_Senator of Italy; Correspondence; Illness; Priests; Athenæum Club,
Knighthood; Friends; Death; Etching; The End._
Our book approaches the end. Such materials as we have deemed it
expedient to use in recording the events of a laborious life are
almost exhausted, and it is necessary to look around and see that
nothing has been omitted which may tend to illustrate Panizzi’s
unaspiring yet truly estimable character. Had he sought worldly
distinctions he might have had more than his share of such
unenduring and too often unmerited tokens of flattery. Those that he
did accept were for the most part received with extreme shyness, if
not with genuine reluctance. They were forced upon him, nor did he
assume them until he was out of office.
In the autumn of 1865, Panizzi received a letter from Signor
Nicomede Bianchi, announcing that the King of Italy desired to
create him a Senator of the Kingdom. Conscious of his official
position, he felt great difficulty and delicacy in accepting the
high honour intended to be conferred upon him, and applied to Mr.
Gladstone, as was his almost invariable custom, for guidance and
advice. He received the following answer:—
“September 30,
1865.
“Upon reading your very interesting letter, I, like you, feel
myself in a strait. I am loth to say anything that may tend to
even your partial removal from among us; yet I cannot doubt that
if a fair regard to your health and personal comfort will permit,
you should accept the offer of the King of Italy. I know not what
will be the precise effect on the convenience of the existing
Administration, or even on the Museum. But without stopping—for I
must not stop—to ask, I think that, considering the difficulty and
importance of constituting a Second Chamber or Senate and of doing
it in the best manner, and the advantage to it of your character,
prowess, long English experience, and thorough knowledge of our
constitution, I feel that you have before you a door opened for
rendering great services to your _other_ country in the hour of
her need, and that such an opportunity cannot be generously
refused, though I hope acceptance will not practically remove you
from us. I rather blush while writing thus. Perhaps you will
consult some other friend. On my own responsibility I mentioned
the matter recently to my host. He agrees with me.
“The great Italian question needs all the strength that can be
applied to it ... I must not omit to say that while I have written
the first part of this letter with very mixed feelings, I dwell
with unmingled pleasure on the high and honourable and most just
tribute which this offer pays to your character, abilities, and
distinctions.
“Believe me ever
“Your attached friend,
“W. E. GLADSTONE.”
Three years afterwards—on the 12th of March, 1868—Victor Emmanuel
confirmed the proposed appointment, and on the 22nd of April
following made Panizzi a Commander of the Order of the Crown of
Italy. A letter, dated April 15th, to Mrs. Haywood, refers to this
subject:—
“It is more than three years that I am offered to be made a Senator
in Italy, it is a great honour. I begged to be excused, and I only
accepted it when it was offered by the present Minister Menabrea, a
man of honour and character. The offer came after the Mentana
affair, that is at the time that poor Italy was most unfairly run
down by everybody. I did not think I ought to shrink from doing what
I could for my native country at such a moment, and had I not been
taken ill as I was, I should have gone at once to take my seat.”
The last words refer to an attack which, in January, 1868, reached a
climax so severe that his life was despaired of by his medical
advisers. His friends were unremitting in their attentions; amongst
them may be specially named Mr. Winter Jones, Mr. Newton, Sir James
Lacaita, and Mr. C. Cannon. The sufferer rallied, and when he had
attained sufficient strength went for a short time to Hastings, the
air of which watering-place greatly benefited him.
This illness must not be dismissed from notice without placing
before our readers a most characteristic extract from a “Memorandum”
which speaks for itself:—
“31, Bloomsbury Square,
April 14, 1868.
“It having come to my knowledge that during my last illness a
_priest_, who had never been called in by me or by my orders,
pushed himself into my house, when he was with great difficulty
hindered from forcing himself into my bedroom, where I was lying
very ill, he alleging that he had been sent by some nameless or
unknown person; in order to prevent so vile and so impudent an
attempt from being successful if repeated, I warmly beseech my
medical attendants, as well as my true friends, and I order my
servants to forbid by all means in their power any person not sent
for by me, or not known as one whose visit I should like to
receive, from having access to my presence, were he unfortunately
admitted into the house.”
It may seem strange to some that Panizzi thus strongly and decidedly
expressed himself in regard to a priest of his own Church: it can
scarcely appear, however, in this light to any one who has
attentively studied his character, as pourtrayed in these pages.
However disinterested might be the zeal of the Roman clergy—and even
of this the sick man seems to have had some little doubt—the
officious importunity of this particular ecclesiastic was hardly
fitted to commend him to the patient, whom an assumption of
spiritual authority would have disgusted at all times; it was,
therefore, but natural that he should resent the attempted intrusion
of a stranger on his presumed helplessness.
He knew all the insidious arts of the Church to which he nominally
belonged, and of the religion which he always professed; at the same
time he was perfectly aware of the character of the doctrines which,
even with the best intentions, the most worthy of the Romish
priesthood are bound to inculcate. Knowing all this, he avoided
controversy on the subject: if it were introduced in conversation,
he would say, _I am a Roman Catholic_, and there was an end. Such
being his ordinary frame of mind, his indignation was aroused at any
attempt to pester him on analogous themes in his state of
prostration.
No more need be said here to account for the peremptoriness of the
“Memorandum.”
About this period Panizzi wrote from Montpellier to the biographer,
then travelling in South America:—“As you know, I have been very
ill, and I really thought I should not see you again. I hear you are
likely to come back. My expenses are frightful, or I should offer to
pay your voyage. This climate, or rather Italy, would suit me very
well; I could not live in France. The French, and especially the
Emperor, have behaved very ill, perhaps cruelly to Italy. On the
other hand, the Italians have acted like idiots. I should pass my
time arguing and getting angry: so, if I can succeed, I shall return
to England; but probably I shall die on the road.“
The present writer returned in June, 1869, and with great regret
clearly perceived the ravages in his friend’s appearance caused by
the late severe illness.
Many attempts had been made by friends to induce Panizzi to allow
his name to be proposed to the committee of the Athenæum Club for
election as a member. Sir Roderick Murchison wrote to him “that he
would really be much gratified in seeing those services recognised
in the manner he proposed by his (Panizzi’s) contemporaries in
science, art, and letters.” To this proposal, honourable as it was,
he did not accede. Sir Roderick did not allow the matter to drop,
but, in the beginning of 1866, wrote again pressing the subject on
his consideration thus: “The moment has arrived when the men of
letters, science, and art, who constitute the committee of the
Athenæum Club, _ought_ to recognise your merit by electing you as a
member on our list of _eminently distinguished_ candidates.”
Hereupon Panizzi overcame his scruples, and acquiesced in the
proposal. Sir Roderick was very much gratified, a feeling shared by
the Dean of St. Paul’s, as the words of the former show. He said he
“was so fortunate as to meet the Dean of St. Paul’s, who joyfully
became the seconder, saying that he never signed any document
whatever with greater satisfaction.”
An unforeseen difficulty, however, arose, which Sir Roderick thus
communicated:—
“February 6th, 1866.
“My dear Panizzi,
“My efforts have been frustrated, to my deep regret, and
that of all those men of eminence in science, letters, and art,
whose opinion you value. After I saw you, accident placed me in
the position to ascertain that _no arguments_ of mine would or
could change the resolve of one of the Committee to _veto_ your
election, in case you obtained a majority of votes; and therefore,
after giving the strongest reasons I could for thinking that you
were singularly and highly qualified to be selected as one of our
eminent nine, I withdrew your name.
The reason assigned for this opposition was, that as you were
unpopular with a certain number of men in the Club _at large_, the
Committee ought not to go against their feelings.
I protested against this doctrine on my own part; the more so as
the gentleman, who acted in a frank and honourable manner in
letting me know his resolve, had assured me that he had a high
opinion of your capacity, acquirements, and character.
The result has given me great pain; for though your selection as a
member of the Athenæum could be of no real value to you, and could
not have added an iota to your well-earned and high reputation, it
would have been a true gratification to myself to have had the
opportunity of meeting you more frequently, now that you have
retired from the office in which you have so distinguished
yourself.
I may add that Sir Stafford Northcote and Lord Stanhope both
expressed their regret that the step I took was rendered
imperative, and many others have since spoken to me in the same
sense.
I enclose the letters of the Dean of St. Paul’s and Mr. Grote,
whose sentiments I expressed to the meeting; assuring my auditors
that the Trustees of the British Museum would endorse those
sentiments. Not a word was said by anyone against you, or against
the terms in which I proposed you.
Ever yours sincerely,
ROD. I. MURCHISON.”
Already Dean Milman had written the following letter, a short
sentence from which has been quoted in a former chapter, and is now
reproduced for the sake of the context:—
“Deanery, St. Paul’s,
February 5th, 1866.
“My dear Sir Roderick,
I greatly rejoice that you are about to propose our friend
Panizzi for election at the Athenæum.
I know few persons for whom, if on the Committee, I should have
voted with a more clear conscience, or with more earnest desire
for success.
As a man of letters I know few persons with a more extensive
knowledge of literature; as an author, his introduction to the
edition of Bojardo and Ariosto, containing a most masterly view of
Italian poetry, is, I believe, his chief claim. But I have read
other scattered works, perhaps less generally known, which I hold
in high estimation. As to his public services, his long and most
useful connection with the British Museum, cannot be more justly
or fully appreciated than by yourself, and I am sure that we
should entirely agree on this subject; above all, the great
national gift of the Reading-Room, the envy and admiration of
Europe, is, as you well know, almost his entire creation, from the
original design to the most minute detail, from the dome to the
inkstands and book-shelves.
I most heartily, my dear Murchison, wish you success, and remain
ever most truly yours,
H. H. MILMAN.”
The answer to Sir Roderick’s letter was this:—
“31, Bloomsbury Square,
February 6, 1866.
“My dear Murchison,
Many thanks for the trouble you have taken in my behalf.
The result is what I expected, and I am not in the least affected
by it. I am only sorry for the pain that I know it must have given
you.
I am proud of having received on this occasion additional proofs
of regard and friendship from you, from the Dean of St. Paul’s,
and from Mr. Grote. This outweighs the unpopularity to which your
colleague in the Committee says I am obnoxious on the part of some
unknown members of the Athenæum, who certainly do not know me as
well as you and the other Trustees of the British Museum do.
Believe me, &c.,
A. PANIZZI.”
In the summer of 1861, Sir G. Cornewall Lewis, then Home Secretary,
sought to confer another honour on Panizzi in offering him
knighthood, which, however, he declined in these terms (July 23rd,
1861):—
“I can hardly find words to acknowledge as I ought your unexpected
communication of to-day. Her Majesty’s approbation of my humble
services at the Museum is the highest reward I ever desired to
receive for them. I can only regret my inability adequately to
express my dutiful gratitude for Her Majesty’s condescension.
“Permit me, however, to represent most respectfully that, occupying
as I do, through Her Majesty’s goodness, the honourable position I
now fill, I feel great unwillingness to be the object of a further
mark of Royal favour which may attract too much public attention to
one like myself, a foreigner by birth, who will be considered by
many to have already received too high a reward for his exertions.
“If, therefore, I may be allowed to give utterance to my feelings on
the subject, I humbly but earnestly beg to be excused from having an
honour bestowed on me, the value of which I fully appreciate and
unfeignedly regard as far beyond my deserts. Apart from all other
considerations, I feel an instinctive shrinking from all
distinctions of this nature.
“With the utmost thankfulness to you for having advised Her Majesty
to acknowledge in so gracious a manner the public services which you
are pleased to state I have rendered at the Museum, I remain, &c.”
Still the Government cherished the idea of conferring on him some
title of honour; for, on the 27th of June, 1866, Lord Russell
informed him that Her Majesty had offered a _C.B., as a recognition,
though slight, of his services to one of our great public
Institutions_. With many thanks Panizzi reminded his Lordship of
what had taken place several years before, and again declined the
proferred distinction. However, in 1869, the Queen conferred on him
the distinction of K.C.B. In addition to this he was, in the month
of August of the same year, unanimously elected member of Parliament
for the place of his birth. This onerous position he, however, found
it out of his power to accept.
Here we will pause for a few minutes, as we have now arrived at the
beginning, as it were, of the end of this remarkable career. As
strength failed, and Panizzi no longer possessed his pristine powers
of body, his life became more retired; indeed, from the year 1870 up
to the time of his death it may be said that he remained in strict
privacy. It is true that his friends, his intimates, continued as of
old to visit him, nor did they omit to do so to the last; but his
facility for correspondence had failed. The old pain in his hand had
increased, until it was only with extreme difficulty that he could
use his pen; and, for the last few years, he could do no more than
append an almost illegible signature to what was written for him.
During this time his only occupation in the daytime was reading;
Dante, Virgil, and Scott’s novels were his chief favourites. In the
evening he was glad to see around his table those who still clung to
him. Such as had been most in his confidence at the Museum were
always welcome, and other old friends occasionally joined them. Then
there was the whist party, with a very moderate stake to encourage
attention to the game, and the company dispersed with pleasant
recollections.
Amongst those who did not forget Panizzi in his latter days was the
late Emperor of the French; he paid him several visits, as did other
foreign Princes when in London.
Not the least distinguished of the number was King Humbert, then
Prince of Savoy, and lastly, his old and constant friend, Mr.
Gladstone, who, when in town, never failed to pay his afternoon
visit, frequently stopping to dinner, and cheering him with his
intellectual conversation.
Nor were his declining days uncheered by sympathisers and comforters
of the gentler sex, whose consciences still bear the impress of
their good deeds. One only will we mention here—Lady Holland, whose
innate gentleness and kindness of heart prompted her to anticipate
and administer in many ways to wants and wishes that only a long and
intimate acquaintance could have enabled her to understand. Having
watched him throughout his arduous journey in life, who could have
been better fitted to solace him, and how could she fail to be
greatly attached to one whose character she had studied and knew so
well?
On the Friday previous to Panizzi’s death, Mr. Gladstone called for
the last time. A sudden change for the worse was too marked to
escape observation, and from that evening it was certain that the
weary traveller was nearing his rest. He lay in a state of perfect
composure, and in the afternoon of the next Tuesday, the 8th of
April, 1879, his spirit passed from the scene of his long unceasing
labours. His body remains for the present under a marble tomb in St.
Mary’s Catholic Cemetery at Kensal Green, where it was deposited on
Saturday, the 12th of April, 1879, in the presence of many friends
and admirers besides the recognized mourners.
So died Sir Anthony Panizzi, mourned for by all who knew him, and by
men of genius especially; no one, in discussing his merits or
demerits, can ascribe to him a spark of selfishness. The best part
of his life had been devoted to one great object; that object he had
attained and enjoyed. He had been rewarded by the appreciation of
thinking men, and by the comforts that should accompany old age,
_love, honour, and troops of friends_.
His death was the loss of a staunch friend to the biographer, who
etched the portrait prefixed to this life, and on presenting Mr.
Gladstone with the identical proof which he had before given to
Panizzi, received from the eminent Statesman this gratifying note:—
“73, Harley-street, May 10th, 1879.
“I thank you very sincerely for favouring me with a copy of your
etching of Sir A. Panizzi. It carries us back considerably, I
think, in our recollections of his general appearance from the sad
wreck we lately saw, but it is a most interesting record of one
whose image none of his friends who truly appreciated his fine
manful character would be content to part with.”
In conclusion the author cannot more faithfully indicate the scene
which terminated the labours, the hopes, the fears, and the
aspirations of his revered friend than by quoting these memorable
lines in the language he loved so well and so keenly appreciated:—
“Non come fiamma che per forza è spenta,
Ma che per se medesma si consume,
Se n’andò in pace l’anima contenta:
A guisa d’un soave e chiaro lume,
Cui nutrimento a poco a poco manca,
Tenendo al fin il suo usato costume.—_Petrarch._
[Illustration]
APPENDIX.
[Illustration]
It is thought that the following document, written in Count Cavour’s
own hand, may interest the reader. It is well known that the Italian
Statesman was in the habit of supplying Panizzi from time to time
with information, for the purpose of publication in the English
newspapers.
(1852?)
“Peu de pays se sont trouvés placés dans une situation financière
plus difficile que ne l’a été la Sardaigne après la désastreuse
campagne du printemps 1849. Avec un trésor vide, le Gouvernement
avait à songer à faire face aux frais de l’occupation étrangère
qui dura plusieurs mois, à liquider les frais de deux guerres
malheureuses, à fournir des secours aux nombreux infortunés qui
venaient chercher en Piémont un refuge contre les atteintes de la
réaction, partout ailleurs triomphante en Italie.
Plus tard il eut à pourvoir au payement de l’énorme indemnité de
guerre stipulée en faveur de l’Autriche par la paix de Milan, et
il dut songer à poursuivre les grands travaux publics entrepris
par Charles-Albert qu’on n’eût pu interrompre sans éprouver
d’immenses dommages.
Quand ou songe que toutes ces difficultés étaient aggravées encore
par l’existence d’un papier ayant cours forcé, on sera forcé de
convenir que M. d’Azeglio et ses collègues, en acceptant le
pouvoir le lendemain de la bataille de Novara, firent preuve d’un
grand courage et d’un dévouement sans bornes à leur Roi et à leur
pays.
Le nouveau Ministre des Finances, M. Nigra, pourvit aux premiers
besoins par un emprunt volontaire; par la vente de quelques
rentes, anciennes propriétés des finances, et l’émission de bons
du trésor, qui, sans avoir cours forcé, furent acceptés sans
murmures par les employés du Gouvernement et les fournisseurs de
l’armée.
Quelques mois plus tard, le calme et la confiance étant rétablis,
toute crainte de réaction ayant disparu, grâce à la loyauté du
jeune Roi, le Ministre jugea le moment venu pour contracter un
emprunt à l’étranger.
Il parvint à le faire, à des conditions, qui eu égard aux
circonstances financières et économiques de l’Europe, peuvent être
considérées comme avantageuses.
Ce premier emprunt, négocié en Octobre, 1849, avec Mess. de
Rothschild, fut suivi de deux emprunts contractés également avec
cette maison l’année suivante. Avec les ressources qu’ils
procurèrent au trésor, il fut possible de solder avec exactitude
l’indemnité de guerre due à l’Autriche; de liquider les dépenses
arriérées des deux campagnes de 1848 et 1849, et enfin de pousser
avec vigueur les travaux des deux grandes lignes de chemin de fer
qui coupent le pays en forme de croix; celle de Turin à Gênes, et
de Gênes au Lac Majeur.
Mais ce n’était pas tout que de pourvoir aux besoins
extraordinaires par des ressources extraordinaires, comme les
emprunts et les bons du trésor; le Gouvernement devait songer à
augmenter d’une manière permanente les recettes du trésor, afin de
faire face aux charges que les nouveaux emprunts imposeraient
dorénavant a l’Etat. Pour cela il fallait se résoudre à établir de
nouveaux impôts.
Le Ministère ne recula pas devant cette tâche ingrate; rendue
extrêmement difficile par la nécessité d’obtenir le concours franc
et décidé d’une Chambre des Députés jeune et sans expérience; qui
devait nécessairement éprouver la plus vive répugnance à débuter
dans ses travaux parlementaires, en imposant de nouvelles charges
à ses commettants.
Dans la session de 1850, le Ministre des Finances obtint une
augmentation sur les droits d’enrégistrement, et une extension des
droits de timbre. La session suivante, le Parlement vota une
nouvelle taxe sur les maisons; une taxe sur le commerce et
l’industrie; un impôt sur les revenus possédés par des corps
moraux; enfin une augmentation considérable dans les droits de
succession tant en ligne directe que collatérale. Enfin dans la
session actuelle, le successeur de M. Nigra, le Comte de Cavour, a
proposé un nouvel impôt personnel et mobilier; l’augmentation d’un
quart de l’impôt foncier; l’extension à toutes les provinces de
l’Etat des droits de consommation sur le vin, et enfin plusieurs
modifications aux lois sur l’enrégistrement et le timbre,
destinées à rendre plus productives ces deux branches importantes
du revenu de l’Etat.
Les lois d’impôt votées en 1850 et 1851 ont déjà augmenté de 10
millions les ressources de l’Etat: celles que le Parlement discute
dans ce moment doivent produire une somme de 10 autres millions
encore.
Le budget des recettes de 1847 s’élevait à la somme de 87,000,000.
Celui de l’année courante, calculé à 102,000,000 à raison de
l’augmentation de la consommation du tabac sur 1847, et du nouveau
produit pour le chemin de fer de Turin à Arquata, atteindra en
définitive le chiffre de 104,000,000 à cause du majeur produit des
impôts indirectes. Celui de l’année prochaine s’élèvera
probablement à 114,000. Et celui de 1854, époque à laquelle le
grand réseau de chemins de fer entrepris par le Gouvernement sera
achevé, il atteindra certainement le chiffre de 117,000,000.
Malgré ces augmentations successives de recettes, on ne peut pas
dire que le budget de 1854 présentera un parfait équilibre; car,
sans se faire illusion, on ne saurait calculer les dépenses de
cette année à moins de 120,000,000. Bien entendu que dans cette
somme les dépenses des grands travaux publics ne sont pas
comprises. Mais par contre dans le 120,000,000 se trouvent
comprises les dépenses pour une armée de terre de 40 et plus mille
hommes, et pour une augmentation de celle de mer, ainsi que pour
autres dépenses improductives, qui ne pesaient pas en 1847.
Toutefois lorsque le déficit apparent sera réduit à 3 ou 4
millions, on pourra dire qu’en réalité il n’existe pas. En effet
la somme portée au budget de l’année courante pour fond
d’amortissement s’élève à 7 millions; en 1854 elle sera plus
considérable encore, et il s’en suit que si en 1854 le déficit ne
dépasse pas 6 millions, il sera inférieur à la somme consacrée à
l’extinction de nos anciennes dettes.
Dans cet état de choses, il suffirait pour présenter un budget en
parfait équilibre, d’adopter le système que l’Angleterre pratique
depuis plus de trente ans, en ne consacrant à l’amortissement que
le surplus constaté des recettes sur les dépenses.
Pour arriver à ce résultat de grands sacrifices étaient et seront
encore nécessaires. Il a fallu se résigner à augmenter les charges
qui pesaient sur les contribuables avant les derniers événements
de plus du 30%. Les impôts en 1847 étaient de entre 78 et 80
millions; ils seraient portés entre 108 et 110 millions. Les
nouveaux impôts ont été votés et sont discutés par le Parlement
avec un admirable patriotisme. Le pays les supporte avec une rare
résignation; cela est dû à ce que le Piémont payait fort peu
d’impôts en égard aux autres nations d’Europe, et que même avec
tous les impôts susénoncés il payera toujours moins qu’en France,
ayant égard à la population et à la richesse territoriale.
Cependant devant faire cette augmentation d’impôts aussi
rapidement en peu d’années, il était à craindre qu’ils ne
tarissent les sources de la richesse publique et qu’ils
apportassent une crise, si l’on laissait subsister l’ancien
système économique, fondé sur les principes de l’école
protectioniste. C’est ce que le Ministère Sarde a senti. Aussi
s’est-il décidé à mener de front et les lois de finance et les
lois de réforme économique. Dès l’année 1840 il proclame
résolument son intention d’appliquer le système du libre échange,
en modifiant successivement toutes les lois qui avaient été faites
dans le seul but de protéger quelques industries privilégiées.
Le Ministère débuta par l’abolition des droits différentiels de
navigation. L’honneur de cette première mais décisive mesure
appartient à un homme qui par le sublime courage déployé à son lit
de mort a prouvé comment on pouvait allier, au sein du
Catholicisme, les sentiments religieux les plus vrai et les plus
purs, avec une indépendance complète de la Cour de Rome; au noble
et généreux Sainte Rose,[L] dont le Piémont, après deux ans,
pleure encore la perte.
Dans la même session le Ministre Azeglio faisait sanctionner la
réforme du tarif postal, au moyen de laquelle le système de la
taxe unique a été substitué en Piémont, comme il l’avait été en
Angleterre, aux droits progressifs en raison de la distance....
Aucune des industries qu’on disait devoir être frappées de mort
par la concurrence étrangère n’a succombé. Quelques unes ont
éprouvé un peu de gêne, des difficultés plus ou moins grandes dans
leurs opérations. D’autres au contraire n’ont jamais été dans un
état plus prospère que depuis qu’elles ont cessé d’être énormément
protégées.
Nous citerons surtout les filatures et les manufactures de coton.
Les fileurs, qui un moment s’étaient crûs ruinés, ayant repris
courage améliorèrent leurs modes de fabrication, perfectionnèrent
leurs machines, et par là ils réussirent non seulement à soutenir
sur nos propres marchés la concurrence anglaise, mais encore à la
faire aux produits étrangers sur les marchés des pays voisins et
notamment ceux des Duchés de Parme et de Modène.
L’état des importations des cotons en laine prouve que cette
assertion est loin d’être exagérée:—
En effet dans le dernier semestre de l’année 1851 nous avons 66,000
importé, quintaux métriques de coton
Nous en avions importés dans les six mois correspondants de 17,000
1850
—-—-
Augmentation Q. m 49,000
======
Dans le premier trimestre de cette année l’importation Q. m. 26,000
a été de
Elle avait été en 1851 9,000
—-—-
Augmentation Q. m. 17,000
Ces chiffres nous paraissent d’une éloquence irrésistible. Ces
résultats d’ailleurs n’ont rien d’étonnant, si l’on réfléchit que
nos industriels tirant la matière première directement de
l’Amérique, elle ne leur revient pas plus chère qu’aux Anglais,
grâce aux bas prix auxquels naviguent les marins Sardes; que la
main d’œuvre est meilleur marché qu’à Manchester, et enfin que
la force motrice qu’ils employent leur est fournie gratuitement
par la nature. Avec ces éléments de prospérité, il n’est pas
douteux que l’industrie du coton est appelée à prendre en
Sardaigne un immense développement, et à être une des sources
principales de la richesse du pays.
L’industrie des laines a été plus ébranlée que celle du coton.
Peut-être parce qu’ayant été plus protégée, elle était
relativement à celle-ci dans un état plus arriéré. Cependant elle
ne présente aucun signe de décadence: au contraire, à en juger par
le nombre et la perfection des machines que depuis quelques mois
les principaux fabricants tirent de l’étranger, il est à croire
que bientôt elle sera en mesure de lutter à l’intérieur et à
l’extérieur avec les tissus de la France et de la Belgique.
L’industrie des fers n’a pas ralenti sa production; ayant amélioré
ses produits, elle n’a pas dû consentir à une grande baisse de
prix. Nous ne pouvons pas nous dissimuler toutefois qu’étant
forcée à employer pour la production du fer le charbon de bois,
cette industrie n’est pas susceptible de grands développements;
mais qu’au contraire elle est condamnée à se restreindre à la
production des fers de qualités supérieures à laquelle les
minerais des Alpes sont singulièrement aptes.
Quant aux industries secondaires plus ou moins atteintes par la
réforme, elles n’ont pas souffert notablement, et aucune d’elle
n’a succombé jusqu’ici dans la lutte.
Les résultats financiers du nouveau système sont également
satisfaisants. II suffit pour s’en convaincre de comparer le
produit des douanes avant et après l’application du nouveau
tarrif:—
Les douanes avaient donné dans les derniers six Fr. 9,965,000
mois de 1850 un produit de
Dans les six mois correspondants de 1851 9,485,000
—-—-—-
Diminution Fr. 480,000
Pendant les quatre premiers mois de cette année Fr. 6,355,000
les douanes ont produit
Pendant les quatre mois correspondants de l’année 5,450,000
dernière
—-—-—-
Augmentation Fr. 905,000
Si on objectait que les produits de l’année dernière avaient été
affectés par la perturbation causée par la discussion des traités
et de la réforme douanière; la comparaison de 1852 avec les années
1850 et celles antécédentes, confirmerait nos assertions: en effet
le produit des quatre premiers mois de 1852 dans les provinces
continentales a donné Fr. 6,355,280
Des quatre premiers de 1850 a donné 6,274,687
” 1849 ” 5,733,361
” 1848 ” 4,603,929
” 1847 ” 5,932,835
Augmentation de 1852 comparé à 1850 Fr. 80,593
” ” 1849 621,919
” ” 1848 1,751,351
” ” 1847 422,445
Ces chiffres prouvent à l’évidence que la réforme radicale opérée
dans le tarif, loin de causer un préjudice au trésor, lui a été
singulièrement avantageuse; qu’en définitive elle a augmenté les
recettes de l’Etat, tout en procurant un énorme soulagement aux
contribuables.
Ce que les contribuables ont gagné ne peut pas être évalué à moins
de 7 ou 8 millions par an. En effet si les anciens tarifs étaient
encore en vigueur, les importations effectuées dans les derniers
12 mois, auraient dû supporter une surtaxe équivalente à la somme
susindiquée.
Si le trésor malgré ce bénéfice réalisé par les contribuables n’a
pas perdu, c’est que la quantité des objets soumis aux droits a
énormément augmenté.
Il ne faut pas croire toutefois que la consommation se soit accrue
dans la proportion des chiffres que nous venons de citer.
L’augmentation des recettes de la douane est due en grande partie
à la diminution de la contrebande qui a presque entièrement cessé,
tandis que par le passé elle s’opérait sur une immense échelle.
L’étendue des frontières des Etats Sardes par rapport à la surface
de son territoire; la facilité qu’offre au commerce illicite la
plupart des lignes qui les séparent des pays étrangers, faisaient
que sous l’appâts de droits très élevés, la contrebande avait pris
un énorme développement. Le Ministre des Finances dans la
discussion des traités avait évalué l’importance des marchandises
importées en fraude au tiers des importations totales;
l’expérience est venue confirmer cette assertion qui ne reposait
que sur des données approximatives.
La cessation presque complète de la contrebande ne sera
certainement pas estimée par tous les hommes qui pensent que les
intérêts moraux des populations ne sent pas moins sacrés que leurs
intérêts matériels, comme un des moindres bienfaits de la grande
réforme que le Piémont a accomplie à l’instar de la Grande
Bretagne.
Encouragé par le succès qui avait couronné ses premières mesures,
le Gouvernement Sarde s’est décidé à étendre aux produits du sol
les principes qu’il avait appliqués aux produits de l’industrie,
et à réduire les droits sur les denrées alimentaires étrangères.
Le pays produisant beaucoup de vins, les producteurs parvinrent
sous le dernier régime à faire frapper les liquides étrangers de
droits énormes. Avant 1847 les vins étaient soumis:
S’ils étaient d’une valeur de 20 fr. et au dessous, au droit de 16
par hect.;
S’ils étaient de valeur supérieure, au droit de 10 par hect., plus
le 30% sur la valeur;
et les eaux-de-vie de 22 degrés et au dessous, au droit de 22 par
hect.;
de degré supérieur, au droit de 40 par hect.
En 1850 un traité stipulé avec la France réduisit les droits
à 14 pour les vins au dessus de 20 fr. par hect.;
à 10 ” au dessous de cette valeur.
et pour les eaux-de-vie
à 18 par hect., celles de 22 degrés et au dessous;
à 30 ” celles de degré supérieur.
Malgré ces réductions, les droits étaient encore hautement
protecteurs, surtout par rapport aux vins communs. En effet les
vins du Languedoc ne pouvant être évalués à plus de 10 francs
l’hectolitre, il s’en suit qu’ils avaient à payer, pour pénétrer
en Piémont, un droit du cent pour cent sur la valeur.
La réduction du droit sur les vins présentait toutefois de
sérieuses difficultés. La plupart des provinces du Continent et de
la Sardaigne étant couvertes de vignobles, il était à craindre
qu’une réforme un peu hardie ne soulevat parmi les producteurs et
par contre-coup dans le Parlement, une opposition difficile à
vaincre.
Pour arriver plus facilement à son but, le Ministère se décida à
faire de la réduction des droits sur les vins et les eaux-de-vie
l’objet de négociations avec la France, afin d’en obtenir en
retour une diminution des droits qui pèsent sur deux de nos
principaux articles d’exportation—les huiles et les bestiaux. Dans
ce but un nouveau traité fut signé avec la France, qui parmi les
concessions réciproques qu’il stipulait, réduisait les divers
droits sur les vins au droit uniforme de 3,30 par hectolitre; et
ceux sur les eaux-de-vie
à 5, 50 de 22 degrés et au dessous,
à 10 — de degré supérieur.
Lorsque le traité fut connu, une vive émotion se manifesta parmi
les propriétaires de vignobles. Toutefois cette émotion n’eut pas
de suite dans les provinces du Piémont; elle ne prit pas de
couleur politique et elle ne tarda pas à se calmer. Le parti
libéral avait trop ouvertement prôné les théories du libre
échange, pour pouvoir embrasser la cause des producteurs de vins:
et quant au parti rétrograde, il est trop faible pour exercer une
influence sérieuse sur le public ou sur les masses.
Il n’en fut pas de même en Savoie. Quoique prise dans son
ensemble, cette partie des Etats Sardes ne produise pas le vin qui
est nécessaire à sa consommation, la province de Chambéry possède
une grande quantité de vignobles, et les propriétaires de vignes y
exercent une influence considérable. Il était naturel par
conséquent qu’il ne fissent créer dans la capitale de la Savoie
une agitation très-vive. Le parti rétrograde, qui est beaucoup
plus nombreux et puissant dans cette ville que partout ailleurs,
sut en profiter avec une extrême habilité il parvint à donner, à
une question purement locale, le caractère d’une question
nationale pour la Savoie.
La Savoie compte bien plusieurs députés libéraux; mais
malheureusement ils étaient en congé lorsque le traité fut
présenté à la Chambre; de sorte qu’au premier abord la Députation
Savoisienne parut unanime pour repousser le traité.
Plus tard, il est vrai, cet état fâcheux se modifia. Plusieurs
Députés s’empressèrent de quitter leurs montagnes pour venir
protester contre les doctrines illibérales de leurs collègues.
Néanmoins ils ne parvinrent pas à détruire l’impression produite
par ceux-ci, et il était facile à reconnaître que le principal
obstacle que rencontrerait le traité dans les Chambres, viendrait
de l’opinion que la Savoie lui était en grande majorité hostile.
C’est pourquoi, le Ministre des Finances, dans le discours
prononcé a cette occasion, s’est attaché à traiter la question
spécialement du point de vue savoyard.
Malgré cette tendance spéciale, ce discours contient une
exposition exacte et consciencieuse des principes économiques et
politiques qui guident depuis trois ans le Cabinet dont M.
d’Azeglio est le chef. C’est pourquoi nous avons pensé qu’il
pouvait présenter quelque intérêt pour le public anglais, que nous
savons animé d’une si vive sympathie pour une nation généreuse
qui, au milieu des plus graves difficultés et des obstacles de
tous genres, a su demeurer fidèle à la cause de l’ordre et de la
liberté; tout en accomplissant une réforme économique non moins
étendue, non moins considérable, toute proportion d’ailleurs
gardée, que celle qu’une suite d’hommes d’Etat célèbres a opéré en
Angleterre avec un si éclatant succès.
The following are the originals of which translations have been
given at pages 156 and 193 of Volume II.
“27 Agosto, 1856,
14, Cambridge Terrace, Hyde Park.
“Pregiatissimo Signor Mio,
Ho esaminato il Catalogo della Biblioteca per ciò che
risguarda l’arte e la scienza militare: è assai sprovvista delle
opere più istruttive, e che sono uscite a luce durante e dopo le
guerre di Napoleone. Così è pure dell’ _United Service
Institution_, a cui sono stato ammesso per consultare le opere che
mi abbisognano pel componimento del lavoro militare che ho tra
mano. In seguito di ciò ne ho fatte venire parecchie dalla Francia
a mie spese; ma in appresso avrei d’uopo di consultare l’opera, di
cui le accludo il titolo, e _La grande Tactique du Marquis de
Ternay, Colonel d’Etat Major_. Quelle opere, in ispecie quella di
Martray, non mi è dato procurarle perchè troppo dispendiose. Se
ella credesse di proporre alla Biblioteca di farle venire, sarebbe
per me una grande utilità. L’opera di Ternay, edizione di Parigi,
non deve costare più di franchi 25; quella di Bruxelles assai
meno.
L’opera che sto compiendo sarà in Inglese, e conterrà tutto che
deve sapersi in campagna dal sottotenente delle tre armi onde si
compone un esercito, fino allo Stato Maggior Generale
inclusivamente. E un peso assai grave, molto più che deve essere
ristretto in un volume tascabile, e riunire _concisione_,
_chiarezza_, e utto lo _scibile militare_. Io mi riprometto
tuttavia di, riuscire sia pei buoni studi che feci fino da giovane
come per l’assiduità, e diligenza che vi metterò. E tuttavia un
lavoro che non posso recare a termine prima di sei o otto mesi.
Mentre sto scrivendo, posso però disporre di alcune ore al giorno
per altre occupazioni; ed amerei, se fosse possibile, di dare
alcune lezioni di lingua e letteratura italiana, e di arte e
scienza militare. Per questa seconda parte io già fui Maggiore di
Stato Maggiore, e posso dare lezioni assai estese: per la prima
pure sono alquanto innanzi.
Sino ad ora io condussi una vita oltremodo agitata e di mezzo
sempre ai pericoli: fui per conseguenza a carico della famiglia,
che soffrì non lievi perdite a mia cagione. Ed ora mettendomi un
po’ più tranquillo ho in animo di trar profitto delle mie
cognizioni, mentre sto aspettando il desiderato momento in cui
possa di nuovo battermi per la nostra indipendenza. Per far
conoscere che sarei pronto a dar lezioni mi si consiglia di
mettere un avviso nel _Times_. Io non vorrei far ciò. Sembrerebbe
che volessi profittare del buon nome che ho, benchè immeritamente.
Credo invece che, ove la S. V. volesse, potrebbe assai giovarmi
col mezzo delle sue relazioni. Comunque sia, io me ne starò piena
mente ai consigli di lei.
Ella però non conosce la mia privata vita: su ciò le do ampie
facoltà, e può indirizzarsi agli stessi miei nemici o di opinioni,
o di partiti, o di altra specie, chè tutti ne abbiamo. Quanto alle
lingue conosco benissimo la francese, e mi disimpegno quanto
all’inglese per lezioni private.
Le ho scritto la presente, perchè temeva di recarle disturbo; se
avrà la cortesia la S. V. di darmi un cenno, potrò recarmi da lei
quando le piacerà, onde prender su quanto le ho scritto miglior
consiglio.
Venendo ora alle cose politiche, io non so nulla di positivo: mi
tengo, siccome le dissi, indipendente da ognuno: e se il Governo
sardo stimasse di potersi valere di quel poco ch’io valgo in
qualunque impresa per quanto audace potesse essere, io sono sempre
pronto. Beninteso per la indipendenza della mia patria: per la
quale fin da che conobbi non ebbi mai quiete, e sagrificai
_tutto_. Nel dire di essere pronto a dar mano al Governo sardo non
sono influenzato che dall’amore del mio paese, e dalla convinzione
che oggi, se egli vuole, è il solo Governo che possa fare l’Italia
indipendente, una e grande: ed io mi reputerò felice se in un
fatto d’_importanza_ e di _gravi conseguenze_ per gli oppressori
dell’Italia potrò adoperarmi con tutte le forze, e finire anche
una vita che non fu per me fino ad ora che triste, passionata e
melanconica. Mi perdoni questa espansione d’animo.
Da quanto sento, pare che il mio libretto abbia avuto qualche
incontro anche in Piemonte presso qualunque partito: certo che io
nulla esagerai; mi studiai per anco di far conoscere che debbesi
sagrificare qualunque principio politico alla indipendenza
nazionale; ed io così feci fino dalla mia prima prigionía del
1844.
Non mi occorrendo altro significarle, la supplico di avermi per
iscusato, e rispettosamente me le offro
Di Vostra Signoria
Umilissimo e devotissimo servitore
“FELICE ORSINI.”
-------
“Leri, 24 Ottobre (1859).
“Carissimo Panizzi,
La vostra lettera del 17 andante mi fu consegnata solo
ieri, troppo tardi per potere rispondervi lo stesso giorno. Mi
affretto a farlo questa mattina, benchè io stimi che questa
risposta debba giungere a Londra quando la questione del Congresso
sarà stata decisa.
Che allo stato delle cose, a fronte degl’impegni assunti a
Villafranca e sino ad un certo punto confermati a Zurigo
dall’Imperatore, un Congresso europeo sia una necessità, parmi
cosa evidente. Ove il Congresso non si riunisse, e la Francia
impedisse l’Italia centrale dall’uscire del provvisorio col
contrastare le decretate fusioni, quei paesi sarebbero esposti a
gravi pericoli. Nelle Romagne gli uomini superlativi, e colà ve ne
son molti, potrebbero spingere Garibaldi a tentare un’impresa
nelle Marche e fors’anche negli Abruzzi; a Modena l’occupazione
per parte dell’Austria dell’Oltrepò Mantovano, conseguenza
inevitabile del trattato, potrebbe far nascere collisioni dannose;
la Toscana forse potrebbe sopportare più a lungo una condizione
incerta, ma anche colà le mène dei retrivi secondate dai preti
produrrebbero forse gravi perturbazioni. Il Congresso adunque è
richiesto dagli stessi interessi dell’Italia. Ciò ammesso,
l’Inghilterra deve parteciparvi e per decoro suo e pel bene
nostro. L’Austria non contrasterà il suo intervento, e ammetterà
le sue riserve, quando si stabilisca che nel medesimo non abbia a
farsi parola delle provincie sulle quali conserva il suo impero. E
duro l’avere a rinunziare ad alzare la voce a favore dell’infelice
Venezia; eppure è forza il far tacere le più vive simpatie per non
sacrificare il possibile al desiderabile.
L’Austria, rassicurata sul Veneto, dovrà acconsentire alia massima
inglese, che si abbia a rispettare i voti degl’Italiani. Per dare
a questa forma più diplomatica, basterebbe il dire che le Potenze
s’impegnano a non imporre colle armi una forma qualunque di
governo ai popoli dell’Italia centrale. Questo è il principio di
non intervento già, proclamato dall’Imperatore nei suoi scritti e
nei suoi discorsi. Propugnato dalla Francia e dall’Inghilterra e
fors’anche dalla Russia, sarà subíto dall’Austria ed accettato
dalla Prussia.
Passando quindi alla costituzione del Congresso, non esito a
pronunziarmi per l’esclusione delle Potenze minori. Se si
trattasse solo dei Ducati e della Toscana, il loro intervento
sarebbe giovevole; ma siccome la questione la più ardua e dirò
pure la più importante è quella delle Romagne, temerei che il Papa
avesse a trovare nella Spagna e nel Portogallo ardenti difensori.
Il Congresso riunito, la condotta dell’Inghilterra non può essere
dubbia. Proporrebbe dapprima che i voti dei popoli legalmente
espressi ricevessero la sanzione dell’Europa. Questa proposta
essendo rigettata, proporrebbe che i popoli venissero interrogati
pel mezzo del suffragio universale, da constatarsi dai
rappresentanti del Congresso. Questa proposta troverebbe appoggio
nella Francia, e sarebbe probabilmente accettata.
Quando nol fosse, l’Inghilterra dovrebbe entrare in una fase
negativa e contrastare le proposte dell’Austria ed anche quelle
della Francia. Il Duca di Modena essendo da tutti, non esclusi i
suoi congiunti, abbandonato, non si avrà a combattere che la
ristaurazione della Casa di Lorena in Toscana, l’installazione
della Duchessa di Parma a Modena, ed il ristabilimento del dominio
papale nelle Romagne.
Queste determinazioni si possono combattere non solo in virtù dei
diritti dei popoli, ma altresì e più efficacemente ancora
nell’interesse del principio monarchico, e delle idee d’ordine e
di conservazione. Se si vuole che la rivoluzione ora schiacciata
non ritorni minacciosa e potente, non bisogna porla a fronte di
Governi deboli, senza radici, senza forze nè fisiche nè morali; se
si vuole che i troni sieno rispettati, conviene non farvi sedere
Principi disprezzati e disprezzabili, il di cui solo nome è in
contrasto irritante col sentimento ora dominante in Italia, il
sentimento nazionale. Ritorni il Granduca o suo figlio a Firenze;
ed in men di un mese la Toscana sarà il quartier generale di
Mazzini e della rivoluzione militante. Forse si dirà che la
Duchessa di Parma è donna forte e non disprezzata. Quando ciò
fosse vero, non si potrebbero cancellare le memorie del padre
cotanto odiose, ed ispirare fiducia nel figlio. D’altronde quel
sistema dei compensi che se vorrebbe applicare a favore di questo
ramo borbonico, è in urto diretto coi sentimenti e le idee che
dominano ora in Europa. I Modanesi sarebbero feriti nella loro
dignità, quando si vedessero assegnare in guisa di _douaire_ alla
vedova dello scellerato Duchino di Parma. Meglio per loro la
ristaurazione dell’antico sovrano. In quel caso sarebbero vittima
di un falso principio; ma non sarebbero trattati come un branco di
pecore, di cui si dispone per fare accetare da una delle parti
contraenti condizioni da lei riputate onerose.
Il Trattato di Vienna ha molte parti odiose; pure è men odiabile
di quel di Campoformio.
Rispetto alle Romagne sarà facile all’Inghilterra il far
respingere l’idea delle riforme papali. Accettandola, si fa peggio
che una cosa odiosa, si fa una cosa ridicola. Non e necessario di
essere un gran statista nè gran teologo per rimanere convinti che
il Papa non solo non vuole, ma non può acconsentire a
serieriforme. Finchè sarà Papa e Re, dovrà in coscienza impiegare
le forze del Re per fare rispettare i decreti del Pontefice. La
separazione dei due poteri non è possibile. Il Papa non può
acconsentire nè alla libertà dell’insegnamento, nè alla libertà
dei culti, nè alla libertà della stampa. Non può tollerare le
libertà municipali, salvochè per queste s’intenda la facoltà di
regolare a beneplacito dei Municipi le strade consortili ed i
lastricati delle strade. Il Papa, come Papa, subirà, più
facilmente la perdita di una provincia, che non la promulgazione
nei suoi Stati del Codice civile napoleonico. La ristaurazione
papale deve impedirsi ad ogni costo; è questione non solo
italiana, ma d’interesse europeo. Importa a noi, ma importa pure
all’Inghilterra, alla Prussia, alla Russia stessa, a tutti i paesi
ove si vuole lo sviluppo della civiltà, il quale richiede come
condizione essenziale la separazione assoluta dei due poteri. Se
il Papa conseguisse una vittoria in Italia, la tracotanza e
l’orgoglio dei Cullen e dei McHale crescerebbe a dismisura, e
l’Europa sarebbe minacciata in non lontano avvenire dal pericolo
di lotte religiose analoghe a quelle dei secoli scorsi. Si ceda su
tutto anzichè sacrificare le Romagne. La lor causa, lo ripeto, è
la causa della civiltà.
Quando l’Inghilterra riesca ad allontanare le proposte
austro-franche, torni a mettere in campo le primitive sue, ed ove
non prevalgano, proponga l’unione immediata di Parma e Carrara al
Piemonte e lo stabilimento di un Governo provvisorio, ma
fortemente costituito, che riunisca sotto di sè Firenze, Modena e
Bologna.
Ecco il mio parere, ve lo do per quel che vale. Lontano dagli
affari, con poche relazioni coi Ministri, ignoro forse molte cose
che modificare potrebbero la mia opinione. Tuttavia giudicando la
questione dell’Italia centrale dai dati che sono in certo modo
acquistati alla storia, porto ferma opinione che, ove
l’Inghilterra seguisse la via de me tracciata, riuscirebbe
nell’intento di assicurare le sorti dell’Italia centrale con utile
nostro e gloria sua.
Addio, carissimo amico; proseguite a perorare la nostra causa
presso la nobile nazione inglese, ed i vostri sforzi non
rimarranno sterili. Ripeto ora quel che dicevo in febbraio alla
Camera ed all’Italia: Gli uomini di Stato, che hanno onorata la
loro camera col compiere l’emancipazione dei neri, non vorranno
condannare l’Italia ad eterno servaggio.
Vostro affezionatissimo amico
“C. CAVOUR.”
THE END
INDEX
A’Court, Sir W. I. 56.
Acton, Lord. II. 250.
Aberdeen, Earl of. I. 181, 205, 211, 221,
248, 365. II. 71.
Addington, H. U. I. 180. II. 96.
Agresti, F. II. 63.
Alberici, G. I. 33, 47.
Alberoni, Cardinal. II. 74.
Aldus. I. 82.
Alessandria. I. 23.
Allen. I. 314.
Andreoli. G. I. 35.
Angoulême, Duke d’. I. 56.
Antonelli, Cardinal. II. 57.
Antonioli. I. 42.
Anytus. I. 87.
Apponyi, Count. I. 387. II. 34.
Arduinus. II. 64.
Argentine Republic. II. 146.
Argyll, Duke of. II. 173.
Ariosto. I. 79.
Aristophanes. II. 215.
Armelonghi. II. 179.
Arnold, Dr. I. 314.
Ars, Curé of. I. 3.
Ascoli, Duke d’. I. 21.
Ashburton, Lady. I. 336.
Ashburton, Lord. I. 132, 248.
Asher. I. 263.
Aumale, Duke of. II. 21.
Autharis. I. 8.
Ayala, M. d’. II. 59.
Azeglio, Massimo d’. II. 251, 254.
Azeglio, Marquis d’. II. 207.
Baber, H. H. I. 131.
Bachon, M. II. 293.
Balbo, Count. II. 60.
Banks, Sir J. I. 111.
Banks, H. I. 156.
Banks, S. S. Mrs. I. 111.
Barbier, de Tinan Admiral. II. 231.
Bardetti, Father. I. 6.
Baretti, G. I. 324.
Baring, B. I. 151.
Barnard, Sir F. I. 115.
Baron, Major. I. 281.
Barrot, O. I. 229.
Barry, Sir C. I. 357.
Beaconsfield, Lord. II. 24.
Beauharnais, E. de. I. 18.
Beauvale, Lord. I. 247.
Bello, F. I. 79.
Bembo, Cardinal. I. 307.
Bennett, J. J. II. 21.
Bentham, J. I. 143.
Bentley, Dr. I. 113.
Bertani, Dr. II. 145.
Besini, G. I. 31.
Bezzi, G. I. 43.
Bianchi, N. II. 297.
Bianchini, Signor. II. 144.
Billaut, M. I. 229.
Birch, Dr. S. II. 21.
Birch, Dr. T. I. 111.
Blacas, Duke de. II. 51.
Blackstone, Sir W. I. 344.
Blomfield, Dr. I. 131.
Boccaccio. I. 79.
Bodkin, Mr. I. 290.
Bohn, Mr. I. 289.
Bojardo. I. 79, 95.
Bonaparte, J. I. 17.
Bond, E. A. I. 345, 366. II. 20, 39, 278.
Boone, T. & W. I. 295.
Booth, J. II. 15.
Bossi, G. I. 70.
Botta, C. I. 74.
Bridport Election. I. 177.
Brissac, M. II. 293
British Museum opened. I. 106.
Brooks’s Club. I. 250.
Brougham, Lord. I. 68, 72, 100, 314, 327,
329.
Brown, R. II. 21.
Bruce, J. I. 261.
Brunet, M. I. 310
Buckingham, Duke of. I. 270
Bullen, G. I. 161
Buonarroti, M. A. I. 309 II. 40
Burney, Dr. C. I. 111
Byron, Lord. I. 57
Cadiz. II. 168
Cadogan, Lord. I. 365
Calvi, J. A. I. 307
Campagna, Signor. II. 144
Canning, Lord. I. 179, 257
Cannon, C. I. 310, 354 II. 299
Capuano Castel. II. 107
Caradosso. I. 308
Carafa, G. II. 104
Carbonaro. I. 13
Cardwell, Viscount. I. 173
Carignano, Prince of. I. 23
Carlyle, J. A. I. 306
Carlyle, T. I. 335
Carmagnuolo. I. 23
Caronzi, F. I. 33
Carpeaux, J. B. II. 291
Carpenter, W. H. II. 21
Cary, H. F. I. 77, 134
Casaubon, I. I. 110
Castelcicala, Prince. II. 94
Cavandoli, G. B. I. 47
Cavendish, Lord Frederick. II. 250
Cavour, Count. II. 192, 231
Cawdor, Earl. I. 365
Celano. II. 109
Celci, Tito. _See_ _Orsini_.
Champagne, Marquis de. I. 16
Charlemagne. I. 80
Charles X. I. 100
Charles, Albert. II. 60
Charles, Felix. I. 99
Chartists (1848). I. 280
Chaucer. I. 303
Chepmell, Dr. II. 104
Cicero. I. 307
Cisterna, Prince della. I. 15
Clarendon, Lord. I. 200, 205, 247
Clarendon, Countess. I. 365
Cleave, J. II. 268
Clinton, Mr. II. 6
Cocchi. I. 12
Cochrane, J. G. I. 262
Coke, Mr. I. 66
Colborne, R. I. 151
Colin, A. II. 274
Collier, John Payne. I. 257, 260
Colt-Hoare, Sir R. I. 111
Concordat of 1855. II. 121
Conti, S. I. 33, 45
Copyright Act. I. 284
Corney, Bolton. II. 13
Corn Laws. I. 249
Costa, Father. II. 105
Costa, S. da. I. 110
Cottenham, Lord. I. 327
Cottonian Library. I. 103
Cousin, V. I. 45
Cracherode, C. M. I. 112
Cracow. I. 232
Craik, G. L. I. 261
Cranmer, Archbishop. I. 110
Cranworth, Lord. II. 7
Cranworth, Lady. I. 366
Craufurd, J. II. 156
Craven, Mr. II. 31
Cremona, I. 26
Croker, J. W. I. 262
Croker, Wilson, Right Hon. I. 356
Cowtan, Robert. I. 281
Cugini, P. I. 191
Cureton, Dr. W. II. 9
Dacre, Lady. I. 76
Dallas, G. M. II. 171
Dante. I. 77, 294 II. 242
Dati. I. 305
“David Stewart.” II. 169.
Davis (of Shelton). I. 288
Death, Sentence of. I. 46
De Morgan, Professor. I. 262
Denman, Lord. I. 323
Désauget, General. II. 61
Deutsch, E. II. 267
Dickens, Charles. II. 173, 269
Disraeli, B. _See_ _Beaconsfield, Lord_.
D’Orsay, Count. I. 320
Doubleday, J. I. 188
Dufaure. I. 229
Duncombe, T. S. I. 184
Dundas, Sir D. I. 275
Dunne, G. I. 308
Dürer, A. II. 40
Durham Letter. II. 114
Du Sommerard. II. 274
Eastlake, Lady. I. 366
Eastlake, Sir C. I. 366
Ebrington, Lord. I. 197
Ecclesiastical Commission Act. I. 315
“Ecclesiastical Titles Bill.” II. 115
Edwards, Major A. I. 103, 112
Edwards, E. I. 161, 168
Egerton, Lady Charlotte. II. 174
Egerton, Sir P. I. 151
Elgin Marbles. I. 355
Ellesmere, Lord. I. 257, 268 II. 8, 9, 22
Ellice, Edward. I. 248, 250, 332 II. 197, 233
Ellis, Sir H. I. 109, 142, 152, 366, 367
II. 3
Ercole I. I. 9
Ercole II. I. 9
Estcourt, S. I. 151
“Ettore Fieramosca.” II. 167
Eusebius. I. 7
Eugénie, Empress. II. 233, 288, 290, 294
Eversley, Lord. II. 24
Ewart, John. I. 54, 100
Ezzellino IV. I. 8.
Fagan, George. II. 28, 97, 101, 133, 149
Fagan, Louis. II. 213, 275, 301
Fagan, Major. II. 214
Farini, L. C. II. 188
Farioli, G. B. I. 33
Farnborough, Lord. I. 132, 270
Favre, J. II. 163
Feilding, Lord. II. 104
Fellows, Sir C. I. 256 II. 38
Ferdinand I. I. 21
Ferdinand II. (death of). II. 55, 135, 183
Ferdinand VII. I. 20
Fergusson, J. I. 356
Ferrucci, Cav. I. 309
Fielder, Mr. I. 365
Fieri, F. I. 33
Filangieri, General. II. 82
Finistrello Citadel. I. 22
Fitzgerald, Mr. I. 258
Fitzwilliam, Lord. I. 114
Ford, K. II. 9
Forshall, J. I. 146, 152, 160, 258
Forster, J. I. 167 II. 23
Fortescue, Lord. I. 275
Fortunato. II. 82
Foscolo, U. I. 63, 70 II. 250, 255
Fosse, C. de la. I. 105
Fould, A. II. 225
“Francia il.” I. 306 II. 40
Francis II. II. 207
Francis IV. I. 12
Francis V. II. 99
Fratuzzi Abbate. I. 10, 144
Frederick II. I. 8
Fust. I. 308
Galeazzo Maria, Duke. I. 9
Galileo. I. 305
Gallispani. I. 9
Gambardella. I. 324
Gargiulo, R. II. 31
Garibaldi, General. I. 186 II. 249
Garnett, Rev. R. I. 161
Garnett, R. I. 162 II. 268
Garrick, D. I. 111
Gaskell. I. 279
Gaurico. I. 308
Genoa, Duke of. II. 63
George III. I. 111, 116
George IV. I. 100, 114, 116
Gex. I. 43
“Giacomino.” _See_ _Hudson, Sir J._
Giberto of Correggio. I. 9
Giglioli, D. I. 47
“Giovine Italia.” II. 68
Gizzi. II. 57
Gladstone, Mrs. II. 171
Gladstone, The Right Hon. W. E. I. 181, 268, 334 II.
70, 89, 97, 141, 148, 174, 191, 224, 227, 229, 242, 250, 261,
298, 307, 308
Glastonbury, Lord. I. 271
Gloucester, Duchess of. I. 365
Gordon, Sir R. I. 189, 191
Goulburn. I. 173, 355
Graham, Sir J. I. 185
Granville, Lord. II. 173, 250.
Grasselini. II. 57
Grassi, T. I. 74
Gray, Dr. J. E. I. 256. II. 19
Gray, T. I. 344
Gregory XIV. II. 56
Grenville, Thomas. I. 79, 95, 118, 132,
266
Greville, C. I. 221, 226, 231
Grey, Lord. I. 252, 314
Grey, C. II. 12
Grey, Lady. I. 366
Grey, Sir G. I. 366 II. 8, 11, 262
Gruppi, C. I. 10.
Guizot, M. I. 196
Guttenberg. I. 308
Halifax, Lord. I. 104
Hallam, H. I. 139, 268, 355
Hamilton, W. R. I. 264, 273, 363 II. 25
Hampden Case. I. 322
Hardwicke, Major-General. I. 112
Hardy, Sir T. D. I. 327
Hargrave, F. I. 112
Harleian, MSS. I. 106
Harriette, Lady. I. 248
Harris, John. I. 296, 311
Hawes, Sir B. I. 151
Hawkins, Ed. I. 371 II. 38
Hawkins, Sir J. I. 111
Hawkins, T. I. 154
Haywood, Mrs. II. 248, 299
Haywood, F. I. 54, 100, 331 II. 14, 34, 100, 116,
189
Heber, R. I. 116
Hernof. _See_ _Orsini_.
Holland House. I. 314
Holland, Lady. II. 239, 307
Holland, Lord. I. 324, 326 II. 101
Homer. I. 334
Hooke, R. I. 105
Home, T. H. I. 156
Hosking, W. I. 368, 371
Houghton, Lord. II. 23, 25
Howley, Dr. I. 100
Hudson, Sir J. II. 188, 232, 245
Humbert, King. II. 307
Hume, D. I. 344
Incisa Cav. II. 189
Inglis, Sir R. H. I. 132, 151
Isturiz, F. X. de. I. 213
“James, Captain.” II. 168
Jardine, Mr. I. 188, 290
Jarnac, M. de. I. 214
Jeffrey, Lord. I. 314
Jesuits. I. 215
Jewett, Prof., C. C. I. 170.
Johnson, S. I. 115, 344
Jones, J. Winter. I. 161, 168, 261 II. 16, 18, 21,
262, 238, 299
Joubert, General. I. 75
Joursanvault, Baron de. I. 153
Kauffungen, C. de. I. 16
Keightley, T. I. 90
Kenyon, J. II. 15.
Knight, Dr. Gowin. I. 108
König, C. I. 256
Kossuth. II. 223
La Cava (Visit). II. 240
La Greca, Marquis. II. 207
Lacaita, Sir J. II. 97, 110, 131, 147, 205, 257, 299
Lagden, Miss. II. 296
Lajatico. II. 179
Lamoricière, Monseigneur. II. 211.
Landeburiana (Society). I. 25
Langdale, Lady. I. 327
Langdale, Lord. I. 327
Lansdowne, Marquis of. I. 132, 248, 314 II. 4, 6,
10, 173
Lavallette, M. de. II. 293
Lawes, H. I. 304
Lawrence, Sir T. I. 114
Layard, Sir A. H. II. 24.
Lefevre, Hon. C. Shaw. _See_ _Eversley, Lord_.
Leo I. I. 7.
Leven, Lord. II. 205
Lewis, Sir G. C. I. 302
Lewis, Sir G. C. II. 40, 43, 305
Libri, G. I. 195
Liechtenstein, Princess Mary. II. 268
Lieven, Madame de. I. 221
Linati, C. I. 54
Lisio, Captain. I. 23.
Lloyd, W. I. 187
London, Bishop of. I. 366
Ludolf, Count. II. 57, 207
Madden, Sir F. I. 145, 153, 366 II. 21
Macaulay, Lord. I. 71, 85, 248, 355 II. 15
Macchiavelli, N. I. 70 II. 69
Magenis, A. C. I. 194
Maghella. I. 16
Maio. II. 87
Major, R. I. 144
Mammiani, Count. II. 60
Manfredi. II. 179
Manna, G. II. 207
Manzini, C. I. 278
Manzoni, G. Count. I. 309
Maranesi, F. I. 33
Marliani. II. 182
Marochetti, Baron. I. 366, 385
Martin, Miss. I. 60, 95
Masson, Professor. I. 302
Maure, Dr. II. 296
Mauro, Domenico. II. 60
Mausolus. II. 47
Maximilian, Archduke. II. 37
Mazza, O. II. 133
Mazzini, G. I. 63, 67, 99, 182
Mazzini, G. II. 156, 256
Melbourne, Lord. I. 245, 320
Melville, Lady Anne. II. 206
Menabrea, General. II. 255, 299
Mérimée, J. F. L. II. 278
Mérimée, Prosper. I. 196 II. 218, 273
Metternich, Prince. I. 190 II. 60
Millard, J. I. 151
Milman, Dean. I. 366 II. 270, 304
Milton. I. 85, 302
Minto, Lord. II. 60
Minzi, Dr. I. 13, 40, 42, 47 II. 35, 101
Molé, M. I. 224
Molesworth, Sir W. II. 79, 85
Moll, Baron. I. 113
Monckton Milnes. _See_ _Houghton, Lord_.
Monnoyer, J. B. I. 105
Montague House. I. 104
Montague, Duke of. I. 105
Montani. I. 42
Monte Cassino. II. 241
Moore, T. I. 94, 314
Morgan, Lady. I. 24
Morgan de, Professor. I. 262
Morton, C. I. 109
Mounier, M. II. 292
Munarini, Count. I. 41.
Murat. I. 17
Murchison, Sir R. I. I. 257 II. 270, 302
Murillo, B. I. 244
“Museum Megrims.” I. 346
Museum. _See_ _British Museum_.
Napier, Lord. II. 81
Napier, M. I. 85
Napoleon I. I. 28
Napoleon III. I. 15 II. 159, 235
Newton, C. T. II. 45, 48, 51, 299
Niccolini, Signor. II. 133
Nicolas, Sir H. I. 349
Nizzoli, A. I. 33
Normanby, Lord. I. 214
Northcote, Sir Stafford. II. 303
Norton, Mrs. I. 321
Numeister. I. 295
Obizzo III. I. 9
Oldfield, Mr. II. 29
Orsay, Count d’. I. 320
Orsini, F. II. 154, 156, 159
Otho, Emperor. I. 7
Overstone, Lord. II. 145
Ovid. I. 320
Owen, Professor. I. 366 II. 38
Oxford, Earl of. I. 104
Pageot, M. I. 204
Palladio. I. 342
Pallavacino, U. I. 8
Palmerston, Lord. I. 248, 332 II. 12, 28, 46, 54, 135,
149, 161, 173, 261
PANIZZI, A. Birth. I. 10
University. I. 11
Carbonaro. I. 19
Letter to Tax-gatherer. I. 51
Moore’s verses. I. 94
First Appointment. I. 100
Naturalized British Subject. I. 117
Keeper of Printed Books. I. 133
Official Residence. I. 140
At Ischl. I. 189
At Parma. I. 193
Portrait by Watts at Holland House. I. 324
Portrait by Marochetti. I. 385
Appointed Principal Librarian. II. 11
Mr. Newton’s Expedition to Budrum. II. 46
D.C.L. of Oxford. II. 53
Panizzi and Lord Shrewsbury. II. 75
Naples, 1851. II. 96
Death of his Sister. II. 100
At Rome. II. 100
Interview with Ferdinand II. II. 102
Spies. II. 103
“Vicaria.” II. 105
Leaves Naples. II. 109
Honours. II. 112
Sir J. Lacaita. II. 208
Visits Napoleon III. II. 217
Ill-health. II. 237
Departure for Naples. II. 238
Convents, &c. II. 243
Resignation. II. 257
Pension. II. 261
Testimonial. II. 265
Senator. II. 299
Athenæum Club. II. 302
Knighthood refused. II. 305
K.C.B. II. 306
Death. II. 308
Panizzi, L. I. 10
Panmure, Lord. I. 366
Papal Aggression. II. 114
Pappacarboni, A. II. 240
Pappalettere, Abbot. II. 241
Parenti. I. 32
Parepa, Madame. II. 133
Parilli, Signora. II. 102
Parkes, J. I. 319
Parliamentary Commission, (1835-36). I. 146
Parliamentary Grant. I. 173
Parry, Serjeant. I. 165, 168
Pecchio, G. I. 58
Peel, Sir R. I. 212, 245, 248
Pellico, S. I. 15, 59 II. 60
Peretti, L. I. 33
Persigny, Count. II. 207
Peruzzi, U. II. 179
Petrarch. I. 307
Petre, Mr. II. 31.
Pheidias. II. 48
Pickering, W. I. 68, 82, 297
Pironti. II. 165
Pironti, M. II. 66
Pius IX. II. 57
Planta, J. I. 108, 109
Poerio, C. II. 63, 165, 176, 202
Ponsonby, Lord. I. 198
Ponzoni, G. I. 31
Portland Vase. I. 187
“Post-office Espionage.” I. 183
Praxiteles. II. 47
Prentiss, Captain. II. 169
Prete, M. II. 109
Prince Consort. I. 365 II. 12
Prince Imperial. II. 291
Principal Librarian. I. 107
“Psalter of 1457.” I. 189
Puget, P. I. 105
Pulci, L. I. 79
Raibolini, F. _See_ “_Il Francia_”.
Ralston, W. R. S. II. 268
Raphael (Sanzio). I. 309
Reading-Room. I. 338
Rechberg, M. de. II. 223
Redcliffe, Lord Stratford de. II. 48
Rembrandt. II. 40
Reynolds, Sir J. I. 324
Riansares, Duke de. I. 226
Ribbonism. I. 13
Ridout, J. I. 161
Rochester, Bishop of. I. 316
Rogers, S. I. 73, 193, 268, 278
Roget, Dr. I. 121
Roland. I. 80
Roscoe, W. I. 49, 73, 84
Rose, W. S. I. 80, 82, 93
Ross, L. II. 47
Rossetti. I. 89
Rousseau, J. I. 105
Roy, E. I. 262
Royal Commission, (1847-49). I. 255
Royal Society—Correspondence, &c. I. 119
“Rubiera Processi di’.” I. 25
Russell, Lady. I. 366
Russell, Lord. I. 248, 322 II. 24, 114, 121
Rutherfurd, Lord. I. 181, 257, 331
Rye, W. B. I. 161, 274, 384
Safvet-Pacha. II. 289
Saint Ambrose. I. 7
Sainte-Aulaire de. I. 212, 314
Saint Benedict. II. 242
Santa-Rosa, S. I. 23, 44
Satriano, Prince. II. 76
Satriano, Tito, Duke. II. 133
Saxe-Cobourg, Prince de. I. 212
Schell, Mr. II. 166
Schœffer. I. 308
Schmidt, Monseigneur. II. 211
Scopas. II. 48
Sébastiani Maréchal. I. 211
Sedlnitzky, Count. I. 190
Sella, A. II. 109
Senesi, F. II. 131
Senior Nassau. I. 325
Serra Capriola, Duke. II. 61
Settembrini, Luigi. II. 63, 67, 127, 137, 146, 150
Settembrini, Raffaele. II. 130, 168
Settembrini, Madame. II. 128
Shaftesbury, Earl of. II. 174, 250
Shee, Serjeant. II. 118
Shelburne, Lord. II. 148
Shepherd, Dr. I. 54, 193
Shrewsbury, Lord. II. 74, 101, 110
Sidmouth, Lord. I. 116
Sloane, Sir H. I. 102
Smirke, Sir R. I. 115
Smirke, Sydney. I. 360, 373, 378, 386
Smith, Joseph. I. 114
Smith, Sydney. I. 268, 314
Solmi. I. 32
Somerset, Duke of. I. 257, 366. II. 22
Sotheby, W. I. 80
Sotomayor Duke de. I. 219, 224
“Spanish Marriages.” I. 202
Sparrow, R. J. II. 268
Spencer, Earl. I. 79, 366 II. 276
Spenser. I. 303
Stanhope, Lord. II. 303
Stanley, Lord. I. 151
Stevens, H. I. 263, 288 II. 166
“Stromboli.” II. 165
Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury. I. 365
Sussex, Duke of. I. 122
Sutherland, Duke of. II. 173, 250
Taillefer. I. 80
Tait, Mrs. I. 366
Tasso. I. 334
Taverna, Countess. I. 248
Taylor, J. T. II. 268
Teleki, Countess. I. 327
Temple, Sir W. II. 27, 126
Templeman, Dr. I. 343
Thackeray, W. M. I. 321
Thiers, A. I. 199, 253
Thompson, E. M. II. 267
Ticino. I. 42
Tizioni. I. 12
Toledo, Pedro de. II. 108
Tosti Padre. II. 241
Townley, C. I. 114
Towsey, Captain. II. 47
Trivulzio, E. I. 9
Trustees of the British Museum. I. 106
Tuppo, G. and P. I. 295
Turner, Miss E. I. 7
Vasto, Marquis del. II. 93
Vercelli. I. 23
Vedriani. I. 33
“Vehmgerichte.” I. 14
Vérard, A. I. 110
Vernon, Lord. I. 295, 298
Veronese, F. I. 295
Verrio, A. I. 105
“Vicaria.” II. 107
Victor Emmanuel II. II. 64, 186
Victoria (Queen). I. 211
Vignati. II. 133
Vinci, L^{o.} da. I. 309.
Vinet, E. I. 340
Virgil, I. 334
Waddington, H. II. 11
Warburton. I. 177
Waterhouse, G. R. II. 21
Watts, G. F. (R.A.) I. 324 II. 265
Watts, T. I. 163, 168, 373
Wellington, Duke of. I. 100
Westmacott, Sir E. I. 256, 340
White, E. I. 299
Whittingham, C. I. 295
William the Norman. II. 108
Wilson, J. I. 361
Wiseman, Cardinal. II. 75
Wodehouse, Lord. II. 250
Wren, Sir C. I. 342
Wurtemberg, Duke of. I. 16
Ymes, Mr. I. 54
Zani, Abb. I. 308
Zatti. I. 42
Zetland, Lord. II. 145
Zwilchenbart, Mr. I. 54
Footnotes:
-----
Footnote A:
The Biographer’s Father of whom more particular mention will be made
hereafter.
Footnote B:
He knew the people and country well. In 1849 he was named Commissioner
for the settlement of British claims at Naples, and at Messina in
1851. In 1856 he was appointed Secretary of Legation to the Argentine
Confederation, and after arriving at a satisfactory conclusion with
respect to the settlement of British claims in Buenos Ayres in 1858,
was appointed Chargé d’Affaires to the Republic of Ecuador, and
afterwards Minister to Venezuela in 1865, where he died at Caracas, of
yellow fever, in 1869.
Footnote C:
In a Consistory holden in Rome, 30th September, 1850, Pius IX. named
fourteen new cardinals, of whom four only were Italians. Amongst the
ten foreigners was Dr. Wiseman, at the time Vicar-Apostolic of the
London district, who was at the same time nominated Lord Archbishop of
Westminster. On the 27th of October following, Dr. Ullathorne was
enthroned as Roman Catholic Bishop of Birmingham, in St. Chad’s
Cathedral in that town. The same day a pastoral letter from Dr.
Wiseman was read in all the Roman Catholic chapels of his See, and on
its becoming generally known that all England had been parcelled out
into Romish dioceses, the strongest indignation was expressed
throughout the empire.
Footnote D:
Bombarded 9th of August, 1855.
Footnote E:
September 14th, 1855.
Footnote F:
Now a distinguished officer in the Italian Navy.
Footnote G:
These memorable words were uttered in the sitting of the 9th of
February, 1859, during the discussion on the loan contracted to
prepare for war against Austria.
Footnote H:
It has often been said that D’Azeglio was a believer in
Spiritualism; this letter is, therefore, of importance as a
confession of faith on the subject.
Footnote I:
This resolution was added on the special suggestion of Mr.
Disraeli.
Footnote J:
Manzoni thus begins his famous “Cinque Maggio,” or his Ode on the
Death of Napoleon, which has been translated by Mr. Gladstone.
Footnote K:
Jean Baptiste Carpeaux, born at Valenciennes (1827-1875). Studied
under Rude, Duret, and Abel de Pujol. In 1854 he took the _prix de
Rome_. In 1865 he was commissioned to decorate the Pavilion of
Flora in the Louvre; he there executed one of his larger works,
called “Imperial France bringing Light to the World, and
protecting Agriculture and Science.” In 1869 his group of
“Dancers” was placed on the façade of the New Opera at Paris. It
will be remembered that in the night of August 27, 1869, the work
was disfigured by having a corrosive ink thrown over it. The spots
were removed.
Footnote L:
Count Pietro di Santa Rosa, Statesman.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transcriber’s Note
The list of illustrations does not have a reference to an image
appearing on p. 161. The subject of that illustration is unclear.
There is scant resemblance between this image and that on p. 154,
whihc is clearly (from the text), Felice Orsini.
The French passages in the Appendix liberally employ three asterisks
to indicate an elided name, e.g., 'Madame L——’. These have been
replaced by a long dash.
A footnote on p. 255 had no anchor in the text. An anchor has been
added at what seems an appropriate place.
On p. 252, the passage beginning ‘“You say that we are behindhand’
uses the continuating quotation in mid-line, following an ellipsis.
This would seem to be a printer’s error. A new paragraph is assumed.
A spelling discrepancy between the text and the Index for Count
`Mammiani´ (index) and `Mammiana´ (text) was resolved as a reference
to Count Mammiani of Persano.
There were a number of instances of inconsistent or apparently
incorrect diacritical marks in the French passages. Most were
corrected to adhere to other instances of the preferred spelling,
except where accents were entirely absent, in which as the text
remains as printed.
Other minor irregularities of punctuation in the Index were
corrected with no further remark. The Index also includes one
obvious error, the final reference to Lord Brougham, in Vol I, p.
399. The first volume ends with p. 389. The page number was changed
to p. 329, where a final letter from Lord Brougham appears.
The following errors were deemed most likely to be the printer’s and
have been corrected, and are noted here. The references are to the
page and line in the original. The ‘c’ refers to the Contents, which
were not paginated.
c.16 Poerio and Sett[i/e]mbrini Replaced.
52.5 telegraphed to the Emperor at Compi[é/è]gne Replaced.
60.2 those who could not be s[ie/ei]zed Transposed.
60.14 by Counts Mammian[a/i] and Balbo Replaced.
95.33 [“]I am firmly of opinion Added.
109.31 who had com[e] to Added.
115.n3 the strongest indig[n]ation Inserted.
128.3 Be assur[r]ed that Removed.
152.1 conduct of the Neapolitan Government;[)] Added.
165.30 some of the European Gover[n]ments Inserted.
183.25 and wor[d/k] with all our might. Replaced.
183.28 by a person who is excee[idn/din]gly well Transposed.
versed
197.24 his own comments and opinions ther[e]on Inserted.
212.16 which is given in its [integrity/entirety] Replaced.
222.29 [l]orsqu’il faudrait au contraire s’entendre Added.
223.27 qui n’ont que quelques anné[e]s devant eux Inserted.
226.19 Les explications diplomatiques ont déj[â/à] Replaced.
été données
289.19 Leurs Majestés en tr[é/è]s bonne santé Replaced.
315.23 d’une Chambre des Deput[é/é]s Replaced.
316.28 Celui de l’année prochaine s’él[é/è]vera Replaced.
probablement
318.24 il proclame résolument son inten[ten]tion Removed.
d’appliquer
321.26 après l’application du nouveau t[ra/ar]rif Transposed.