LOTUS _The Sun; creation; resurrection._
NILE KEY _Life._
PALM TREE _Immortality; longevity._
PAPYRUS _Food for mind and body._
PINE CONE _Fire._
POMEGRANATE _Life._
ROSETTE _A lotus motive._
SAIL OF A VESSEL _Breath; the belief that the soul is
inactive and worthless until revived
by the breath of the mind._
SCARABÆUS _Immortality; resurrection; a ruling
providence._
SOLAR DISK WITH SERPENTS _Royalty._
SPHINX _Beneficent Being._
STAFF IN THE HANDS OF THE GODS _Purity._
SUN _Deity; life._
VIPER _Power._
WHEEL _Deity._
ZIGZAG _Water._
INDIAN SYMBOLS
ASS _Humility; austerity._
BANIAN OR BURR TREE _Deity (because of its outstretched
branches and overshadowing beneficence)._
BUTTERFLY _Beneficence of Summer._
FYLFOT CROSS OF BUDDHISM _Auspiciousness._
KNOT AND FLOWER DESIGN _Divine bounty and power._
SERPENT _Desire._
JAPANESE SYMBOLS
PINE TREES _Long life._
STORKS _Long life._
TORTOISES _Long life._
PERSIAN SYMBOLS
DESCENDING EAGLE _Bad luck._
EAGLE _Light; height._
FLYING EAGLE _Good luck._
HOUNDS _Fame; ever increasing honor._
LEOPARDS _Fame; ever increasing honor._
LION _Power; victory._
PEACOCK _Fire; light._
PHOENIX _Immortality._
STANDING EAGLE _Good luck._
SUN _Light._
SWORD _Force._
TREE OF HEALTH _Immortality._
TREE OF LIFE _Knowledge; truth._
The Coat of Arms of Persia is the Lion holding a sword in his paw,
and with the Sun at his back.
TURKISH SYMBOLS
CRESCENT _Increasing power._
The Turkish Coat of Arms is the Crescent and the Star. These
heavenly bodies are supposed to signify growth.
MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOLS
ANEMONE _Good fortune._
BAT _Maternity._
BIRD _Spirit._
BOAR _Winter._
BUTTERFLY _Ethereal soul._
CIRCLE _Eternity; perpetual continuity._
CYPRESS TREE _Tree of life; immortality; perfect and renewed life._
DOG _Destruction; vigilance._
ELEPHANT _Patient endurance; self-restraint._
EVERGREENS _Immortality._
FIR CONE _An existence terminated but united--the union of the tribes
against the dominion of Rome._
FLY _Destroying attribute._
HARE _Fertility._
HEART _Man morally._
HIPPOPOTAMUS _Destroying power._
HOG _Deep meditation._
JUG _Knowledge._
LILY _Purity._
OLIVE _Consecration to immortality._
OWL _Wisdom._
OX _Patience; gentleness._
PEACOCK _Resurrection (because of the annual renewing of its
plumage, and from a belief in the incorruptibility
of its flesh)._
PHOENIX _Good luck; herald of prosperity; birth of great men._
PIG _Universal kindness._
RAM _Spiritual leadership._
REED _Royalty._
RHINOCEROS _Religious recluse._
SCORPION _Invincible knowledge._
SERPENT _Life; immortality._
SPEAR _Destructive power._
SPIDER _Slave of passion._
SQUIRREL _Averter of evil._
STARS _Divinity._
SWASTIKA _Good fortune._
TURTLE _Constancy._
WHEEL _Universe._
WINGS _Spontaneous motion._
WOLF _Destroying power._
MEANINGS OF SOME OF THE PLACE-NAMES ASSOCIATED WITH RUGS
AKHISSAR _White Citadel._
BAGDAD _Abode of Peace._
BAKU _Place of Winds._
BELUCHISTAN _Land of the Beluchis._
BHAGULPORE _Tiger City._
BOKHARA _Treasury of Sciences; the Noble._
DECCAN _The South Land._
DERBENT _Fortified Gate._
FARS _Land of the Farsi or Persians._
FU-CHAU _Happy City._
GILAN _The Marshes._
GULISTAN _The Rose Garden._
HAIDERABAD _Gate of Salvation._
HERAT _The Pearl of Khorassan; the Gate of India._
ISLAMABAD _Abode of Islam._
ISPAHAN _Place of Horses._
JERUSALEM _Heir of Peace._
KANDAHAR _Key of India._
KARABAGH _Country of the Sun._
KARA DAGH _Black Mountains._
KELAT _Castle._
KHORASSAN _Land of the Sun._
KWATAH _Citadel._
MECCA _The Heart of Islam; the Holy City._
MESHED _Tomb of a Martyr._
MIRZAPORE _City of the Emir._
NING-PO _Peaceful Wave._
PESHAWAR _Advanced Fortress._
SAMARKAND _The Head of Islam._
SHANG-HAI _Approaching the Sea._
SRINAGAR _City of the Sun._
TABRIZ _Pinnacle of Islam._
TEHERAN _The Pure._
YEZD _City of Light; City of Worship._
GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
Owing to the variety of ways in which the names of Oriental localities
are spelled when transliterated, it is extremely difficult to establish
a standard of spelling. Many curious examples of this occur both on maps
and in dictionaries. It is certainly confusing to open an atlas that is
supposed to be an authority, and find that the name one seeks differs in
spelling from that used in the atlas first consulted. Then by looking
into dictionaries it is found that each of these has a different way of
spelling the word sought. Then turning to a guide book of the country
there will probably be found not only another combination of the
letters, but also a conflict between the descriptive matter in the book
and the map accompanying it. When books of travel are consulted, the
embarrassment is still further increased.
After having accepted a mode of spelling geographical names for use in
this volume, I propose in the pages that follow to assist the reader to
locate the places mentioned, by assigning them to their respective
countries, so that at a glance he may identify them. This classification
will also be a key to the map.
[Illustration: Map.]
Occasionally the name of a place has been inserted which is not
rug-producing, but only a mart for the selling of rugs. This has seemed
advisable as the names are intimately associated with the rug industry.
LOCALITIES ARRANGED GEOGRAPHICALLY
Afghanistan
BALKH.
CHARIKAR.
GHAZNI (GÄZNE).
GULISTAN.
HERAT.
ISTALIF.
JELALABAD.
KABUL (CABUL, CABOOL).
KANDAHAR.
ZERNI.
Beluchistan
BAGH (BHAG).
BELAR.
GUNDAVA.
JHALAWAN (DISTRICT).
KELAT.
KHOZDAR.
MASTUNG.
ORMARAH.
QUETTA (KWATAH).
RUSTAM KHAN.
SARAWAN (DISTRICT).
SONMEANI.
Chinese Empire
CANTON.
FU-CHAU.
HANG-CHAU.
KIANG-SU.
NING-PO.
SHANG-HAI.
SHAN-TUNG.
SU-CHAU.
TIENT-SING.
TSI-NAN.
TSING-CHAU.
TSING-NING.
Province of East Turkestan
KARASHAR.
KASHGAR.
KUCHA.
YANGI-HISSAR.
YARKAND.
India
AGRA.
AHMEDABAD.
ALLAHABAD.
ALLEPPI.
AMBALA (UMBALLA).
AMRITSAR.
BAHADAPUR (DISTRICT).
BANGALORE.
BARDWAN.
BARELI (BAREILLY).
BELLARY.
BENARES.
BEYPUR.
BHAGALPUR (BOGLIPOOR).
BIJAPUR.
BOMBAY.
CALCUTTA.
CAWNPUR.
CHANDA.
DECCAN (DEKKAN-PENINSULA).
DELHI.
ELLORE.
GOA.
GORAKHPUR (GORUKPORE).
HAIDERABAD (HYDERABAD).
JABALPUR (JUBBULPORE-JUBBULPUR).
JAIPUR (JEYPORE).
JALANDHAR (JULLINDER).
JAMMU (JAMU).
JODHPUR.
KASHMIR (STATE, BRITISH INDIA).
KHYRPUR.
KOHAT.
KOTAH.
KUSHMORE.
LAHORE.
LUCKNOW.
MADRAS.
MALABAR (DISTRICT).
MANDALAY.
MASULIPATAM.
MERUT.
MIRZAPUR.
MORADABOD.
MULTAN.
MURSHIDABAD.
MYSORE.
NAGPUR.
NORTH ARCOT (DISTRICT).
PATNA.
PESHAWAR.
POONA (POONEH).
RAIPUR.
RAMPUR.
RANGPUR.
SERAMPUR.
SHIKARPUR.
SRINAGAR (SERINUGGAR).
SURAT.
TANJORE.
WARANGAL.
Japan
AITSI-KEN.
KIOTO.
SAKAI.
TOKIO.
Persia
AARAGH (PROVINCE, WRITTEN IRAK ON MAPS).
ARDEBAL (DISTRICT).
ARDEBIL.
ASTRABAD.
AZERBAIJAN (PROVINCE).
BIBIKABAD.
BIJAR.
BIRJAND.
BUJNURD.
BURUJIRD.
BUSHIRE.
ENZELI.
FARS (PROVINCE FARSISTAN).
FERAGHAN.
GASK.
GHILAN (GILAN).
HAMADAN.
HEREZ.
IRAK-AJEMI (PROVINCE).
ISPAHAN (MARKET ONLY).
KAIN (GHAIN, GHAYN).
KARA DAGH (DISTRICT).
KASHAN.
KERMANSHAH (KERMANSHAHAN).
KHONSAR.
KHORA-MABAD.
KHORASSAN (KHORASAN, PROVINCE).
KHUZISTAN (ANCIENT SUSIANA, PROVINCE).
KIRMAN.
KUCHAN.
KURDISTAN (THE PERSIAN PORTION).
LAR.
LARISTAN (PROVINCE).
LURISTAN (PROVINCE).
MAKRAN (MEKRAN, DISTRICT).
MAZANDARAN.
MEHRAN.
MESHHED.
NIRIZ.
NISHAPUR.
OUSTRI-NAN.
RAWAR.
RESHT.
SHIRAZ.
SHIRWAN.
SHUSTER.
SINNA.
SIRAB.
SULTANABAD.
TABRIZ (TABRIEZ).
TEHERAN (MARKET ONLY).
YEZD.
ZARAND.
Russian Empire
ASTRAKHAN.
BAKU.
BATUM.
DAGHESTAN (GOVERNMENT).
DERBENT.
ERIVAN.
KARS.
KAZAN.
SHUSHU.
{ DAGHESTAN.
CAUCASIA { DERBENT.
{ KUBA.
{ KARABAGH.
TRANSCAUCASIA { SHEMAKHA.
{ SHIRVAN.
Central Asia
BOKHARA.
FERGHANA (PROVINCE).
HISSAR.
KHIVA.
KOKAND (KHOKAND).
SAMARKAND.
Turkey in Asia
REGIONS
ARABIA.
ARMENIA.
ASIA MINOR OR ANATOLIA.
KURDISTAN.
MESOPOTAMIA.
SYRIA.
DISTRICTS AND TOWNS
ADANA.
ADIAMAN (ADIYEMEN).
AFIUM-KARA-HISSAR.
AIDIN.
AKHISSAR.
AKSHEHR.
ALEPPO.
ALTUN.
ANATOLIA (DISTRICT).
ASIUM.
BAGDAD (BAGHDAD), SHIPPING PORT.
BEHESNE.
BEIRUT.
BERGAMA (BERGAMO, PERGAMO).
BRUSA (BROUSSA).
CÆSAREA.
CHAL.
CONSTANTINOPLE.
DEMIRDJI.
DIARBEKIR.
EL-HOSN.
ERZERUM.
FAKEH.
GEMERIK.
GHIORDES (GORDIS, QOURDES, GÜRDIZ, ancient Gordus).
HAIDAMOOR.
HAKKAM.
HAYZOOR.
HEREKE.
HISSAR.
HOMS.
HOSSU.
JERUSALEM.
KAISARIEH (CÆSAREA).
KARAHISSAR.
KARAMAN.
KERKUK.
KHORSABAD.
KIR-SHEHR.
KONIEH.
KULAH (KOULA, COULA).
KUTAHIA (KUTAI, KUTAYAH).
LADIK.
MARASH (MARESH).
MECCA.
MEDINA.
MILASSA (MELASSO, MYLASSO).
MOSUL (MOUSSUL).
OUCHAK (USHAK, OUSHAK).
SAFIETA.
SAVAS.
SHARJAH (SHARKAH).
SHIRVAN.
SMYRNA (MART ONLY).
SOHAR.
SPARTA.
TREBIZOND.
URFA (OORFA).
ZILEH (ZILLEH, ZELI).
Africa
CAIRO (MART).
KAIROUAN (the only place
where the genuine Tunisian
rugs are now made).
MISRATAH.
TAJURA.
TRIPOLI.
France
AUBUSSON.
BEAUVAIS.
ROUBAIX.
TOURCOING.
TOURNAY.
Greece
AGRINION.
RACHOVA.
OWEPHISSA.
LOCALITIES ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY
A
AARAGH, PERSIA.
ADANA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
ADIAMAN, TURKEY IN ASIA.
AFIUM-KARA-HISSAR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
AGRA, INDIA.
AGRINION, GREECE.
AHMEDABAD, INDIA.
AIDIN, TURKEY IN ASIA.
AITSI-KEN, JAPAN.
AKHISSAR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
AKSHEHR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
ALEPPO, TURKEY IN ASIA.
ALLAHABAD, INDIA.
ALLEPPI, INDIA.
ALTUN, TURKEY IN ASIA.
AMABALA, INDIA.
AMRITSAR, INDIA.
ANATOLIA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
ARDEBAL, PERSIA.
ARDEBIL, PERSIA.
ASIUM, TURKEY IN ASIA.
ASTRABAD, PERSIA.
ASTRAKAN, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
AUBUSSON, FRANCE.
AZERBAIJAN, PERSIA.
B
BAGDAD, TURKEY IN ASIA.
BAGH, BELUCHISTAN.
BAHADAPUR, INDIA.
BAKU, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
BALKH, AFGHANISTAN.
BANGALORE, INDIA.
BARDWAN, INDIA.
BATUM, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
BEAUVAIS, FRANCE.
BEHESNE, TURKEY IN ASIA.
BEIRUT, TURKEY IN ASIA.
BELAR, BELUCHISTAN.
BELLARY, INDIA.
BENARES, INDIA.
BERGAMA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
BEYPUR, INDIA.
BHAGALPUR, INDIA.
BIBIKABAD, PERSIA.
BIJAPUR, INDIA.
BIJAR, PERSIA.
BIRJAND, PERSIA.
BOKHARA, CENTRAL ASIA.
BOMBAY, INDIA.
BRUSA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
BUJNURD, PERSIA.
BURUJIRD, PERSIA.
BUSHIRE, PERSIA.
C
CAIRO, EGYPT.
CALCUTTA, INDIA.
CANTON, CHINESE EMPIRE.
CAWNPUR, INDIA.
CHANDA, INDIA.
CHARIKAR, AFGHANISTAN.
D
DAGHESTAN, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
DECCAN, INDIA.
DELHI, INDIA.
DEMIRDJI, TURKEY IN ASIA.
DERBENT, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
DIABEKIR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
E
EL-HOSN, TURKEY IN ASIA.
ELLORE, INDIA.
ENZELI, PERSIA.
ERIVAN, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
ERZERUM, TURKEY IN ASIA.
F
FAKEH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
FARS, PERSIA.
FERAGHAN, PERSIA.
FU-CHAN, CHINESE EMPIRE.
G
GEMERIK, TURKEY IN ASIA.
GHAZNI, AFGHANISTAN.
GHILAN, PERSIA.
GHIORDES, TURKEY IN ASIA.
GOA, INDIA.
GORAKHPUR, INDIA.
GULISTAN, AFGHANISTAN.
GUNDAVA, BELUCHISTAN.
H
HAIDAMOOR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
HAIDERABAD, INDIA.
HAKKAM, TURKEY IN ASIA.
HAMADAM, PERSIA.
HANG-CHAU, CHINESE EMPIRE.
HAYZOOR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
HERAT, AFGHANISTAN.
HEREZ, PERSIA.
HISSAN, CENTRAL ASIA.
HISSAR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
HOMS, TURKEY IN ASIA.
I
IRAK-AJEMI, PERSIA.
ISPAHAN, PERSIA.
ISTALIF, AFGHANISTAN.
J
JABALPUR, INDIA.
JAIPUR, INDIA.
JALANDHAR, INDIA.
JAMMU, INDIA.
JELALABAD, AFGHANISTAN.
JERUSALEM, TURKEY IN ASIA.
JHALAWAN, BELUCHISTAN.
JOOHPUR, INDIA.
K
KABUL, AFGHANISTAN.
KAIN, PERSIA.
KAIROUAN, AFRICA.
KAISARIEH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KANDAHAR, AFGHANISTAN.
KARABAGH, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
KARAHISSAR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KARAMAN, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KARASHAR, EAST TURKESTAN.
KARS, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
KASHAN, PERSIA.
KASHGAR, EAST TURKESTAN.
KASHMIR, INDIA.
KAZAN, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
KELAT, BELUCHISTAN.
KERKUK, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KERMANSHAH, PERSIA.
KHIVA, CENTRAL ASIA.
KHONSAR, PERSIA.
KHORA-MABAD, PERSIA.
KHORASSAN, PERSIA.
KHORSABAD, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KHOZDAR, BELUCHISTAN.
KHUZISTAN, PERSIA.
KHYRPUR, INDIA.
KIANG-SU, CHINESE EMPIRE.
KIOTO, JAPAN.
KIRMAN, PERSIA.
KIR-SHEHR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KOHAT, INDIA.
KOKAND, CENTRAL ASIA.
KONIEH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KOTAH, INDIA.
KUBA, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
KUCHA, EAST TURKESTAN.
KULAH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
KURDISTAN, PERSIA.
KUSHMORE, INDIA.
KUTAHIA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
L
LADIK, TURKEY IN ASIA.
LAHORE, INDIA.
LAR, PERSIA.
LARISTAN, PERSIA.
LUCKNOW, INDIA.
LURISTAN, PERSIA.
M
MAKRAN, PERSIA.
MALABAR, INDIA.
MARASH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
MASTUNG, BELUCHISTAN.
MASULIPATAM, INDIA.
MAZANDARAN, PERSIA.
MECCA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
MEDINA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
MEHRAN, PERSIA.
MERUT, INDIA.
MESHHED, PERSIA.
MILASSA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
MIRZAPUR, INDIA.
MISRATAH, AFRICA.
MOSUL, TURKEY IN ASIA.
MUJUR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
MULTAN, INDIA.
MURSHIDABAD, INDIA.
MYSORE, INDIA.
N
NAGPUR, INDIA.
NING-PO, CHINESE EMPIRE.
NIRIZ, PERSIA.
NISHAPUR, PERSIA.
NORTH ARCOT, INDIA.
O
ORMARAH, BELUCHISTAN.
OUCHAK, TURKEY IN ASIA.
OUSTRI-NAN, PERSIA.
OWEPHISSA, GREECE.
P
PATNA, INDIA.
PESHAWAR, INDIA.
POONA, INDIA.
Q
QUETTA, BELUCHISTAN.
R
RACHOVA, GREECE.
RAMPUR, INDIA.
RANGPUR, INDIA.
RESHT, PERSIA.
RUSTAM KHAN, BELUCHISTAN.
S
SAFITA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
SAKAI, JAPAN.
SAMARKAND, CENTRAL ASIA.
SARAKHS, PERSIA.
SARAWAN, BELUCHISTAN.
SERAMPUR, INDIA.
SHANG-HAI, CHINESE EMPIRE.
SHAN-TUNG, CHINESE EMPIRE.
SHARJAH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
SHEMAKHA, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
SHIKARPUR, INDIA.
SHIRAZ, PERSIA.
SHIRVAN, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
SHIRVAN, TURKEY IN ASIA.
SHIRWAN, PERSIA.
SHUSHA, RUSSIA IN ASIA.
SHUSTER, PERSIA.
SINNA, PERSIA.
SIRAB, PERSIA.
SIVAS, TURKEY IN ASIA.
SMYRNA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
SOHAR, TURKEY IN ASIA.
SONMEANI, BELUCHISTAN.
SRINAGAR, INDIA.
SU-CHAU, CHINESE EMPIRE.
SULTANABAD, PERSIA.
SURAT, INDIA.
T
TABRIZ, PERSIA.
TAJURA, AFRICA.
TANJORE, INDIA.
TEHERAN, PERSIA.
TIENT-SING, CHINESE EMPIRE.
TOKIO, JAPAN.
TOURCOING, FRANCE.
TOURNAY, FRANCE.
TREBIZOND, TURKEY IN ASIA.
TRIPOLI, AFRICA.
TSI-NAN, CHINESE EMPIRE.
TSING-CHAU, CHINESE EMPIRE.
TSING-NING, CHINESE EMPIRE.
U
URFA, TURKEY IN ASIA.
W
WARANGAL, INDIA.
Y
YARKAND, EAST TURKESTAN.
YEZD, PERSIA.
Z
ZARAND, PERSIA.
ZERNI, AFGHANISTAN.
ZILEH, TURKEY IN ASIA.
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
ALLEN, J. ROWELLY: _Early Christian Symbolism._
_American Journal of Archeology._
ASHENHURST, THOMAS R.: _Design in Textile Fabrics._
AUBER, M.L., ABBÉ: _Bible Myths._
BABELON, ERNEST: _Manual of Oriental Antiquities._
BALL, J. DYER: _Things Chinese._
BIRDWOOD, SIR GEORGE C.: _The Industrial Arts of India._
BISHOP, Mrs. ISABELLA L. BIRD: _Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan._
BISHOP, Mrs. ISABELLA L. BIRD: _Unbeaten Tracks in Japan._
BLACKIE, C.: _Dictionary of Place Names._
BODE, WILHELM: _Vorderasiatische Knüpfteppiche._
_Bonnick's Egyptian Belief and Modern Thought._
BRUMMER, MARTIN: _Egypt, Three Essays on the History, Art, and
Religion._
BUDGE, E.A. WALLIS: _The Mummy Badge._
_Century Atlas, The._
_Century Dictionary, The._
_Chambers's Encyclopædia._
CLARKE, SIR C. PURDON: _Oriental Carpets._ (English Edition.
Published by the Imperial and Royal Austrian Commercial Museum.
Vienna, 1892.)
_Constable's Hand Atlas of India._
COXON, HERBERT: _Oriental Carpets._
CURSON, Hon. GEORGE N.: _Persia and the Persian Question._
DAVIS AND COBERN: _Ancient Egypt._
DENNY, M.B.: _The Folk Lore of China._
DRESSER, CHARLES: _Carpets._
EDWARDS, AMELIA: _Third Lecture, Pharaohs, Fellahs, and Explorers._
ELKINS, JOSEPH, D.D.: _Ancient Symbolism among the Chinese._
ELY, TALFOURD: _Manual of Archæology._
_Emmaus's Life in Ancient Egypt._
EVANS, E. P.: _Animal Symbolism in Ecclesiastical Architecture._
FABER, GEORGE STANLEY: _Origin of Pagan Idolatry._
FERGUSSON, JAMES: _Tree and Serpent Worship._
FUSENBETH, F. C., D.D.: _Emblems of Saints._
GOODYEAR, WILLIAM H.: _The Grammar of the Lotus._
HEDIN, SVEN: _Through Asia._
HULME, F. EDWARD: _Symbolism in Christian Art._
_Iconographic Encyclopædia of the Arts and Sciences._
INMAN, THOMAS, M.D.: _Ancient Faiths._
JAMES, A. G. F. ELIOT: _Indian Industries._
JONES, OWEN: _The Grammar of Ornament._
_Journal of the Society of Arts._
KARABACEK, Dr. JOSEPH: _Die Persische Nadelmalerei._
KNIGHT, RICHARD PAYNE: _The Symbolical Language of Ancient Art and
Mythology._
LANDOR, A. HENRY SAVAGE: _In the Forbidden Land._
LAYARD, AUSTEN HENRY: _Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh._
LAYARD, AUSTEN HENRY: _Nineveh and Babylon._
LAYARD, AUSTEN HENRY: _Nineveh and Its Remains._
LENORMANT, FRANÇOIS AND CHEVALIER, CHARLES: _Manual of the Ancient
History of the East._
LESSING, JULIUS: _Oriental Carpets._
LÜBKE, WILHELM: _History of Ancient Art._
MALCOM, Sir JOHN: _History of Persia._
MARVIN, CHARLES: _Merv, the Queen of the World._
MASPERO, GASTON C. CHARLES: _Manual of Egyptian Archæology._
MASPERO, GASTON C. CHARLES: _Dawn of Civilization._
_Meyer's Handbook of Ornament._
MUMFORD, JOHN KIMBERLY: _Oriental Rugs._
MÜNTZ, EUGENE: _A Short History of Tapestry._
O'DAGREE, H. EUGENE: _Les Symbols Antiques._
O'DONOVAN, EDMUND: _The Merv Oasis._
PERROT, GEORGES AND CHIPIEZ, CHARLES: _History of Art In Ancient
Egypt._
PERROT, GEORGES AND CHIPIEZ, CHARLES: _History of Art In Chaldæa
and Assyria._
PETRIE, WILLIAM MATTHEWS FLINDERS: _Decorative Art._
PETRIE, WILLIAM MATTHEWS FLINDERS: _Ten Years' Digging In Egypt._
PHILLIPS, G.: _British Manufactures and Industries._
RACINET, M. A.: _L'Ornement Polychrome._
REBER, FRANZ VON: _History of Ancient Art._
RECLUS, ELISIE: _The Earth and Its Inhabitants._
_Redgrave's Manual of Design._
RENOUF, P. LEPAGE: _Religion of Ancient Egypt._
RIEGL, DR. ALOIS: _Altorientalische Teppiche._
ROBINSON, VINCENT: _Eastern Carpets._
RYAN, CHARLES: _Egyptian Art._
SAYCE, ARCHIBALD HENRY, LL.D.: _Babylonians and Assyrians._
_Sculpture, Manual of._ Paris.
SHARPE, SAMUEL: _Mythology and Egyptian Christianity._
SHELLEY, G. E.: _Birds of Egypt._
_Smith's Greek and Roman Antiquities._
SMITH, MAJOR R. MURDOCK, R. E.: _Persian Art._
_Smith's Religion of the Semites._
_Southesk's Origin of Pictish Symbolism._
_Spon's Encyclopædia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, And Raw
Commercial Products._ (edited by Charles G. W. Lock.)
STRICKLAND, AGNES: _Lives of the Queens of England._
STUART, H. VILLIERS: _Egypt After the War._
SYKES, ELLA C.: _Through Persia on a Side Saddle._
_Thompson's Paper on Beast and Bird in Ancient Symbolism._ (Trans.
Roy. Soc., Edinburgh.)
_Twining's Symbols of Early Christian Art._
VÁMBÉRY, ARMINIUS: _History of Bokhara._
VAN DYKE, JOHN CHARLES: _History of Painting._
WATSON, DR. FORBES: _The Textile Manufactures and Costumes Of the
People of India._
WEALE, JOHN: _Quarterly Papers on Architecture._
WESTROFF, HODDER M., AND WAKE, CHARLES STANILAND: _Ancient Symbol
Worship._
_Westwood's Illumination._
WHEELER, SAMUEL GREEN: _Persia and the Persians._
WILKINSON, SIR J. GARDNER: _The Ancient Egyptians._
WILLIAMS, S. WELLS: _The Middle Kingdom._
WILSON, THE REV. SAMUEL GRAHAM, M. A.: _Persian Life And Customs._
WINKLEMAN, JOHANN JOACHIM: _History of Art Among The Greeks._
WYATT, M. DIGBY: _Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century._
ZERFFI, G. C.: _A Manual of the Historical Development of Art._
INDEX
A
Aaragh, value of rug trade, 56; spelling, 167, 170.
Abbas, Shah, 53;
rugs woven during reign of, 62;
_see_ Shah Abbas design.
Abenákee rugs, 143, 144.
Acanthus forms employed by Morris, 139.
Adana, 71, 168, 170.
Adiaman, 168, 170.
Adiyemen, 168.
Afghan rugs, 96, 102.
Afghan-Turkestan, 95 (plate).
Afghanistan place-names, 165.
Afghanistan rugs, 95 (and plate), 96, 100.
Afium-Kara-hissar, 168, 170.
African place-names, 169.
Agra, 166, 170.
Agra rugs, 90.
Agrinion, 170.
Ahmedabad, 166, 170.
Aidin, 168, 170.
Ainos, their method of weaving, 24.
Aitsi-ken, 167, 170.
Akbar, Emperor, 87.
Akhissar rugs, 74, 80;
meaning, 162;
spelling, 168, 170.
Akshehr, 168, 170.
Albee, Mrs. Helen R., 143, 144.
Aleppo, 168, 170.
Alexander the Great, rug-weaving in time of, 53.
Alizarin (red coloring matter), 44.
Allahabad, 166, 170.
Allahabad rugs, 90.
Allen, J. Rowelly, 175.
Alleppi, 166, 170.
"Altorientalische Teppiche," Riegl, 177.
Altun, 168, 170.
Amabala, 170.
Ambala, 166.
American interests in India, 35;
in Ouchak, 81;
in Amritsar, 90.
_American Journal of Archæology_, 175.
American rug-weaving, 24.
Ames, late Gov., rug owned by, 113.
Amritsar, 78 (plate), 166, 170.
Amritsar rugs, 90.
Anatolia, 74, 117, 168, 170.
Anatolian mats, 74.
Anatolian rugs, 74, 79, 122 (and plate).
"Ancient Egypt," Davis and Cobern, 175.
"Ancient Egyptians, The," Wilkinson, 178.
"Ancient Faiths," Inman, 176.
"Ancient Symbol Worship," Westroff and Wake, 178.
"Ancient Symbolism among the Chinese," Elkins, 176.
Anemone, symbolism of, 161.
Angora goat's hair, 30.
Angora province, 77.
Aniline dyes, 44, 46, 134.
Animal forms, not allowed by Mohammedan religion, 37;
employed by Shiah sect and certain others, 38;
in Jaipur rugs, 91;
in Chinese rugs, 114;
symbolism of, 156.
"Animal Symbolism in Ecclesiastical Architecture," Evans, 176.
"Appalachian America," 146.
Arabesque design, 43.
Arabian place-names, 168.
Arabian rug, 70 (plate).
Ardebal (District), 167, 170.
Ardebil rug in South Kensington Museum, 36, 154;
spelling, 167, 170.
Armenia, 168.
Armenian Christian weavers, 71.
Arrian, quoted, 45.
Ashenhurst, Thomas R., 175.
Ashkabad, 98.
Asia Minor, 168.
Asiatic Turkey produces madder, 44.
Asium, 168, 170.
Asps, symbolism of, 158.
Ass, symbolism of, 159.
Association for the Education of Poor Women, Athens, 133.
Assyrian rug-weaving, 19, 88.
Astrabad, 103, 126, 167, 170.
Astrakan, 170.
Astrakhan, 168.
Athens rug industry, 133.
Auber, Abbé M. L., 175.
Aubusson rug manufactory, 142, 169, 170.
Austria, rug-weaving in, 142.
Austrian Imperial House, owner of hunting rug, 128.
Authorities consulted, 175-178.
Awnings and floor-coverings, ancient, 19.
Aylauts, nomadic weavers of Kara Dagh rugs, 63.
Azerbaijan province, 62, 69, 167, 170.
Azerbijan district, 58.
B
Babelon, Ernest, 175.
Babylon, fall of, 19.
Babylonian rug-weaving, 19;
color symbolism, 47.
"Babylonians and Assyrians," Sayce, 177.
Bactrian tribes, rugs woven by, 60.
Bagdad, 162, 168, 170.
Bagh, 165, 170.
Baghdad, 168.
Bahadapur (District), 166, 170.
Bakhshis rugs, 58.
Baku, government of, 108;
meaning of _Baku_, 162;
spelling, 168, 170.
Balkh, 165, 170.
Ball, J. Dyer, 175.
Bangalore, 166, 170.
Banian or burr tree, symbolism of, 159.
Barbarike, 46.
Bardwan, 166, 170.
Bareilly, 166.
Bareli, 166.
Basilica of St. Sophia at Constantinople, 120.
Bat, symbolism of, 157, 161.
Bat with a ring in its claws, symbolism of, 158.
Batum, 168, 170.
Bayer, Professor F., 153.
Bayeta scarlet in Navajo rugs, 147.
"Beast and Bird in Ancient Symbolism," Thompson's paper on, 178.
Beauvais rug manufactory, 141, 169, 170.
Bee, symbolism of, 158.
Beetle, symbolism of, 158.
Behesne, 168, 170.
Beirut, 168, 170.
Belar, 165, 170.
Belgium, rug-weaving in, 142.
Bellary, 166, 170.
Beluch rug called "blue Bokhara," 97.
Beluchistan rugs, 97;
meaning of _Beluchistan_, 162;
place-names, 165.
Benares, 166, 170.
Beni-Hassan, rug-weavers seen in wall-paintings at, 16.
Berea College, Ky., rag rugs, 145.
Bergama, 168, 170.
Bergamo (Province), 168.
Bergamo rugs, 74.
Berbers, rugs woven by, 135.
Beshir rugs, 100.
Bethlehem tent cloth, 111.
Beypur, 166, 170.
Bhag, 165.
Bhagalpur, 166, 170.
Bhagulpore, 162.
Bhawulpore, rugs said to be woven at, 95.
Bibikabad, 167, 170.
Bibikabad rugs, 58.
"Bible Myths," Auber, 175.
Bijapur, 166, 171.
Bijar, 55, 56; spelling, 167, 171.
Bijar rugs, 58 (and plate), 67.
Birch, Dr. Samuel, quoted, 17.
Bird, symbolism of, 161.
"Birds of Egypt," Shelley, 177.
Birdwood, Sir George C., quoted, 23, 175.
Birjand, 167, 171.
Birjand rugs, 59.
Bishop, Mrs. Isabella Bird, quoted, 24, 125, 175.
Black, symbolism of, 47, 48;
corrosiveness of dye, 63, 80.
Blackie, C., 175.
Blaine, Mrs. Emmons, rugs owned by, 34 (plate), 124 (plate).
Blossom, symbolism of, 158.
"Blue Bokhara" a misnomer, 97.
Blue, symbolism of, 47, 48.
Boar, symbolism of, 161.
Boat, symbolism of, 158.
Bode, Wilhelm, 156 (plate), 175.
Boglipoor, 166.