The Spaniards have a small Fort on the W_The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume 38, 1674-1683 Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century

end, with six Guns in it. There is a Governour and 20 or 30 Spanish

Soldiers. There are no more Spaniards on this Island, besides 2 or

3 Priests. Not long before we arrived here, the Natives rose on the

Spaniards to destroy them, and did kill many: But the Governour with

his Soldiers at length prevailed, and drove them out of the Fort: So

when they found themselves disappointed of their intent, they destroyed

the Plantations and Stock, and then went away to other Islands:

There were then 3 or 400 Indians on this Island; but now there are

not above 100; for all that were in this Conspiracy went away. [121]

As for these who yet remain, if they were not actually concerned in

that broil, yet their Hearts also are bent against the Spaniards: for

they offered to carry us to the Fort, and assist us in the Conquest

of the Island; but C. Swan was not for molesting the Spaniards here.

Before we came to an Anchor here, one of the Priests came aboard in

the Night, with 3 Indians. They first hailed us to know from whence

we came, and what we were: To whom answer was made in Spanish, that

we were Spaniards, and that we came from Acapulco. It being dark they

could not see the make of our Ship, nor very well discern what we

were: Therefore we came aboard; but perceiving the mistake they were

in, in taking us for a Spanish Ship, they endeavoured to get from us

again, but we held their Boat fast, and made them come in. Capt. Swan

received the Priest with much Civility, and conducting him into

the Great Cabbin, declared, That the reason of our coming to this

Island was want of Provis[i]on, and that he came not in any hostile

manner, but as a Friend to purchase with his Money what he wanted:

And therefore desired the Priest to write a Letter to the Governour,

to inform him what we were, and on what account we came. For having

him now aboard, the Captain was willing to detain him as an Hostage,

till we had Provision. The Padre told Captain Swan, that Provision

was now scarce on the Island; but he would engage, that the Governour

would do his utmost to furnish us.

In the Morning the Indians, in whose Boat or Proe the Frier came

aboard, were sent to the Governour with two Letters; one from the

Frier, and another very obliging one from Captain Swan, and a Present

of four Yards of Scarlet-cloath, and a piece of broad Silver and Gold

Lace. The Governour lives near the South end of the Island on the West

side; which was about 5 Leagues from the place where we were; therefore

we did not expect an answer till the Evening, not knowing then how

nimble they were. Therefore when the Indian Canoa was dispatched

away to the Governour, we hoised out 2 of our Canoas, and sent one

a fishing, and the other ashore for Coco-nuts. Our fishing Canoa got

nothing; but the Men that went ashore for Coco-nuts came off laden.

About 11 a Clock, that same Morning, the Governour of the Island

sent a Letter to Captain Swan, complimenting him for his Present,

and promising to support us with as much Provision, as he could

possibly spare; and as a token of his Gratitude, he sent a Present

of 6 Hogs, of a small sort, most excellent Meat, the best I think,

that ever I eat: They are fed with Coco-nuts, and their Flesh is hard

as Brisket Beef. They were doubtless of that breed in America which

came originally from Spain. He sent also 12 Musk-melons, larger than

ours in England, and as many Water-melons, both sorts here being a

very excellent Fruit; and sent an order to the Indians that lived

in a Village not far from our Ship, to bake every day as much of

the Bread-fruit as we did desire, and to assist us in getting as

many dry Coco-nuts as we would have; which they accordingly did,

and brought off the Bread-Fruit every day hot, as much as we could

eat. After this the Governour sent every day a Canoa or two with Hogs

and Fruit, and desired for the same, Powder, Shot, and Arms; which was

sent according to his request. We had a delicate large English Dog;

which the Governour did desire, and had it given him very freely by

the Captain, though much against the grain of many of his Men, who

had a great value for that Dog. Captain Swan endeavoured to get this

Governour's Letter of Recommendation to some Merchants at Manila,

for he had then a design to go to Fort St. George, [122] and from

thence intended to trade to Manila: but this his design was concealed

from the company. While we lay here, the Acapulco Ship [123] arrived

in sight of the Island, but did not come in the sight of us; for the

Governour sent an Indian Proe, with advice of our being here. Therefore

she stood off to the Southward of the Island, and coming foul of the

same shole that our Bark had run over before, was in great danger of

being lost there, for she struck off her Rudder, and with much ado

got clear; but not till after three days labour For tho' the shole be

so near the Island, and the Indians go off and fish there every day,

yet the Master of the Acapulco Ship, who should (one would think)

know these Parts, was utterly ignorant of it. This their striking on

the shole we heard afterward, when we were on the Coast of Manila;

but these Indians of Guam did speak of her being in sight of the

Island while we lay there, which put our Men in a great heat to go

out after her, but Captain Swan perswaded them out of that humour,

for he was now wholly averse to any hostile action.

The 30th day of May, the Governor sent his last Present, which was

some Hogs, a Jar of pickled Mangoes, a Jar of excellent pickled

Fish, and a Jar of fine Rusk, or Bread of fine Wheat Flower, baked

like Bisket, but not so hard. He sent besides, 6 or 7 packs of Rice,

desiring to be excused from sending any more Provision to us, saying

he had no more on the Island that he could spare. He sent word also

that the West Monsoon was at hand, that therefore it behooved us to be

jogging from hence, unless we were resolved to return back to America

again. Captain Swan returned him thanks for his kindness and advice,

and took his leave; and the same day sent the Frier ashoar, that was

seized on at our first arrival, and gave him a large Brass Clock, an

Astrolable, and a large Telescope: for which Present the Frier sent

us aboard six Hogs, and a Roasting Pig, 3 or 4 Bushels of Potatoes,

and 50 pound of Manila Tobacco. Then we prepared to be gone, being

pretty well furnished with Provision to carry us to Mindanao, where we

designed next to touch. We took aboard us as many Coco-nuts as we could

well stow, and we had a good stock of Rice, and about 50 Hogs in Salt.

CHAP. XI

They resolve to go to Mindanao. Their departure from Guam. Of the

Philippine Islands. The Isle Luconia, and its chief Town and Port,

Manilo, Manila, or Manilbo. Of the rich Trade we might establish

with these Islands. St. John's Island. They arrive at Mindanao. The

Island described. Its Fertility. The Libby Trees, and the Sago made of

them. The Plantain Tree, Fruit, Liquor, and Cloath. A smaller Plantain

at Mindanao. The Bonano. Of the Clove bark, Cloves, and Nutmegs, and

the Methods taken by the Dutch to Monopolize the Spices. The Betel-Nut,

and Arek-Tree. The Durian, and the Jaca-Tree and Fruit. The Beasts of

Mindanao, Centapees or Forty Legs, a venemous Insect, and others. Their

Fowls, Fish, &c. The temperature of the Climate, with the Course of

the Winds, Tornadoes, Rain, and temper of the Air throughout the Year.

While we lay at Guam, we took up a Resolution of going to Mindanao, one

of the Philippine Islands, being told by the Frier, and others, that

it was exceedingly well stored with Provisions; that the Natives were

Mahometans, and that they had formerly a Commerce with the Spaniards,

but that now they were at Wars with them. This Island was therefore

thought to be a convenient place for us to go to; for besides that,

it was in our way to the East Indies, which we had resolved to visit;

and that the Westerly Monsoon was at hand, which would oblige us to

shelter somewhere in a short time, and that we could not expect good

Harbours in a better place than in so large an Island as Mindanao:

besides all this, I say, the Inhabitants of Mindanao being then,

as we were told, (tho' falsly) at Wars with the Spaniards, our Men,

who it should seem were very squeamish of plundering without Licence,

derived hopes from thence of getting a Commission there from the

Prince of the Island, to plunder the Spanish Ships about Manila, and

so to make Mindanao their common Rendezvous. And if Captain Swan was

minded to go to an English Port, yet his Men who thought he intended

to leave them, hoped to get Vessels and Pilots at Mindanao fit for

their turn, to cruize on the Coast of Manila. As for Captain Swan

he was willing enough to go thither, as best suiting his own design;

and therefore this Voyage was concluded on by general consent.

Accordingly, June 2d, 1686, we left Guam, bound for Mindanao. We had

fair Weather, and a pretty smart gale of Wind at East, for 3 or 4 Days,

and then it shifted to the S.W. being Rainy, but it soon came about

again to the East, and blew a gentle gale; yet it often shuffled

about to the S.E. For though in the East Indies the Winds shift in

April, yet we found this to the shifting season for the Winds here;

the other shifting season being in October, sooner or later, all

over India. As to our Course from Guam to the Philippine Islands,

we found it (as I intimated before) agreeable enough with the account

of our common Draughts.

The 21st of June we arrived at the Island St. John, [124] which is

one of the Philippine Islands. The Philippines are a great company

of large Islands, taking up about 13 deg. of Lat. in length, reaching

near upon, from 5 d. of North Lat. to the 19th degree, and in breadth

about 6 deg. of Longitude. They derive this Name from Philip II. King

of Spain; and even now they do most of them belong to that Crown.

The chiefest Island in this range is Luconia, which lies on the North

of them all. At this Island Magellan died on the Voyage that he was

making round the World. [125] For after he had past those Streights

between the South end of America and Terre del Fuego, which now bear

his Name, and had ranged down in the South Seas on the back of America;

from thence stretching over to the East-Indies, he fell in with the

Ladrone Islands, and from thence steering East still, he fell in with

these Philippine Islands, and anchored at Luconia; where he warr'd

with the Native Indians, to bring them in Obedience to his Master the

King of Spain, and was by them kill'd with a Poysoned Arrow. It is now

wholly under the Spaniards, who have several Towns there. The chief

is Manilo, which is a large Sea-port Town near the S.E. [sic] end,

opposite to the Island Mindora. It was a place of great Strength and

Trade: The two great Acapulco Ships before mentioned fetching from

hence all sorts of East-India Commodities; which are brought hither

by Foreigners, especially by the Chinese and the Portuguese. Sometimes

the English Merchants of Fort St. George send their Ships hither as it

were by stealth, under the charge of Portuguese Pilots and Mariners:

For as yet we cannot get the Spaniards there to a Commerce with us

or the Dutch, although they have but few Ships of their own. This

seems to arise from a Jealousie or Fear of discovering the Riches

of these Islands, for most, if not all the Philippine Islands, are

rich in Gold; And the Spaniards have no place of much strength in all

these Islands that I could ever hear of, besides Manilo it self. Yet

they have Villages and Towns on several of the Islands, and Padres or

Priests to instruct the Native Indians, from whom they get their Gold.

The Spanish inhabitants, of the smaller Islands especially, would

willingly trade with us if the Government was not so severe against

it: for they have no Goods but what are brought from Manilo at an

extraordinary dear rate. I am of the Opinion, That if any of our

Nations would seek a Trade with them, they would not lose their labour;

for the Spaniards can and will Smuggle (as our Seamen call Trading

by stealth) as well as any Nation that I know; and our Jamaicans are

to their profit sensible enough of it. And I have been informed that

Captain Goodlud of London, in a Voyage which he made from Mindanao

to China, touch'd at some of these Islands, and was civilly treated

by the Spaniards, who bought some of his Commodities, giving him a

very good Price for the same.

There are about 12 or 14 more large Islands lying to the Southward

of Luconia; most of which as I said before, are inhabited by the

Spaniards. Besides these there are an infinite number of small Islands

of no account, and even the great Islands, many of them, are without

Names; or at least so variously set down, that I find the same Islands

named by divers Names.

The Island St. John and Mindanao are the Southermost of all these

Islands, and are the only Islands in all this Range that are not

subject to the Spaniards.

St. John's Island is on the East-side of the Mindanao, and distant

from it 3 or 4 Leagues. It is in lat. about 7 or 8 North. This Island

is in length about 38 Leagues, stretching N.N.W. and S.S.E. and it

is in breadth about 24 Leagues, in the middle of the Island. The

Northermost end is broader, and the Southermost is narrower: This

Island is of a good heighth, and is full of many small Hills. The

Land of the South-East end (where I was ashoar) is of a black fat

Mould; and the whole Island seems to partake of the same fatness,

by the vast number of large Trees that it produceth; for it looks

all over like one great Grove.

As we were passing by the S.E. end we saw a Canoa of the Natives under

the shoar; therefore one of our Canoas went after to have spoken with

her; but she run away from us, seeing themselves chaced, put their

Canoa ashoar, leaving her, fled into the Woods; nor would be allured to

come to us, altho' we did what we could to entice them; besides these

Men, we saw no more here, nor sign of any Inhabitants at this end. When

we came aboard our Ship again, we steered away for the Island Mindanao,

which was now fair in sight of us: it being about 10 leagues distant

from this part of St. John's. The 22d day we came within a league of

the East-side of the Island Mindanao, and having the Wind at S.E. we

steered toward the North-end, keeping on the East-side, till we came

into the lat. of 7 d. 40 m. and there we anchored in a small Bay,

about a Mile from the Shoar, in 10 Fathom Water, Rocky foul ground.

Some of our Books gave us an account, That Mindanao City and Isle

lies in 7 d. 40 m. we guest that the middle of the Island might lie

in this lat. but we were at a great loss where to find the City,

whether on the East or West-side. Indeed, had it been a small Island,

lying open to the Eastern Wind, we might possibly have searched

first on the West-side; for commonly the Islands within the Tropicks,

or within the bounds of the Trade-Winds, have their Harbours on the

West-side, as best sheltered; but the Island Mindanao being guarded on

the East-side by St. John's Island, we might as reasonably expect to

find the Harbour and City on this side as any where else: but coming

into the Lat. in which we judg'd the City might be, found no Canoas,

or People, that might give us any umbrage of a City, or place of

Trade near at hand, tho' we coasted within a League of the Shoar.

The Island Mindanao is the biggest of all the Philippine Islands,

except Luconia. It is about 60 Leagues long, and 40 or 50 broad. The

South-end is about 5 d. N. and the N.W. end reacheth almost to 8

d. N. It is a very Mountainous Island, full of Hills and Valleys. The

Mould in general is deep and black, and extraordinary fat and

fruitful. The sides of the Hill are stony, yet productive enough of

very large tall Trees. In the heart of the Country there are some

Mountains that yield good Gold. The Valleys are well moistned with

pleasant Brooks, and small Rivers of delicate Water; and have Trees

of divers sorts flourishing and green all the Year. The Trees in

general are very large, and most of them are of kinds unknown to us.

There is one sort which deserves particular notice; called by the

Natives Libby-Trees. These grow wild in great Groves of 5 or 6 Miles

long, by the sides of the Rivers. Of these Trees Sago is made, which

the poor Country People eat instead of Bread 3 or 4 Months in the

Year. This Tree for its body and shape is much like the Palmeto-Tree,

or the Cabbage-Tree, but not so tall as the latter. The Bark and Wood

is hard and thin like a Shell, and full of white Pith, like the Pith

of an Elder. This Tree they cut down, and split it in the middle, and

scrape out all the Pith; which they beat lustily with a Wooden Pestle

in a great Mortár or Trough, and then put it into a Cloth or Strainer

held over a Trough; and pouring Water in among the Pith, they stir

it about in the Cloth: So the Water carries all the substance of the

Pith through the Cloth down into the Trough, leaving nothing in the

Cloth but a light sort of Husk, which they throw away; but that which

falls into the Trough settles in a short time to the bottom like Mud;

and then they draw off the Water, and take up the muddy substance,

wherewith they make Cakes; which being baked proves very good Bread.

The Mindanao People live 3 or 4 Months of the Year on this Food for

their Bread kind. The Native Indians of Teranate, and Tidore, and

all the Spice Islands, have plenty of these Trees, and use them for

Food in the same manner; as I have been inform'd by Mr. Caril Rofy,

who is now Commander of one of the King's Ships. He was one of our

Company at this time; and being left with Captain Swan at Mindanao,

went afterward to Teranate, and lived there among the Dutch a Year or

two. The Sago which is transported into other parts of the East Indies,

is dried in small pieces like little Seeds or Comfits, and commonly

eaten with Milk of Almonds, by those that are troubled with the Flux;

for it is a great binder, and very good in that Distemper.

In some places of Mindanao there is plenty of Rice; but in the hilly

Land they plant Yams, Potatoes and Pumkins; all which thrive very

well. The other Fruits of this Island are Water-Melons, Musk-Melons,

Plaintains, Bonanoes, Guavas, Nutmegs, Cloves, Betel-Nuts, Durians,

Jacks, or Jacas, Coco-Nuts, Oranges, &c.

The Plantain I take to be the King of all Fruit, not except the Coco

it self. The Tree that bears this Fruit is about 3 Foot, or 3 Foot

and an half round, and about 10 or 12 Foot high. These Trees are

not raised from Seed, (for they seem not to have any) but from the

Roots of other old Trees. If these young suckers are taken out of

the Ground, and planted in another place, it will be 15 Months before

they bear, but if let stand in their own native Soil they will bear

in 12 Months. As soon as the Fruit is ripe the Tree decays, but then

there are many young ones growing up to supply its place. When this

Tree first springs out of the Ground, it comes up with two Leaves; and

by that time it is a Foot high, two more springs up in the inside of

them; and in a short time after two more within them; and so on. By

that time the Tree is a Month old, you may perceive a small body

almost as big as ones Arm, and then there are eight or ten Leaves,

some of them four or five Foot high. The first leaves that it shoots

forth are not above a Foot long, and half a Foot broad; and the Stem

that bears them no bigger than ones Finger; but as the Tree grows

higher the Leaves are larger. As the young Leaves spring up in the

inside, so the old Leaves spread off, and their tops droop downward,

being of a greater length and breadth, by how much they are nearer the

Root, and at last decay and rot off; but still there are young Leaves

spring up out of the top, which makes the Tree look always green and

flourishing. When the Tree is full grown, the Leaves are 7 or 8 Foot

long, and a Foot and half broad; towards the end they are smaller,

and end with a round point. The Stem of the Leaf is as big as a Man's

Arm, almost round, and about a Foot in length, between the Leaf and

the Body of the Tree. That part of the Stem which comes from the Tree,

if it be the outside Leaf, seems to inclose half the Body, as it were

with a thick Hide; and right against it, on the other side of the Tree,

is another such answering to it. The next two Leaves, in the inside of

these, grow opposite to each other, in the same manner, but so that

if the two outward grow North and South, these grow East and West,

and those still within them keep the same order. Thus the Body of this

Tree seems to be made up of many thick Skins, growing one over another,

and when it is full grown, there springs out of the top a strong Stem,

harder in substance than any other part of the Body. This Stem shoots

forth at the Heart of the Tree, is as big as a Man's Arm, and as long;

and the Fruit grows in clusters round it, first blossoming, and then

shooting forth the Fruit. It is so excellent, that the Spaniards

give it the preheminence of all other Fruit, as most conducing to

Life. It grows in a Cod about 6 or 7 Inches Long, and as big as a

Man's Arm. The Shell, Rind or Cod, is soft, and of a yellow colour

when ripe. It resembles in shape Hogs-gut Pudding. The inclosed Fruit

is no harder than Butter in Winter, and is much of the colour of the

purest yellow Butter. It is of a delicate taste, and melts in ones

Mouth like Marmalet. It is all pure Pulp, without any Seed, Kernel

or Stone. This Fruit is so much esteemed by all Europeans that settle

in America, that when they make a new Plantation they commonly begin

with a good Plantain-walk, as they call it, or a field of Plantains;

and as their Family encreaseth, so they augment the Plantain-walk,

keeping one Man purposely to prune the Trees, and gather the Fruit

as he sees convenient. For the Trees continue bearing, some or other,

most part of the Year; and this is many times the whole Food on which

a whole Family subsists. They thrive only in rich fat ground, for poor

sandy will not bear them. The Spaniards in their Towns in America,

as at Havana, Cartagena, Portabel, &c. have their Markets full of

Plantains, it being the common Food for poor People; Their common

Price is half a Riol, [i.e., real] 3. d. a Dozen. When this Fruit

is only used for Bread, it is roasted or boil'd when it's just full

grown, but not yet ripe, or turn'd yellow. Poor People, or Negroes,

that have neither Fish nor Flesh to eat with it, make Sauce with

Cod-pepper, Salt and Lime-juice, which makes it eat very savory;

much better than a crust of Bread alone. Sometimes for a change they

eat a roasted Plantain, and a ripe raw Plantain together, which is

instead of Bread and Butter. They eat very pleasant so, and I have

made many a good meal in this manner. Sometimes our English take

5 or 7 ripe Plantains, and mashing them together, make them into

a lump, and boil them instead of a Bag-pudding; which they call a

Buff-jacket: and this is a very good way for a change. This Fruit

makes also very goad Tarts; and the green Plantains slic'd thin,

and dried in the Sun, and grated will make a sort of Flour which is

very good to make Puddings. A ripe Plantain slic'd and dried in the

Sun may be preserved a great while; and then eats like Figs, very

sweet and pleasant. The Darien Indians preserve them a long time,

by drying them gently over the Fire; mashing them first, and moulding

them into lumps. The Moskito Indians will take a ripe Plantain and

roast it; then take a pint and a half of Water in a Calabash, and

squeeze the Plantain in pieces with their Hands, mixing it with the

Water; then they drink it all off together: This they call Mishlaw,

and it's pleasant and sweet, and nourishing; somewhat like Lambs-wool

(as 'tis call'd) made with Apples and Ale; and of this Fruit alone

many thousands of Indian Families in the West-Indies have their whole

subsistence. When they make drink with them, they take 10 or 12 ripe

Plantains and mash them well in a Trough: then they put 2 Gallons of

Water among them; and this in 2 Hours time will ferment and froth

like Wort. In 4 Hours it is fit to Drink; and then they Bottle it,

and Drink it as they have occasion: but this will not keep above 24

or 30 Hours. Those therefore that use this Drink, Brew it in this

manner every Morning. When I went first to Jamaica I could relish

no other Drink they had there. It drinks brisk and cool, and is

very pleasant. This Drink is windy, and so is the Fruit eaten raw;

but boil'd or roasted it is not so. If this Drink is kept above 30

Hours it grows sharp: but if then it be put out into the Sun, it will

become very good Vinegar. This Fruit grows all over the West Indies

(in the proper Climates) at Guinea, and in the East-Indies.

As the Fruit of this Tree is of great use for Food, so is the body

no less serviceable to make Cloaths; but this I never knew till I

came to this Island. The ordinary People of Mindanao do wear no other

Cloth. The Tree never bearing but once, and so being fell'd when the

Fruit is ripe, they cut it down close by the Ground, if they intend to

make Cloth with it. One blow with a Hachet, or long Knife, will strike

it asunder; then they cut off the top, leaving the trunk 8 or 10 foot

long, stripping off the outer Rind, which is thickest towards the lower

end, having stript 2 or 3 of these Rinds, the Trunk becomes in a manner

all of one bigness, and of a whitish colour: Then they split the Trunk

in the middle; which being done, they split the two halves again, as

near the middle as they can. This they leave in the Sun 2 or 3 Days,

in which time part of the juicy substance of the Tree dries away,

and then the ends will appear full of small Threads. The Women whose

employment it is to make the Cloth, take hold of those Threads one by

one, which rend away easily from one end of the Trunk to the other,

in bigness like whited brown-thread; for the threads are naturally

of a determinate bigness, as I observed their Cloth to be all of one

substance and equal fineness; but 'tis stubborn when new, wears out

soon, and when wet, feels a little slimy. They make their pieces 7

or 8 Yards long, their Warp and Woof all one thickness and substance.

There is another sort of Plantains in that Island, which are shorter

and less than the others, which I never saw any where but here. These

are full of black Seeds mixt quite through the Fruit. They are binding,

and are much eaten by those that have Fluxes. The Country People gave

them us for that use, and with good success.

The Bonano Tree is exactly like the Plantain for shape and bigness,

nor easily distinguishable from it but by its Fruit, which is a great

deal smaller, and not about half so long as a Plantain, being also more

mellow and soft, less luscious, yet of a more delicate taste. They use

this for the making Drink oftener than Plantains, and it is best when

used for Drink, or eaten as Fruit; but it is not so good for Bread, nor

doth it eat well at all when roasted or boil'd; so 'tis only necessity

that makes any use it this way. They grow generally where Plantains do,

being set intermixt with them purposely in their Plantain-walks. They

have plenty of Clove-bark, of which I saw a Ship load; and as for

Cloves, Raja Laut, whom I shall have occasion to mention, told me,

that if the English would settle there, they could order Matters so

in a little time, as to send a Ship-load of Cloves from thence every

Year. I have been informd that they grow on the Boughs of a Tree

about as big as a Plumb-tree, but I never happened to see any of them.

I have not seen the Nutmeg-Trees any where; but the Nutmegs this Island

produces are fair and large, yet they have no great store of them,

being unwilling to propagate them or the Cloves, for fear that should

invite the Dutch to visit them, and bring them into subjection, as they

have done the rest of the neighboring Islands where they grow. For the

Dutch being seated among the Spice-Islands, have monopolized all the

Trade into their own Hands, and will not suffer any of the Natives to

dispose of it, but to themselves alone. Nay, they are so careful to

preserve it in their own Hands, that they will not suffer the Spice to

grow in the uninhabited Islands, but send Soldiers to cut the Trees

down. Captain Rofy told me, that while he lived with the Dutch,

he was sent with other Men to cut down the Spice-Trees; and that

he himself did at several times cut down 7 or 800 Trees. Yet altho'

the Dutch take such care to destroy them, there are many uninhabited

Islands that have great plenty of Spice-Trees, as I have been informed

by Dutch Men that have been there, particularly by a Captain of a Dutch

Ship that I met with at Achin, who told me, that near the Island Banda

there is an Island where the Cloves falling from the Trees do lie and

rot on the ground, and they are at the time when the Fruit falls,

3 or 4 Inches thick under the Trees. He and some others told me,

that it would not be a hard matter for an English Vessel to purchase

a Ships Cargo of Spice, of the Natives of some of these Spice-Islands.

He was a free Merchant that told me this. For by that name the Dutch

and English in the East-Indies, distinguished those Merchants who are

not Servants to the Company. The free Merchants are not suffered to

Trade to the Spice-Islands, nor to many other places where the Dutch

have Factories; but on the other Hand, they are suffered to Trade

to some places where the Dutch Company themselves may not Trade,

as to Achin particularly, for there are some Princes in the Indies,

who will not Trade with the Company for fear of them. The Seamen that

go to the Spice-Islands are obliged to bring no Spice from thence for

themselves, except a small matter for their own use, about a pound

or two. Yet the Masters of those Ships do commonly so order their

business, that they often secure a good quantity, and send it ashoar

to some place near Batavia, before they come into the Harbour, (for

it is always brought thither first before it's sent to Europe,) and if

they meet any Vessel at Sea that will buy their Cloves, they will sell

10 or 15 Tuns out of 100, and yet seemingly carry their Complement to

Batavia; for they will pour Water among the remaining part of their

Cargo, which will swell them to that degree, that the Ships Hold will

be as full again, as it was before any were sold. This Trick they

use whenever they dispose of any clandestinely, for the Cloves when

they first take them in are extraordinary dry; and so will imbibe a

great deal of Moisture. This is but one Instance, of many hundreds,

of little deceitful Arts the Dutch Sea-Men have in these Parts among

them, of which I have both seen and heard several. I believe there are

no where greater Thieves; and nothing will persuade them to discover

one another; for should any do it, the rest would certainly knock

him on the Head. But to return to the Products of Mindanao.

The Betel-Nut is much esteemed here, as it is in most places of the

East-Indies. The Betel-Tree grows like the Cabbage-Tree, but it is not

so big, nor so high. The Body grows strait, about 12 or 14 foot high,

without Leaf or Branch, except at the Head. There it spreads forth long

Branches, like other Trees of the like nature, as the Cabbage-Tree,

the Coco-Nut Tree, and the Palm. These Branches are about 10 or 12

foot long, and their Stems near the Head of the Tree, as big as a

Man's Arm. On the top of the Tree among the Branches the Betel-Nut

grows on a tough stem, as big as a Man's Finger, in clusters much as

the Coco-Nuts do, and they grow 40 or 50 in a cluster. This Fruit is

bigger than a Nutmeg, and is much like it, but rounder. It is much

used all over the East-Indies. Their way is to cut it in four pieces,

and wrap one of them up in an Arek-leaf, which they spread with a soft

Paste made of Lime or Plaster, and then chew it altogether. Every Man

in these parts carries his Lime-Box by his side, and dipping his Finger

into it, spreads his Betel and Arek leaf with it. The Arek is a small

Tree or Shrub, of a green Bark, and the Leaf is long and broader than

a Willow. They are packt up to sell into Parts that have them not, to

chew with the Betel. The Betel-Nut is most esteemed when it is young,

and before it grows hard, and then they cut it only in two pieces

with the green Husk or Shell on it. It is then exceeding juicy, and

therefore makes them spit much. It tastes rough in the Mouth, and dies

the Lips red, and makes the Teeth black, but it preserves them, and

cleanseth the Gums. It is also accounted very wholsom for the Stomach;

but sometimes it will cause great giddiness in the Head of those that

are not us'd to chew it. But this is the effect only of the old Nut,

for the young Nuts will not do it. I speak of my own Experience.

This Island produceth also Durians and Jacks. The Trees that bear

the Durians, are as big as Apple-Trees, full of Boughs. The Rind is

thick and rough; the Fruit is so large that they grow only about the

Bodies, or on the Limbs near the Body, like the Cacao. The Fruit is

about the bigness of a Large Pumkin, covered with a thick green rough

Rind. When it is ripe, the Rind begins to turn yellow, but it is not

fit to eat till it opens at the top. Then the Fruit in the inside is

ripe, and sends forth an excellent Scent. When the Rind is opened,

the Fruit may be split into four quarters; each quarter hath several

small Cells, that inclose a certain quantity of the Fruit, according to

the bigness of the Cell, for some are larger than others. The largest

of the Fruit may be as big as a Pullets Egg: 'Tis as white as Milk,

and as soft as Cream, and the Taste very delicious to those that are

accustomed to them; but those who have not been used to eat them, will

dislike them at first, because they smell like roasted Onions. This

Fruit must be eaten in its prime, (for there is no eating of it before

it is ripe) and even then 'twill not keep above a day or two before

it putrifies, and turns black, or of a dark colour, and then it is

not good. Within the Fruit there is a Stone as big as a small Bean,

which hath a thin Shell over it. Those that are minded to eat the

Stones or Nuts, roast them, and then a thin shell comes off, which

incloses the Nut; and it eats like a Chesnut.

The Jack or Jaca is much like the Durian, both in bigness and

shape. The Trees that bear them also are much a like, and so is the

manner of the Fruits growing. But the inside is different; for the

Fruit of the Durian is white, that of the Jack is yellow, and fuller

of Stones. The Durian is most esteemed; yet the Jack is very pleasant

Fruit, and the Stones or Kernels are good roasted.

There are many other sorts of Grain, Roots and Fruits in this Island,

which to give a particular description of would fill up a large Volume.

In this Island are also many sorts of Beasts, both wild and tame; as

Horses, Bulls, and Cows, Buffaloes, Goats, Wild Hogs, Deer, Monkies,

Guano's, Lizards, Snakes, &c. I never saw or heard of any Beasts of

Prey here, as in many other places. The Hogs are ugly Creatures; they

have all great Knobs growing over their Eyes, and there are multitudes

of them in the Woods. They are commonly very poor, yet sweet. Deer

are here very plentiful in some places, where they are not disturbed.

Of the venemous kind of Creatures here are Scorpions, whose sting

is in their Tail; and Centapees, call'd by the English 40 Legs,

both which are also common in the West-Indies, in Jamaica, and

elsewhere. These Centapees are 4 or 5 Inches long, as big as a

Goose-Quill, but flattish; of a Dun or reddish colour on the Back,

but Belly whitish and full of Legs on each side the Belly. Their

Sting or bite is more raging than the Scorpion. They lie in old

Houses, and dry Timber. There are several sorts of Snakes, some

very Poisonous. There is another sort of Creature like a Guano both

in colour and shape, but four times as big, whose Tongue is like a

small Harpoon, having two beards like the Beards of a Fishook. They

are said to be very venemous, but I know not their Names. I have seen

them in other places also, as at Pulo Condore, or the Island Condore,

and at Achin, and have been told that they are in the Bay of Bengal.

The Fowls of this Country are Ducks and Hens: Other tame Fowl I

have not seen nor heard of any. The wild Fowl are Pidgeons, Parrots,

Parakits, Turtle Doves, and abundance of small Fowls. There are Bats

as big as a Kite.

There are a great many Harbours, Creeks, and good Bays for Ships

to ride in; and Rivers navigable for Canoas, Proes or Barks, which

are all plentifully stored with Fish of divers sorts, so is also the

adjacent Sea. The chiefest Fish are Bonetas, Snooks, Cavally's Bremes,

Mullets, 10 Pounders, &c. Here are also plenty of Sea Turtle, and small

Manatee, which are not near so big as those in the West-Indies. The

biggest that I saw would not weigh above 600 Pound, but the flesh

both of the Turtle and Manatee are very sweet.

The Weather at Mindanao is temperate enough as to heat, for all

it lies so near the Equator; and especially on the borders near

the Sea. There they commonly enjoy the breezes by day, and cooling

Land Winds at Night. The Winds are Easterly one part of the Year,

and Westerly the other. The Easterly Winds begin to blow in October,

and it is the middle of November before they are settled. These Winds

bring fair Weather. The Westerly Winds begin to blow in May, but are

not settled till a Month afterwards. The West Winds always bring Rain,

Tornadoes, and very Tempestuous Weather. At the first coming in of

these Winds they blow but faintly; but then the Tornadoes rise one in

a Day, sometimes two. These are Thunder-showers which commonly come

against the Wind, bringing with them a contrary Wind to what did blow

before. After the Tornadoes are over, the Wind shifts about again,

and the Sky becomes clear, yet then in the Valleys and the sides of

the Mountains, there riseth a thick fog, which covers the Land. The

Tornadoes continue thus for a Week or more; then they come thicker,

two or three in a Day, bringing violent gusts of Wind, and terrible

claps of Thunder. At last they come so fast, that the Wind remains

in the quarter from whence these Tornadoes do rise, which is out of

the West, and there it settles till October or November. When these

Westward Winds are thus settled, the Sky is all in mourning, being

covered with black Clouds, pouring down excessive Rains sometimes mixt

with Thunder and Lightning, that nothing can be more dismal. The Winds

raging to that degree, that the biggest Trees are torn up by the Roots,

and the Rivers swell and overflow their Banks, and drown the low Land,

carrying great Trees into the Sea. Thus it continues sometimes a week

together, before the Sun or Stars appear. The fiercest of this Weather

is in the latter end of July and in August, for then the Towns seem

to stand in a great Pond, and they go from one House to another in

Canoas. At this time the Water carries away all the filth and nastiness

from under their Houses. Whilst this tempestuous season lasts, the

Weather is Cold and Chilly. In September the Weather is more moderate,

and the Winds are not so fierce, nor the Rain so violent. The Air

thenceforward begins to be more clear and delightsome; but then in the

Morning there are thick Fogs, continuing till 10 or 11 a Clock before

the Sun shines out, especially when it has rained in the Night. In

October the Easterly Winds begin to blow again, and bring fair Weather

till April. Thus much concerning the natural state of Mindanao.

(To be concluded.)

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATA

The documents in this volume are obtained from the following sources:

1. Manila and the Philippines.--From Navarrete's Tratados historicos

(Madrid, 1676), tratado vi, chaps, iii-viii; from a copy in the Library

of Congress. Chaps. iii-iv appeared in VOL. XXXVII; the remainder is

presented in the present volume.

2. Condition of the clergy.--In Ventura del Arco MSS (Ayer library),

iii, pp. 1-5.

3. Prerogatives of ex-provincials.--From Hernaez's Colección de bulas,

i, p. 592.

4. Royal patronage of Santo Tomás.--From Algunos documentos relat. á

la Univ. de Manila, pp. 31-33.

5. Letter by Pizarro Orellana.--From a MS. in the Archivo general

de Indias, Sevilla; pressmark, "Simancas--Eclesiastico; Audiencia de

Filipinas; cartas y espedientes de los obispos sufraganeos de Manila;

años 1597 á 1698; est. 68, caj. 1, leg. 34."

6. Insurrections by Filipinos. This is compiled from various early

writers--Murillo Velarde, Diaz, Combés, and others--full references

to these sources being given in the text itself.

7. Dampier in the Philippines.--From Dampier's Voyages (London

ed. of 1703), i, pp. 279-402; from a copy in the library of Harvard

University.

NOTES

[1] Diaz's account ante, gives this name as Juan de Velas. The

Franciscan was Antonio de San Gregorio.

[2] In no. 11 of his first tratado, p. 39, Navarrete says of this

fruit: "The lechia, called li chi by the Chinese, is considered in

that region as the queen of fruits. One is not deceived in this, for I

am sure that if the ate [i.e., Anona] did not exceed it, I could not

find any fruit that would be better. Although it is a fact that good

things are few and scarce, lechias are so plentiful, that the yield

in the maritime provinces alone is immense; but they do not lose any

of the esteem in which they are held for that reason. They are small,

being slightly larger than a large nut, and the shell is green and

thin. The inside is as white as snow, and it has a kernel in the middle

as black as jet. Its savor, taste, refreshing powers, and odor make

one praise the Creator. When they eat them, they generally put them

in fresh water, for they say that they are somewhat hot. They eat as

many as they can, drink a little water, and then the appetite is keen

to go at it again. The tree is very tall and beautiful. I discovered

them for Governor Don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara in the mountains

of Bantan, the year when I arrived at those islands. But, as they

were wild, they were not so large as those in China. Mendoça calls

them ciruelas [i.e., plums], but they deserve a better name." This

tree is also known as the alipai (Euphoria litchi), which is the name

given it by the natives. The name "lechia" may be a corruption of the

Chinese; on the other hand the Chinese name as given by Navarrete

may be the corruption of "lechia." Blanco (p. 199), describes the

tree and fruit. See also Official Handbook of Philippines, p. 297.

[3] Apparently referring to the direction of the wind, as determined

on the circumference of the compass or other instrument.

[4] The calantas, or Philippine cedar (Cedrela, of the order Meliaceæ);

it is a valuable lumber tree.

[5] See list of Philippine fiber plants in Official Handbook of the

Philippines (Manila, 1903), part i, pp. 328-339; also list of fruits

and vegetables, pp. 296-328. Both the scientific and the native

vernacular names are given, with valuable notes on many plants

and trees.

[6] Literally, "woman fish"--the dugong (VOL. XXIX, p. 302). See

Delgado's detailed description of this creature, made from personal

examination of it, in Hist. de Filipinas, pp. 910-912; he also mentions

the virtue in its bones.

[7] The maguey or American agave (Agave vivipara) was introduced

into the Philippines from America, and is cultivated there to a

slight extent. It yields a fiber from which a cloth called nipis is

woven. The fiber itself has been exported in bulk to Europe, China,

and Japan for many years. See Census of Philippine Islands, iv, p. 120.

[8] A reference to Matthew xxiv, 40: "Then two shall be in the field:

one shall be taken, and one shall be left."

[9] The ecclesiastical ceremony of washing the feet of twelve persons

on Maundy Thursday.

[10] i.e., "the things that are their own, and not the things that

are Jesus Christ's."

[11] The garfish or sea-needle (Belone vulgaris).

[12] The village and lake of Nauján. The former is located on

the Nauján River, about two miles from its mouth in northeastern

Mindoro. The lake of Nauján, which is drained by the Adlobang and

Nauján rivers, is about 2-1/2 miles inland from the coast, and is

about 6×10 miles in size. The water is almost stagnant, and the lake

contains many sharks which enter at high tide, while crocodiles are

frequent; numerous kaseles, or snake-birds, and other water birds

are also to be found there. See U. S. Philippine Gazetteer.

[13] Misprint for the lake of Bombon.

[14] Oton and Iloilo are here confused with the island of Panay,

and Caraga with that of Mindanao.

[15] Navarrete says (Tratados, p. 2): "The Chinese traders who crossed

over to Manila, when asked who they were and what they desired,

answered, Xang Lai; that is, 'We come to trade and barter.' The

Spaniards, who did not understand the Chinese language, imagined that

that was the name of a nation; and united those two words into one,

by which until this day they designate the Chinese, calling them

Sangleys. In this way we Europeans have corrupted many other words

for that part of the world. The Philipinas Islands are called Liù

Sung; the Spaniard corrupted the words, and calls them Luzon. The

city of Manila is called Mainila, which means 'marsh' or 'mire;'

our people cut out an 'i,' and the name became Manila. The island

which the natives call Minolo is named Mindoro by the Spaniards,

and that of Malindic we call Marinduque."

[16] The guayaba or guava (Psidium guayava), well-known and valued

in America for its acid fruit, and early introduced thence into the

Philippines, where it is known as bayabas.

[17] The macupa (Eugenio malaccensis--Linn.) is about the size of

a sweet pepper and of somewhat the same shape, rather larger and

quite red in color, but more lustrous; bitter-sweet in taste, somewhat

agreeable, but has no solid flesh which can be eaten. The proper season

for the fruit is April, May, and June. The leaves of the tree have

medicinal properties. The balimbing (Averrhora carambola--Linn.) has

the odor of a quince, and is used by the natives as food with dry fish

or meat. There are several varieties, and the flesh is watery. It makes

an excellent preserve, and is a good sea food. See Delgado's Historia,

pp. 505, 506, 512; and Census of Philippines, iv, pp. 124-126; also,

for the paho, santol, and papaw (papaya), our VOL. XIII, p. 141,

note 20, VOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72, and VOL. XXI, p. 144, note 36.

[18] See VOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72. See also Census of Philippines,

p. 125.

[19] Athanasius Kircher was born near Fulda, Germany, in 1602, and

became a Jesuit novice at the age of sixteen. He was for several

years a teacher in the Jesuit college at Wurtzburg, but was driven

to France (1632) by the war then waging in Germany. Having spent

some time at Avignon, he was sent to Rome, where he died on November

27, 1680. He was one of the most illustrious writers in the Jesuit

order; see list of his works in Sommervogel's Bibliothèque, iv,

cols. 1046-1077. They embrace a wide range of subjects--science,

mathematics, Egyptian hieroglyphics, archæology, etc. The allusion

in the text is probably to Kircher's China monumentis (Rome, 1667).

[20] The small sapota or chico zapote (Achras sapota--Linn.) was,

according to Delgado, peculiar to Nueva España. The tree is tall,

wide-spreading, and tufted. Delgado also describes another variety

called zapote prieto (Diospyros ebenaster--Retz), of which there are

two varieties, one white and one black, which he declares to be natives

of Nueva España. The Census of Philippines says, however, that they

are natives of China. The fruit resembles a medium-sized apple, and

has a green exterior. A pleasant preserve is made of it. See Delgado's

Historia, pp. 517, 518, and Census of Philippines, iv, p. 126.

[21] Ates (Anona squamosa--Linn.) is a fruit somewhat resembling in

appearance a small pineapple. Its exterior is green and the interior

white, and it contains many beautiful bright seeds. It is aromatic

and delicate in flavor, and mild and pleasant to the taste. It is

heating in its effects. Oranges of various indigenous species are

found, among them being several wild species--one of the latter,

the amumuntay (citrus histrix), being twelve or thirteen inches in

circumference and very juicy and bitter. There are seven varieties of

lemons, some of superior quality. See Delgado's Historia, pp. 519,

520, 548-560; Census of Philippines, iv, pp. 124-126; our VOL. V,

p. 169, and VOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72.

[22] The iguana is very abundant in some localities, and sometimes

attains a size of five feet, and can swallow fair-sized fowls

whole. They are often found on trees or in bushes along the river

banks. When disturbed they drop into the water and thus escape. The

eggs are considered a great delicacy by the natives, and the flesh

of one species, the ibid, ibit, or pelubid, is highly esteemed. See

Handbook of the Philippines (Manila, 1903), p. 150.

[23] Tunasan is in the province of Laguna, which is thus mentioned in

the U. S. Philippine Gazetteer (p. 574): "This province is considered

the garden of the Philippines. Its soil and climate are adapted to the

successful growth of every variety of tropical plant and tree known

to the archipelago." Both mechanical and agricultural industries are

considerably developed in Laguna.

[24] In the irrigated lands of Pangasinán the rice yield is

eighty-fold; in dry lands fifty-fold; in highlands of the third

class, at least forty- to sixty-fold. The most fertile farm of the

Philippines (Imus) has 13,442 hectares devoted to rice cultivation. Its

lands of the first class yield one hundred-fold; of the second,

seventy-five-fold; and of the third fifty-fold. Other lands in the

islands yield from fifteen-fold up. See Census of Philippines, iv,

p. 93.

[25] In the Dominican mission of 1632 came a lay-brother named Fray

Diego de Santa María, a son of the convent at Sevilla. Through charity,

he sheltered and educated orphan boys, as Fray Geronimo Guerrero

(VOL. XXII, p. 109) had done earlier. In 1640 these two enterprises

were consolidated, under the auspices of the Dominican order in Manila,

and organized into the college of San Juan Letran. Fray Diego remained

in charge of it for many years; but finally, having obtained permission

to return to Spain, he died on the way, at Acapulco, in 1657. (Reseña

biográfica, i, pp. 418, 419.)

[26] "The boys themselves received ten pesos each for assisting at

burials, which were very frequent" (Reseña biográfica, i, p. 420).

[27] Used here because the secular clergy wear a bonnet, in

contradistinction to a friar, who wears a hood or cowl. See Appleton's

New Velázquez Dictionary.

[28] Theses controverted and defended in the schools. See ut supra.

[29] Spanish, andauan a la rebatiña--a locution which can hardly find

an exact equivalent in English.

[30] On the northern coast of the island Celebes were two villages

named Bool and Tontoli, about twenty (Dutch) miles apart; see

Valentyn's Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, deel iii, st. ii, p. 134, and

map in deel i, facing p. 1.

[31] The most important starch-producing palm of the Philippines

is the buri (Corypha umbraculifera) which gave name to the island

of Burias and from which sago is obtained. "It blooms but once,

and then perishes" (Blanco). The sago is procured by felling the

tree near the root, and taking out the soft interior portion of the

trunk, which is placed in casks or troughs and the bitter sap drained

off. It is then pounded with paddles or mallets, which separate the

starch into fine grains. The starch is then gathered and dried, and

converted into flour. A wine is also obtained from the tree. See

Census of Philippines, iv, p. 123; also Blanco's Flora, p. 160;

Delgado's Historia, pp. 660-662; and VOL. XXXIV, p. 154, note 499.

[32] A reference to Psalm cxlvii, v. 16: "[Praise the Lord,] Who

giveth snow like wool."

[33] Valentyn mentions the village of Cajeli (Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien,

deel iii, p. 134 of section on Macasar). Crawfurd describes Kaili as

a country on the western side of Celebes.

[34] Probably the paper mulberry (Brousson etia papyrifera), from

which the South Sea islanders make their clothing, using the inner

bark. See Crawfurd's Dict. Ind. Islands, pp. 327, 328.

[35] On the map in Valentyn's work, referred to in note 30, ante,

appears the village of Mamoia, north of Macasar.

[36] Mandhar is a district of Celebes, lying between Kaili and Macasar;

its people have a language peculiar to themselves, and are among

the more civilized peoples of that island. (Crawfurd's Dictionary,

pp. 88, 264.)

[37] This document in the Ventura del Arco MSS. is evidently a mere

synopsis of the original.

[38] "In the year 61 the three bishops had died--Don Fray Rodrigo

de Cardenas, of Nueva Segovia; Don Fray Antonio de San Gregorio, of

Nueva Cazeres; and Doctor Don Juan Velez (a cleric, formerly dean

of the holy church of Manila), of Zebú; and the royal decrees for

the new incumbents did not reach Manila until the year 65. Therein

were proposed the following names: For the diocese of Nueva Segovia,

Fray Francisco de Navarro, a discalced Franciscan, who set a most

unusual example by refusing so honorable a dignity. For that of Nueva

Cazeres, Fray Francisco de la Madre de Dios (or de la Alameda) also a

discalced Franciscan; but the royal decree found him dead two years

before. For that of Zebú, the most illustrious Don Fray Juan Lopez,

who came in this ship 'San Joseph,' and had been already consecrated

in Mechoacan." (Concepción, Hist. de Philipinas, vii, pp. 140, 141.)

[39] In 1673 arose a controversy between the archbishop, Fray Juan

López, and Don Jerónimo de Herrera, the chief chaplain of the royal

chapel, who undertook to exercise among the soldiers the functions of

parish priest. He was excommunicated by the archbishop, but instituted

proceedings against that prelate in a military court. This suit was

quashed by the Audiencia, but the governor withheld the archbishop's

stipends. These conflicts led to certain of the measures adopted by

the Council, recorded in our text.

[40] Alonso Sandin made his profession in the Dominican convent of

Salamanca, in 1658. After completing his studies, he became a teacher

in the college at Plasencia, but resigned that post for the Philippine

missions, being then thirty-one years of age; he came in the mission

of 1671. He was a teacher in Santo Tomás at Manila, until 1676, when

he was sent as procurator to Rome and Madrid, filling that office

for twenty years. He died at Madrid, in May, 1701.

[41] Veitia Linage is best known by his work, Norte de la contratación

de las Indias occidentales (Sevilla, 1672) a valuable contribution

to the history of Spanish commerce.

[42] Juan de Santa María came to these islands (1666) from the

Dominican convent at Sevilla, where he had professed two years

before. He was occupied as a teacher in Santo Tomás, later becoming

rector of the university, superior of the province, and incumbent

of other high offices therein. From 1694 to 1700 he labored in the

missions of Bataan. At the time of his death (April 30, 1715) he was

acting provincial. (Reseña biográfica, ii, pp. 24-26.)

[43] See account of the establishment of this hospital order in Manila

(1641) in Concepción's Hist. de Philipinas, vii, pp. 56-69; and the

full history of its first century's labors there, by the rector of

its Manila convent, Fray Juan Manuel Maldonado de Puga (Granada, 1742).

[44] Montero y Vidal cites (Hist. de Filipinas, i, p. 368) a line

of this pasquinade: "He who desires to buy carajais or frying-pans,

iron, etc., resorts to the fathers of the Society."

[45] Felipe Fernández de Pardo was born on February 7, 1611, in

Valladolid, of noble lineage. At the age of fifteen, he entered the

Dominican order in that city. After being ordained, he spent several

years as a teacher in colleges of his order, and then joined the

Philippine mission, arriving in the islands in 1648. He was a teacher

in Santo Thomas for several years, and then its rector; in 1660 was

elected prior of the Manila convent, and afterward, provincial. In

1671, he became commissary of the Inquisition at Manila, and in

1677 archbishop of that diocese, although, as the bulls therefor

did not arrive, he was not consecrated until October 28, 1681. He

was a rigorous censor of public morals, and a strenuous advocate of

his ecclesiastical privileges; consequently, he became embroiled with

influential private persons, with the secular government, and with the

religious orders. As a result, the Audiencia decreed (March, 1683) his

banishment, sending him to Lingayén. The new governor, Cruzalaegui,

secured Pardo's reinstatement in his see, which occurred November

15, 1684; then followed more troubles and disputes, the archbishop

seeking vengeance on his former enemies. He died on December 31,

1689. See sketch of his life in Reseña biográfica, i, pp. 473-486;

and an outline of his official career in Montero y Vidal's Hist. de

Filipinas, i, pp. 365-376.

[46] Jerónimo de Ortega was born at Tudela, April 12, 1627; he was

but fourteen years old when he entered the Jesuit order. In 1654 he

entered the Philippine missions, where most of his term of service

was devoted to the college at Manila, of which he was successively

vice-rector and rector during six years; he also filled other important

offices in his order. Sailing for Europe (1683), as related in our

text, he died at sea before reaching Acapulco, on November 15 of that

year. See Murillo Velarde's Hist. de Philipinas, fol. 356.

[47] Luís de Morales was born in Tordesillas on September 29, 1641,

and became a Jesuit novice at the age of seventeen. Later, he devoted

himself to the Philippine missions; in Mexico he met Father Sanvitores,

who selected Morales to aid him in the evangelization of the Marianas,

where he labored three years. In 1671 Morales went to Manila, where

he was assigned to the Tagal missions; in 1676 he became rector of

Antipolo, and in 1681 vice-rector of Cavite. Going to Europe with

Ortega, the latter's death imposed his responsible mission upon

Morales. Having fulfilled its duties, he desired to return to the

Philippines, but was detained in Mexico seven years; he came back to

Manila about 1698, and soon afterward was elected provincial. His

term of office ended, he was rector of the Manila college for four

years; and he died there on June 14, 1716. (Murillo Velarde, Hist. de

Philipinas, fol. 403-405.)

[48] "Bohol, pertaining to the government of Zebú, and its spiritual

administration to the fathers of the Society of Jesus, who in this

island have in their charge six [sic] villages, the most important of

which are Loboc, Baclayón, Inabangan, Malabago, Malabohoc" (Diaz's

Conquistas, p. 132).

A note by Diaz's editor, Fray Tirso López, states that Bohol "now

[1890] belongs to the Recollects."

[49] "He made ready four caracoas, with such Spaniards as he could

find, and Indians from Sialo (which is the coast of Zebú), a very

warlike people; and set out for Bohol, not entrusting to any one else

an expedition so important" (Diaz, p. 133).

Diaz has evidently obtained most of his information from Murillo

Velarde. We present (in notes) only such matter as he gives additional

to the latter.

[50] Diaz states (p. 133) that these were both Pampango and Sialo

Indians, and numbered more than a thousand.

[51] "The insurgents fled to the mountain, where for four days our

men pursued them, slaying all that they encountered. They found

many persons who had died for lack of food, as they had made but

scanty provision of it, confiding in the promises of the demon, who

had promised them that he would change the leaves on the trees into

rice." (Diaz, p. 134.)

[52] "Laden with spoil and captives," and "leaving a garrison of

Spaniards and Pampangos" (Diaz, p. 134).

[53] Spanish, zarzas y espinas; probably meaning branches of thorny

shrubs, and trees. The defense of pointed stakes driven into the ground

(VOL. XXVII, p. 275) is called in Tagal suyac. Cf. description of

this in Ling Roth's Natives of Sarawak (London, 1896), i, p. 444,

and ii, pp. 110-115.

[54] Spanish, ballestones; but the contrivance mentioned in the

text refers to a trap used throughout the archipelago for hunting

large game; it is called belatic or balantic, and as it is sprung

discharges a sharp javelin or arrow. See description and illustration

of this trap in Reed's Negritos of Zambales (Manila, 1904), pp. 45,

46; and of a similar device used by the Dyaks and Malays of Borneo,

in Ling Roth's Natives of Sarawak, i, pp. 437-442. Cf. Diaz's mention

(Conquistas, p. 134) of these ballestones, "which they are wont to

set as snares for hunting deer."

[55] Fifty-seven years previously; Bancao must have been, then, at

least seventy-five years old at the time of this revolt; Diaz says

(p. 134) that Bancao was "very old and decrepit."

[56] According to Diaz (p. 135). "desiring to be king of the island

of Leyte."

[57] "For with the enemy came many women clad in white, and many

children, in order to pick up bits of earth and scatter them on the

wind, as the demon had told them--believing that if they did so the

Spaniards would fall dead; but the test of this proved very costly

to them. The demon had also promised them that he would resuscitate

those slain in battle; but, when they carried some of the dead to

his temple for him to do this, he replied, with ridiculous excuses,

that he could not do it." (Diaz, p. 135.)

[58] According to Diaz (p. 136), he was shot and then burned; also

many of the rebels were hanged or shot.

[59] See description of this earthquake in VOL. XXXV, pp. 217-226.

[60] Gapán (or Gapang) is a town in the southern part of Nueva Ecija,

Luzon, near San Isidro and the Rio Grande de la Pampanga.

[61] Juan de Abarca, a native of Madrid, came to the islands in

the Augustinian mission of 1635, and was a minister in Pampangan and

Visayan villages during twenty years, except at times filling official

posts in Manila. He died there in 1656.

[62] See account of the conquest of Luzón, in VOL III, pp. 141-172;

but the name Matanda does not occur therein.

[63] Alluding to the fact that it was the Lutaos--who lived in Basilan,

Joló, and other islands south of Mindanao--who aided the Spaniards

to quell this insurrection.

[64] That is, the missionaries had interfered with an illicit amour

of Sumoroy's (Concepción, Hist. de Philipinas, vi, p. 251).

[65] Meaning that at a certain part of the ascent, where but one

man at a time could pass, each had to use both hands and feet for

climbing, leaving his weapons with the man next to him, the latter

handing them up afterward; and so on, with each in turn. See Murillo

Velarde's Hist. de Philipinas, fol. 174.

[66] An allusion to La Rochelle, considered the most strongly fortified

town in France.

[67] Miguel Ponce, S.J., was born in Peñaroya in Aragon, in the

archbishopric of Zaragoza, and attended the university of Alcalá de

Henares where he studied philosophy and theology. His endeavors to

enter the Society met with failure. Inspired to a mission life, he set

out for Madrid to join the mission then forming for the Philippines,

but found the procurator already gone. Following afoot, he overtook

him at Carmona, but was so worn out with his difficult journey and

so tanned that he resembled a negro in color. For that reason the

procurator refused to accept him, "for in Indias, color is an accident

of great importance to the Indians." But Ponce, in his eagerness to

go, offered to accompany the missionaries as a servant or slave; and

he was finally taken in the capacity of servant, embarking with the

secular habit. He was admitted into the Society at Mexico in 1631,

and after four months sailed from Acapulco for the Philippines. His

studies were completed at Manila, and he was finally ordained a

priest. For eleven months he labored in eastern Samar and was later

appointed rector of Palapag. He was killed as above described, June

11, 1649. See Murillo Velarde, fol. 175, 176a.

[68] Giulio Aleni, S.J., was born at Brescia in 1582 and entered the

Society in 1600, being sent almost immediately after professing the

humanities to China. He landed at Macao in 1610 and entered China

in 1613, where he labored until 1649, the year of his death. As the

text shows, he must have made a journey to the Philippines. He left

many writings, a number in the Chinese tongue. See Sommervogel's

Bibliothèque.

[69] Of Albay, which some called Ibalón, from a village and port of

that name.--Rev. Tirso López, O.S.A.

[70] Juan del Campo, S.J., was born in March, 1620, in Villanueva

de la Vera, near Jarandilla, his father being Juan del Campo, a

familiar of the Holy Office. Having studied in the Jesuit college at

Oropesa, he entered the Society (1636) contrary to the wish of his

parents. He went to Mexico in 1642, and thence to Manila (1643). His

superiors sent him to Mindanao among the Subanos, where he labored

zealously. He suffered martyrdom in that island January 7, 1650,

during the insurrections. See Murillo Velarde, fol. 178-179 verso.

[71] Vicente Damian, S.J., was born in the city of Mecina, October 13,

1613, and after studying in a Jesuit college, entered the Society,

March 20, 1630. After many vain efforts, he finally obtained permission

to go to the Philippines, where he arrived in 1643. After completing

his theological studies in Manila, he was sent to the Ibabao missions,

where his preaching and works caused visible effects. After the death

of Miguel Ponce, he was appointed rector in his place. He met death

October 11, 1649 at the hands of the insurgents. See Murillo Velarde,

fol. 176-178.

[72] The Recollect Fray Miguel de Santo Tomás, minister at Butuan;

it was he who cared for the survivors of the insurgents' attack on

Linao (VOL. XXXVI, p. 136).

[73] This name is quite erroneous. The person here referred to was

Tuto, a member of the curious class among the Subanons of Mindanao

who are called labias (see description post, in VOL. XL.) For Manila

read Malandi (or Malandeg), the name of an ancient village on the

coast near Zamboanga which disappeared after the abandonment of the

fortress there. Tuto was baptized by Combés under the name of Martin,

and often aided that missionary when he visited Tuto's village of

Malandi. (See Combés's Hist. Mindanao, col. 63, 64, 514, 756, 786.)

[74] Francisco Lado, a native of Sardinia, was born on June 2, 1617,

and at the age of sixteen entered the Jesuit order. He died at San

Pedro Macati, on May 19, 1677. (Retana and Pastells's edition of

Combés, col. 713.)

[75] A Sanskrit word, meaning "a learned man"--apparently borrowed

by the Malays and used to designate their Mahometan teachers.

[76] Spanish, à las quarenta horas; a phrase usually referring to

the devotion of forty hours in connection with the exposition of

the Blessed Sacrament (usually occurring in times of public danger

or distress). As nothing is said in the text of such exposition, the

apparent meaning is that Tenorio finished his enterprise within forty

hours after leaving Samboangan--a rendering for which the Spanish

form is an unusual one, but not more so than many other expressions

in Concepción's pages.

[77] This name is said (Retana and Pastells's Combés, col. 739)

to mean "lady who will be queen"--uley being a variant of uraya,

the future of raia or raja ("king" or "queen"). Urancaya (ut supra,

col. 787) is from orang ("man") and kaya ("rich").

[78] Concepción states (Hist. de Philipinas, vii, p. 9) that an

insufficient amount of timber was furnished for a ship then on the

stocks, and Cortaberria urged on the overseers of the woodcutting,

and they in turn their gangs of men, but with so much harshness that

the latter mutinied.

[79] Pedro Camacho came from the Dominican convent at Sevilla, in the

mission of 1648. He ministered to the Indians in and near Manila,

and was director of the school of San Juan de Letran; he finally

returned to Spain in 1659. (Reseña biográfica, p. 466.)

[80] For description of tree-dwellings--made, however, by the natives

of Mindanao--see VOL. XXI, pp. 239-241.

[81] This was Nicolas de Campo.

[82] Spanish, morenos criollos. "There are creoles, or morenos, who

are black negroes, natives of the country; there are many Cafres,

and other negroes from Angola, Congo, and Africa" (Murillo Velarde,

Hist. de Philipinas, fol. 5).

[83] In Bolinao was a chief named Sumulay, a relative of Malóng, who

tried to further the latter's ambitious schemes; Sumulay was opposed by

the missionary there, a discalced Augustinian named Juan Blancas. On

January 5 Ugalde arrived at Bolinao, and conferred with Blancas. As

the chief strength of the insurgents lay in their poisoned arrows,

which caused mortal wounds, the friar induced a friendly chief to

supply the Spanish troops with an antidote for this poison. Ugalde

also procured there supplies of various kinds--among them, small boats

which could enter the creeks, and hides of cattle with which to form

shelters against the enemy's arrows. (Concepción, Hist. de Philipinas,

vii, pp. 16, 26, 27.)

[84] Juan Camacho made his profession in the Dominican convent of

Almagro, April 19, 1638, and came to the Philippines in 1648. Most of

his remaining years were spent in the Pangasinán missions; but in 1668

he became prior of the Manila convent, and a year later provincial. In

his old age, he was summoned to Mexico by the Inquisition on a

scandalous charge; his innocence being declared after four years,

he returned to the islands, and died at Manila in 1700. (Reseña

biográfica, i, p. 471.)

[85] Probably alluding to Santa Cruz's Hist. Sant. Rosario; he mentions

the insurgent leader Malóng as dying "a very good Christian" (p. 340),

and the insurgents as deluded and misled. His account of the rebellion

is much shorter than Diaz's. It will be remembered that the Dominicans

had spiritual charge of Pangasinán.

[86] Bernardino Márquez, a native of Galicia, made his profession

in the convent of Toro, and came to the islands in 1645. He spent

the rest of his life mainly in the Ilocan missions, and died in

1680. (Pérez's Catálogo, p. 120.)

[87] A misprint for balarao (or bararao), another name for the

kris--see VOL. XVI, p. 81, and VOL. XXVIII, p. 55.

[88] Thus in the text, in most places; but in Pérez's Catálogo the

name is written "de la Isla."

[89] Juan Polanco was a native of the hill-country of Burgos, and

professed in the Dominican convent at Valladolid in 1639. He came

to the islands in 1658, and, after learning the Chinese language,

went to China; he spent two years there, suffering persecutions and

torture. He was then appointed procurator-general of his order at

Madrid and Rome, in which service he sent to the Philippines the

mission of 1666. He died at Sevilla, on December 2, 1671.

[90] Thus in text; apparently a misprint for Polanco.

[91] This name is not found in the gazetteers of the present time;

but it must have been in the mountains east of Vigán, from which

Narvacán is thirteen miles southeast.

[92] Concepción makes this number eight hundred (vii, p. 31), as does

Murillo Velarde (fol. 256). Both they and Diaz give the numbers in

words, not figures.

[93] Talabón: a name given to a sort of litter (also known as

petaca--which also means "a covered box or basket"--and lorimón), which

is usually conveyed by four men in their hands or on their shoulders,

after the fashion of a silla gestatoria (a portable chair used by

the pope on great occasions), but closed.--Rev. Tirso López, O.S.A.

[94] See preceding note on talabón (p. 199).

[95] This statement does not agree with that in the next paragraph

which states that this chief was hanged at Vigán.

[96] Elsewhere printed Bisaya. The Tagal word buaya means "crocodile,"

which gives some basis for the conjecture that Boaya was the chief's

name, as persons are often named for animals, among barbarous peoples.

[97] Verse 121: "I have done judgment and justice; give me not up to

them that slander me."

[98] Spanish, como cuñas del mismo palo; alluding to the proverb,

No hay peor cuña que la del mismo palo, equivalent to "there is no

worse enemy than an alienated friend."

[99] Alluding to the threatened invasion of the Philippines by

Kue-sing, the Chinese adventurer, and the consequent disturbances

among the Chinese in the islands, with the ravages made by the Moro

pirates--all in 1662. See accounts in VOL. XXXVI.

[100] These houses were founded in the following order: Ogtóng

(Otón), 1572; Tigbauan, 1575; Dumangas, 1578; Antique, 1581; Jaro,

1587; Guimbal, 1590; Passi (Pasig), 1593; Laglag, 1608. (In regard

to Laglag, cf. our VOL. XXIII, p. 293.) For these dates, see Coco's

chronological table at end of Medina's Historia, pp. 481-488.

[101] These houses were thus founded: Panay and Dumárao, 1581; Dumalag

(or Ayombón), 1506; Batán, 1601; Mambúsao, 1606; Cápiz, 1707. Aclán

was founded by the Augustinians, in 1581; and Ibahay, in 1611. See

table mentioned in note 100, above.

[102] Laglag is now named Dueñas. This wretched custom of changing the

old names, substituting for them new ones which have no connection

with the place to which they are applied nor with Filipinas, has

unfortunately become general in those islands; and for the sake

of pleasing or flattering some captain-general, alcalde, or cura,

history is grievously obscured.--Rev. Tirso López, O.S.A.

[103] Pérez says (Catálogo, p. 199) that Mesa was a native of Mexico,

but made his profession (1644) in the convent of San Pablo at

Manila. In 1656 he became minister at Dumalag, and in 1659 at Laglag.

[104] This mingling of religion and idolatry was frequent among the

newly-converted Indians, who by not living conformably to the just

severity of the gospel precepts, apostatized from the faith; and even

today cases of similar amalgamation occur. The Indians of Filipinas

did not offer sacrifices to the demon because they believed that he

was some divinity, for they had knowledge of his being an evil spirit:

but through fear, so that by keeping him satisfied he should do them

no harm, or else that he might aid them to carry out some depraved

purpose.--Rev. Tirso López, O.S.A.

[105] Thus in the text, but evidently an error; it should doubtless

be regarded as an error for Malonor.

[106] A similar death was the fate of that most pious father Fray

Isidro Badrena--on April 9 in the year 1874, in the hills near the

town of Tubungan--when he was exhorting some apostate Indians to

desist from offering an idolatrous sacrifice.--Rev. Tirso López, O.S.A.

Tubungan is seventeen miles west-northwest of Iloilo.

[107] The modern form of this name is Jalaur; this fine river, with

its numerous affluents, waters the northeastern part of the province

of Iloilo, Panay. The "river of Laglag" is evidently the Ulián, which

flows into the Jalaur near Laglag (the modern Dueñas). Apparently the

culprits, both living and dead, were fastened to stakes in the river,

to be eaten by crocodiles.

[108] Delgado relates this incident (Hist. de Filipinas, p. 280) as a

specimen of the credulity of the natives, and adds this other instance:

"While I was in the village of Lipa, the discovery was made in the

village of Tanauan of a mine which was said to be of silver. Officials

and workmen were sent to examine it, and test the ore, by the governor

Don Fausto Cruzat y Góngora; they did so diligently, but the mine

said only, Argentum et aurum non est mihi [i.e., "Silver and gold

have I none"]. At that time the devil caused some arrant knave to

spread the lying tale that the miners declared that the mine would

not yield silver until this were done: all the Visayans of Comintan

must be seized and their eyes gouged out, and these must be mixed

with other ingredients, and the ore-vein of the mine rubbed with that

compound. This was so thoroughly believed that every one was anxious

and tearful, and the old women hid themselves in the grain-fields; and

it took a long time to quiet them, with much labor of the [religious]

ministers (whom they did not believe, because these were Castilians),

until in the course of time they were undeceived."

[109] Apparently a misprint, as Diaz usually makes it Pignauen, but

both forms seem improbable, as compared with Paynauén--cf. that name

in next section of this document, and in Concepción (viii, p. 14)--and

suggest carelessness in transcription from the MS. of Diaz. It is

written Paynaven in various documents cited in Reseña biográfica, i,

p. 490, et seq. Neither name appears in modern gazetteers.

[110] He was killed in the expedition against the Igorrotes, about

1666; Diaz says (p. 654) that Ugalde went with four thousand pesos

to pay the troops, without sufficient escort, and was waylaid and

slain by Zambals. Paynauén was founded at that time.

[111] Domingo Pérez was born in 1636 near Santillana, and professed

in the Dominican convent at Trianos, at the age of twenty-three. He

came to the islands in 1666, and in the following year was sent to

the Bataan missions, and soon afterward to those among the Zambal

tribes; the rest of his life, save during 1677-79, was spent among

the Zambals. He wrote an "account of the customs and superstitions

of the Zambals." (Reseña biográfica, ii, pp. 34-43.)

[112] "N" in Spanish stands for some proper name unknown, or not

intended to be expressed, like the English "Mr. Blank," or "So-and-So."

[113] The missions to the Zambals were previously in the hands the

Augustinian Recollects. A royal decree dated June 18, 1677 commanded

the archbishop of Manila to place the missions of Mindoro in charge of

one of the religious orders. Concepción states (Hist. de Philipinas,

viii, pp. 4-16) that Pardo thereupon compelled the Recollects

to give up the Zambal missions to the Dominicans, receiving in

exchange therefor those of Mindoro that the natives in the latter

desired to have Jesuits sent to them, and that the Zambals preferred

the Dominicans, but that the opposition of both was overcome by

the persuasions of government officials; and that the Dominicans,

in their zeal for condensing the scattered Zambal population, made

several blunders by removing certain villages to very unsuitable and

disadvantageous locations.

The compiler of Reseña biográfica asserts that Concepción's statements

are incorrect. He claims that the Zambal in 1676 asked for religious

instruction, stipulating that Dominican missionaries be sent them,

which was done; that soon the Recollects began to complain of

this, as an intrusion on their field of labor, and the Dominicans

therefore withdrew their laborers; that this field was afterward

given to the Dominicans by Archbishop Pardo (1679), on account of

its being neglected by the Recollects; that the attempt to carry on

the Zambal missions cost the Dominicans great loss of money and men,

without producing satisfactory results, and therefore they offered

several times to give up this charge; and that finally (1712) they

did actually renounce and surrender the Zambal missions. In proof of

these statements he cites not only Salazar's Historia, but various

documents and records from the Dominican archives at Manila. (See

Reseña biográfica, i, pp. 486-504; this resumé is accompanied by an

interesting report of the work accomplished by the Dominicans in those

missions during the years 1680-90, made by Fray Gregorio Jiraldez,

June 2, 1690.)

[114] William Dampier, one of the most noted of English navigators

and freebooters, was born of an old Somersetshire family in 1652. He

received an education that would fit him for some trade, but, his

parents dying while he was young, he was allowed to follow his roving

bent; he was bound to the master of a ship in 1669, and made voyages

to France and Newfoundland. In 1670 he sailed as a common sailor to

Java, returning to England in 1672. The next year he served against

the Dutch, and in 1674 went to Jamaica, where he lived for more

than a year as a planter. In August of the following year (1675),

he became a logwood-cutter at Campeachy, where he first met with the

freebooters. The year 1678 found him in England, but in 1679 he was

once more in Jamaica; and shortly after began his life as a privateer,

part of his adventures being given in detail in the present text. After

his return to England in 1691, not much is known of him until 1697,

when he published his travels. Two years later he was deputed by the

government to conduct a voyage of discovery to the South Seas, during

which voyage he explored the west and northwest coasts of Australia,

New Guinea, and New Britain, and named the Dampier Archipelago and

Strait. He made two other circumnavigations (1703-07, and 1708-11),

the last as pilot of the privateer "Duke." His death occurred in London

in 1715. Dampier also left various other writings. The seventh edition

of his voyages, published in 1729, is a composite work, and contains

much that is not Dampier's own. Consequently, that edition is not

used in the present instance, as we prefer to present Dampier's own

work. See Knox's New Col. of Voyages (London, 1767), iii, pp. 28-121;

and New International Encyclopædia.

[115] The title-page of this book reads as follows: "A new Voyage

round the World. Describing particularly, The Isthmus of America,

several Coasts and Islands in the West Indies, the Isles of Cape

Verd, the Passage by Terra del Fuego, the South Sea Coasts of Chili,

Peru, and Mexico; the Isle of Guam one of the Ladrones, Mindanao,

and other Philippine and East India Islands near Cambodia, China,

Formosa, Luconia, Celebes, &c., New Holland, Sumatra, Nicobar,

Isles; the Cape of Good Hope, and Santa Helena. Their Soil, Rivers,

Harbours, Plants, Fruits, Animals, and Inhabitants. Their Customs,

Religion, Government, Trade, &c. Vol. I. By Captain William

Dampier. Illustrated with Particular Maps and Draughts. The fifth

edition corrected. London: Printed for James Knapton, at the Crown

in St. Paul's Church-yard. 1703."

[116] Of the Jew-fish, Dampier says (i, p. 249): "The Jew-fish is a

very good Fish, and I judge so called by the English, because it hath

Scales and Fins, therefore a clean Fish, according to the Levitical

Law, and the Jews at Jamaica buy them, and eat them very freely. It is

a very large Fish, shaped much like a Cod, but a great deal bigger;

one will weigh 3, or 4, or 5 hundred weight. It hath a large Head,

with great Fins and Scales, as big as an Half-Crown, answerable to

the bigness of his Body. It is very sweet Meat, and commonly fat. This

Fish lives among Rocks; there are plenty of them in the West-Indies,

about Jamaica, and the Coast of Caraccos; but chiefly in these Seas,

especially more Westward."

[117] In the preface to his first volume, Dampier says that he had

intended to add an appendix, in which various matters were to have

been discussed, but he omits it because it would swell his volume

too greatly.

[118] The latitude of the island of Guam is 13° 27' North and its

longitude 145° East.

[119] Robert Knox (1640-1720) was the first English writer on

Ceylon, where he was a prisoner among the natives for almost twenty

years. After his escape from captivity he reached a Dutch colony on

the coast, and returned to England in 1680. He made later voyages

to India and the South Seas. His relation is entitled An Historical

Relation of the Island of Ceylon in the East Indies; Together with

an Account of the Detaining in Captivity the Author and Diverse

Other Englishmen Now Living There, and of the Author's Miraculous

Escape (London, 1681). It has been translated into French, Dutch,

and German. (New International Encyclopædia.)

[120] At first sight, this might be considered the source of the

English word "outriggers;" but according to Murray (who cites this

statement of Dampier's) the Dutch word uitlegger was not used in this

sense until a much later date, and cannot be considered as the source

of the English word.

[121] The governor of the Marianas, Antonio Saravia, died on November

3, 1683, and was succeeded by Damian de Esplana. Early in 1684, he sent

José de Quiroga to subdue, the northern islands of the group. Taking

advantage of this division of the Spanish forces, the natives of

Guam rebelled, and on July 23 attacked the Spaniards in Agaña, badly

wounding Esplana, killing nearly fifty soldiers and wounding others,

and killing or wounding several Jesuits. Meanwhile the natives of

Seypan attacked Quiroga, but he finally defeated them and came back

to Guam (November 23); but he could not punish the natives, as they

fled to the mountains and the neighboring islands. In 1688 Esplana

went to Manila for medical treatment, but returned about a year later;

and he died at Agaña in 1694. (Murillo Velarde, Hist. de Philipinas,

fol. 359 b-361.)

[122] The English factory at Fort St. George, the chief citadel of

Madras. Fort St. George was established in 1639, a piece of land

having been obtained from the rajah of Chandgherry; it commands the

Black Town and the Roads, and may be considered the nucleus of the

city. It was held by the French during the years 1744-49.

[123] This was the galleon "San Telmo;" it arrived safely at Manila.

[124] Evidently the island of Leyte which fits Dampier's description

of the island of St. John (see post).

[125] Magalhães was killed, not in Luzon, but on the island of Mactan.

The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume 38, 1674-1683 Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century · 第 6 / 6 章

The Spaniards have a small Fort on the West side, near the South