a1. A red spot or patch on each side of occiput, sometimes confluent
(males).
b1. Upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts strongly barred with
white.
c1. Ear-coverts brown.
d1. White eyebrow-stripes very wide; nape and ground-color
of back brownish black. Red patches on each side of the
occiput very small, widely separated from one another by the
nape. ... validirostris (p. 393)
d2. White eyebrow-stripes narrow and ill-defined; nape and
ground-color of back olive-brown. Large red patches on each
side of the occiput, nearly confluent on the nape.
e1. White eyebrow-stripe extending to above
ear-coverts. ... maculatus (p. 394)
e2. White eyebrow-stripe reduced to a small patch. ... menagei
(p. 395)
c2. Ear-coverts black; pale buff eyebrow-stripes very wide,
extending down each side of the neck.
d1. Tail black barred with buff; ground-color of under parts
pale buff, rather darker on the chest. A well-defined red patch
on each side of the occiput. ... leytensis (p. 396)
d2. Tail buff, barred with black; under parts pale
saffron-yellow, inclining to orange or tawny-buff on
the chest. A well-defined red patch on each side of the
occiput. ... fulvifasciatus (p. 396)
b2. Upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts practically uniform, only
a few white bars and marks down the middle of the back. Large red
occiput patches confluent on the nape and forming a complete band;
wide white eyebrow-stripes; chest bright saffron-yellow. ... ramsayi
(p. 397)
a2. No red on the head; other characters as in the males (females).