78
Black Hills, 145
Blackmar, F. W., 238
Blank patents, 95
Blood-feud, 253
Blount, William, 187
Blue Ridge, 90, 99
Boone, A. J., 19
Boone, Daniel, 18, 105, 124, 165, 206
Boston, trade, 108
Boutmy, E. G., 211
Braddock, Edward, 181, 324
Brattle, Thomas, 56
British and Middle West, 350
Brown, B. Gratz, 355
Brunswick County, Va., 91
Bryan, W. J., 204, 236, 237, 246, 281, 327, 329
Bryce, James, 165, 206, 211, 284
Buffalo, N. Y., 136, 150, 151
Buffalo herds, 144
Buffer state, 131, 134
Burke, Edmund, 33;
on the Germans, 109
Byrd, Col. William, 84, 87, 98
Calhoun, J. C., 2, 105, 141, 174, 206, 241;
on representation, 117;
policy of obtaining western trade for the South, 196
California, 8;
gold, 144
Canada, 53, 226;
barrier between, and the United States, 131;
border warfare, 44;
homesteads, 296;
Middle West and, 128;
wheat fields, 278
Canadians, 227
Canals, deep water, 150
Capital, 276, 305, 325;
concentration and combinations, 245, 261, 266, 280, 305-306
"Capitalistic classes," 285
Capitalists, 20;
"expectant," 343
Capitals, state, transfers, 121
Captains of industry, 258, 259, 260
Carnegie, Andrew, 260, 265
Caroline cow-pens, 16
Catron, John, 345
Cattle raising in Virginia, 88, 89, 92
Census, first, frontier at, 5
Census of 1820, frontier, 6
Census of 1890, extinction of frontier, 1, 9, 38, 39, 297
Center of nation, 222
Channing, W. E., 355
Charleston, S. C., 88, 108, 196
Chase, S. P., 104, 142
Cherry Valley, 104
Chicago, 137, 150, 151, 180, 350;
character, 232
Chillicothe, 133, 223
Cincinnati, 133, 151, 162, 223, 231, 232
Cincinnati and Charleston R. R., 174
Cities, 297, 316-317;
northeastern, 294-295;
seaboard, 194, 195, 196;
three periods of development, 195
Civil War, 356;
Middle West and, 142;
Mississippi Valley and, 201;
Northwest and, 217
Clark, G. R., 131, 167, 186
Clark, J. B., 332
Class distinctions, 280, 285
Clay, Henry, 26, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 192, 197, 206, 213, 216, 226,
241, 304, 325
Cleaveland, Gen. Moses, 133, 222, 257
Cleveland, 133, 150, 223, 231, 232
Clinton, De Witt, 195, 196
Coal supply, 313
Coast, Atlantic, 206;
destiny, 295;
interior and, antagonisms, 110
Coeducation, 353
Colden, Cadwallader, 80
Colonial life, 11
Colonial system, 127
Colonization, 312;
English and French contrasted, 13-14;
peaceful, 169
Colony of free humanity, 337-338
Columbus, Ohio, 162, 229
Combinations of capital and of labor, 245
Commencement seasons, 290
Commons, J. R., 327
Community, "beloved community," 358;
life, 347;
type of settlement, 73, 74, 125
Competition, 154, 203, 277, 308, 312
Compromise, 174, 198, 230, 236;
slavery, 140, 142
Concentration of power and wealth, 245, 261, 266, 280
Concord, Mass., 39
Concurrent majority, 118
Congregational church, 74, 112
Congress and frontiersmen, 252-253
Connecticut, frontier towns, 42, 45, 53;
land policy, 76
Connecticut River, 52, 53, 72
Connecticut Valley, 63, 73
Conquest, 269
Conscience, American, 328
Constitution, U. S., 209, 244
Constitutional convention of 1787, 249
Constitutions, state, 121, 252, 352;
reconstruction, 192
Cooperation, voluntary, 165, 257, 258
Corn, areas, 149;
belt, 151
Corporations, 265, 328
Cotton culture, 28, 139, 255;
early extension, 7;
transfer from the East to Mississippi Valley, 194
"Cotton Kingdom," 174, 189, 194, 198
Coureurs de bois, 182
Cow pens, 16, 88
Crockett, Davy, 105
Crops, migration, 149
Currency, 148;
evil, 32;
expansion, 210
Cutler, Manasseh, 141
Dairy interests in Wisconsin, 234, 236
Dakotas, settlement, 145, 146
Darien, Ga., 98
Davis, Jefferson, 105, 139, 174
De Bow, J. D. B., 197
De Bow's _Review_, 217
Debs, E. V., 281
Dedham, 40, 58
Deerfield, 48, 52, 58, 70
Democracy, 32, 54, 306;
doubts of, 280;
established in Old West, 107;
free land and, 274;
frontier, early, 106;
frontier and, 30, 31, 247, 249;
Godkin on, 307;
in early 18th century, 98;
Jacksonian, 192, 302, 342-343;
Jeffersonian, 250, 251;
magnitude of achievement in the West, 258;
Middle West, 154;
Mississippi Valley, 183;
neighborhood, 346;
new type in West, 210, 216;
Ohio Valley, influence, 172;
Ohio Valley and, 175;
organized, 357;
origin, 293;
outcome of American experiences, 266;
pressure on the universities, 283;
significance of Mississippi Valley in promoting, 190;
Upland South, 165;
Western contributions, 243;
Western ideals, 261;
_see also_ Pioneer democracy
Democratic party, 327, 330;
basis, 248;
Middle Western wing, 352
Democratic-Republican party, 250
Denver, Colo., 19
De Tocqueville. _See_ Tocqueville
Detroit, 135, 150
Development, American, 205, 221;
four changes, 244;
personal, 271;
significant decade, 246-247;
study of, 10;
true point of view, 3;
Western, 218
D'Iberville. _See_ Iberville
Discovery, 271, 293, 301, 306
Doddridge, Joseph, 115
Dogs for hunting Indians, 45
Douglas, S. A., 140;
Lincoln debates, 230
Douglas, William, 109
Down east, 79
Dracut, 111
Dreams, 301, 339
Duel, 253
Duluth, 150, 151, 234
Dunkards, 263
Dunstable, 48, 56
Duquesne, Abraham, 14
Dwight, Timothy (1752-1817), 63;
fears of pioneer class, 251
East, efforts to restrict advance of frontier, 33, 34;
fears of the West, 208;
out of touch with West, 18
Economic forces and political institutions, 243
Economic historian, 332
Economic legislation and Ohio Valley, 170
Education, 282;
Middle West, 156
Edwards, Jonathan, 63
Egleston, Melville, 55
Eliot, C. W., on corporation, 265;
on democracy and slavery, 256
Emerson, R. W., 353;
on Lincoln, 256
England, decrease of dependence on, 23;
Mississippi Valley and, 180, 186;
Old Northwest and, 131, 134
English pioneers, 270
English settlers in Michigan and Wisconsin, 226
English stock and English speech, 23
Equality, 274;
New England, 61, 62, 63;
Western settlers, 212
Erie Canal, 7, 136, 195, 197
Europe, American democracy and, 282;
how America reacted on, 3;
Southeastern, 294, 295, 316
Europeans, 267
Evolution, American, as key to history, 11
Expansion, 206, 219, 304, 345;
Ohio Valley and, 166;
world politics, 246
Experts, 284, 285, 286
"Fall line," 4, 9, 68;
efforts to establish military frontier on, 84
Fairfax, Lord, 92, 123
Far East, 315
Far West, 315, 341
Farm lands, 297
Farm machinery, 276
Farmers, 238, 239
Farmer's frontier, 12, 16, 18
Federal colonial system, 168, 169
Federal Reserve districts, 322
Fertility, 129
Field, Marshall, 265
Finance, 318, 325;
pioneer ideas, 148
Fire-arms and Indians, 13
Firmin, Giles, 56
Food supply, 279, 294, 314
Foreign parentage, Indiana and Illinois, 232;
Michigan, 233;
Western States, 237;
Wisconsin, 233-234
Foreign policy, 168, 219
Forest Service, 320
Forest philosophy, 207
"Foresters," 63
Forests, 270, 293;
Middle West, 130
Fortified houses, 71
Fourierists, 263
France, efforts to revive empire in America, 167;
Middle West and, 131;
Mississippi Valley and, 180, 186;
western exploration, 163;
Franchise, 249-250, 252
Franklin, Benjamin, Mississippi Valley and, 182;
on the Germans, 109
Free Soil party, 141, 173, 217
French explorers, 163
French frontier, 125
French settlers in Michigan and Wisconsin, 226
Frontier, conservative attitude toward advance, 63;
definition, 3, 41;
demand for independent statehood, 248;
efforts to check and restrict it, 33;
evil effects, 32;
extinction, 1, 9, 38, 39, 321;
farmers, 239, 240;
first official, 39, 54;
French, 125;
importance as a military training school, 15;
influence toward democracy, 247, 249;
kinds and modes of advance, 12;
Massachusetts, 65;
military, of Old West, 106-107;
religious aspects, 36;
Spanish, 125;
towns in Massachusetts, 42, 45, 53, 70;
various comparisons, 10
Frontiersmen, 206, 209, 212;
in Congress, 252-253;
Mississippi Valley, 182;
Virginia idea, 86
Fulton, Robert, 171
Fur trade, 13;
England after Revolution, 131;
Hudson River, 80;
Southern, Old West, 87
Gallatin, Albert, 191, 252, 317
Galveston, 202
Garfield, J. A., 241
Geographic factors, 329
Geographic provinces, 158
Georgia, 174, 196;
restriction of land tenure, 97;
settlement, 97
Germanic germs, 3, 4
Germans, 263;
in New York in early times, 5;
Middle West and, 137-138, 146;
Palatine, 5, 82, 100, 109, 124;
political exiles, 349;
sectaries, 164;
Wisconsin, 23, 227, 236;
zone of settlement in Great Valley, 102
Glarus, 236
Glenn, James, 23, 108
Godkin, E. L., 307
Goochland County, Va., 93
Government, 321;
paternal, 328;
popular, 357
Government discipline, 356
Government expeditions, 17
Government intervention, 344
Government ownership, 148
Government powers, 307
Government regulation, 281
Granger movement, 148, 203, 218, 276, 281
Grant, U. S., 142
Granville, Lord, 95, 123
Great Lakes, 128, 149, 150, 173, 297
Great Plains, 8, 128, 147;
Indian trade and war, 144
Great Valley, 100;
colonization, 100-101
Greater South, 174
Greeley, Horace, 104
Green Mountain Boys, 78
Greenback movement, 148, 203, 218, 276
Greenway manor, 92
Groseilliers, 180
Groton, 48, 57
Grund, F. J., 7
Grundy, Felix, 192
Gulf coast, 295
Gulf States, 141;
occupation, 139
Hammond, J. H., on slavery problem in the Mississippi Valley, 198
Hanna, Marcus, 265
Harriman, E. H., 280, 318
Harrison, W. H., 168, 173, 189, 192, 213, 255
Hart, A. B., 177
Hartford, 76
Haverhill, 51, 62
Hayes, R. B., 241
Henry, Patrick, 94
Heroes, 254, 256;
Western, 213
High thinking, 287
Higher law, 239
Hill, J. J., 260
Historian, 333
Historic ideals, 306, 335
Historical societies, 159-160, 339
History, character, 331-332;
new viewpoints, 330
Holland, J. G., 73
Holst, H. E. von, 24
Home markets, 108, 216
Home missions, 36, 354
Homestead law of 1862, 145, 276
Hoosier State, 224
Housatonic River, 71
Housatonic Valley, 72
Houston, Sam, 105
Howells, W. D., 353
Hudson River, 53, 79;
frontier, 43;
fur trade, 80
Humanitarian movement, 327
Huxley, T. H., on modern civilization, 300
Iberville, P. le M. d', 180
Icarians, 263
Idealists, America the goal, 261;
social, 349
Ideals, 239;
American, and the West, 290;
American, loyalty to, 307;
American historic, 306, 335;
immigrants, 264;
Middle West, 153;
Mississippi Valley, 203;
pioneer, and the State university, 269;
readjustment, 321, 328;
Western, 209, 214, 267;
Western democracy and, 261
Illinois, composite nationality, 232;
elements of settlement, 225;
settlement, 135
Illiteracy in Middle West, 353
Immigrants, 277;
idealism, 264
Immigration, 146, 215, 316
Indian guides, 17
Indian policy, 10
Indian question, early, 9
Indian reservations, 278
Indian trade, 6, 13, 14;
Middle West, 143, 144
Indian wars, 9;
New England and, 69;
Ohio Valley and, 167
Indiana, character, 232;
constitution, 282;
elements in settlement, 223-224;
settlement, 134
Indianapolis, 162, 229
Indians, buffer state for England, 131, 134;
congresses to treat with, 15;
effects of trades on, 13;
hunting Indians with dogs, 45;
influence on Puritans and New England, 44;
Middle West and, 133, 134;
society, 13
Individualism, 30, 32, 37, 78, 125, 140, 203, 254, 259, 271, 273, 302,
306;
in the Old West, 107;
reaction against, 307;
Upland South, 165
Industrial conditions, 280, 281, 285;
Middle West, 149, 154;
Mississippi Valley, 194, 201;
Ohio Valley and, 175
Industry, captains of, and large undertakings, 258, 259, 260;
control, 318
Inland waterways, 202
Insurgent movement, 327
Intellectual life and the frontier, 37
Intercolonial congresses, 15
Interior and coast, antagonisms, 110
Internal commerce, 171, 188
Internal improvements, 27, 28, 29, 111, 170, 172, 216, 257;
after 1812 to break down barrier to West, 195;
Old West, 109
Internal trade, Old West, 108, 109
Iowa, 141, 143;
elements and growth, 229;
settlement, 137
Ipswich, 56
Irish, 350
Iron mines in Middle West, 152
Iron ore, 313
Iroquois Indians, 13, 80
Irrigation, 258, 279
Isms, 239
Izard, Ralph, 274
Jackson, Andrew, 105, 168, 173, 189, 206, 213, 216, 241, 252, 253, 268,
326;
personification of frontier traits, 252, 254
Jackson, Stonewall, 105
Jacksonian democracy, 192, 302, 342-343
James River, 84, 90;
settlement, 93
Jefferson, Thomas, 93, 105, 114, 268;
conception of democracy, 250, 251;
on England and the Mississippi, 186;
on the pioneer in Congress, 253;
on the importance of the Mississippi Valley, 188
"Jim River" Valley, 145
Johnson, R. M., 192
Johnson, Sir William, 81, 104
Justice, direct forms in the West, 212
Kansas, 142, 144, 146, 151;
Populists, 238;
settlers, 237
Kansas City, 151
Kentucky, 19, 122, 162, 167, 168, 169, 192, 225, 253;
slavery, 174
King Philip's War 40, 46, 69
Kipling, Rudyard, "Foreloper," 270;
"Son of the English," 262
Labor, combinations, 245;
composition of laboring class, 316
Labor theorists, 303, 326
Lamar, L. Q. C. (1825-1893), 25
Lancaster, Mass., 48, 57, 61
Land, 328-329;
abundance, 274;
abundance, as basis of democracy, 191, 192;
alien tenure, 110;
free, exhausted, 244-245;
free Western, 211, 259;
fundamental fact in Western society, 211;
"mongering," 61;
_see also_ Public lands
Land companies, 123, 347
Land grants, 9;
for schools and colleges, 74;
to railroads, 276
Land Ordinance of 1785, 132
Land policies, 10
Land system, "equality" principle in New England, 61, 62, 63;
Georgia, 97;
later federal, 123;
New England, 54;
New England conflicts, 75;
New York State, 80;
North Carolina, 95;
Old West, 122;
Pennsylvania, 101;
Virginia, 91;
Virginia grants to societies, 85
La Salle, 180
Laurentide glacier, 129
Law and order, 298, 344
Leadership, 213, 291, 292, 307;
educated, 286
Lease, Mary Ellen, 240
Legislation, 277, 307;
frontier and, 24;
Leicester, 59
Leigh, B. W., 115
Lewis and Clark, 13, 17
Liberty, Bacon on, 286;
for universities, 287;
individual, 213;
Western, 212
Life as a whole, 287
Lincoln, Abraham, 105, 135, 142, 174, 206, 213, 217, 225, 241, 268, 304,
356;
Douglas debates, 230;
embodiment of pioneer period, 255-256;
Ohio Valley, influence of, 175
Lincoln, C. H., 113
Litchfield, 71, 76, 124
Livingston manor, 81, 82
Locofocos, 303, 326, 348
Log cabin, 338
"Log cabin campaign," 173
London Company, 301
Loria, Achille, 11
Louisiana, 180, 208
Louisiana Purchase, 25, 34, 140, 167, 213, 251;
effect on Mississippi Valley, 189-190
Louisville, 162
Lowell, J. R., on Lincoln, 255
Loyal Land Co., 123, 182
Lumber industry, 152;
Wisconsin, 234-235
Lumbermen, 272, 273
Lynch law, 212, 272;
New England, 78
McKinley, William, 236, 237, 241
Magnitude, 258, 260, 276
Maine, 52-53
Maine coast, 79
Mallet brothers, 180
Manila, battle of, 247
Manorial practice in New York, 83
Marietta, 124, 133, 223, 257
"Mark colonies," 70
Marquette, Jacques, 180
Martineau, Harriet, 214, 303, 339
Massachusetts, attempt to locate frontier line, 39;
frontier, 65;
frontier towns, 42, 45, 53, 70;
locating towns before settlement, 76
Mather, Cotton, attitude as to advancing frontier, 63
Mesabi mines, 152, 234
Mendon, 57
Methodists, 238
Mexico, 295
Michigan, 135-136, 137;
development and resources, 233;
settlement, 226, 228
Middle region, 27;
in formation of the Old West, 79;
typical American, 28
Middle West, agriculture, 150;
Canada and, 128;
Civil War and, 142;
early society, 153-154;
education, 282;
elements of settlement--Northern and Southern, 346, 351;
Europe and, 282;
flow of population into, 132-133;
forests, 130;
Germans and, 137-138;
Germans and Scandinavians, 146;
idealism, 153;
immigrants of varied nationalities, 349;
importance, 126, 128;
increase of settlement in the fifties, 142-143;
industrial organism, 149;
meaning of term, 126;
nationalism, 142;
natural resources, 129;
New England element, 137;
peculiarity and influence, 347;
pioneer democracy, 335;
settlement, 135, 342;
slavery question and, 139;
southern zone, 138
Migration, 21, 237, 337;
communal vs. individual, 125;
crops, 149;
interstate, 224;
labor, 62;
New England, and land policy, 77
Militant expansive movement, 105
Military frontier, 41, 47;
early form, 47;
Old West, significance, 106-107;
Virginia in later 17th century, 83, 84
Milwaukee, 137, 227, 236, 350
Miner's frontier, 12
Mining camps, 9
Mining laws, 10
Minneapolis, 137, 151, 234
Minnesota, 143, 144, 237;
economic development, 234;
Historical Society, 335, 338-339
Missions to the Indians, 79
Mississippi Company, 123, 182
Mississippi River, 7, 9, 142, 185, 194, 345
Mississippi Valley, 10, 139, 166-167, 324;
beginning of stratification, 197;
Civil War and, 201;
democracy and, 190;
early population, 183;
economic progress after 1812, 194;
England's efforts to control, 180-181;
extent, 179;
French explorers in, 180;
frontiersmen's allegiance, 186-187;
idealism, social order, 203-204;
industrial growth after the Civil War, 201-202;
political power and growth from 1810 to 1840, 193;
primitive history, 179;
question of severance from the Union, 187;
significance in American history, 177, 185;
slavery struggle and, 201;
social forces, early, 183
Missouri, 192
Missouri Compromise, 140, 174, 226
Missouri Valley, 135
Mohawk Valley, 68, 82
Monroe, James, 150
Monroe Doctrine, 296;
germ, 168
Monticello, 93
Moravians, 95, 102
Morgan, J. P., 318
Mormons, 263
Morris, Gouverneur, 207
Nashaway, 57
National problem, 293
Nationalism, 29;
evils of, 157;
Middle West and, 142
Nationalities, mixture, 27;
replacement in Wisconsin, 235
Naturalization, 110
Nebraska, 144, 145, 220;
settlers, 237
Negro, 295
New England, 27, 301;
back lands, 75;
coast vs. interior, 111;
colonies from, 124;
culmination of frontier movement, 78;
early official frontier line, 43;
economic life, 78;
effect on the West, 36;
foreign element, 294;
frontier protection, 46-47;
frontier types, 43-44;
Greater New England, 66, 70;
ideas, and Middle West, 348;
Indian wars, 69;
land system, 54;
Middle West and, 347;
Ohio settlement and, 223;
Old West and, 68;
Old West and interior New England, 70;
pioneer type, 239;
streams of settlement from, 215;
two New Englands of the formative period of the Old West, 78-79
New Englanders in the Middle West, 137;
in Wisconsin and the lake region, 228;
three movements of advance from the coast, 136;
Westernized, 215, 216
New Glarus, 236
New Hampshire, 69, 72, 77, 111
New Hampshire grants, 77
New Northwest, 222
New Orleans, 136, 137, 167, 187, 188, 189, 217, 295
New South, 218;
Old West and, 100
New West, 257
New York City, 136, 195, 318
New York State, early frontier, 43;
lack of expansive power, 80;
land system, 80;
settlement from New England, 83;
western, 230
Newspapers of the Middle West, 353
Nitrates, 279
Norfolk, 195
North Carolina, 87, 106;
coast vs. upland, 116;
in Indiana Settlement, 224;
public lands, 95;
settlement, 94, 95;
slavery, 122;
taxation, 118, 119
North Central States, 126;
region as a whole, 341
North Dakota, development, 237
Northampton, 63
Northfield, 53
Northwest, democracy, 356;
Old and New, 222;
_see also_ Old Northwest
Northwest Territory, 222
Northwestern boundary, 324
Norton, C. E., 208-209
Norwegians, 232
Nullification, 117, 254
Ohio, diversity of interests, 231-232;
elements of settlement, 223;
history, 133-134;
New England element, 223;
Southern contribution to settlement, 223
Ohio Company, 123, 133, 141, 182, 223
Ohio River, 5, 161
Ohio Valley, 104;
as a highway, 162;
economic legislation and, 170;
effects on national expansion, 166;
in American history, 157;
influence on Lincoln, 175;
part in making of the nation, 160;
physiography, 160-161;
relation to the South, 174;
religious spirit, 164, 165;
stock and settlement, 164
Oil wells, 297
Oklahoma, 278, 297
Old National road, 136
Old Northwest, 131, 132, 136, 221;
as a whole, 241-242;
defined, 218;
elements of settlement, 222;
political position, 236;
social origin, 222-223;
Southern element in settlement, 223, 225-226;
turning point of control, 229
"Old South," 166
Old West, colonization of areas beyond the mountains, 124;
consequences of formation, 106;
New South and, 100;
summary of frontier movement in 17th and early 18th centuries, 98;
term defined, 68
Old World, 261, 267, 294, 299, 344, 349;
effect of American frontier, 22;
West and, 206, 210