Biol. Surv. Coll., Espanola, 5000 ft., Rio Arriba Co., New Mexico;
obtained on June 24, 1904, by McClure Surber, original No. 162.
_Range._--White Mt's of southern Apache County and northern Greenlee
County, Arizona; in New Mexico, from the Sacramento Mt's, Otero County,
northward to the San Juan Mt's, Rio Arriba County. See fig. 46. Zonal
range: Lower Sonoran (1 individual), Upper Sonoran, Transition, and
Canadian.
_Description._--Size, small; back near Ochraceous-Buff, having black
hair interspersed; mid-dorsal band not always well marked; sides
Ochraceous-Buff with fine admixture of black hair; lateral line blending
with Ochraceous-Buff of sides, not distinct; ventral surface white to
base of hairs, in some cases lightly suffused with color of sides; tail
indistinctly bicolored, tan to grayish-white below and brown above; hind
feet grayish-white above; ears brownish, narrowly edged with
Ochraceous-Buff; skull small; antorbital foramina relatively large;
interorbital region broad; inferior ramus of the zygomatic process of
the maxillary broad, often with medial projection; incisive foramina
narrow posteriorly becoming broadly rounded anteriorly; palatal bridge
relatively long; pterygoid fossae narrow; zygomatic arches relatively
robust; nasals tapering at each end.
_Comparisons._--From _Zapus princeps princeps_, _Z, p. luteus_ differs
as follows: Size, smaller; color lighter, more Ochraceous-Buff; ears
lighter, edged with Ochraceous-Buff as compared with white or
yellowish-white; lateral line indistinct or wanting as opposed to
distinct; dorsal stripe not well defined; interorbital region broader;
antorbital foramina relatively larger; zygomatic arches more robust;
nasals tapering at each end as opposed to parallel sided; auditory
bullae smaller, less inflated.
_Remarks._--The characters of this subspecies are relatively stable
throughout most of its geographic range. Hall and Davis (1934:56)
remarked that their material from the White Mountains of Arizona
answered precisely to Miller's original description (1911:253) of the
species, and my examination of these and other specimens from that area
indicates the same thing except that the specimens average slightly
darker mid-dorsally than those from New Mexico.
_Zapus luteus australis_, based on a single individual taken in a
riparian thicket along the Rio Grande at Socorro, New Mexico, is
referable to _Z. p. luteus_. The diagnostic characters, referred to in
the original description, are as follows: Small, slender, and very
narrow skull; especially narrow braincase; slender rostrum; and light
dentition. These are expressions of age, rather than of geographic
variation, in that the individual is a subadult (young of the year). The
color, which is paler than in adults of _Z. p. luteus_, is almost
identical with that of a subadult (No. 205585 USBS) from Alpine,
Arizona. I can see no basis for recognition of _Z. p. australis_ and the
name, therefore, is placed as a synonym of _Z. p. luteus_.
Four specimens from 4 mi. NE El Rito, 7000 ft., New Mexico, show
intergradation, in the shape of the nasals and incisive foramina, in the
robustness of the zygomatic arch, and in the breadth of the braincase
with a specimen of _Zapus princeps princeps_ from Tierra Amarilla, New
Mexico. In color and in external measurements as well as in other
cranial characters they closely agree with typical _Z. p. luteus_ and
are here referred to the latter.
_Specimens examined._--Total, 49, distributed as follows:
ARIZONA: _Apache Co._: North Fork White River, White Mts., 24 (SDM);
Alpine, 8500 ft., 6 (USBS); West Fork Black River, 7700 ft., 8 (MVZ);
_Greenlee County_: Hannagan Creek, 8200 ft., 2 (MVZ).
NEW MEXICO: _Otero Co._: 12 mi. E Cloudcroft, 7500 ft., 2 (USBS). _Rio
Arriba Co._: 4 mi. NE of El Rito, 7000 ft., 4; Espanola, 5000 ft., 2
(USBS). _Socorro Co._: Socorro, 1 (USBS).
_Marginal records._--New Mexico: 4 mi. N El Rito, 7000 ft.; Espanola,
5000 ft.; 12 mi. E Cloudcroft, 7500 ft. Arizona: Hannagan Creek, 8200
ft.; W. Fork Black River, 7700 ft.; N. Fork White River, White Mts. New
Mexico: Socorro.
=Zapus princeps minor= Preble
_Zapus princeps minor_ Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:23, August 8,
1899.
_Zapus hudsonius campestris_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 49:117,
January 8, 1927 (part).
_Type._--Adult female, skin and skull, No. 73673, U. S. Nat. Mus. Biol.
Surv. Coll., Wingard, near Carlton House, Saskatchewan; obtained on July
23, 1895, by J. Alden Loring, original No. 3123.
_Range._--Most of southern half of Saskatchewan and Alberta,
northeastern Montana southeastward to Aweme, Manitoba, and Webster,
South Dakota. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition, Hudsonian, and
Canadian.
_Description._--Size, small; back dark, usually with a distinct
mid-dorsal band of black mixed with Warm Buff; sides lighter, more
yellowish, but always with an admixture of black hairs; lateral line
distinct, near Ochraceous-Buff, ventral surface characteristically
suffused with Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, grayish-white to
yellowish-white below and pale brown above; hind feet grayish-white
above; ears dark, edged with white or yellowish-white; skull small;
postpalatal notch often anterior to posterior part of molars; inferior
ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary often with well developed medial
projection; auditory bullae flattened; nasals narrower anteriorly and
proximal third depressed; base of zygomatic process of squamosal broad.
_Comparisons._--From _Zapus princeps princeps_, _Z. p. minor_ differs as
follows: Size averaging smaller in all measurements taken, except least
interorbital constriction which is approximately the same; color
dorsally and laterally more yellowish, less Ochraceous-Buff; ventrally
greater suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff.
For comparison with _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ see account of that
subspecies.
_Remarks._--This geographic race is notably stable and retains most of
its diagnostic characters throughout nearly all parts of its range.
Intergradation occurs with _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ at various
localities in Montana, as is described in more detail in the account of
_idahoensis_. Crowe (1943:406) gives evidence of intergradation between
_Zapus princeps idahoensis_ and _Z. p. minor_ in specimens from Entrance
in western Alberta. Crowe (_loc. cit._) described these individuals as
intermediate in color (lateral line present, under parts washed with
buff, sides and dorsal stripe rich in ochraceous), and in cranial
characters (smaller skulls, anteriorly narrower nasals, shorter more
deflected rostrum, and higher cranium); but he considered them closer to
_Z. p. minor_.
A skin without skull from Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, shows
intergradation between _Z. p. idahoensis_ and _Z. p. minor_. This
individual is like _Z. p. idahoensis_ in dorsal and lateral coloring,
but is nearer _Z. p. minor_ in ventral coloring and in the presence of a
distinct lateral line. External measurements provide basis for
tentatively assigning the skin to _Z. p. minor_.
_Specimens examined._--Total, 118, distributed as follows:
ALBERTA: 4 mi. N Marinville, 2; Blindman River, 1 (USBS); Camrose, 1
(ROM); Red Deer River, 1 (USBS); Didsbury, Little Red Deer River, 1
(ROM); Kananaskis Valley, 7000 ft., 1 (ROM); High River, 2 (ROM); Lodge
Creek, 2 (NMC).
MANITOBA: Shoal Lake, 6 (NMC); Oak Lake, 4 (NMC); Aweme, 7 (6 ROM; 1
USBS).
MONTANA: _Chouteau County_: Eagle Creek, 25 mi. SE Big Sandy, 3 (UM).
_Hill Co._: Fort Assiniboine, 1 (USBS); _Bear Paw Mt's, 20 mi. SE Fort
Assiniboine_, 4 (USBS); _head Eagle Creek, Bear Paw Mt's_, 7 (UM).
_Valley Co._: Glasgow, 1 (USBS).
NORTH DAKOTA: _Benson Co._: 4 mi. W Leeds, 1400 ft., 2; _2 mi. W Fort
Totten, 1400 ft._, 13; Fort Totten, 4 (USBS). _Bottineau Co._: 4-8/10
mi. N Bottineau, 2100 ft., 2; _3-1/2 mi. N Bottineau, 1920 ft._, 2;
_2-1/10 mi. N Bottineau, 1800 ft._, 3; _Bottineau_, 1 (USBS). _Dickey
Co._: Oakes, 3 (USBS). _Grand Forks Co._: Larimore, 3 (USBS). _Montrail
Co._: 6 mi. N Lostwood, 2 (USBS). _Nelson Co._: Stump Lake, 1 (USBS).
_Richland Co._: _Lidgerwood_, 1 (USBS); 4 mi. S Blackner, (USBS).
_Rolette Co._: St. John, 1 (USBS). _Sargent County_: _7-1/5 mi. E and
1-1/5 mi. S Oakes, 1200 ft._, 6; _3 mi. W Cayuga, 1000 ft._, 2. _Walsh
Co._: Grafton, 2. _Ward Co._: _Minot_, 3 (CMNH). _Williams Co._:
Grinnell, 2 (USBS); Buford, 2 (USBS).
SASKATCHEWAN: Wingard, near Carlton House, 2 (USBS); Fort Carlton, 1
(MVZ); Indian Head, 2 (USBS); Cypress Hills, N Maple Creek, 18 (NMC);
_Battle Creek_, 1 (NMC).
SOUTH DAKOTA: _Day Co._: Webster, 1 (Chic. AS).
_Marginal records._--Saskatchewan: Wingard, near Carlton House; Fort
Carlton. Manitoba: Shoal Lake; Aweme. North Dakota: Larimore; 4 mi. S
Blackner. South Dakota: Webster. North Dakota: Oakes; Grinnell. Montana:
Eagle Creek, 25 mi. SE Big Sandy. Alberta: High River; Kananaskis
Valley, 2000 ft.; Red Deer River; Blindman River; 4 mi. N Marinville.
=Zapus princeps oregonus= Preble
_Zapus princeps oregonus_ Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:24, August 8,
1899.
_Zapus major_ Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:24, August 8, 1899, type
from Warner Mt's, Lake County, Oregon.
_Zapus princeps major_, Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:10,
April 10, 1931.
_Zapus nevadensis_ Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:25, August 8, 1899,
type from Ruby Mt's, Elko County, Nevada.
_Zapus princeps nevadensis_, Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool.,
37:10, April 10, 1931.
_Zapus princeps palatinus_ Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool.,
37:8, April 10, 1931, type from Wisconsin Creek, 7800 ft.,
Toyabe Mt's, Nye County, Nevada.
_Zapus princeps princeps_, Anthony, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
33:17, March 17, 1913.
_Type._--Male, adult, skin and skull; No. 78156, U. S. Nat. Mus. Biol.
Surv. Coll.; Elgin, Blue Mountains, Union Co., Oregon; obtained on May
29, 1896, by Edward A. Preble, original No. 959.
_Range._--Southeastern Washington, eastern Oregon east of Cascades,
northeastern California, central and northeastern Nevada, and
southwestern Idaho. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian.
_Description._--Size large; back from near Light Ochraceous-Buff to near
Cinnamon-Buff, usually overlaid with black hairs forming broad dorsal
band, which in some individuals is almost black; sides lighter than
back, from near Light Pinkish-Cinnamon to near Cinnamon-Buff and
Ochraceous-Buff, often with black hairs interspersed; lateral line
faintly marked or wanting; belly pure white; tail bicolored,
grayish-brown above and grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears
dark, edged with color of sides; palatal bridge long; interorbital
region broad; inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary usually
with median projection; auditory bullae relatively small; incisive
foramina greatly enlarged posteriorly; tooth-rows divergent anteriorly;
nasals narrow posteriorly.
_Comparisons._--From _Zapus princeps curtatus_, _Z. p. oregonus_ differs
as follows: Size averaging larger; upper parts darker; tooth-rows more
divergent anteriorly; palatal bridge longer; mastoid region broader;
incisive foramina relatively wider posteriorly.
For comparisons with _Zapus princeps cinereus_, _Zapus princeps
pacificus_ and _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ see accounts of those
subspecies.
_Remarks._--The coloration in _Z. p. oregonus_ varies somewhat from
north to south. In the northern part of the range the average coloration
of the upper parts is darker with more ochraceous on the sides. To the
southward the upper parts are progressively paler and the sides are near
Light Pinkish-Cinnamon. Because of this variation of color, and because
of the small samples available to workers in the past, three populations
of this subspecies have been named as distinct. However, with the large
amount of additional material now available, the supposed diagnostic
characters of these "forms" prove to be within the range of individual
variations of each of several populations of which large samples are
available.
_Zapus major_ Preble (1899:24) was described as having zygomata short,
palate broad and long, incisive foramina large and elliptical, and color
dark. Some specimens of _Z. p. oregonus_, from nearly all parts of its
geographic range, show these same characters. Resemblances in anteriorly
divergent tooth-rows, broad interorbital region, small auditory bullae,
and posteriorly narrow nasals, are additional reasons for placing _Z.
major_ as a synonym of _Z. p. oregonus_.
_Zapus nevadensis_ Preble (1899:25), here considered a synonym of _Z. p.
oregonus_, was described as having: auditory bullae small, posterior
border of the palate usually convex anteriorly, palatal bridge long, and
color pale. These characters, however, are within the range of
individual variation of _Zapus p. oregonus_. Similarities such as
tooth-rows diverging anteriorly, nasals narrow posteriorly, interorbital
region broad, and incisive foramina enlarged posteriorly are added
reasons for placing _Z. nevadensis_ as a synonym of _Z. p. oregonus_.
_Zapus princeps palatinus_ Hall (1931:8) was described as having:
palatal bridge long, incisive foramina wide posteriorly, posterior
border of palate straight or convex posteriorly, and color pale. These
characteristics are to be found in some individuals in most populations
of _Z. p. oregonus_. Additional well marked cranial similarities, such
as small auditory bullae, broad interorbital region, and nasals narrow
posteriorly offer additional evidence as to the close relationship of
_Z. p. palatinus_ and _Z. p. oregonus_. Hall (_loc. cit._), with a small
sample available to him for comparative purposes (14 specimens of _Z. p.
palatinus_ and 12 specimens of _Z. p. nevadensis_), was impressed by
the condition of the palate in _Z. p. palatinus_ and wrote: "the
generally straight, or even posteriorly convex, posterior border of the
palate seems to be unique among described forms of _Zapus_. The name
_palatinus_ is given in allusion to this structural feature." With more
than 300 specimens of _Z. p. oregonus_ available for study I find that a
straight or posteriorly convex posterior border of the palate occurs in
more than 50 per cent of the individuals examined. Specimens displaying
this described palatal condition are known from all parts of the range
of _Z. p. oregonus_, but do occur in a higher percentage of specimens in
the area ascribed by Hall (_loc. cit._) to the range of _Z. p.
palatinus_.
Intergradation with _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ and _Zapus princeps
cinereus_ is discussed in the accounts of those subspecies.
_Specimens examined._--Total, 340, distributed as follows:
CALIFORNIA: _Modoc Co._: Buck Creek R. S., 1 (CAS); _Willow Ranch_, 4
(CAS); _Sugar Hill, 5000 ft._, 1 (MVZ); _Goose Lake Meadows, near Sugar
Hill_, 4 (MVZ); _Parker Creek, Warner Mts., 5500 ft._, 18 (MVZ); _Dry
Creek, Warner Mts., 4800 ft._, 3 (MVZ) _east face Warner Peak, Warner
Mts., 8700 ft._, 1 (MVZ); _5 mi. NW Eagle Peak, 7000 ft._, 5 (MVZ);
Lassen Creek, 1 (SDM); _Happy Camp_, 1 (CAS).
IDAHO: _Boise Co._: Bald Mtn. R. S., Boise Nat'l Forest, 10 mi. S. Idaho
City, 7400 ft., 2 (USBS). _Elmore Co._: Trail Creek, Boise Nat'l Forest,
2 (USBS). _Washington County_: 1 mi. NE Heath, SW Slope Cuddy Mtn., 4000
ft., 20 (5 MVZ).
NEVADA: _Elko County_: _6 mi. SW Mountain City, Cobb Creek, 6500-6550
ft._, 44 (MVZ); _summit between heads of Copper and Coon creeks,
Jarbidge Mts._, 18 (9 MVZ); _head of Ackler Creek, 6800 ft._, 2: Steel
Creek, 7000 ft., 11 (4 MVZ); _summit of Secret Pass, 6200 ft._, 8;
_south fork Long Creek, 7830 ft._, 4; Harrison Pass R. S., Green Mtn.,
Canyon, 6050 ft., 12. _Eureka County_: 4 mi. S Tonkin, Denay Creek,
Roberts Mt's, 1 (MVZ). _Humboldt County_: _Martin Creek R. S._, 1 (MVZ);
13 mi. N Paradise Valley, 6700 ft., 19 (MVZ). _Lander County_: Kingston
R. S., 7500 ft., 4 (MVZ). _Nye County_: Wisconsin Creek, 7000 ft., 12
(MVZ). _White Pine County_: Willow Creek, 2 mi. S Elko County line, Ruby
Mts., 6500 ft., 24 (2 MVZ).
OREGON: _Baker Co._: East Pine Creek, 2-1/2 mi. NE Cornucopia, 6 (USBS);
McEwen, 2 (USBS); _Bourne_, 7 (USBS). _Clackamas County_: _Marks Creek,
12 mi. N of Howard_, 2 (USBS); Howard, 2 (USBS). _Crook County_: _Ochoco
R. S., 4000 ft._, 4 (MVZ). _Grant Co._: _Austin_, 2 (USBS); _Cold
Spring, 4900 ft., 8 mi. E Austin_, 4 (MVZ); Beech Creek, 1 (USBS);
_Strawberry Mts._, 6 (USBS); _north fork Malheur River, 21 mi. SE
Prairie City, 5000 ft._, 21 (MVZ). _Harney Co._: 10 mi. N. Harney, 1
(USBS); _Steen Mts., Keiger Gorge, 6900 ft._, 6 (USBS); Diamond, 4300
ft., 2 (USBS). _Jefferson Co._: Foley Creek, 12 mi. E Hay Creek, 1
(USBS). _Klamath Co._: Fort Klamath, 1 (USBS). _Lake Co._: Silver Creek,
7000 ft., Yamsey Mts., 1 (USBS); _2 mi. E Lakeview, 5200 ft._, 3 (MVZ).
_Malheur Co._: Jordan Valley, 4200 ft., 1 (USBS). _Umatilla Co._:
Meacham, 1 (USBS). _Union County_: Elgin, 2 (USBS). _Wallowa Co._:
Paradise, 10 mi. N Horse Creek, 7000 ft., 1 (USBS); _Minam Lake_, 1
(USBS); _16 mi. S and 3 mi. E Lostine, 5500 ft._, 9 (MVZ); _west fork
Wallowa River, 5000 ft., 2-1/2 mi. above Wallowa Lake_, 1 (FM); _near
Wallowa Lake, 4500 ft._, 3 (FM). _Wheeler County_: 11 mi. W and 7 mi. S
Mitchell, 4850 ft., 20 (MVZ).
WASHINGTON: _Asotin Co._: Anatone, 3300 ft., 1 (USBS). _Columbia
County_: Twin Buttes, 25 mi. SE Dayton, Blue Mts., 2 (MVZ); _Stayawhile
Spring, 5150 ft._, 4 (MVZ).
_Marginal records._--Washington: Anatone, 3300 ft. Oregon: East Pine
Creek, 2-1/2 mi. NE Cornucopia. Idaho: 1 mi. NE Heath, SW slope Cuddy
Mtn., 4000 ft.; Bald Mtn., R. S., Boise Nat'l Forest, 10 mi. S. Idaho
City, 7400 ft.; Trail Creek, Boise Nat'l Forest. Nevada: Harrison Pass
R. S., Ruby Mts.; Steel Creek, 7000 ft.; Wisconsin Creek, 7000 ft.; 13
mi. N Paradise Valley, 6700 ft. California: Lassen Creek; Buck Creek R.
S. Oregon: Fort Klamath; Howard; Meacham. Washington: Twin Buttes, 25
mi. SE Dayton, Blue Mts.
=Zapus princeps pacificus= Merriam
_Zapus pacificus_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:104,
April 26, 1897; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:30, August 8, 1899.
_Jaculus hudsonius_, Baird, Repts. Expl. and Surv. 111 8
(pt. 1):433, July 14, 1858 (part--the part from Canoe Creek,
California).
_Zapus alleni_ Elliot, Field Columbian Mus., publ. 27, zool. ser.,
1:212, April 19, 1898, type from Pyramid Peak, Lake Tahoe, El
Dorado County, California.
_Zapus trinotatus alleni_, Elliot, Field Columbian Mus. Publ. 91,
zool. ser., 3:315, July 5, 1904; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:27,
August 8, 1899.
_Zapus pacificus alleni_, Howell, Univ. California Publ. Zool.,
21:232, May 20, 1920.
_Zapus trinotatus pacificus_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 55:233,
August 29, 1936.
_Zapus princeps alleni_, Hall, Mammals of Nevada; Univ. California
Press, Berkeley, California, 579, July 1, 1946.
_Type._--Male, subadult, skin and skull, No. 80445, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Biol. Surv. Coll.; Prospect, Rogue River Valley, Jackson Co., Oregon;
obtained on August 29, 1896, by Edward A. Preble, original No. 1454.
_Range._--Sierra Nevada Mt's, from Kern Peak, Tulare County, California,
northeastward to Mt. Rose, Washoe County, Nevada, then northwestward
through the Trinity and Salmon mountains, California, to the upper Rogue
River Valley, Oregon, thence southwestward to South Yolla Bolly Mt'n,
Tehama County, California. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition,
Canadian, and Hudsonian.
_Description._--Size medium; color bright; back near Ochraceous-Buff
with admixture of black hair forming dark dorsal band; sides bright
Ochraceous-Buff with fine admixture of black hair; lateral line blending
with color of sides or wanting or indistinct; ventral surface white;
tail bicolored, grayish-brown above, yellowish-white below, in some
specimens with white tip; feet grayish-white above; ears dark, edged
with Ochraceous Buff; braincase relatively narrow; incisive foramina
relatively short; pterygoid fossae usually broad; proximal part of
inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary broad; postpalatal
notch usually broadly rounded; auditory bullae relatively small and
flattened; nasals parallel sided; maxillary tooth-row short;
interorbital region moderately broad.
_Comparison._--From _Zapus princeps oregonus_, _Z. p. pacificus_ differs
in being brighter in all pigmented areas; more ochraceous and less
yellow laterally; dorsally more ochraceous and less black; size
averaging smaller; maxillary tooth-rows shorter; auditory bullae less
inflated and smaller; interorbital region averaging narrower; palatal
bridge averaging shorter; incisive foramina shorter and posteriorly
narrower; nasals parallel rather than narrowed posteriorly.
_Remarks._--Original describers considered both _Z. pacificus_ and _Z.
alleni_ as specifically distinct from _Z. trinotatus_. Merriam
(1897a:104) named _Z. pacificus_ and gave the following diagnostic
characters: short rostrum and nasals; small auditory bullae;
basioccipital broad between bullae. Elliot (1898:212) named _Z. alleni_
and ascribed to it the following diagnostic characters: cranium long and
narrow; nasals same breadth for entire length; palate wide; pterygoid
fossae wide posteriorly; auditory bullae small; basisphenoid and
basioccipital wide; upper tooth-rows short. Preble (1899:27) considered
_Z. alleni_ to be a subspecies of the species _Z. trinotatus_, remarking
that the skulls are similar to those of _Z. trinotatus_ but smaller with
much smaller bullae; in coloration the animals are lighter above and
without fulvous below. Preble remarked that the skull of _Z. alleni_
differs so greatly from that of _Z. montanus_ that comparison was not
required. Preble (_op. cit._:30) treated _Z. pacificus_ as a full
species. Howell (1920:233) considered _Z. pacificus_ and _Z. alleni_ to
be subspecies of _Z. pacificus_. Howell (_loc. cit._) pointed out size,
cranial, and color similarities between the two, and remarked that
_pacificus_ is clearly distinct from _Z. montanus_, its nearest
geographic neighbor. Hall (1946:578) arranged _Z. alleni_ as a
subspecies of _Z. princeps_, although not on grounds wholly satisfactory
to him because actual intergrades between _alleni_ and neighboring races
of _princeps_ were not available.
I here consider _Z. alleni_ to be synonymous with _Z. pacificus_; the
latter is a subspecies of _Z. princeps_. Certain diagnostic characters,
such as the shape and size of the os penis, the diameter and pigment
pattern of the hair, the over-all proportions of the skull, and the size
and shape of the teeth indicate that _alleni_ and _princeps_ belong to
the same species, even though animals from intermediate geographic areas
are not available to show actual intergradation.
The diagnostic characters referred to in the original description of _Z.
alleni_, as given earlier in this account, agree with characters of
specimens of _Z. p. pacificus_. Howell (1920:233) remarks that, in
coloration and length of foot, typical _alleni_ differs but slightly
from _pacificus_. Howell (_loc. cit._) noted, as I also have, that there
are slight cranial differences in specimens from various parts of the
range of _Z. p. pacificus_; these variations are somewhat clinal in
nature, cranial dimensions showing a slight increase from south to
north. The largest animals occur in western Tehama, Trinity, and
Siskiyou counties, California. Samples from various localities in
Jackson County, Oregon, are slightly smaller than these, but are larger
than specimens from the southern Sierra Nevada.
_Specimens examined._--Total, 264, distributed as follows: