ribs and along their juncture with the breast-bone. It finally extends
posteriorly, giving numerous branches to the abdominal muscles. The
outer branch is distributed in a similar manner, giving off branches to
the diaphragm and to the abdominal muscles, and anastomoses, on the
surface of the abdominal muscles, with the epigastric artery.
The _external thoracic artery_ (Fig. 73, No. 3), ramus superior,
supplies principally the large breast muscles.
The _inferior thoracic artery_, external ramus inferior, passes along
the outside of the pectoralis major muscle, extends downward, and gives
off the arteria thoracica longa (subcutaneous thoracic). This latter
artery supplies the skin of the breast region. Other branches are given
off to the muscles of the breast and to the skin of the region, and some
finally anastomose with the branches of the sternal artery.
3. The =axillary artery= (Fig. 73, No. 12) extends out of the thoracic
cavity along with the brachial nerve plexus. It gives off the
_subscapularis_ which supplies the muscles of the scapular region. The
axillary artery terminates as the _brachialis_ which passes between the
biceps brachii and anconeus muscles downward along the humeral shaft. It
gives off the anterior humeral circumflex artery and the brachialis
profunda artery (Fig. 68, No. 3). It gives off near the elbow-joint the
ulnar and radial arteries.
The _anterior circumflex humeral artery_ passes through the short head
of the biceps and gives off a branch to the biceps muscle, supplying the
insertional part of the breast muscles.
BRANCHES OF THE BRACHIALIS PROFUNDA
The brachialis profunda artery (Fig. 68, No. 3) continues as the
_posterior circumflex humeral artery_. This artery supplies the muscles
of the posterior part of the humerus, the skin of the wing, and the
muscles of the brachial region. The trunk of the arteria brachii
profunda passes downward along the anconeus muscle, supplying that
muscle and giving off the collateral ulnar artery. On the ulnar
olecranon it anastomoses with the recurrent ulnar, thus establishing, at
this region, collateral circulation. The rest of the brachialis sends
branches to the biceps muscle and to the skin of the upper arm, and
finally gives off the arteria collateralis radialis, which supplies the
condylo-ulnaris. It then anastomoses with the end branches of the
recurrent radialis artery.
The _radial artery_ (Fig. 67, No. 4) passes downward on the outer rim of
the forearm. It continues down to the carpal region, where it supplies
the muscles and the skin of the carpal region it gives off the recurrent
radial, which passes on the middle finger and finally anastomoses with
the collateral radialis artery.
The _ulnar artery_ (Fig. 68, No. 6 and 9) passes downward on the inner
surface of the ulna to the carpal region where it gives off a branch to
the wing plexus and divides into two branches, the smaller branch
supplying the thumb (Fig. 68, No. 7). This branch passes down the radial
side of the middle finger to the last joint of the second finger. The
larger (Fig. 68, No. 8) lies between the second and the third finger
bones, and passes through a slit between these two bones to the flexor
side of the hand and extends to the last finger-joint, supplying the
structures in the region. The ulnar artery gives off a small arterial
twig to the papilla of each large wing feather (Fig. 67, No. 6).
The _recurrent ulnar_ passes backward to the olecranon of the ulna and
supplies the muscles, the skin, the feathers, and other structures of
the region, and terminates in end collateral ulnar branches (Fig. 67,
No. 5).
BRANCHES OF THE POSTERIOR AORTA[7]
( Esophageal
( Intercostales
( Dorsal
( Lumbars
( Spermatics
( Renals
( Ovarian
( Celiac ( Recurrent esophageal
( axis ( Recurrent intestinalis ( Recurrent ilio-colicus
( ( Posterior or recurrent sinister ( Renalis
( ( Anterior or recurrent dexter ( Splenics
( ( ( Hepatic
( ( Hepatica dextra ( Gastric
(
Posterior ( Sacralis media ( Coccygeæ laterales
aorta ( ( Coccygea media ( Coccygeæ laterales
(
( Anterior mesenteric ( Recurrent ilio-celiacus
( ( Recurrent superior hemorrhoidal
( Posterior mesenteric ( Median hemorrhoidal
( ( Recurrent renalis
( ( Tibialis postica
( Ischiadica ( Tibialis antica ( Peroneal ( Anterior tibial
plexus
( ( Arteria ovarialis
( Pudenda communis ( Renalis
( ( Hemorrhoidalis intima
( ( Pudenda externa
(
( Crural ( Internal pelvic (umbilical)
( (External iliac) ( Circumflex femoris
( ( Femoralis
Footnote 7:
Nomenclature used by Bronn.
The posterior aorta (Fig. 63, No. 2) passes backward along the inferior
part of the bodies of the dorsal and lumbo-sacral vertebræ. In the
thoracic cavity it lies dorsal to the esophagus. It gives branches
(_esophageal_) only to the esophagus during its passage as far as the
seventh dorsal vertebra. Following this point there are given of several
pairs of arteries which divide into a superior and an inferior branch.
The superior branch extends upward and anastomoses with branches of the
vertebral artery and other twigs coming from the _intercostal arteries_.
These latter arteries given off are small dorsal arteries. The inferior
branches extend downward between the ribs and supply the intercostal
muscles. The intercostal arteries do not take their origin from the
aorta in numerous and regular branches as in mammals; they consist
originally of but few vessels, which are multiplied by anastomoses with
each other and with the arteries which come out of the spinal canal. An
arterial plexus is thus formed around the head of each rib, from which a
vessel is sent to each of the intercostal muscles and ribs and are
continued into the muscles upon the outside of the body and its
integuments. The anastomosis of the intercostal arteries round the ribs
is similar to the plexus, which is produced by the great sympathetic
nerve in the same location. The _lumbar arteries_ are given off farther
posteriorly and along the lumbar region. The lumbar, like the dorsal
branches are given off in pairs. These arterial branches pass along the
thigh and the upper sacral vertebral region, and supply those parts.
Ventrally they are covered by the kidneys and pass into the abdominal
muscles. The posterior aorta gives off the _spermatic arteries_ and the
_ovarian artery_. In the male the former supply the testes. The ovarian
artery of the female gives off a twig to each calyx containing an ovum.
Each calyx is voluminously supplied with blood. Next the _renal
arteries_ are given off to the kidneys.
[Illustration:
FIG. 63.—The vascular system injected. 1, The heart. 2, The posterior
aorta. 3, The right brachio-cephalic artery. 4, The left
brachio-cephalic artery. 5, The anterior mesenteric artery showing
its many branches and anastomoses near and on the intestines. It is
accompanied by branches of the mesenteric vein. 6, The rectal branch
of the posterior mesenteric artery. 7, The duodenal loop and
pancreas showing the pancreatic artery. 8, The anus. 9, The cloaca.
10, The liver. 11, The lungs. 12, The right subclavian artery. 13,
The right carotid artery. 14, The right anterior vena cava. 15, The
subclavian vein. 16, The right jugular vein. 17, The carotid trunk.
18, The posterior vena cava.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 64.—The splanchnic arteries, veins and nerves. 1, A portion of
the left testes. 2, Adrenal gland. 3, Anterior lobe of kidney. 4,
Heart. 5, Liver. 6, Second portion of the esophagus. 7,
Proventriculus. 8, Gizzard. 9, Spleen. 10, Duodenal loop. 11,
Pancreas. 12, Blind extremity of cæcum. 13, Floating portion of
small intestine. 14, Rectum. 15, Cloaca. 16, Anus. 17, Celiac axis.
18, Ureter. 19, Vas deferens. 20, Recurrent sinister artery. 21,
Anterior recurrent dexter artery. 22, Arteria hepatica dextra. 23,
Recurrent esophageal artery. 24, Recurrent intestinalis artery. 25,
Ilio-colicus artery. 26, Anterior mesenteric artery. 27, Recurrent
branches of the same. 28, Ilio-cœliacus artery. 29, Recurrent
superior hemorrhoidal artery. 30, Posterior mesenteric artery. 31,
Crural arteries. 32, Sacralis media artery. 33, Recurrent renalis.
34, Middle renal lobe. 35, Posterior renal lobe. 36, Vena
mesentericus communis. 37, Vena hemorrhoidalis. 38, Vena
pancreatico-duodenalis. 39, Vena proventriculo-leinealis. 40, Vena
portalis dextra. 41, Ischiadic nerve. 42, Thoracic sympathetic
trunk. 43, Anterior splanchnic plexus. 44, Spinal nerves. 45,
Posterior splanchnic nerve plexus. 46, Intestinal nerve trunk. 47,
Vena renalis magna.
]
The =celiac axis= (Fig. 64, No. 17) originates near the seventh sternal
vertebra and to the right of the esophagus, breaks through the
diaphragm, and, near this point, gives off a recurrent esophageal (Fig.
64, No. 23). The celiac axis gives off three main branches: The anterior
or recurrent dexter, the posterior or recurrent sinister, the recurrent
intestinalis, all of which lie to the right of the spleen, under the
left lobe of the liver, and along the left side of the stomach. The
_recurrent sinister_ (Fig. 64, No. 20) gives arterial branches to the
proventriculus, the gizzard, the pyloris, and the left lobe of the
liver. The anterior or recurrent dexter (Fig. 64, No. 21) gives off a
renal artery and from four to six splenic arteries.
The _recurrent intestinalis artery_ (Fig. 64, No. 24) arises on the
posterior of the stomach within the duodenal loop, and supplies the
duodenum and the pancreas (Fig. 63, No. 7). It gives off a branch,
called the recurrent ilio-colicus (Fig. 64, No. 25), which supplies the
large intestines, including the cæca.
The _arteria hepatica dextra_ (Fig. 64, No. 22) is a branch from the
celiac axial trunk. It gives several branches to the right lobe of the
liver and to the gall-bladder. The gastric branches pass to the muscles
of the stomach. The anterior and posterior recurrent branches often
anastomose.
The =anterior mesenteric artery= (Fig. 63, No. 5; Fig. 64, No. 26)
originates from the posterior aorta near the generative glands. It is
directed downward, and divides into many branches which pass in the
mesentery toward the intestines. Recurrent branches (Fig. 64, No. 27)
are given off, which anastomose, forming mesenteric arches. From these
arches are given off branches which supply the intestinal walls.
The anterior mesenteric artery gives off the _recurrent ilio-celiacus_
(Fig. 64, No. 28) which is distributed to the cæca; other of its
branches are distributed to the small intestine.
The anterior mesenteric artery extends along the small intestine and
ends in the _recurrent superior hemorrhoidal arteries_ (Fig. 64, No. 29)
which anastomoses on the surface of the rectum with a branch of the
posterior mesenteric artery.
Branches from the anterior mesenteric artery also anastomose with
branches of the celiac axis.
The =posterior mesenteric artery= (Fig. 64, No. 30) is given off from
the posterior aorta posterior to the origin of the anterior mesenteric
and near the arteries of the thigh and is distributed to the lesser
mesentery supplying the large intestine. Branches of the superior
hemorrhoidal arteries anastomose with branches of the posterior
mesenteric artery. Branches from this source are called the _median
hemorrhoidal_ (Fig. 63, No. 6).
The posterior mesenteric artery (Fig. 64, No. 30) also gives off a long
branch to the cæca. Branches of the posterior mesenteric artery
anastomose with branches of the anterior mesenteric.
The =crural arteries= (Fig. 64, No. 31) are given off in a pair from the
posterior aorta. They pass through the mass of the lobes of the kidneys,
at about the median region, and extend out of the pelvic cavity in front
of the spine and ilio-pubic ligament.
[Illustration:
FIG. 65.—Blood-vessels and nerves of the hind extremity. Inside view
of leg. 1, Ischiadic nerve. 2, Ischiadic artery. 3, Posterior tibial
vein. 4, Vena metatarsa dorsalis interna. 5, Vena metatarsalis
plantaris profunda. 6, Vena cruralis. 7, Vena metatarsalis interna,
vena magna. 8, Vena tibialis postica. 9, Vena metatarsa magna. 10,
Nerves of the toes. 11, Vena metatarsalis dorsalis profunda.
]
The crural, or the external iliac artery, is divided into three branches
as follows:
First, the _internal pelvic_, or _umbilical artery_, is given off just
as the cruralis leaves the pelvic cavity. It passes, as a long vessel,
on the inner surface of the lumbo-sacral bones and supplies the
obturator internus muscle and extends into the umbilical region. It
gives off branches to the abdominal muscles, and, in the female, a
branch is distributed to the ligament of the oviduct.
Second, the _arteria circumflex femoris_, which passes between the
sartorius and vastus internus and extends dorsalward, supplies the
sartorius muscle, the vasti muscles, and the ilio-trochanteric region.
Third, the _femoral artery_, which passes beside the vena cruralis and
extends down the posterior surface of the thigh to the knee-joint,
supplies the upper thigh muscles with the exception of the adductor
muscles.
[Illustration:
FIG. 66.—Blood-vessels and nerves of the posterior extremity. Outside
view. 1, Anterior tibial artery. 2, Metatarsal artery. 3, Digital
arteries. 4, Vena cutaneous crurus. 5, Ischiadic artery. 6, Vena
cruralis. 7, Lateral cutaneous branch of the ischiadic nerve.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 67.—Blood-vessels and nerves of the fore limb. Outside view. 1,
Median nerve. 3, Ulnar nerve. 4, Radial artery. 5, Recurrent ulnaris
artery. 6, Twigs of ulnar artery to wing feathers.
]
The =ischiadic artery= (Fig. 69, No. 9) forms the main artery of the
posterior extremity. This artery, the largest vessel of that region, is
given off from the posterior aorta and passes ventrally over and between
two of the main lobes of the kidney. The continuation of the posterior
aorta is called the _sacralis media_ (Fig. 64, No. 32). The ischiadic
artery gives off a _recurrent renalis_ on the posterior lobe of the
kidney (Fig. 64, No. 33). On the left side it gives off a branch to the
oviduct and to the ligament of the oviduct. The main trunk leaves the
cavity with the ischiadic nerve (Fig. 65, No. 1) through a foramen
formed by the os ilium and the os ischium. It sends branches into the
adductor muscles of the upper and the lower thigh. It gives off
anastomotic branches which unite with those from the femoral artery. At
the flexure of the knee-joint it gives off two branches to that region
(Fig. 69, No. 10). It gives off another branch to the gastrocnemius
muscle and one to the flexor perforans digitorum. It terminates in the
anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
[Illustration:
FIG. 68.—Blood-vessels and nerves of the fore limb. Inside view. 1,
Vena humeri profunda. 2, Brachialis longus inferior. 3, Brachialis
profunda. 4, Radial artery. 6, Ulnar artery. 7, Ulnar arterial
branch to thumb. 8, Digital branch of ulnar artery. 9, Ulnar artery.
]
The first, the _tibialis postica_ (Fig. 69, No. 12) passes between the
gastrocnemius and the deep flexors giving off branches in its course to
the skin and to other parts, and disappears shortly below the
intertarsal joint.
The second, the _tibialis antica_ (Fig. 66, No. 1; Fig. 69, No. 11), is
often the larger of the two arteries. The anterior tibial artery gives
off branches to the knee-joint and to adjacent structures. It gives a
large branch to the head of the gastrocnemius muscle. It passes to the
posterior surface of the tibial head and gives off the peroneal artery,
which passes through the membrana interossea located between the tibia
and fibula giving branches to the anterior side of the membrane of the
patellar region of the knee-joint. It gives branches to the anterior
side of the lower thigh and finally terminates subcutaneously in the
anterior tibial plexus.
The main portion of the anterior tibial artery passes downward along the
posterior surface of the membrane located between the tibia and fibula,
and sends branches for the flexor digitorum communis et profundus. It
then breaks through the membrane, reaches the anterior side and there
communicates with the anterior tibial plexus. It gives off branches to
the muscles on the anterior side of the lower thigh and the skin, and
passes between the outer and the middle malleolus of the tarsal bones.
It passes to the plantar surface and divides between the toes. In
addition to the plantar branches there are given off dorsal branches
between the third and the fourth toes. These branches form the direct
continuation of the dorsal vessels of the anterior tibial plexus.
[Illustration:
FIG. 69.—Blood-vessels and nerves of the femoro-tibial region. A
section of the tibia removed.
_A._ Veins, arteries and nerves dissected as in _B_.
_B._ _V_, Vein. _A_, Artery. _N_, Nerve. 1, Vena poplitealis. 2, The
three veins forming the vena poplitealis. 3, Vena femoris interna
profunda. 4, Vena femoris anterior. 5, Vena cruralis. 6, Vena
cutanea abdominalis femoralis. 7, Vena cutaneous cruralis. 8, Deep
vein of the knee-joint. 9, Ischiadic artery. 10, Branches of
ischiadic artery to flexure of knee. 11, Anterior tibial artery. 12,
Posterior tibial artery. 13, Ischiadic nerve. 14, Trunk (a branch of
the ischiadic) which gives off the superficialis peroneus and
peroneus profundus. 15, Median branch of ischiadic nerve. 16,
Superficialis peroneus. 17, Lateral branch of the ischiadic nerve.
]
The =arteria pudenda communis= (Fig. 70, No. 20) passes to the depressor
coccygeus muscle, gives off a branch to the caudal part of the kidney,
crosses the ureter, provides the ischio-pubic and pubio-coccygeus, or
depressor coccygis lateralis, muscles, and on the lateral rim of the
latter muscle it gives off the _arteria hemorrhoidalis intima_. This
artery passes to the bursa of Fabricius and to the end of the cloaca. It
enters into the ischio-coccygeus muscle, and divides into the _arteria
pudenda externa_, and in ducks, the _arteria profunda penis_. These
branches supply the vas deferens, the ureter, the cloaca, the penile
structure, and the muscles of these parts.
[Illustration:
FIG. 70.—Blood-vessels of a Cornish cock. 1, The left pulmonary
artery. 2, Right pulmonary artery. 3, Left brachio-cephalic artery.
4, Left subclavian artery. 5, Left carotid artery. 6, Right
brachio-cephalic artery. 7, Posterior aorta. 8, Posterior vena cava.
9, Left pulmonary vein. 10, Right pulmonary vein. 11, Celiac axis.
12, Anterior mesenteric artery. 13, Ischiadic artery. 14, Crop. 15,
Superior artery of the crop and vein of same name. 16, Testicular or
ovarian artery. 17, External iliac artery. 18, Intercostal nerve.
19, Median sacral artery. 20, Arteria pudenda communis. 21, Anus.
22, Vena hypogastrica. 23, Right vena hepatica magna. 24, Left vena
hepatica magna. 25, Vena iliaca interna. 26, Vena iliaca communis.
27, Vena iliaca externa. 28, Vena coccygo-mesenterica. 29, Vena
umbilicalis. 30, Vena suprarenalis. 31, Origin of the pars renalis.
32, Lumbar veins. 33, Vena epigastrica. 34, Lumbales (arteries). 35,
Anterior division of the lumbo-sacral plexus. 36, Posterior division
of the lumbo-sacral plexus. 37, Left anterior vena cava. 38, Right
anterior vena cava.
]
=The Sacralis Media.=—The _median coccygeal artery_ (Fig. 70, No. 19)
forms the single extension of the sacralis media. It gives off lateral
branches between the caudal vertebræ which supply the dorsal muscles of
that region and the skin. The third pair are the largest. These are the
_arteriæ coccygeæ laterales_, and are located on the dorsal side of the
tail, they supply the tail glands and rudder feathers, the main tail
feathers, or rectrices. A small arterial twig is given off to the
papilla of each rectrix.
THE VENOUS TRUNKS
The venous blood enters the lungs from the right ventricle through the
two pulmonary arteries (Fig. 70, No. 1 and 2).
The two pulmonary veins (Fig. 70, No. 9 and 10) collect the arterial
blood from the lungs, and empty it into the left auricle.
There are three venæ cavæ which collect the systemic blood and empty it
into the right auricle. These venæ cavæ are two anterior (Fig. 70, No.
37 and 38) and one posterior (Fig. 70, No. 8).
Each anterior vena cava is formed by the union of a vena jugularis, a
vena vertebralis, and a vena subclavicularis (Fig. 63, No. 15).
[Illustration:
FIG. 71.—Veins of the liver of a fowl. 1, Vena mesenterica communis.
2, Vena portalis propria. 3, Anterior vena mesentericus. 4, Vena
portalis dexter. 5, Vena portalis sinister. 6, Posterior vena cava.
7, Celiac axis. 8, Base of the heart. 9, The liver. 10, Hepatic
veins.
]
The jugular vein is formed by the union of the vena cephalica anterior,
and the vena cephalica posterior.
The jugular vein (Fig. 62, No. _B_, 3) passes along the side of the neck
and lies near the trachea, the esophagus, and the pneumogastric nerve.
Near the base of the skull the two jugular veins, the right and the
left, are connected by a transverse vein. By this anastomosis part of
the blood from the left jugular vein is sent into the right. Therefore
the right jugular vein is larger than the left. The jugular veins
collect the blood from the tongue region, the thyroid, the esophagus,
the trachea, the crop, and other structures along its course through the
cervical region.
The =vertebral veins= are divided into the anterior and the posterior,
or the inferior and the superior. The _anterior vertebral vein_ is
located in the cervical region and collects the blood from the brain and
the inner part of the head. The vertebral vein passes along the dorsal
side of the spinal cord.
BRANCHES OF THE VENÆ CAVÆ ANTERIORES
( Venæ linguales
( Vena occipitalis lateralis ( Vena
occipito-collores
( Vena ascendenes lateralis
( Venæ colli cutineæ
( Venæ esophagealeæ
( Venæ tracheales
( Vena ( Vena subscapularis
( jugularis ( Venæ glandularum thyroidearum
( ( ( Vena occipitalis ( Sinus foraminis
( ( ( interna ( occipitalis
( ( Vena (
( ( vertebralis ( Vena vertebralis posterior ( Vena
intercostales
Vena cava ( ( ( Vena vertebralis anterior
anterior ( ( Vena vertebralis
( Vena vertebralis lateralis dorsalis ( Venæ intercostales
(
( Venæ coronariæ
( Vena subclavicularis
( Vena thoracica interna ( Vena intercostales
( Vena pharyngea superior
( Vena muscularis depressoris mandibularis
Vena facialis ( Vena muscularis colli anterior superioris
communis ( Vena lingualis
( Vena sublingualis et sphenoidea
The _posterior vertebral vein_ is located in the dorsal region, passes
backward and receives the blood from the dorsal neck region and from the
intercostal veins and from the vertebral segments and adjacent regions.
The anterior and the posterior vertebral vein form one trunk, the
vertebral vein, and this trunk empties into the vena jugularis just
before the subclavian and the jugular unite.
The =subclavian vein= collects the blood from the anterior extremities.
It unites with the vena jugularis of the same side.
The left vena cava receives the coronary veins from the heart.
THE VEINS OF THE HEAD
BRANCHES OF THE VENA FACIALIS INTERNA
The =vena facialis interna= (Fig. 62, No. 12) lies dorsal on the
pterygoid bone and receives the vena maxillaris, the vena ophthalmica,
the vena mandibularis interna, the venæ pharyngeæ superiores, and the
vena retis mirabilis temporale.
[Illustration:
FIG. 72.—Blood-vessels and nerves of the abdominal cavity and hind
extremity and head. 1, Vena renalis. 2, Vena intervertebrales
sacrales. 3, Posterior aorta. 4, External iliac. 6, Ischiadic nerve.
7, Ischiadic artery. 8, Arterial rete (plexus temporalis). 9,
Ophthalmic artery. 10, Palatine artery. 11, Lingual artery. 12,
Hyoid artery. 13, 14, External carotid artery. 15, Internal
maxillary artery. 16, Superior laryngeal artery. 17, Superior
esophageal artery. 18, Occipital artery. 19, Internal carotid
artery.
]