trigeminus nerve and then passes backward between the jugular and
palatine bones. It lies medio-ventrally to the eyeball and communicates
at this point with the ophthalmic vein. It is covered ventrally with the
pterygoid bone. The maxillary vein collects the blood from the gland of
Harder, the upper beak, and receives blood from the _vena
supra-palatina_ and from the lower jaw bone and the external mandibular
vein. It also receives blood from the external sublingual vein, and the
sublingual gland. It follows the inner rim of the jaw bone. The
maxillary vein receives an anastomosing branch from the cutaneous facial
vein, at a point near the commissure of the mouth.
[Illustration:
FIG. 73.—Photograph of blood-vessels and nerves of the thorax. 1, Vena
sternalis. 2, Vena thoracico-externa. 3, External thoracic artery.
4, Coracoid bone. 5, Sternum. 6, Shoulder-joint. 7, Humerus. 8,
Clavicularis artery. 9, Sterno-clavicularis artery. 10,
Thoracico-humeralis artery. 11, Subclavian artery. 12, Axillary
artery. 13, Brachialis profundus artery. 14, Ulnar artery. 15,
Radial artery. 16, Internal mammary artery. 17, Superior vein of the
crop. 18, Superior artery of the crop. 19, Brachial nerve plexus.
20, Anterior division of brachial nerve plexus. 21, Posterior
division of brachial nerve plexus.
]
The =vena ophthalmica= lies close to the point where the olfactory nerve
passes out of the cranial cavity. The largest branch it receives is the
recurrent ophthalmo-temporalis, which accompanies the lateral side of
the optic nerve. It collects the blood from the base of the brain, from
Harder’s gland, from the eye muscles, from the inner eye, the nose, the
lacrimal gland, the skin of the frontal region, and the comb.
BRANCHES OF THE VENA JUGULARIS
( Vena
maxillaris
( Vena
ophthalmica
( Vena facialis ( Vena mandibularis
interna
( interna ( Vena retis mirabilis
temporalis
( Vena cephalica ( ( Venæ pharyngeæ superiores
( anterior or (
( facialis ( ( Vena facialis cutinea
( communis ( ( Vena temporalis
( ( Vena facialis ( Vena auricularis
Vena jugularis ( ( externa ( Vena palpebralis
or cephalica ( ( Vena transversus
communis ( ( Vena retis mirabilis temporalis
( Vena subclavia
( Venæ vertebrales
( ( Sinus cranii et cerebri
( ( Vena carotis
( (
( ( Vena auris ( Sinus foveæ cerebelli
( ( ( Vena occipitalis externa
( Vena cephalica ( Vena jugularis prima
( posterior ( Vena occipitalis
( Vena lingualis
( Vena mandibularis externa
Vena maxillaris ( Vena sublingualis externa
( Vena supra-palatina
Vena ophthalmica ( Vena ophthalmo-temporalis, recurrent
Vena facialis communis ( Vena cephalica externa
Vena occipitalis externa ( Vena occipitalis interna
Vena retis mirabilis temporalis ( Vena spheno-temporalis
Sinus foveæ cerebelli ( Sinus occipitalis externa
The trunk of the internal facial vein receives the blood of the
=internal mandibular vein=. The internal mandibular vein emerges from
the alveolar canal of the inferior jaw bone and receives branches from
the muscles of mastication.
The =vena retis mirabilis temporalis= passes out of the eye cavity and
lies between the internal facial vein and the external facial vein, and
passes around the os quadratum and the os pterygoideum. It receives
veins from the outer ear region, lacrimal gland, eyelids, and the
spheno-temporalis.
The =venæ pharyngeæ superiores= are the veins on the dorsal surface of
the pharynx. These veins form the small plexuses which unite with the
two trunks of the facial veins. This forms an anastomosis between the
left and the right facial veins.
BRANCHES OF THE EXTERNAL FACIAL VEIN
The vena facialis externa (Fig. 62, No. _B_, 9) lies behind the quadrate
bone and is partly covered ventrally by the inner extension of the lower
jaw bone. It collects the blood principally from the upper region of the
cranium and the face, including the comb.
The =vena facialis cutinea= receives branches from the muscles in the
region of the jaw, the lower jaw bone, the muscles of the eyelids, the
frontal region, and the anastomotic branches from the vena maxillaris.
The =vena temporalis= is made up of veins from the skin of the temporal
region, the masseter and the tongue muscles, and from the sides of the
upper throat region.
The =vena palpebralis= is made up from veins from the three eyelids and
the temporal region near the eye. Its trunk passes laterally over the
temporo-mandibularis ligament. The vena palpebralis collects blood from
the lacrimal gland, the eyelids, and the outer ear region.
The following veins empty into the trunk of the =vena facialis
communis=: venæ pharyngis superiores, vena muscularis depressoris
mandibulæ, vena muscularis colli anterior superioris, vena lingualis et
hyoidea. The right terminal branches of the vena lingualis empty into
the vena cephalica posterior.
The venæ pharyngis superiores and vena lingualis et hyoidea collect
blood from the muscles of the tongue and posterior tongue region.
The _vena lingualis et hyoidea_ (Fig. 62, No. _B_, 7) collects the blood
from the muscles of the tongue region, the lower tongue glands, and the
upper throat region.
Between the two trunks of the vena facialis communis and anterior to the
entrance of the vena cephalica posterior there is an anastomosis, the
vena transversus (Fig. 62, No. _B_, 5). Through this anastomosis which
lies crosswise the two jugular veins are influenced in different ways.
At this point both jugular veins are of the same size. The anastomotic
branch lies crosswise. Through this anastomosis the right receives some
blood from the left head region indicating that the blood flows from
left to right. This, as stated before, makes the left jugular vein the
smaller.
BRANCHES OF THE VENA CEPHALICA POSTERIOR
The left vena cephalica posterior (Fig. 62, No. _B_, 8) communicates
with the transverse vein (Fig. 62, No. _B_, 5). The left receives the
smaller veins of the skin region, the esophagus, and the trachea. These
vessels communicate with their fellow of the opposite side and with the
vertebral vein of the same side, which causes a gradual reduction of the
size of the jugular vein.
BRANCHES OF THE VENA OCCIPITALIS EXTERNUS
( ( Venæ choroideæ
( Sinus ( Venæ cutaneæ et frontales
( longitudinalis ( Venæ nasales
Vena ( ( Venæ ophthalmiæ
occipitalis (
externus ( ( ( Sinus occipitalis
( Sinus ( Sinus ( Sinus temporo-sphenoideus
( semicircularis ( transversus ( Venæ cerebellares
( ( ( Sinus petrosus sphenoideus
Sinus petrosus sphenoideus ( Retis mirabile temporalis
Sinus temporo-sphenoideus ( Sinus annularis venosus
basilaris
Sinus foraminus occipitalis ( Venæ medullares
( Venæ cerebrales
Sinus ( Vena cerebralis basilaris ( Sinus venosus annularis anterior
venosus (
annularis (
basilaris ( Vena ophthalmica
( Vena medullaris mediana longitudinalis
The vena cephalica posterior (Fig. 62, No. _B_, 8) is formed from the
veins of the sinuses of the cranium, the brain, the vena auris, the vena
jugularis prima, the vena carotis, and the vena occipitalis. It collects
most of the blood from the cranium and the posterior part of the head
and from the tongue.
THE VENOUS SINUSES OF THE HEAD
The =sinus longitudinalis= (Fig. 62, _A_, 10) extends from the dorsal
median line of the internal occipital protuberance to the olfactory
nerve. It collects the blood from the choroidea of the brain and from
the skin of the frontal region. It receives laterally the veins of the
nose, the vena ophthalmica, and the sinus transversus.
The =sinus occipitalis= (Fig. 62, No. _A_, 4) forms the continuation of
the transverse sinus. It is located in the posterior cerebral cavity,
and is wing-shaped, extending both to the right and to the left.
The =sinus foraminis occipitalis= a continuation of the sinus
occipitalis, lies transversely on the ventral side of the cranial cavity
and receives the veins from the medulla oblongata. One branch passes
through the os occipitalis basilare, and then extends sidewise to the
foramen magnum and anastomoses with the vena occipitalis.
The =sinus transversus= (Fig. 62, No. _A_, 6) extends in a pair from the
internal occipital protuberance between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and
the corpus quadrigeminum. It receives vessels from the upper surface of
the cerebellum. The sinus has three branches, all of which empty into
the sinus semicircularis.
The =sinus semicircularis= extends along the dorsal petrosal rim,
anterior to the inner ear, and from this point backward. Near the
foramen magnum it passes through the os occipitale and empties into the
external occipital vein.
The =vena occipitalis externus= extends near the foramen magnum,
surrounds the basis occipitalis, and receives the semicircular sinus and
through the semicircular sinus the blood from the sinus transversus.
The =sinus petrosus sphenoideus=, passing in company with the occipital
sinus, extends from the transverse sinus to the cavity near which the
trigeminus lies. The sinus dividing into two branches, one of these
extends to the hypophysis and unites with the basal veins of the brain;
the other passes with the rete out of the cranial cavity along with a
branch of the trigeminus, and communicates with the rete mirabile
temporale.
The =sinus temporo-sphenoideus= (Fig. 62, No. _A_, 5) extends forward
and outward from the transverse sinus, and, between the corpus
quadrigeminum and the cerebrum, unites with the sinus venosus annularis
basilaris.
The =sinus venosus annularis basilaris= lies in the region of the optic
nerve and surrounds the hypophysis, forming a complete circle. It
receives small vessels from the cerebrum, the corpora quadrigemina, and
anteriorly the longitudinal basilar vein or vena basilaris media, of the
cerebrum, which comes out of the anterior annular venous sinus. The
anterior annular venous sinus surrounds the base of the olfactory
nerves. It communicates with the sinus petrosus sphenoideus, which
emerges from behind the optic lobe, the sinus temporo-sphenoideus, which
emerges from in front of the optic lobe, and posteriorly the median
longitudinal vein of the medulla oblongata or vena basilaris. Laterally
and anterior to the optic lobe it receives the vena basilaris lateralis,
and also a branch of the vena ophthalmica.
The blood received by the =sinus annularis basilaris= comes from the
brain cavity through three pairs of veins, as follows: first, the two
ophthalmic veins which pass through the posterior orbital wall between
the olfactory and the optic nerve; second, two other branches of the
ophthalmica which pass with the optic nerve; third, two veins which pass
through a foramen by the side of the sella turcica to the hypophysis
together with the carotis cerebralis, and then leave the cerebral cavity
ventrally, at which point they are called the venæ carotes. These last
accompany the cerebral artery backward, and pass through a foramen in
the base of the cranium. Each one then passes through the cranial wall
close to the external auditory canal, and empties into another vein in
the posterior region of the head.
The =sinus fovæ hemispherii cerebelli= lies in the hollow between the os
petrosum and the semicircular canals. It receives blood from the
external occipital sinus and from the cerebellum, and empties into the
vena auris interna.
VEINS OF THE BRAIN CAVITY
The =vena auris interna= passes through a bony canal along the outer rim
of the posterior semicircular canal and then along the external
semicircular canal. It receives vessels from the labyrinth, and extends
along the posterior rim of the tympanum to the outer ear canal.
The =vena occipitalis interna=, extending from the sinus foraminis
occipitalis, passes through the side of the atlas and divides near the
condyle into two branches. One of these branches the internal occipital,
forms the root of the vena vertebralis, and the other empties into the
vena occipitalis externa.
Near the outer and upper part of the condyle it forms two large veins
and collects the blood from the vena occipitalis media. These veins
collect the blood from the rectus capitis anticus, and communicate with
the vena cephalica anterior.
The =vena occipitalis externa=, sometimes called the vena occipitalis
collateralis, extends from the vena auris, and receives vessels from the
neck region. It receives on the side of the occipitoatloid joint the
vena occipitalis interna. The vena occipitalis externa forms a junction
with the vena vertebralis emptying into the transverse vein.
THE VEINS OF THE NECK
BRANCHES OF THE VENA JUGULARIS
The trunks of the vena jugularis or vena cephalica communis pass
subcutaneously on both sides near the trachea and the esophagus. Near
the height of the thyroid gland they almost touch the carotid artery.
They then cross, dorsalward, the trunk of the subclavian artery, and in
their course receive the vertebral vein and unite with the subclavian
vein toward the side of the vena brachiocephalica. The union on the
right side lies to the right of the anterior aorta, and the union on the
left side lies to the left of the pulmonary artery.
The jugular vein (Fig. 18, No. 4) receives in its course the following
veins:
The =venæ linguales= (Fig. 62, No. _B_, 7), which at times empty into
the vena cephalica posterior.
The =vena occipito-collares=, which arises on the ventral side from the
muscles of the neck and the vertebræ; empties into the vena occipitalis
lateralis and also communicates with the vena jugularis by anastomoses.
The =venæ ascendentes laterales=, which collect blood from the lateral
sides of the neck.
The =venæ colli cutineæ=, which enter the jugular vein laterally. The
upper branches are directed crosswise, and are shorter than the lower
ones. The lower branches are located near the thorax, are directed
upward, and anastomose by fine terminal twigs. Plexuses are frequently
formed in the inner side of the skin of the neck.
BRANCHES OF THE VENA SUBCLAVIA
( Vena profunda
ulnaris
( Vena brachialis ( Vena profunda
radialis
( Truncus venæ ( ( Vena profunda humeri
( axillaris (
( ( Vena basilica or cutinea ulnaris
(
( ( Vena cutinea abdomino-pectoralis
Truncus venæ ( Vena pectoris ( Vena infrascapularis anterior
subclaviæ ( externa ( Vena thoracica externa
( Vena coracoidea
( Vena sternalis
The =venæ esophageæ= are numerous smaller veins formed in closely woven
plexuses in the region of the esophagus along the neck. Some pass upward
and some downward.
The =venæ tracheales= are located on the supero-lateral side of the
trachea and along the edge of the lateral tracheal muscle. They have
numerous anastomoses transversely with the longitudinal vein of the
cervical region, anteriorly with the vena lingualis, and on the left
side with the left jugular vein.
The =vena subscapularis= passes along the median line of the scapula to
the side of the jugular vein, and anastomoses with the vertebral vein.
The =venæ glandularum thyroidearum= are several small, short veins
coming from the thyroid gland.
The =vena vertebralis=, originating near the atlas, is a continuation of
the internal occipital vein. The internal occipital vein receives the
bulk of the blood from the brain and communicates with the lateral veins
of the cervical region and collects blood from the cervical vertebra.
The vertebral vein accompanies the vertebral artery and the deep
sympathetic nerve trunk in the vertebral canal. The vein either leaves
this canal with the vertebral artery at a point near the last two
vertebral nerve trunks of the brachial plexus, or it leaves the canal
one vertebra in front of the vertebral artery.
THE VEINS OF THE DORSAL REGION
The =vena vertebralis lateralis dorsalis= collects blood from the
cervical vertebræ, from the dorsal vertebræ, and from the intercostal
region.
The blood from the neural canal, including the spinal cord, is collected
in one long vein extending from the head to the tail on the upper side
of the cord. This vein has sinus-like expansions. Between each two
vertebræ it anastomoses with the vertebral vein on each side. In the
lumbo-sacral region these anastomotic branches empty into the
hypogastric veins.
The =vena intercostalis= is formed in the costal region and anastomoses
with the vein extending longitudinally between the capitulum and the
tuberculum of the rib.
The =vena vertebralis posterior= at the height of the first and the
second dorsal vertebræ, empties into the main trunk of the vertebral
vein. Its lower roots come out near the side of the kidney, and unite,
forming a large ascending trunk uniting with the vena vertebralis
anterior forming one large trunk, which extends into the chest cavity.
The posterior vertebral vein also receives a large vein from the skin of
the outer tarsal region and a few vessels from the muscles of the outer
abdominal and the outer costal region, from the skin, from the
pectoralis muscles, and from the shoulder region.
VEINS OF THE THORAX
BRANCHES OF THE VENA SUBCLAVIA
The =vena thoracica externa= (Fig. 73, No. 2) is made up of veins mainly
from the pectoral group of muscles. The posterior branch anastomoses
with the vena cutinea. Its anterior branch is made up mainly of branches
from the furcular region. It empties into the vena pectoralis externa
and the vena pectoralis externa empties into the vena subclavia.
The =vena coracoidea= comes out of the region of the shoulder-joint,
passes downward along the inner surface of the coracoid, and receives
small branches from the walls of the arteria brachia cephalica and from
the pericardium.
The =vena sternalis= (Fig. 73, No. 1) is made up of two branches. The
outer branch comes from the muscles of the subclavian region passes over
the cristi sterni, medially, to the sterno-coracoid joint and into the
breast cavity, where it receives the inner branch, which drains the
inner surface of the breast-bone.
The =vena thoracica interna= empties into the vena cava anterior. It
extends from the abdominal muscles where it communicates with the
epigastric vein. It then passes on the inner side of the thoracic cavity
close to the breast-bone and receives many intercostal veins.
The =vena cava sinistra= receives first, the _vena proventricularis
communis_, which collects the blood from the walls of the
proventriculus, and second, the vena coronaria cardis magna. This latter
vein originates close to the apex of the heart and collects blood
principally from the walls of the left ventricle. It connects in the
left sulcus transversus with the vena cardis superior and ends at the
base of the left upper vena cava. Its exit is not guarded by a valve.
The veins of the right ventricle are partly on the surface. They collect
blood along the sulcus transversus dexter and enter directly into the
right ventricle. The veins of the front part of the heart are small.
They collect behind the sulcus coronalis and end either directly into
the right auricle or into the vena cardis magna.
VEINS OF THE FORE LIMB
The =vena radialis profunda= accompanies the radial artery on the dorsal
anterior rim of the index-finger and passes, on the dorsal side, over
the carpal region. It passes through the interosseous ligament between
the ulna and the radius, and reaches the ventral surface of the arm. At
this point it passes upward and anastomoses with the vena ulnaris. It
collects the blood from the skin of the anterior wing region and the
flexor muscles of the anterior arm. It empties into the vena brachialis.
The =vena humeri profunda= (Fig. 68, No. 1) emerges at the height of the
elbow, and collects blood from the skin of the dorsal surface of the
wing. It also receives veins from the muscles of the posterior side of
the upper arm. It passes subcutaneously and dorsally over the dorsal
portion of the humerus in company with the external radial muscle and
passes with it around the external part of the humerus between the long
and short heads of the triceps. It takes a diagonal course to the
shoulder cavity and at that point empties into the brachial trunk.
The =profundus ulnaris= originates at the volar surface of the hand,
proceeds in company with the ulnar artery, and sends on the base of the
hand small anastomotic veins to the vena cutanea ulnaris or basilica. It
passes along the anterior arm and between the flexor carpi ulnaris and
the pronator profundus muscle to the elbow-joint. On the median surface
of the biceps it passes upward and anastomoses with the radial vein. The
ulnar vein, in the region of the elbow-joint, receives a large lateral
branch which extends around the end tendon of the biceps and anastomoses
above with the vena basilica.
The =vena basilica= or cutanea ulnaris is a long vein which originates
from the subcutaneous dorsal surface of the index-finger. Near the base
of the hand it receives an anastomosing branch from the vena radialis
and the vena ulnaris, and then passes upward along the posterior rim of
the ulna. It receives numerous branches from the roots of the flight
feathers. It crosses below the elbow-joint and reaches the volar surface
of the arm. It receives a large branch from the ulnar vein, and then,
passing in a diagonal and median direction to the triceps, extends to
the shoulder cavity where it empties into the axillary vein.
The outer breast veins unite forming a trunk which crosses ventrally to
the subclavian artery, and empties into the subclavian vein.
The vena cutanea abdomino-pectoralis collects the blood from a large
skin area of the abdomen, the upper thigh, the breast, and the
intercostal region. In the skin of the abdomen it forms a network.
BRANCHES OF THE ILIACS
( Vena metatarsalis ( Vena
metatarsalis
( Vena ( interna or magna ( plantaris profunda
( tibialis ( Vena tibialis antica
( postica ( Vena metatarsalis ( Venæ metatarsales
( ( externa
(
( Vena ( Vena metatarsalis dorsalis profunda
( Vena ( tibialis ( Vena metatarsalis dorsalis interna
( poplitealis ( antica ( Vena peronealis
( ( Vena cutanea cruralis
( ( Venæ surales
Vena (
iliaca ( ( Vena cutanea abdominalis femoralis
externa ( Vena ( Vena femoralis interna profunda
( cruralis ( Vena femoralis anterior
( ( Vena epigastrica
The main trunk passes in the median abdominal line forward and then
upward, along the outer edge of the pectoralis major, over the first
sternal rib; receives blood from the infrascapular vein, and empties
into the pectoralis externa.
The =vena brachialis= is located in the middle of the humerus and the
triceps muscle. It is formed by the vena ulnaris, and the vena radialis.
It passes with the median nerve and the brachial artery over the inner
surface of the humeral joint. Posterior to the humeral head it receives
the vena profunda humeri. At the shoulder cavity it receives the vena
cutanea ulnaris or vena basilica.
The trunk of the axillary vein is very short and is formed by the veins
of the shoulder and the wing. The deeper wing veins accompany the large
arterial and the nerve trunks.
BRANCHES OF THE VENA ILIACA INTERNA
( Vena intervertebralis lumbalis
( Pars truncalis ( Vena renalis magna
( (
( ( ( Vena hypogastrica caudalis sinistra
( ( Vena renalis ( Vena hypogastrica caudalis dextra
( ( ( Vena portalis
( ( Vena coccygea ( Vena cutanea et pudenda
Vena iliaca ( ( Vena coccygea mesenterica
interna or ( ( Vena cutanea pubica
vena hypogastrica ( Pars caudalis ( Vena cutanea caudalis
( ( Vena pudenda ( Vena spermatica
( ( Vena caudalis muscularis
( ( Venæ sacrales
( ( Venæ intervertebrales sacralis ( Venæ renales
( ( Venæ renales
( Pars renalis ( Vena ischiadica
( Vena obturatoria
( Vena suprarenalis externa ( Azygos
sacralis
THE POSTERIOR VENA CAVA