_El lazarillo de ciegos caminantes_ is rather an elaborate guide-book

than a history. It treats of the route from Buenos Aires to Santiago de

Chile, but its principal subject is the south-eastern part of Spanish

South America, the region between Buenos Aires and Lima. It indicates

the various lines of communication, describes the towns, the roads, the

resources, the manners and customs of the country traversed, and the

difficulties, privations, and dangers of a journey over this route. The

style is plain and direct, the writer’s point of view is often humorous,

and his references are now and then vulgar; but the clearness of his

descriptions and the picturesqueness of the lighter parts make the book

eminently readable. As a contemporary account of the Peruvian cities in

the last half of the eighteenth century it has no successful rival.

[Sidenote: Concolorcorvo]

By the title-page of the original edition one is informed that the book

was written by Don Calixto Bustamante Inca, alias Concolorcorvo, and that

it was printed in Gijón in 1773. But, in spite of this reference to Gijón

it is held that it was printed in Lima. A new and excellent edition was

issued by the historical and numismatic society of Buenos Aires in 1908.

[Sidenote: Dialogue with Alonso Carrión]

The author was born in Cuzco. As a youth he visited Lima, and soon

afterwards set out for Spain, where he affirmed he had an uncle who was

an Indian of the royal Inca family; but learning of the death of this

unnamed uncle, he went on this occasion only as far as Buenos Aires.

Later he undertook the voyage to the Peninsula and returned from Coruña

to Montevideo in the ship “El Tucumán.” From Buenos Aires to Lima

he accompanied the visitador Alonso Carrión de Lavandera, to whom he

frequently makes reference in describing this journey, and who figures

in certain passages in a dialogue with the author. Carrión had been

commissioned by the king to arrange the affairs of the postal service

preparatory to its passing from private hands to the crown. Bustamante,

who assisted Carrión, took this occasion to gather at least a part of the

information set down in his description of the country traversed, and

much of this information refers to the existing postal service and the

special need of it at certain points.[209]

[Sidenote: The merits of Lima and Cuzco]

The following extract gives some indication of the author’s manner.

“I promised to write a description of Lima, but the visitador told me

that was an undertaking, in which many men of superior talents had not

been able to succeed, and that it would be ridiculous for a pigmy to

undertake it. But, Señor Inspector, is it possible that I must conclude

such a detailed itinerary without saying anything about Lima? Certainly,

Señor Inca, for this great city does not concern you, is not your affair,

and here ends my commission. Señores Jorge Juan, Antonio Ulloa, he added,

and the principal cosmographer of the kingdom, Dr. Cosme Bueno, wrote

with a swan’s quill of all the most important things in this capital,

and you cannot add anything material with yours which is the quill of a

goose. Nevertheless, I replied, please tell me what is the difference

between this great city and that of my birth. I suppose Señor Inca, he

answered me, that you are prejudiced in favour of Cuzco, your native

town, and would wish me to say that it is superior in every respect to

Lima, but you are greatly mistaken; for, leaving aside the situation

and the parks, you ought to observe that in this great capital the king

maintains a viceroy with great magnificence and with an allowance

equal to the total revenue of all the great estates of Cuzco. It has

also three bodies of guards supported by the king, one of cavalry, well

mounted and paid, others of infantry and halbardiers, which serve not

only for ceremony and ostentation, but also for the protection of the

persons and the peace of this great town. There may be added, moreover,

the audiencia, the superior tribunals of accounts, the inquisition, the

university, the theatre, and the public promenades near the city, which

are not found at Cuzco, or at any other city of the kingdom.

[Sidenote: Carriages, dress, and aristocracy of Lima]

“Lima maintains two hundred and fifty public carriages and more than a

thousand calesas, which are distinguished from the carriages by the fact

that they have two wheels and are drawn by a mule, and are more readily

upset. There is nothing of this kind in your great city. In the matter

of dress, one is as crazy as the other, with a difference of tastes,

and in the extent of families and commerce Lima greatly exceeds Cuzco.

In this city there are many marquises and counts, and a much greater

number of persons who have been decorated with the orders of Santiago and

Calatrava, who with rare exceptions have sufficient incomes to maintain

themselves in splendour, and to whom may be added persons having entailed

estates and gentlemen who are supported by their lands and other proper

kinds of business, so that they may live in a manner to give brilliancy

to the society of the city. There is no doubt that in your native city,

as in others of the vast viceroyalty, there are illustrious families,

but the number of them is not comparable with those of this city” (Chap.

XXVI).

CHAPTER XVII

OUTLOOK TOWARDS EMANCIPATION

I. _The intellectual movement after the expulsion of the

Jesuits._ II. _Political reformers._ III. _Poets._ IV.

_Literary periodicals: Mercurio Peruano; Gaceta de Lima._

V. _Contributors to Mercurio Peruano._ VI. _El Telégrafo

Mercantil._ VII. _Tadeo Haenke._ VIII. _El Volador._

I

[Sidenote: Expulsion of the Jesuits]

[Sidenote: Signs of new intellectual life]

[Sidenote: The old views and the new]

The expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767 produced an immediate decline

of literary activity in the Spanish colonies. It had, moreover, a

far-reaching influence on the means of instruction; it closed the most

efficient schools, and silenced those persons who might have continued

to spread enlightenment through their writings. The most noteworthy

salvage from the wreck was the collection of books and manuscripts that

were gathered up from the Jesuits’ colleges. In Bogotá some of these

books and papers, placed in charge of a librarian and made accessible in

the building of the ancient Jesuit college, formed what was then known

as the Royal Library. It was formally opened to the public January 9,

1777, and at that time contained 13,800 volumes. Another act tending

to stimulate the intellectual life of New Granada was the organization

of the Botanical Expedition, or bureau of scientific investigation,

under the direction of José Celestino Mutis. A little later literary

production was encouraged by the formation of literary societies, or

“circles,” and the founding of periodicals. The new intellectual movement

appealed particularly to the rising generation of creoles. A phase

of it was seen in the attention given to political questions and the

enthusiastic patriotism manifested by Antonio Nariño and his associates.

But this movement did not close abruptly the period of mediævalism in the

colonies. Writers, like Manuel de Caycedo Ladrón de Guevara (Bogotá,

1718-1781), continued to produce voluminous works which made clear only

the author’s ecclesiastical erudition. But in view of the approaching

revolution in the British colonies and in France, more men began to think

in terms of worldly things; instead of exercising their imaginations in

creating a heavenly state, they began to look forward to a new earthly

state. The new idealism, imposed upon men by the rising spirit of

revolution, contained a force competent to transform the world.

A writer who may be said to have spanned the gulf between the old and

the new order of things was Felipe de Vergara y Caycedo, who was born

in Bogotá on May 20, 1745. He was educated in the college of Rosario,

received there the degree of Doctor, accepted a professorship of

theology, and while holding this position gave instruction also in

mathematics. He visited Spain, carrying letters from the viceroy, the

audiencia, and the archbishop. He returned as contador of Panama, and

later he became contador of the Royal Tribunal of Accounts in Bogotá.

After the Revolution of 1810 he was a member of the Assembly and of the

electoral college of Cundinamarca, and later was secretary and counsellor

of state to President Nariño. He died December 18, 1818. The long list

of his work is evidence not only of his vast erudition but also of his

indefatigable industry.[210]

[Sidenote: Bogotá a centre of reform]

Bogotá as the centre of the intellectual movement in New Granada was

already provided with institutions competent to further this movement.

The University of Santa Fe was under the direction of the Dominicans in

the Dominican monastery. The college and seminary of San Bartolomé had

been for a century and a half under the control of the Jesuits, but after

the expulsion of the Society it was placed in charge of the archbishop.

The college of Rosario, like that of San Bartolomé, was by royal decree

made equal in privileges to the University of Salamanca, the type of the

Spanish university. In these institutions the early curriculum, limited

to Latin, theology and philosophy, was increased by the addition of

courses of instruction in jurisprudence, medicine and mathematics.

[Sidenote: Change in the religious orders]

Throughout the greater part of the colonial period the religious orders

had in many instances been true to their mission as advocates of the

Christian faith. Many of the members had led lives of devotion and

heroism in their efforts to impart to the Indians a new and higher

conception of life. But in the course of time the zeal of their militancy

declined. With the contributions of the faithful they built imposing

edifices and filled them with books and works of art. A few still became

writers, and all, in virtue of the history of their institutions,

continued to hold a high place in the esteem of the public, even when

many of them had fallen into indolence and were leading more or less

useless lives.

[Sidenote: Reaction and Progress]

The monasteries, however, in the course of time ceased even to be centres

of historical study. The Dominicans had produced Zamora, the Franciscans

Simón, and the Augustinians San Nicolás, but the orders developed no

successors to these writers; rather, in the presence of the intellectual

awakening, they assumed an attitude of protest and denial. They disputed

the affirmations of Galileo and the conclusions of other scientific

investigators; and thus, with the progress of the inquiries instituted

by Mutis and carried on by his pupils and followers, there appeared a

widening breach between the monasteries, representing mediævalism, and

the investigators of nature, presaging a new day.

[Sidenote: Francisco Antonio Moreno]

It was clear to some minds that in order to make continuous the forces of

intellectual progress it was necessary to reorganize the schools of the

country and to bring them into harmony with the new views of knowledge.

In sympathy with this thought Viceroy Guirior commissioned Francisco

Antonio Moreno to form a new plan of instruction, that would provide not

only for a new curriculum, but also for the establishment of a school

wherever one had been closed by the expulsion of the Jesuits. In the

judgment of the persons most eminent in the affairs of New Granada Moreno

appeared admirably fitted for this undertaking. He was born in Mariquita

on October 25, 1736, and was educated at Bogotá, his studies taking a

somewhat wider range than that provided by the conventional curriculum.

He held in succession various high offices in the viceregal government,

to which he was promoted with the spontaneous support of the viceroy,

the secular cabildo, the university, the archbishop, and the audiencia.

Towards the end of his career he was appointed an oidor, or judge, of the

audiencia at Lima; a little later he was transferred to Chile as regent,

and died at Santiago on February 24, 1792.[211]

[Sidenote: Revolt of the Comuneros]

Moreno’s plan received the enthusiastic support of the viceroy and men

of liberal intelligence, like Mutis and Felix Restrepo, and promised

to introduce an enlightened revolution in the field of education, but

when it was brought to the attention of the crown it was disapproved

by the Council of the Indies. The Council held rigorously to the old

plan of instruction, but two years were spent in making the application

for approval and in receiving the reply, and in this period important

steps were taken in the execution of Moreno’s proposed reform. And

finally, when the order of the council arrived, Viceroy Guirior had been

succeeded by Flórez, and Flórez had been shoved into the background by

Visitador Piñeres. Then came the revolt of the Comuneros of 1781, and

the governmental authorities had a mind for no other phase of internal

affairs. In this period, when the government was paralysed, the advocates

of the new plan succeeded in carrying out many of its features; other

persons were converted to its advocacy, and Zea published in the _Papel

periódico_ an article entitled _Hebéfilo_, a vigorous argument against

the old scheme of studies.[212]

II

[Sidenote: Mutis and literary unions]

[Sidenote: Antonio Nariño]

The new intellectual movement expressed itself not only in the

researches directed by Mutis but also in the formation and activity of

literary unions, or “circles.” At the meetings of these circles a great

variety of scientific subjects were discussed. Two persons especially

conspicuous in the decade between 1790 and 1800 were Antonio Nariño

and Francisco Antonio Zea. Nariño was born in Bogotá in 1765, studied

philosophy and jurisprudence in the college of San Bartolomé, and was

appointed treasurer of tithes. Provided with an adequate income and moved

by his zeal for instruction, he collected in his house an extensive

library of books imported from Europe, and the facilities which they

offered for acquiring information attracted about the owner the serious

youths of the city. By diligent use of modern European works Nariño not

only acquired a knowledge of several modern languages, but was also able

to correct the instruction he had received in the college as it was

conducted under its mediæval régime; he also acquired the progressive

ideas of Europe and the British colonies then putting into operation the

independent government of the United States. Inspired by these ideas,

he became a vigorous advocate of liberty and independence, but the

vicissitudes of ill-fortune prevented him from attaining the object of

his early ambition. For printing a Spanish translation of _Les droits

de l’homme_ he was arrested and condemned to imprisonment in Africa. At

Cadiz he escaped, fled to Madrid, visited France and England, and finally

returned to Bogotá. In spite of the good offices of friends, he was again

arrested, and kept in confinement until the revolution of 1810 set him

free.

[Sidenote: Antonio Zea]

[Sidenote: Zea in Spain]

[Sidenote: Zea in Spanish service]

Antonio Zea was sent to Spain as a prisoner with Nariño and the others

who at that time had fallen under the condemnation of the colonial

authorities. He was five years younger than Nariño, having been born

in Medellín in 1770. He received his early instruction in the seminary

of Popayán, and passed from that institution to the college of San

Bartolomé, in Bogotá, where he studied theology and civil law. Through

his association with Mutis, he was introduced to the study of the

inductive sciences. On the withdrawal of Valenzuela from the botanical

expedition, Zea was appointed to the position thus made vacant, with a

salary of five hundred dollars a year. Zea was then nineteen years old,

and for a person so young he had extraordinary attainments. It was after

two years in this service that he was arrested, in 1794, for conspiracy

and sent to Spain. In the long trial to which he was subjected with the

other political offenders, the charges were not sustained. The next three

years he spent in Paris on a scientific mission, receiving a stipend of

twelve hundred dollars a year, the Spanish government being apparently

solicitous that he should not go back to New Granada; for when he sought

permission to return to America, his request was refused and he was

appointed adjunct, and later director, of the botanical collections in

Madrid. In 1805 he was appointed professor of Botany. His residence

in Madrid extended over the years from 1804 to 1807, and during this

period he was elected to membership in various scientific societies,

and wrote a number of memoirs embodying the results of his observations

and studies in New Granada. His scientific studies were interrupted in

1807, when he was drawn into the revolution of Aranjuez. He belonged to

the “afrancesados”, the party in sympathy with French ideas and plans,

and believed that the triumph of this party would be followed by the

emancipation of his country. During the following years he was in the

service of the government, now as director of one of the sections of the

Department of the Interior, and subsequently as prefect of Malaga. He was

occupying this latter post when the Spanish colonies in America struck

for independence.

[Sidenote: _Concordia en discordia_]

[Sidenote: Lagunas’ _Colección legal_]

The opposition to various provisions of the Spanish government, which

found expression in revolts and rebellions in the eighteenth century,

occasionally appeared also in writings of that time. The pamphlet called

_Concordia en discordia_, by Alonso de la Cueva Ponce de León, was a

document of this class. It criticized prevailing doctrines, attacked the

royal prerogatives, and argued against many of the recognized rights of

the crown. The author was a native of Lima, became an ecclesiastic, was

appointed vicar-general of the bishopric of Panama, was attorney for the

Inquisition of Cartagena, and became the historian of the archbishopric

of Peru. His criticism of political affairs aroused hostility and, in

consequence of this, as one writer has expressed it, he was “pulverizado”

by the distinguished jurist Pedro José Bravo de Lagunas y Castilla, who,

about the middle of the eighteenth century was a judge of the audiencia

of Lima, and in 1761 published in that city a number of pamphlets under

the general title of _Colección legal_.[213]

III

[Sidenote: José María Gruesso]

[Sidenote: Gruesso’s _Las noches de Geussor_]

Besides the group of political reformers associated with Nariño there

was a society of young men of letters who formed a literary union called

“Eutropélica.” At the head of this company stood Manuel S. Rodríguez.

Among the other members were José María Valdés, Francisco Antonio

Rodríguez and José María Gruesso. As a young man Gruesso prepared himself

for the practice of law. He had finished his legal studies, when the

sudden death of the young woman whom he was about to marry caused him to

change completely his plan of life. Under the influence of this shock he

turned from the legal profession to the Church. He entered the college

of San Bartolomé, and began at once his ecclesiastical studies. Two

years later he returned to Popayán as a priest, and lived there, it is

said, “triste hasta la muerte.” During this period, and while in this

state of mind, he wrote _Las noches de Geussor_ in imitation of Young’s

_Night Thoughts_. The plan of this work provided for thirty cantos, or

nights, but whatever may have been the number written, only three have

been preserved. These are entitled _La soledad_, _La noche_, and _El

remordimiento_.

[Sidenote: Buen Gusto]

[Sidenote: José Fernández de Madrid]

Another group of writers formed a society known as “Buen Gusto.” These

writers were accustomed to meet at the house of Doña Manuela Santamaría

de Manrique, who was esteemed not only for her attainments in literature,

but also for her knowledge of nature. The members of this group were

chiefly poets, born in New Granada, and educated in either the college

of Rosario or the college of San Bartolomé. They wrote, among other

things, certain plays that were presented in the theatre of Bogotá. Two

of these were the _Sacrificio de Idomeneo_ and _El Zagal de Bogotá_.

Perhaps the most widely known of the poets of the Buen Gusto was Dr. José

Fernández de Madrid, whose studies had given him the title of Doctor

of Laws as well as that of Doctor of Medicine. Whether in prose or

verse, the writings of the persons who were thus drawn together in these

associations are rather indications of beginnings in literature than of

a culmination of literary progress. They are not reminiscent of colonial

dependence but premonitory of an emancipated population.

[Sidenote: The poems of Aguirre]

[Sidenote: _La rebelión y caída de Luzbel_]

The poems of Juan Bautista Aguirre are found chiefly in a manuscript

collection called _Versos castellanos, obras juveniles, misceláneas_. The

author was born in Guayaquil, and as a youth was sent to Quito by his

parents to prepare for his career as a man of letters. The university was

then under the control of the Jesuits, and Aguirre accepted membership

in the Society. It is, moreover, reported that he became a lecturer on

philosophy in the university. An elegy on the death of Philip V and an

account of the earthquake of 1746 suggest that he was writing before the

middle of the century. In 1767 he was involved in the general expulsion

of the Jesuits from South America. Later he lived in Rome. His lectures

on philosophy, whether in Quito or Rome, apparently did not turn his

mind from his inclination to write verses, and some part of his writings

indicate that they were produced when religious thoughts and the image

of the Bible were uppermost in his mind. In the _Concepción de Nuestra

Señora_ he is lost in profound mysticism, and in _La rebelión y caída de

Luzbel y sus secuaces_ he is seized by the subject which Milton evidently

found the most inspiring in his great theme, the pride and ambition of

Satan to rule the universe:

Falsear haré con ira fulminante

Del alto cielo en un vaivén ruidoso,

La azul muralla y subiré triunfante

A ser Señor del reino luminoso:

Si son estorbo a mi ímpetu arrogante

Aire, mar, tierra o firmamento hermoso,

Haré que sientan mi furor violento

El mar, la tierra, el aire, el firmamento.

When Aguirre sang of “amores profanos” he may be thought to have gone

beyond the limits of his proper field as a priest, but he took the

precaution, as Gutiérrez remarks, to indicate in a note that if he wrote

erotic verses it was purely for diversion and exercise, and that they

should be considered like the innocent love-talk of Don Quijote with the

impalpable Dulcinea.[214]

[Sidenote: _A una tórtola quejosa_]

An opinion of the quality of Aguirre’s lighter poems may be derived from

his sonnet _A una tórtola quejosa_, which a distinguished critic affirms

embodies the style and sentiment of Petrarch:

Por qué, Tórtola, en cítara doliente

Haces que el aire gima con tu canto?

Si alivios buscas en ajeno llanto

Mi dolor te lo ofrece; aquí detente.

Al verte sola de tu amante ausente

Publicas triste en ayes tu quebranto;

Yo también ¡ay dolor! suspiro tanto

Por no poder gozar mi bien presente.

Pero cese ya ¡oh Tórtola! el gemido,

Que aunque es inmenso tu infeliz desvelo

Mayor sin duda mi tormento ha sido:

Pues tú perdiste un terrenal consuelo

En tu consorte; pero yo he perdido

En mi adorado bien la luz del cielo.

[Sidenote: Later poets]

[Sidenote: _Tucapelina_]

The Chilean poets of the later decades of the colonial period lacked the

inspiration that the writers of the sixteenth century received from the

events of the conquest. They had no longer the spirit that moved Ercilla

to attempt to weave the circumstances and happenings of the Araucanian

war into an epic. The _Cautiverio feliz_, by Francisco Núñez de Pineda

y Bascuñán, the _Restauración de la Imperial_, by Juan de Barrenechea

y Albis, and _Tucapelina_, by a writer who assumed the name of Pancho

Millaleuba, reveal a less exalted vision and purpose than the earlier

writers, less seriousness of thought and a less effective use of the

Spanish language. They drifted towards the expression of subjective

moods, and into giving their verses a distinctly satirical tone. “The

muse of Bascuñán, with philosophico-moral tendencies in sentiment, was

not long in becoming entirely mystical.”[215] The verses of Juan de

Barrenechea y Albis are passed over by the Chilean critic as “in reality

without animation or sentiment,” leaving the writer with no higher rank

than that of a rhymer.[216] The writer of _Tucapelina_ calls his work an

“heroic poem.” It consists of ten divisions called _decadas_, and aims,

among other objects, to represent the changes that had come over the

Araucanian country in the period between the time of Ercilla and the last

half of the eighteenth century, when the inhabitants had ceased to be

rebellious and the sons of caciques were taking advantage of facilities

for education provided by the Spanish government. The critic suggests

that the element of burlesque and satire in the poem may have been one

of the reasons why the author wished to conceal his identity under an

assumed name.

[Sidenote: Padre López and his kind]

Among other verse-makers who obtained a certain local celebrity Padre

López was especially noted. He was a Dominican friar, and was known

as a wit and an improvisator, but very naturally, having gained this

reputation, many sayings were attributed to him for which he was not

answerable; yet an attempt has been made to attach to him the designation

of the Chilean Quevedo. Most of his productions that have survived are

occasional satirical pieces; in fact, the serious things of life seem not

to have come within the field of his vision. He was a pronounced enemy of

the Jesuits but a welcome participant in meetings pervaded by a spirit

of revelry. Another ecclesiastic, Padre Escudero, a Franciscan, wrote

much in the same vein as Padre López, and showed no more inclination

than López to abide by the regulations that are supposed to control the

conduct of monks.

[Sidenote: Minor poets]

In the last quarter of the eighteenth century appeared a number of poems

narrating events that had made an impression on the public mind. Those

narrating in metrical form the tale of thieves asphyxiated in their

attempt to carry off the treasures of a mine, the death of Bishop Alday,

and the destructive flood of the Mapocho in 1780 are chiefly noteworthy

by reason of having been remembered by the people, thus magnifying and

immortalizing their subjects. There is also manifest at this time a

tendency to invent new forms of verse in which to express commonplace

thoughts. To these late years of the century belong also the satirical

verses of Fernández Ortelano, issued under the title: _Ensalada poética

jocoseria_.[217]

With the spiritual awakening and the extension of education among the

creoles it was to be expected that many persons would essay poetic

flights; still the most important intellectual tendencies were along

political, not poetical, lines. Whatever ideas came from other nations,

from North America or from France, tended to arouse the people to

practical action rather than to stimulate their poetic fancies. The

poets were distinctly minor poets: Jerónimo Hurtado de Mendoza, Antonio

Campusano.

[Sidenote: Ecuadorian poets]

José Orozco is probably the most widely known of the Ecuadorian poets.

He was born in Riobamba in 1733. His principal literary product was

the “epic poem” called _La Conquista de Menorca_. At nearly the same

time there was born in Ibarra a writer, Ramón Viescas, who as a lyric

poet held a place comparable with that held by Orozco as an epic poet.

Two other poets, Ambrosio and Joaquín Larrea, born about the middle of

the eighteenth century, became residents of Italy and in their later

writings made use of the Italian language. Although Juan de Velasco is

especially known for his _Historia del reino de Quito_, he left certain

mediocre writings in verse. He was born in Riobamba in 1727. The minor

poets are, like the poor, always with us, and among these in Ecuador in

the eighteenth century may be classed Juan Ullauri, Manuel Orozco, José

Gorrido and Nicolás Crespo.[218]

[Sidenote: Juan Manuel Lavarden]

The name of Juan Manuel Lavarden had passed almost completely out of

memory in Buenos Aires, when it was recalled by the publication of the

_Oda al Paraná_ in _El Telégrafo mercantil_. Later researches have

revealed very little concerning the youth and early education of the

author. He was known in Buenos Aires as a licenciado, honorary oidor

of the audiencia of La Plata, and auditor de guerra. The title of

_auditor de guerra_ was created by Philip V (1738), and first held by

Florencio Antonio Mereiras. It passed to Juan Manuel Lavarden, a lawyer

of distinction, under the approval of the king dated April 30, 1761.

Lavarden’s title to a place in the literary history of his country rests

on a _Sátira_, the drama of _Siripo_, and the _Oda al Paraná_.

It is through various persons that Lavarden voices his satire of

things colonial. The new nobles are among his victims. Resenting the

contemptuous attitude of Lima towards Buenos Aires, the poet was pleased

to point to the fact that in spite of the haughtiness and family pride

of the nobles they did not hesitate to abase themselves even by mingling

Spanish blood with the dark and turbulent blood that flows in the veins

of the daughters of Mozambique.[219]

[Sidenote: Political radicalism in poetry]

In some of the lines a political radicalism appears, which is a youth’s

anticipation, in 1786, of the revolutionary democracy of three decades

later:

El pueblo que de libre se gloría,

Produce nobles almas, que a ninguno

Quisieran conceder la primacía.

[Sidenote: Lavarden’s _Siripo_]

[Sidenote: The gist of _Siripo_]

_Siripo_ takes its title from the leading character of the drama, one

of two caciques, Mangore and Siripo, of the tribe of Timbu, pacified

residents at the fort of Santo Espíritu, who both conceived an ardent

passion for Lucía Miranda, the wife of the Spaniard Sebastián Hurtado.

These pacified savages traitorously get possession of the fort in the

absence of Hurtado. Lucía remains the captive of Siripo on the taking

and burning of the fort, but Hurtado returns and is persuaded that Lucía

still lives. He goes in pursuit of her and gives himself over to the

caciques, with whom he finds Lucía. The previous appearance on the scene

of Miranda, the father of Lucía, with a suggestion that Siripo shall

become a Christian on condition of receiving the hand of Lucía, although,

aside from the main story, is too grim a proposition to be thought of as

furnishing the comedy element of the play. Hurtado and Lucía are unable

to conceal their mutual affection, and the savage jealousy of Siripo is

aroused. The drama was played at several towns in Argentina, but only a

fragment of it has been preserved. The text of a few scenes have been

printed by Gutiérrez.[220] The following lines, a part of the twelfth

scene of the second act, will give a sufficient idea of Lavarden’s verses:

[Sidenote: Act II, Scene 12]

LUCÍA (_apresurada_).

Compasivo es mi Dios con una ingrata?

Respiras todavía, esposo amado?

Aún duran mis delicias, dueño mío?

Mis lágrimas los cielos apiadaron.

Cómo evitaste a Lambaré sangriento?

Te miro y me parece que es milagro.

Sin duda te herirían (_abriéndole la ropilla_) y por eso

En venirme a buscar has sido tardo.

HURTADO (_lloroso_).

Hiciéronme creer mis camaradas

Que murieras la noche del asalto.

LUCÍA.

Qué, tu lloras mi bien? Y qué la dejas

A mi terneza entonces? Los amargos

Fenecidos pesares no dilates

Que se tornaron gozos en tus brazos.

Sí, mi bien. Cuando en dulces soledades

De afanes tan crueles recorramos

El recuerdo, serán del amor nuestro

Testimonios que estrechen nuestros lazos.

HURTADO.

O consuelo infeliz! Consuelo estéril,

El monstruo del furor has abortado!

Más amargo, mi bien, hace este gozo

De nuestra desventura el triste plazo.

Me perdiste y te pierdo. Ya el cacique

Quien soy, sabe.

LUCÍA.

Mi Dios! Mas cuando te hallo

Constante y amoroso, esposo mío,

El morir junto a tí será regalo.

HURTADO.

Ello hemos de morir de alguna suerte,

Y, ya que es fuerza, con honor muramos.

Lucía, mi Lucía, muestra el cielo

Que ha tomado nuestra honra por su cargo.

Me mandó a confortarte. Ten presentes

Tu patria y religión, y cuánto te amo.

LUCÍA.

Qué, ya no me conoces? Tú me animas?

Dudas que alegre moriré a tu lado?

[Sidenote: French influence]

Whatever influences had been exerted in South America by the ancient

classic forms and spirit was subdued by the French literary spirit during

and after the reign of Philip V; and the drama of _Siripo_, as Gutiérrez

suggests, was cast in the classical mould of the French school, in so

far as the subject and the condition of some of the characters permitted

it.[221]

[Sidenote: _Oda al Paraná_]

The _Oda al Paraná_, offering an opportunity to set forth the riches

of unspoiled nature in the New World, was Lavarden’s most noteworthy

literary achievement. It became the model for later poetic efforts to

glorify the country, like Vicente López’s _Triunfo argentino_.

IV

[Sidenote: Gil de Taboada Lemus]

[Sidenote: _Mercurio peruano_]

Viceroy Gil de Taboada Lemus (1790-1796) stimulated literary activity in

Lima by extending his friendly patronage to men of letters. He gathered

about the viceregal court persons of talent, who were interested in the

spread of knowledge, and whose special attainments fitted them to become

instrumental in the development of cultivation. These persons decided

to co-operate in issuing a literary and historical periodical, and

their plan was approved by the viceroy. He offered to furnish from the

archives and the records of public offices such data or material as might

be useful in executing the project. In this way the famous _Mercurio

peruano_ came into existence. The entire lack of freedom of printing in

the Spanish dependencies made the established relation to the viceroy

indispensable, and thus under his sanction there was organized a private

literary association designed, by the co-operation of its members, to

provide the articles required for the pages of the proposed periodical.

The viceroy was a member of this association, and held the title of

Protector, and the association itself assumed the title of “Amantes del

país.”

[Illustration: Francisco Gil de Taboado, 35th Viceroy of Peru 1790-1796]

[Sidenote: Tertulia poética]

Prior to the founding of the _Mercurio peruano_ there had existed a

periodical for the presentation of economic and commercial subjects

called _Diario erudito_, which ceased publication at the end of its

second year. The first number of the _Mercurio_ appeared on the first

of January, 1791, under the editorial direction of Jacín de Calero y

Moreyra. The periodical itself was designed to treat of scientific,

political, commercial, historical, and statistical subjects, in a manner

hitherto quite unknown in the colonies. It was continued until eleven

volumes had been completed by the association; and on the failure of

funds to meet further expenses of publication, Padre Cisneros, who had

succeeded the former secretary of the society caused a twelfth volume

to be printed at his own expense. In this year, 1791, there was formed,

moreover, a new society called “Tertulia poética,” which held frequent

meetings for the examination of articles or poems presented, some of

which were published in the _Mercurio peruano_.

[Sidenote: _Gaceta de Lima_]

[Sidenote: Anti-revolutionary propaganda]

In 1793 the viceroy decided to publish a _Gaceta de Lima_, reviving a

title that had been used in the middle of the century, in order that the

inhabitants of the viceroyalty might have a properly accredited journal

that would inform them regarding the excesses of the French Revolution,

of which various rumours were reaching their ears. For this purpose the

viceroy concluded that it would be better to have an independent journal

rather than to give to the _Mercurio peruano_ an official character.

The number of the persons associated with the _Mercurio_ would make it

practically impossible to prevent their intervention in the determination

of what should be published. These persons, for the greater part,

were men of high ideals and not in sympathy with all of the views and

practices of the government, and the viceroy had doubtless reason to

believe that their interference would furnish a source of embarrassment,

for he evidently did not propose, in the gazette, to present the

unvarnished truth, but, on the other hand, through its pages, to carry

on a propaganda against revolutionary doctrines, free criticism of the

Church, and republican attacks on the absolute state. The _Gaceta_ was

continued until 1821; and it made public only such facts or documents

as the government wished to have known, in other words, falsified and

garbled information.

V

[Sidenote: Hipólito Unánue]

Some of the ablest writers of the transition period were interested in

the _Mercurio peruano_ as contributors. Dr. Hipólito Unánue was of this

class. He was a native of Peru, born in Arica in 1755. He completed

his studies for an ecclesiastical career, but was persuaded by his

uncle, Padre Pedro Pabón, to abandon his plan to enter the Church and to

direct his attention to scientific studies. Under this advice he turned

to the study of medicine, and at the same time he became known for his

attainments in mathematics, physics, and natural history. Between 1783

and 1797 he wrote a political, ecclesiastical and statistical account of

the viceroyalty of Peru. He held a professorship of anatomy in Lima, and

exerted an affective influence in increasing facilities for anatomical

study in that city.

[Sidenote: Amantes del país]

Under the name of “Aristio” he wrote for the _Mercurio peruano_, and was

a member of the society of “Amantes del país,” which consisted of thirty

members, twenty-one of whom were residents of Lima. In order to acquire

membership one had to offer two discourses; these having been found

acceptable, the case was presented to the viceroy for his approval. On

the occasion of his inauguration the new member was required to deliver

an address. A committee of “censors” examined productions presented to

decide as to their fitness for publication.

[Sidenote: Unánue’s _El clima de Lima_]

Among Unánue’s writings, his _Observaciones sobre el clima de Lima y sus

influencias en los seres organizados; en especial el hombre_, attracted

much attention; it was published at Lima in 1806 and at Madrid in 1815.

It is divided into three sections. The first section treats of the

history of the climate of Peru; the second of the influence of climate

on organized beings; the third of the influence of climate in relation

to health and disease. This section contains an extensive review of the

means essential to the preservation of health under different climatic

conditions, particularly under the climatic conditions prevailing in

Peru.[222]

The bulk of the writings of Hipólito Unánue belong to a period subsequent

to that here under consideration.[223]

[Sidenote: González Laguna]

[Sidenote: _Celo sacerdotal para con los no-nacidos_]

Padre Francisco González Laguna was also a contributor to the _Mercurio_.

He wrote under the name of “Thiméo.” He had marked attainments as a

botanist, and participated in the work of the botanical expedition

directed by Ruiz and Pavón and in that of Malaspina’s expedition. The

plant _Gonzalaguna dependens_ was named in his honour by Hipólito Ruiz.

Laguna and Juan Tafalla were commissioned to arrange the botanical garden

of Lima. Besides articles published in the _Mercurio_, Laguna wrote

various papers on natural history and a work called _Celo sacerdotal

para con los no-nacidos_, in which one may find data with respect to the

number of missionaries who had perished at the hands of the Indians in

the wilds of Huanuco, Huamalíes, and Tarma; also an account of the exotic

plants that had been introduced into Lima during the previous thirty

years.

[Sidenote: Ignacio Lecuanda]

[Sidenote: Social confusion in Lima]

Another writer for the _Mercurio_ was José Ignacio Lecuanda, who held

various offices in Peru between 1782 and 1801; accountant in the

tribunal of accounts, treasurer of Guamanga, royal official accountant

at Trujillo, and later accountant of the customs at Lima. His articles

dealt with geographical questions, agriculture, industry and commerce. He

wrote also on matters of politics and administration. In the _Mercurio_

he published an account of the vagrants in Lima and of the means

proposed for employing them. He affirmed that in Lima two-thirds of the

inhabitants supported the rest, and that this state of vagabondage was

due to the freedom with which the inhabitants, the foreigners as well as

other classes, acceded to requests for charity, in this way developing in

large numbers of persons an unwillingness to work. The sons of artisans,

as well as many persons of other classes, refused to take up the careers

of their fathers. The women refused to work preferring to attach

themselves to families where they might obtain mere subsistence, or to

acquire a livelihood in some other way. The existence of distinct classes

added to the social confusion: the whites and the mestizos refused to

treat as their equals the negroes and the mulattoes, while these in turn

refused to undertake domestic service or labour in the fields, and

attempted to imitate the members of the dominant class.

[Sidenote: Chinchona]

This periodical contained also notable articles on quina. These appeared

in the eighth and twelfth volumes. Juan López Canizares is said to have

been the first European to acquire knowledge of the medicinal properties

of this plant, communicated to him by an Indian. In 1630, knowing that

the wife of the viceroy, the Condesa de Chinchón, was ill with an

exhausting intermittent fever, López sent a quantity of quina to the

viceroy, and this was administered to the countess by Dr. Juan de Vega,

with eminently satisfactory results. This incident induced Linnæus to

give the plant the name of Chinchona. Some of the bark in the form of

a powder was taken to Madrid, where it was examined by physicians and

rejected as a medicine. It was nevertheless used, and noteworthy cures

were effected. Here it was known as “pulvos de la condesa.” It was later

taken to Rome by Jesuits, and became known in Italy, France, and Germany

as Jesuits’ powder.

[Sidenote: Opposition to use of quina]

Some light is thrown on the spirit of the seventeenth century by its

reception generally in Europe. Persons who observed its effects could

not deny its efficacy, but they attributed these effects to a pact which

the Peruvians had made with the devil. It was discredited in France

and Germany; the English prohibited its use; and the learned men of

Salamanca maintained that it was an unpardonable sin for a physician to

prescribe it. Late in the eighteenth century, in spite of the fact that

Charles III tried to encourage the extraction of chinchona bark, certain

physicians in Spain continued to speak of it as a remedy that was worse

than the disease; but its properties had already attracted the attention,

and called forth the commendation of Dr. José Celestino Mutis, the

distinguished botanist of New Granada.[224]

[Sidenote: Gabriel Moreno]

Dr. Gabriel Moreno, a distinguished physician, who was born in Peru in

1735, occupied a prominent place among the scientific men of South

America during the last half of the eighteenth century. His special field

of research was Botany. The _Mercurio peruano_ contains an article on

coca by him. He published other papers and a series of biographies of

distinguished Peruvians: Francisco Ruiz Lozano, professor of mathematics;

Dr. Juan Ramón Koenig, the first cosmographer of Peru; and Dr. Cosme

Bueno, a physician of note in Lima. Dombey, who went to Peru with the

botanical expedition of 1778, dedicated a plant, which he discovered to

Dr. Moreno, calling it _Morena peruana_.

Politics and literature, as well as the sciences of nature, claimed some

part of the attention of contributors to the _Mercurio_. Dr. José Ignacio

Moreno, a professor in the University of San Marcos, born in Guayaquil,

published here certain of his discourses on various subjects: one of

these was on freedom of worship; another treated of the supremacy of

the pope; a third was a report concerning the creation of the bishopric

of Junín. Dr. Moreno lived on beyond the limit of the colonial period,

and, as a member of a patriotic society created in 1822, his discourses

concerning a form of government for Peru produced great popular

dissatisfaction; for he spoke in opposition to the general sentiment of

Spanish America, which accepted the principles of democratic rule. He

died in 1841.

[Sidenote: _Mercurio_ suppressed]

On one occasion at least the Amantes del país got into embarrassment

through the freedom of their criticism. The Franciscan Antonio

Olavarrieta, writing in the _Semanario_, undertook to treat of the

public amusements, the dress, the balls, promenades, and receptions of

Lima. Writers in the _Mercurio_ analysed Olavarrieta’s article, and

made certain satirical allusions to the subjects treated, and their

observations displeased many persons, who appear to have had influence

with the authorities; for the number of the periodical for June 23, 1791,

was suppressed. It was, however, replaced by another number of the same

date.

VI

[Sidenote: _Telégrafo mercantil_]

[Sidenote: The volumes of the _Telégrafo_]

The noteworthy success achieved by the _Mercurio peruano_ was one of the

inducements leading to the establishment of _El telégrafo mercantil_

at Buenos Aires in 1801. The founder and editor was Francisco Antonio

Cabello. His announced purpose in founding this periodical was to advance

science and the arts, to create a school of philosophy that would

banish the barbarous forms of scholasticism, to extend the knowledge

of agriculture, and to inform the readers of the progress and new

discoveries in history, archæology, literature and other departments

of human learning. The first number was issued on April 1, 1801, and

it appeared thereafter during its continuance generally twice a week.

The first volume of thirty-five numbers covered the months of April,

May, June and July; the second volume, September, October, November,

and December; the third volume, January, February, March and April, of

1802; the fourth volume, May, June, July, and August; but the fifth and

last volume was never completed. It’s fourth number, the last issued,

appeared on October 17, 1802; it contained an article which the public

found extremely objectionable. In this article the editor wrote that

there existed no place under the sun more effective than Río de la Plata

for encouraging the idleness of foreigners, on account of the abundance

of food and of the superabundance of unmarried women, lovers of society

and of luxury. And in order to remedy this evil this article further

proposed that towns should be built on the coast of Patagonia; that all

Spanish bachelors in the country should be arrested and induced to marry;

and afterwards sent to the new Patagonian towns under penalty of a forced

return to Spain of all those who would not accept the hand of some poor

young woman of Buenos Aires, and who would not be willing to establish

themselves either at the bay of San Julián or the bay of San Matías.

[Sidenote: The end and character of the _Telégrafo_]

[Sidenote: Influence of the _Telégrafo_]

This article put an end to the _Telégrafo mercantil_; the viceroy, in

justice to those who had been offended, ordered the publication to be

suspended. The Argentine critic, José María Gutiérrez, says the editor

“proposed to realize in Buenos Aires the design conceived by the editors

of _Mercurio peruano_ without possessing the judgment, the serenity

of character, and the literary qualities that distinguished Unánue,

Baquijano, and other writers of that part of America, the founders and

supporters of that famous publication.” “But one must confess,” he

continues, “that in spite of the incompetence of the editor and the

great defects displayed by the _Telégrafo mercantil_, the appearance of

that publication marks an epoch of progress, and that, by awakening a

curiosity for reading and the natural ambition to write for the press,

it gave a visible impulse to minds and to ideas. In its pages appeared

for the first time the ode of Lavarden to the Río Paraná, the fables of

Azcuénaga and other contributions, which are not to be underestimated and

are an honour to the country, the first essays of the patriotic muse.

In it one finds also descriptions of some of the Argentine cities and

provinces, and various contributions by Haenke; the first meteorological

observations published in Buenos Aires; important and curious isolated

data concerning commercial practice, and the price of objects of

production and consumption throughout the whole viceroyalty.”[225]

[Sidenote: The _Semanario de agricultura, industria, y comercio_ at

Buenos Aires]

Another periodical publication was established in Buenos Aires in 1802.

This was the _Semanario de agricultura, industria, y comercio_. The

first number appeared on September 1, 1802, and the last on February 11,

1807. It was edited by Juan Hipólito Vieytes. It greatly surpassed its

predecessor with respect to the method shown in the arrangement of its

material and in the judgment displayed in selecting this material.

VII

[Sidenote: Malaspina’s expedition]

[Sidenote: Tadeo Haenke]

The expedition of Malaspina was also a factor of the movement, in the

last third of the eighteenth century, to increase the world’s scientific

knowledge of South America. This expedition would merit no special

remark in this place but for the fact that Tadeo Haenke, one of its

members, remained to be a permanent resident of Upper Peru, and became a

contributor to the intellectual activity of that part of the continent.

Haenke was born in Treibitz, Bohemia, near the Saxon frontier, on

October 5, 1761. He studied at Prague, and was promoted to the degree

of Doctor in 1782. Four years later he removed to Vienna, and continued

his studies in mineralogy under Professor Ignacius Born and botany under

Professor Nicolas Jacquin. His relation to these men was also that of

a collaborator. Under the initiative of the latter he made a botanical

exploration of the Alps. He was also charged with the preparation of the

eighth edition of Linnæus’ _Genera plantarum_.

[Sidenote: Haenke joins the expedition]

At this time, 1788, the Spanish government was preparing the scientific

expedition to be commanded by Malaspina, and asked Professors Born and

Jacquin to designate a person who might join the expedition in the

capacity of naturalist. Without hesitation they nominated Tadeo Haenke,

who, although only twenty-seven years old, had already given evidence

of remarkable knowledge and ability. Their suggestion was accepted,

and Haenke entered upon the journey from Vienna to Cadiz; but by a

miscalculation of the time required for it, and by delays in Paris and

Madrid, he arrived at the port shortly after the “Descubierta” and the

“Atrevida” had sailed. He followed by the first merchant ship available.

This was wrecked at the mouth of the Río de la Plata, and through this

misfortune Haenke lost most of his books, papers and instruments. He

arrived at Montevideo eight days after Malaspina had departed for the

Strait and the Pacific. Aided by the government of Buenos Aires, Haenke

now undertook the overland journey across the pampas and over the Andes.

When he arrived at Santiago, April 10, 1790, Malaspina’s ships had

already anchored at Valparaiso.

The expedition sailed northward along the coast, and the most important

halt was in the port of Callao. The ships were left under the necessary

guard, and the members of the company established themselves for four

months in the valley of the Rimac. The viceroy Francisco de Gil y Lemus

received the officers and the scientists, but the festivities of the

viceregal court did not prevent somewhat elaborate investigations in

Peru. Haenke accompanied by the botanist Tafalla and the draughtsman

Pulgar, went over the Andes to Tarma and visited Huanuco and the mines

of Cerro del Pasco. Tafalla and Pulgar had been associated with the

botanical expedition under Ruiz and Pavón, and after its return to

Spain, they remained under orders from the government to continue their

botanical investigations in Peru, and to make collections to replace

those that had been lost at Macora.

[Sidenote: Voyage northward and to the Far East]

[Sidenote: Haenke leaves the expedition]

Towards the end of 1790 Malaspina’s expedition continued its northward

voyage, halting at Guayaquil, Panama, Acapulco, and advancing to the

Strait of Fuca and into the Behring Sea. In the beginning of 1792 it

entered upon the voyage across the Pacific, to the Philippine Islands and

Australia, and, returning, arrived at Callao July 23, 1793. This long

voyage was for Haenke a period of fatiguing and profitless idleness;

and when the expedition started on its homeward voyage from Peru it was

determined by Malaspina and approved by the viceroy that Haenke should

be temporarily separated from the ships and go to Buenos Aires by way

of Huancavelica, Cuzco and Potosí, for the purpose of continuing his

investigations in botany and zoology. Luis Nee, another member of the

scientific staff, was permitted to leave the “Atrevida” at Concepción

in Chile, and proceed by land to Buenos Aires and meet the ships at

Montevideo. But Haenke, on account of the great extent of his proposed

journey, had permission to delay his arrival in Buenos Aires until

October or November 1794. Nee complied with the stated requirements,

rejoined the expedition at Montevideo, and returned to Spain. Haenke,

on the other hand, failed to carry out the conditions under which he

was permitted to cross the continent. Letters from him received by his

companions at Montevideo announced that on account of the extent of his

explorations, reaching to the territory of the Mojos and Chiquitos, he

would be delayed beyond the time specified for his arrival in Buenos

Aires, but that he believed he would be in Montevideo and embark for

Europe in the early part of the following year.

[Sidenote: Haenke’s Writings]

But this belief was not well founded; he never left America. He was

granted a pension by the viceroy, established himself at Cochabamba,

and continued his scientific researches. The principal product of his

inquiries was his _Historia natural de Cochabamba_. This was written in

1798. To the same period belong his _Memoria sobre los ríos navegables

que fluyen al Marañón_ and _Descripción del Perú_. Numerous fragments of

these works were published in the _Telégrafo mercantil_ but without his

name.

[Sidenote: Groussac on Haenke]

Paul Groussac, who caused the Natural History of Cochabamba to be

published in the first volume of the _Anales de la biblioteca_

characterized its style, in the preliminary essay on the life of Haenke,

as “that of descriptive science, simple and positive, and as far from the

incorrect creole verbosity as from the elegant precision of the French

travellers.” Of Haenke he affirms “We find ourselves in the presence

of a savant of high quality, worthy by his own ideas as well as by his

vast and varied knowledge to take his place, if destiny had not decreed

otherwise, in that illustrious galaxy near the end of the last century,

in which Priestly, Scheele, and Lavoisier shine as stars of the first

magnitude.”[226]

[Sidenote: Haenke’s late years and death]

But his marvellous zeal for exploration and investigation gradually

waned; isolation, lack of the results attained by other investigators,

the spiritual inertia of frontier conditions, and a relaxing climate

wrought, in the course of time, their deadly work, dulling the acuteness

of his mind, and destroying his energy. And the end, it is reported,

was hastened by the carelessness of a servant, who, in his illness at

his hacienda, administered by mistake a dose of poison in place of the

beneficent medicine. He died in 1817.

VIII

[Sidenote: Santiago Cárdenas]

[Sidenote: El Volador]

Perhaps to these indications of an intellectual awakening in Spanish

South America one ought to add a reference to a forerunner of modern

aviation, who achieved fame to such an extent that he became known as

El Volador. This was Santiago Cárdenas, who was born in Callao about

1726. Here he lived with his parents, who were extremely poor, until

they secured for him, while he was still very young, a position on a

vessel trading between Callao and the coast of Chile. The tidal wave

that succeeded the earthquake of 1746 threw the vessel, to which he was

attached, upon the shore. This event deprived the seafaring life of some

of its attractions for him, and he left his service and went to Lima.

Here he devoted himself to work in practical mechanics. Having acquired

noteworthy skill in this field, he became ambitious to invent a machine

for flying, and petitioned Viceroy Amat for support to enable him to

carry out his project. The inhabitants of Lima did not receive with

favour his proposal to fly from the hill San Cristóbal to the great

square of the city, and on his appearance on the streets they hooted at

him and stoned him. The government, however, intervened, and set aside

the proposed attempt. Thereafter El Volador’s efforts were directed to

writing a book on flying, which he called _Nuevo sístema de navegar por

les aires_.

[Sidenote: On art of flying]

In 1860 the manuscript of this book was in the library of the school of

medicine; it was afterwards transferred to the national library at Lima,

but some pages at the end had been lost, as also some of the rude pen

drawings. But in 1878 Ricardo Palma had the manuscript copied and printed

at Valparaiso in a little volume of one hundred and thirty pages. In the

introduction he set down certain curious facts regarding Cárdenas. The

next year Pedro Ruiz published a pamphlet in which he discussed the art

of flying. Mendiburu, from whose notice of the Volador these facts are

taken, refers to a manuscript in the library of Lima entitled _Viaje al

globo de la luna_, giving some account of Santiago El Volador. In the

course of time the populace recovered from its aversion to Cárdenas’

project, and it is reported that he had to seek asylum in a church to

escape from the crowd that wished to compel him to fulfil his promise to

fly.

[Sidenote: Intellectual movement in the last decades]

[Sidenote: Mutis and Nariño]

Although this general survey of the intellectual activity in Spanish

South America in the last decades of the colonial period brings to light

no epoch-making achievements, there is revealed, however, an increasing

interest in the real world, in the sciences that deal with natural

phenomena, in literature that is worldly in its tone and subjects, and

in the spread of enlightenment through the press that might lead to the

formation of a reasonable public opinion. In many quarters there were

signs that the new generation was arousing itself to overcome the dulness

of the middle years of the eighteenth century. The creoles and the

mestizos had been drawn together, and through their union a new society

had come into existence. The young creoles in New Granada gathered

about Mutis as his disciples and co-workers in the field of scientific

investigation, and, with Nariño as their leader, announced their

adherence to the doctrine of political liberty. Everywhere they displayed

a spirit of revolt against the institutions through which Spanish

absolutism had found expression, and they resented with increasing vigour

and determination their exclusion from participation in the direction of

public affairs that vitally concerned their welfare.

THE END

APPENDIX

A Catalogue, under Authors’ Names, of the Books mentioned in the Text

_Wherever possible the dates and places of publication of

first editions have been given; modern working editions are

also included, where they exist. If a given edition is to be

found in the British Museum, the letter L is printed, in square

brackets, immediately after the date. The English alphabet has

been followed. The spelling of the Spanish names and titles has

been modernized throughout. The chapter reference at the end of

an entry indicates where in the text an account of the author

will be found._

Acosta (Joaquín). _Compendio histórico del descubrimiento y colonización

de la Nueva Granada._ Paris, 1848. [L]

—— _Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias, compuestas por Juan de

Castellanos._ Short Article printed in _Antología española_, Vol. III,

_q.v._ Cap. VII.

Acosta (José de). _De natura novi orbis et de promulgatione evangelii

apud barbaros, sive de procuranda Indorum salute._ Salamanca, 1589. [L]

The _De promulgatione_ was published separately. Salamanca, 1594. [L]

—— _De vera Scripturae interpretandae ratione, ac de Christo in

Scripturis revelatis._ Rome, 1590. [L]

—— _Historia natural y moral de las Indias._ Seville, 1590. [L]

—— _Histoire naturelle et morale des Indes, etc._ Trans. by R. Regnauld.

Paris, 1597. [L]

—— _Historie naturael ende morael van de Westersche Indien, etc._ Trans.

by J. Huyghem van Linschoten. Haarlem, 1598. [L]

—— _The naturall and morall historie of the East and West Indies._ Trans.

by E. Grimestone, London, 1604. [L] London, 1880. [L]

—— —— German Trans. from the Dutch in T. de Bry’s _Amerika, teil IX_,

Frankfurt a. M., 1601. [L]

—— —— Latin Trans. from the Dutch in T. de Bry’s _America, pars IX_,

Frankfurt a. M., 1602. [L]

—— _Sumario del concilio provincial, que se celebró en la Ciudad de los

Reyes, el año 1567._ Madrid, 1591.

—— _Concilium limense celebratum anno 1583._ Ascribed to Acosta. Madrid,

1591. See Medina (J. T.), _Bib. hisp. amer._, Vol. I.

—— _De temporibus novissimis._ Lyons, 1592. Cap. IV, i.

Acuña (Cristóbal de). _El nuevo descubrimiento del gran río de las

Amazonas._ Madrid, 1641. [L]

—— —— Printed in _Colección de libros que tratan de America raros o

curiosos_, Vol. II, _q.v._

—— _Relation de la rivière des Amazones._ Transl. by M. de Gomberville.

To which is added _Journal du voyage qu’ont ait les pères J. Grillet et

F. Bechamel de la Cie. de Jésus, dans la Goyane, l’an 1674_. 4 vols.

Paris, 1682. [L]

—— _New Discovery of the Great River of the Amazons._ Trans. and ed. by

Sir Clements Markham in _Expeditions into the Valley of the Amazons_,

_q.v._ Cap. X, iii.

Aguiar (Antonio). _Razón de las noticias de la provincia de San Lorenzo

Mártir de Chile, etc._ MS. (1742). Cap. XII, v.

Aguilar del Río (Juan Bautista). _Restauración y reparo del Perú._ 1615.

—— [A report, dated 1623, to the King on the misfortunes and needs of the

Indians. Later printed. See Mendiburu, _Dic. hist. biog. del Perú_.] Cap.

X, i.

Aguirre (Juan Bautista). _Concepción de Nuestra Señora_ and _La rebelión

y caída de Luzbel y sus sequaces_. Both contained in _Versos castellanos,

obras juveniles, misceláneas_. Manuscript in possession of a collector in

Guayaquil. See Gutiérrez (Juan María), _Estudios biográficos y críticos_,

p. 237. Cap. XVII, iii.

Aguirre (Miguel de). _Población de Valdivia._ Lima, 1647. Cap. IX, vi;

Cap. XVI, iv.

Alcedo (Antonio de). _Diccionario geográfico-histórico de las Indias

occidentales._ 5 vols., Madrid, 1786-1789. [L]

—— _The Geographical and Historical Dictionary of America and the West

Indies._ Translation with large additions by G. A. Thompson. 5 vols.

London, 1812-15. [L] Cap. XVI, v.

Alcedo y Herrera (Dionisio de). _Aviso histórico-geográfico con noticias

particulares de la América meridional._ Madrid, 1741. [L]

—— _Compendio histórico de la provincia, partidos, ciudad, astillero,

ríos, y puerto de Guayaquil._ Madrid, 1741. [L] Cap. XVI, v.

Alcocer (Hernando de). _Orlando furioso ... nuevamente traducido ... por

H. de A._ Toledo, 1550. [L] Cap. V.

Alesio (Adrián de). _Vida de Santo Tomás de Aquino en quintillas._ Madrid.

—— _El Angélico_ (A poem in praise of St. Thomas Aquinas). Murcia, 1645.

[L]

—— [Said to have written _Del amor de Dios_.] See Antonio (N.),

_Bibliotheca hispana nova_, and Mendiburu, _Dic. hist. biog. del Perú_,

article, “Menacho.” Cap. XIV, iv.

_Algunas hazañas de las muchas de Don García Hurtado de Mendoza._ Madrid,

1622. A comedy composed by several authors (Mira de Amescua, etc.).

—— —— Printed in _Colección de aut. esp._, Vol. XX, _q.v._ Cap. VI, iv.

Alloza (Juan de). _El breve oficio del nombre de María._

—— _El cielo estrellado de María._ Madrid, 1654. See Mendiburu, _Dic.

hist. biog. del Perú._ Cap. XIV, iv.

Álvarez de Toledo (Fernando). _El Purén indómito._ Publ. in _Bibliotheca

americana_, _q.v._

—— _La Araucana._ MS. lost. Several octaves quoted in _Histórica relación

del reino de Chile_, by Alonso de Ovalle, _q.v._ Cap. VI, iii.

Amador de los Ríos (José). _Vida y escritos de Gonzalo Fernández de

Oviedo y Valdés._ Prefixed to Span. Academy’s 1851 ed. of Fernández de

Oviedo’s _Historia general_, _q.v._ Cap. II, i.

Amunátegui (Gregorio Victor). _Fernando Álvarez de Toledo._ Article publ.

in _Anales de la Universidad de Chile_. Vol. XXVIII. (March, 1866) _q.v._

Amunátegui Solar (Domingo). _Las encomiendas de indígenas en Chile._ 2

vols. Santiago de Chile, 1909-10. [L]

—— _Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo._ Santiago de Chile, 1898. Cap. VI,

iii.

_Anales de historia natural._ Edited by C. Herrgen, L. J. Proust, D.

Fernández and A. J. Cavanilles. Madrid, 1799-1800. [L] Continued as:—

_Anales de ciencias naturales._ Madrid, 1801-1804. [L]

_Anales de la Biblioteca_ (Biblioteca Nacional de Buenos Aires) Buenos

Aires, 1900, etc. [L]

_Anales de la Universidad de Chile._ Santiago de Chile, 1843-45,

Valparaiso, 1846, etc. [L]. In progress. The set in British Museum

imperfect, wanting the vols. for 1845-46, -48, -53, -58.

—— _Indice general de los Anales ... compuesto por Ramón Briseño._

Santiago de Chile, 1856. [L]

_Anales del Cuzco._ See Palma (Ricardo).

Andagoya (Pascual de). _Relación de los sucesos de Pedrarias Dávila en

las provincias de Tierra Firme, etc._ Publ. by Fernández de Navarrete

(M.) in _Colección de viajes y descubrimientos ... del siglo XV_, Vol.

III, _q.v._

—— _Narrative of the proceedings of Pedrarias Dávila in the provinces

of Tierra Firme._ Transl. and edited by Sir Clements Markham. Hakluyt

Society, London, 1865. [L] Cap. II, iii.

Andrade (Alonso). _Vida de P. Pedro Claver_, under pseudonym, Jerónimo

Suárez Sornoza. Madrid, 1657. Cap. XI, v.

Angelis (Pedro). _Colección de obras y documentos relativos a la historia

antigua y moderna de las provincias del Río de la Plata._ 6 vols.

1836-37. [L]

Anglés y Gortari (Matías de). _Los Jesuitas en el Paraguay. Copia del

informe ... sobre los puntos que han sido causa de las discordias

sucedidas en la ciudad de la Asunción._ Madrid, 1769. [L] Cap. XIII, vi.

_Annales des voyages, de la géographie et de l’histoire; ou collection

des voyages nouveaux ... traduits de toutes les langues européennes,

etc._ Publ. by M. Malte-Brun. 24 vols. Paris, 1808-14. [L]

—— _Nouvelles annales des voyages._ Publ. by M. Malte-Brun, M.

Ternaux-Compans and others. 6 series. Paris, 1819-1870. [L]

Antequera y Castro (José de). _Carta primera que escribió el Señor Doctor

Don J. de A. y C. a Fray José de Palos, Obispo del Paraguay._ Lima, 1726.

Printed by Jesuit Mission in Pueblo de S. Fr. Xavier, Paraguay, 1727.

Cap. I.

_Antología española._ Ed. by C. Herrgen, L. J. Proust, D. Fernández, and

A. J. Cavanilles. Madrid, 1848. [L]

Antomas (Domingo). _Arte de perseverancia final en gracia._ Lima, 1766.

Cap. XIV, iv.

Antonio (Nicolás). _Bibliotheca hispana nova._ Madrid, 1783. [L]

—— _Bibliotheca hispana vetus._ Madrid, 1788. [L]

Apolinar (Francisco). _Suma moral y resumen brevísimo de todas las obras

del Doctor Machado._ Madrid, 1661. Cap. XIV, iv.

Arbieto (Ignacio de). _Historia de la Provincia del Perú._ MS. was in the

Archives of Lima, but is lost.

—— _Suma de los obras teológicas del P. Fr. Suárez._ See _Bib. de la Cie.

de Jésus._ Pt. I. Cap. XI, ii.

_Archivo boliviano._ See Ballivián y Rojas (V.).

Astete (Miguel de). See Estete (Miguel de).

Ávila (Gaspar de). _Gobernador prudente._ Printed in _Primera parte de

comedias escogidas_, Vol. XXI. _q.v._ Cap. VI, iv.

Azcuénaga (Domingo de). [_Fables._ Published in _Telégrafo mercantil_,

Buenos Aires, 1801-2]. See Medina (J. T.), _La imprenta en Buenos Aires_.

Cap. XVII, vi.

Bado (Sebastián). See Baldi (Sebastiano).

Baldi (Sebastiano). _Anastasis corticis peruvianae seu chinae defensio._

2 Parts. Genoa, 1663. [L] Cap. XVII, v.

Ballivián (Manuel Vicente) and Kramer (Pedro). _Tadeo Haenke. Escritos,

precedidos de algunos apuntes para su biografía y acompañados de varios

documentos ilustrativos._ La Paz, 1898. [L]

Ballivián y Rojas (Vicente de). Ed. _Archivo boliviano. Colección de

documentos relativos a la historia de Bolivia durante la época colonial,

con un catálogo de obras impresas y de manuscritos que tratan de esa

parte de la América meridional._ Paris, Leipzig, 1872.

Baños y Sotomayor (Diego). _Constituciones sinodales del obispado de

Venezuela._ Madrid, 1698. Reprinted, Caracas, 1848. [L] Cap. XII, ii.

Baquijano y Carrillo (José de). _Elogio del excelentísimo señor don

Agustín de Jáuregui y Aldecoa ... virrey, gobernador, y capitán general

de los reinos del Perú, Chile, etc._ Lima, 1781.

—— _Relectio extemporanea ad explanationem legis Pamphilo XXXIX. D. de

legatis et fidei ... commissis III ... 1788._ Lima, 1788. [L]

—— _Alegato que en la oposición a la catedra de prima de leyes de la

Universidad de San Marcos de Lima dijo el Dr. J. de B. y C. ... 29 de

Abril de 1788_ (Lima, 1788). [L] Cap. XVII, vi.

Barcia (A. González de). See González de Barcia Carballido y Zúñiga (A.).

Barco Centenera (Martín del). _La Argentina._ Lisbon, 1602. [L]

—— —— Printed by González de Barcia in _Historiadores primitivos, etc._

Vol. III, _q.v._

—— —— Printed by Angelis (P.) in _Colección de obras y documentos

relativos a la historia ... del Río de la Plata_. _q.v._

—— —— Printed by Díaz de Guzmán in _Historia argentina_. Vol. III, _q.v._

—— —— Facsimile reprint of 1st Lisbon edition, with preface by J. M.

Gutiérrez, publ. by Junta de Historia y Numismática Americana. Buenos

Aires, 1912. [L] Cap. VIII.

Barrasa (Jacinto). [1st vol. of Sermons. Madrid, 1678. 2nd vol., Madrid,

1678.]

—— _Historia de las fundaciones de los colegios y casas de la provincia

del Perú de la Compañía de Jesús, etc._ MS. in possession of Monseñor

García Sanz. See Torres Saldamando, _Los antiguos Jesuitas del Perú._

Cap. XI, ii.

Barrenechea y Albis (Juan). _Restauración de la Imperial y conversión de

almas infieles._ MS. See Medina, _Bibliotheca americana_. Cap. XI, i.

Barros Arana (Diego). _Historia general de Chile._ 16 vols. Santiago,

1884-1902. [L]

—— _Historia general de la independencia de Chile._ 4 vols. Santiago,

1854-58. [Vol. I in L]

—— _Proceso de Pedro de Valdivia y otros documentos inéditos

concernientes a este conquistador._ Santiago de Chile, 1873. [L]

—— _El Inca, Garcilaso de la Vega._ Printed in B. A.’s _Obras completas_,

VIII, 151-158.

—— _Retórica poética. Obras completas_, III, 309.

—— _Obras completas._ 11 vols. Santiago de Chile. 1908-1911.

—— See also _Revista chilena_ and _Bibliotheca americana_.

Benzoni (Girolamo). _La historia del mondo nuovo._ Venice, 1565. [L] Cap.

III, viii.

Bertonio (Ludovico). _Arte y gramática muy copiosa de la lengua aimara._

Rome. 1603. [L]

—— _Arte de la lengua aimara con una silva de frases y su declaración en

romance._ Chucuito, 1612. [L]

—— _Confesionario muy copioso en dos lenguas, aimara y española, con una

instrucción acerca de los siete sacramentos de la Santa Iglesia._ Printed

by Jesuits in Pueblo de Juli. Chucuito, 1612. [L]

—— _Vocabulario de la lengua aimara, etc._ 2 pts. Juli (in province of

Chucuito), 1612. [L]

—— —— Republished by J. Platzmann. Leipzig, 1879. [L] Cap. IV, i.

_Biblioteca de autores españoles desde la formación del lenguaje hasta

nuestros días._ 71 vols. Publ. by Rivadeneyra. Madrid, 1849, etc. [L]

_Biblioteca de escritores de Chile._ Santiago de Chile, 1910.

_Biblioteca de historia nacional._ Edited by Eduardo Posada and Pedro M.

Ibáñez. Bogotá, etc. [L]

_Biblioteca de la Compañía de Jesús._ See Ribadeneira (Pedro de).

_Biblioteca de los americanistas._ Madrid, 1828, etc. [L]

_Biblioteca hispano-ultramarina._ Publ. by Manuel G. Hernández. Madrid,

1876, etc. [L]

_Bibliotheca americana._ Edited by D. Barros Arana. 3 vols. Leipzig and

Paris, 1861-64. [L]

_Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus._ Pt. I. Bibliography; by Fathers

Augustin and Aloys de Backer. Pt. II, History; by Father Auguste Carayon.

New edition by Carlos Sommervogel. 10 vols. and supplement. Brussels,

1890. [L]

Borda (José Joaquín). _Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en la Nueva

Granada._ 2 vols. Poissy, 1872. Cap. XI, v.

Bravo de Lagunas y Castilla (Pedro José). _Colección legal de cartas,

dictámenes y otros papeles de derecho. Los da a luz P. de Colmenares

Fernández de Córdoba._ Lima, 1761. [L] Cap. XVII, ii.

Brulio (Joaquín). _Historiae Peruanae ordinis eremitarum Sancti Augustini

libri octodecim._ Louvain (?) 1651-2. [L]. (Extract translated into Latin

from Antonio de Calancha’s _Crónica moralizada_.) Cap. X, v.

Buendía (José de). _Vida del V. P. Francisco del Castillo._ Madrid,

1693. [L]. Part was published by Odriozola in Lima on pp. 23-33 of

_Terremotos_, _q.v._ Compendium of the whole work pub. by Monseñor García

Sanz, Rome, 1863. Cap. XI, ii.

Bueno (Cosme). _Disertaciones geográficas y científicas._ Published by

Odriozola (M. de) in _Colección de documentos literarios del Perú_, Vol.

III, _q.v._

NOTE.—These dissertations first appeared in issues of _El

conocimiento de los tiempos_, from 1757-1798 (_q.v._). During

these years C. B. as royal cosmographer edited this yearly

almanac. Cap. XVI, vi.

Bustamante Carlos (Calixto) alias Concolorcorvo. _El lazarillo de ciegos

caminantes desde Buenos Aires hasta Lima, etc._ Lima, 1773. [L] (Title

page gives Gijón as place of publication, but it was apparently printed

secretly in Lima.)

—— —— New edition publ. by the Junta de Historia y Numismática Americana.

Buenos Aires, 1908. [L] Cap. XVI, vi.

Cabello de Balboa (Miguel). _Miscelánea austral._ MS. Completed in 1586.

Part published as _Histoire du Pérou_, by Ternaux-Compans (H.) in his

_Voyages, relations, etc._, Vol. XV, _q.v._ Cap. IV, iv.

Cajica (Juan). [Numerous MSS. not printed.] See Mendiburu, _Dic. hist.

biog. del Perú_. Cap. XIV, iv.

Calancha (Antonio de la). _Crónica moralizada del orden de S. Agustín en

el Perú._ 1st vol., Barcelona, 1638. [L] 2nd vol., Lima, 1653. [L]

NOTE.—Vol. II was arranged for publication after the death of

the author by Fr. Bernardo de Torres, who continued the chronicle.

See Torres (Bernardo de); also Medina, _La imprenta en Lima_.

—— —— French trans. (Extract, with additions by translator). Toulouse,

1653.

—— —— Latin trans. (extract) by J. Brulio. See Brulio.

—— _De los varones ilustres de la orden de S. Augustín._

—— _De Immaculatae Virginis Mariae Conceptione._ Lima, 1629.

—— _Informe al virrey del Perú sobre los castores que se cazan desde

Callao a Chile._ Lima, 1642. Cap. X, v.

Calderón (Melchor). _Tratado de la importancia y utilidad que hay en dar

por esclavos a los indios rebelados de Chile._ Madrid, 1607(?). Cap. XV.

Calvete de Estrella (Juan Cristóbal). _De rebus indicis._ MS. in Academia

de la Historia, Madrid. Cap. III, v.

Campusano (Antonio). [Ballad dedicated to Fernández de Campino. Quoted

by J. T. Medina in _Hist. de la lit. col. de Chile_, pp. 425-6, Vol. I,

_q.v._] Cap. XVII, iii.

Carayon (Auguste). _Documents inédits concernant la Compagnie de Jésus._

23 vols. Poitiers, 1863-86. [L]

Cárdenas (Santiago). El Volador. _Nuevo sístema de navegar por los

aires._ Publ. by Ricardo Palma, Valparaiso, 1878. Cap. XVII, viii.

Cárdenas Z. Cano (Gabriel de), pseudonym. See González de Barcia

Carballido y Zúñiga (Andrés).

Cardiel (José). _Declaración de la verdad._ Published by Misiones del

Paraguay. Reprinted Buenos Aires, 1900.

—— _Breve relación de las misiones guaraníes._ Latin original still in MS.

—— —— Spanish Trans. abbreviated with title _Costumbres de los

guaraníes_, printed at end of D. Muriel’s _Historia del Paraguay in

Colección de lib. y doc. ref. a la historia de América_. Vol. XIX, _q.v._

—— See Lozano (P.). Cap. XIII, v.

Caro (Miguel Antonio). [Three articles on Juan de Castellanos in the

_Repertorio colombiano_. Bogotá, 1879-80.]

—— _Curiosidades literarias_, an article in _Repertorio colombiano_,

(_q.v._), on, inter alia, J. B. de Toro’s work. Cap. VII.

Caro de Torres (Francisco). _Relación de los servicios de Don Alonso de

Sotomayor._ Madrid, 1620. [L]

—— —— Reprinted in _Col. de historiadores de Chile_. Vol. V, _q.v._

—— _Historia de las órdenes militares de Santiago, Calatrava y Alcántara,

etc._ Madrid, 1629. [L] Cap. IX, iii.

Carrasco del Saz (Francisco). _Interpretatio ad aliquas leges

recopilationis regni Castellae._ Seville, 1620.

—— _Tractatus de casibus Curiae._ Madrid, 1630. Cap. XV, i.

Carrillo de Ojeda (Agustín). _Relación de las paces ofrecidas por los

indios rebeldes del reino de Chile._ MS. (1648). Cap. IX, vii.

_Cartas de Indias._ A collection of letters written from Mexico, Central

and South America, and the Philippines by Christopher Columbus, Amerigo

Vespucci, Bartolomé de las Casas, Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Cristóbal

Vaca de Castro, Pedro de la Gasca, Viceroys, Prelates and others. It

contains biographical notes, facsimiles, signatures, and reproductions

of four old maps, one of which was consulted by Sir Walter Raleigh as

indicating the position of _El Dorado_. Published by the Ministerio de

Fomento. Madrid, 1877. [L]

Carvallo y Goyeneche (Vicente). _Descripción histórico-geográfica del

reino de Chile._ Printed in _Colección de historiadores de Chile_, Vols.

VIII, IX, X, _q.v._ Cap. XVI, iii.

Casas (Bartolomé de las). _Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las

Indias._ Seville, 1552. [L]

—— _The Spanish Colonie_, or _Briefe Chronicle of the Acts and Gestes of

the Spaniardes in the West Indies, etc._ London, 1583.

—— _A briefe narration of the destruction of the Indies_, in _Purchas his

Pilgrimes_. Part 4. London, 1625. _q.v._

—— _The Tears of the Indians, etc._ London, 1656. [L]

—— _Tyrannies et cruautés des Espagnols aux Indes Occidentales._ Antwerp,

1579. [L]

—— _Narratio regionum Indicarum per Hispanos quosdam devastatarum

verissima._ De Bry. Frankfurt, 1598. [L]

—— _Regionum Indicarum per Hispanos olim devastatarum accuratissima

descriptio.... Editio nova priori longe correctior._ Heidelberg, 1664. [L]

—— _Neue Welt. Wahrhafftige Anzeigung der Spanier greulichen ...

Tyrannen._ 1597. [L]

—— _Treinta proposiciones pertenecientes al derecho que la iglesia y los

príncipes cristianos tienen contra los infieles, etc._, Seville, 1552. [L]

—— _Una disputa entre el dicho obispo y el doctor Ginés de Sepúlveda._

Seville, 1552. [L]

—— —— Printed in _Bib. de aut. esp._ Vol. LXV, _q.v._

—— _Disputa o controversia con Ginés de Sepúlveda contendiendo acerca la

licitud de las conquistas de las Indias._ Reproduction of the Seville

edition of 1552, with a bibliographical note by the Marqués de Olivart

and an essay on _Fray B. de las Casas, su obra y tiempo_, by Fray Enrique

Vacas Galindo. Madrid, 1908. [L]

—— _Un tratado que ... B. de las C. ... compuso sobre la materia de los

indios que se han hecho ... esclavos, etc._ Seville, 1552. [L]

—— —— Printed in _Bib. de aut. esp._ Vol. LXV. _q.v._

—— _Remedios que B. de las C. refirió por mandado del emperador al

ayuntamiento de prelados ... por la reformación de los indios._ Seville,

1552. [L]

NOTE.—The _Breve relación_ and the four preceding titles were

also printed in _Las Obras de B. de las C._ _v. infra_.

—— _Historia general de las indias._ First printed in 1875 in _Colección

de doc. inéd. para la hist. de España_, Vol. LXII-LXVI. _q.v._

—— _Historia apologética de las Indias._ Printed in _Nueva bib. de aut.

esp._ Vol. XIII. (_Historiadores de Indias_, Vol. I), _q.v._

—— _Las obras del obispo ... B. de las Casas, etc._ Barcelona, 1646. [L]

—— _Colección de las obras del ... obispo de Chiapa ... enriquecida ...

con ... notas ... y apéndices históricos ... y su vida por.... J. A.

Llorente._ 2 vols. Paris, 1822. [L]

—— See also Fabié (A. M.) and San Martín (T. de).

GENERAL NOTE.—With one or two exceptions, all the works of B. de

las Casas have been reprinted in _Colección de documentos inéditos

para la historia de España_. Vols. LXII-LXVI and LXXI, _q.v._ Cap.

II, i.

Cassani (José). _Historia de la Provincia de la Compañía de Jesús del

Nuevo Reino de Granada._ Madrid, 1741. [L] Cap. XII, v.

Castellanos (Juan de). _Elegías de varones ilustres de las Indias.

Primera Parte._ Madrid, 1589. [L]

—— —— Pts. 1, 2, 3 (2 and 3 for first time) printed in _Bib. de aut.

esp._ Vol. IV, _q.v._

—— _Discurso del Capitán Francisco Draque_ (extracted from _Elegías_,

part 3). Madrid, 1921.

—— _Historia del Nuevo Reino de Granada_ (being Pt. 4 of the _Elegías,

etc._). Published by Antonio Paz y Melia, 2 vols., in _Colección de

escritores castellanos_, _q.v._

—— See also Schumacher (H. A.). Cap. VII.

Castillo y Guevara (Francisca Josefa). _Vida de la V. M. Francisca Josefa

de la Concepción, escrita por ella._ First published Philadelphia, 1817.

—— _Sentimientos espirituales de la V. M. Francisca Josefa._ First

published Bogotá, 1843. Cap. XII, iii.

Castro Tito Cusi Yupangui (Diego de). _Relación de la conquista del Perú

y hechos del Inca Manco II._ Printed in _Colección de libros y documentos

referentes a la historia del Perú_, Vol. II, _q.v._ Cap. III, v.

Caycedo Ladrón de Guevara (Manuel de). _Doctrinas sobre el credo y

artículos de la fe._

—— _Doctrinas sobre la reincidencia en el pecado._

—— _Doctrinas sobre la palabra de Dios._

NOTE.—These and three other works without title pages are all in

MS. See Vergara y Vergara, _Hist. de la lit. en Nueva Granada_.

Cap. XVII, i.

Cevallos (Pedro Fermín). _Historia del Ecuador._ Lima, 1870.

—— _Geografía de la república del Ecuador._ Lima, 1888. [L]

—— _Ecuatorianos ilustres ... Reproducción hecha, por E. C. Monge para el

centenario del autor._ Quito, 1912. [L]

Charlevoix (Pierre François Xavier de). _Histoire du Paraguay._ 3 vols.

Paris, 1756. [L]

—— —— Spanish trans. by Pablo Hernández and embodying the notes and

corrections of Domingo Muriel in _Colección de libros y documentos

referentes a la historia de América_, Vols. XI-XVII, _q.v._ Cap. XIII, v.

Churchill (Awnsham) and (John). _A collection of voyages and travels,

etc._, 6 vols. London, 1704-32. [L]

Cieza de León (Pedro de). _Primera parte de la crónica del Perú que

trata la demarcación de sus provincias; la descripción de ellas; las

fundaciones de las nuevas ciudades; los ritos y costumbres de los indios;

y otras cosas extrañas y dignas de ser sabidas._ Seville, 1553. [L]

—— —— Printed in _Bib. de aut. esp._ Vol. XXVI, _q.v._

—— _La prima parte dell’ istorie del Peru, dove si tratta l’ordine delle

provincie, delle città nuove in quel paese edificate, i riti e costumi

degli Indiani, con molte cose notabili, etc._ Venice, 1556. [L]

—— _The seventeen years travels of Peter de Cieza through the Kingdom of

Peru and the Provinces of Carthagena and Popayán in South America, etc._

Transl. by John Stevens, London, 1709. [L]

—— _The Travels of Pedro de Cieza de León, A.D. 1532-50_, contained in

the first part of his _Chronicle of Peru_. Trans. by Sir C. Markham.

Hakluyt Society, London, 1864. [L]

—— _Segunda parte de la crónica del Perú que trata del señorío de los

incas yupanquis y de sus grandes hechos y gobernación._ Published by M.

Jiménez de la Espada in _Biblioteca hispano-ultramarina_. Madrid, 1880.

[L]

NOTE.—The second part had been previously published in 1873

in Edinburgh by González de la Rosa (M).

—— _The Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru._ Trans. by Sir C. Markham.

Hakluyt Society, London, 1883. [L]

—— _Guerras civiles del Perú. I, Guerra de las Salinas, II, Guerra de

Chupas._ First published in _Colección de documentos inéditos para la

historia de España_. Vols. LXVIII and LXXVI, _q.v._

—— _Tercero libro de las guerras civiles del Perú, el cual se llama la

guerra de Quito._ Printed in _Biblioteca hispano-ultramarina_. Madrid,

1877. _q.v._

—— —— Printed in _Nueva bib. de aut. esp._ Vol. XV. (_Historiadores de

Indias_, Vol. II,) _q.v._

—— —— Printed in _Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de

España_. Vol. LXVIII, _q.v._

—— _Civil Wars of Peru ... the War of Chupas._ Transl. and ed. by Sir

Clements Markham. Hakluyt Society, London, 1918. [L]

—— _The war of Quito ... and Inca Documents._ Transl. and ed. by Sir

Clements Markham. Hakluyt Society, London, 1913. [L] Cap. III, vii.

Cisneros (Diego), Ed. _Mercurio peruano._ Vol. XII, _q.v._ Cap. XVII, iv.

Cisneros (José Luis). _Descripción exacta de la provincia de Venezuela._

Valencia (Venezuela), 1764. [L]

—— —— Printed in _Colección de libros que tratan de América raros o

curiosos_. Vol. XXI, _q.v._ Cap. XII, iii.

Cobo (Bernabé). _Historia del nuevo mundo._ First complete edition publ.

by M. Jiménez de la Espada, 5 vols. Seville, 1890-95. [L]

NOTE.—Two extracts published previously under titles _Descripción

del Perú_, ed. by A. José Cavanilles in _Anales de historia

natural_, Madrid, Vol. VII, _q.v._; and in _Historia de la

fundación de Lima_, ed. by González de la Rosa, in _Colección

de historiadores del Perú_, Vol. I, _q.v._ Cap. X, vi.

_Colección de autores clásicos españoles._ Vol. I (no more published).

Madrid, 1840. [L]

_Colección de autores españoles._ 48 vols. Leipzig, 1863-87. [L]

_Colección de documentos inéditos del Archivo de Indias._ Ed. by J. F.

Pacheco and L. Torres de Mendoza. 1st series, 42 vols. Madrid, 1864-84.

2nd series, 13 vols. Madrid, 1885-1900. [L] Cap. III, viii.

_Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de Chile._ See Medina

(J. T.).

_Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España._ Edited by

Fernández de Navarrete (M.) and others. Madrid, 1842, etc. [L]

NOTE.—For a continuation of this series see _Nueva colección de

documentos inéditos para la historia de España, etc._

_Colección de documentos literarios del Perú._ See Odriozola (M.)

_Colección de escritores castellanos._ Madrid, 1880. etc. [L]

_Colección de historiadores clásicos del Perú._ Edited by Carlos A.

Romero and others. Lima, 1918, etc. [L]

_Colección de historiadores de Chile, y documentos relativos a la

historia national._ Santiago de Chile, 1861, etc. [L]

_Colección de historiadores del Perú. Obras inéditas o rarísimas e

importantes sobre la historia del Perú._ Ed. by M. González de la Rosa.

Vol. I. Lima, 1882. [L]

_Colección de libros españoles raros o curiosos._ Edited by Ramírez de

Arellano (Feliciano), Marqués de la Fuensanta del Valle, and Rayón (José

Sancho). 24 vols. Madrid, 1871-1896.

_Colección de libros que tratan de América, raros o curiosos._ 20 vols.

Madrid, 1891-1902. [L]

_Colección de libros y documentos referentes a la historia de América._

See Romero (C. A.)

_Colección de libros y documentos referentes a la historia del Perú._

Lima, 1916, etc. [L]

_Colección de los mejores autores españoles._ 60 vols. Paris, 1835-72. [L]

_Colección de obras y documentos relativos a la historia antigua y

moderna de las provincias del Río de la Plata._ See Angelis (Pedro).

_Colección de obras, documentos y noticias, inéditos o poco conocidos,

para servir a la historia física, política y literaria del Río de la

Plata, publicada bajo la dirección de Andrés Lamas._ Buenos Aires, 1878,

etc. [L]

_Colección de poemas épicos relativos a Chile o escritos por chilenos

durante el período colonial._ Santiago de Chile, 1888, etc. [L]

_Colección de viajes y descubrimientos ... del siglo XV._ Edited by

Fernández de Navarrete (M.) 5 vols. Madrid, 1825-37. [L]

_Colección hispano-americana._ Madrid, 1913, etc.

Concolorcorvo. See Bustamante Carlos (Calixto).

_Confesionario para los curas de indios. Con la instrucción contra sus

ritos y exhortación para ayudar a bien morir ... compuesto y traducido en

las lenguas quichua y aimara...._ Lima, 1585.—Reprinted Seville, 1603.

This contains _Los errores y supersticiones de los indios_, of Polo de

Ondegardo (J.), _q.v._

_Conocimiento (El) de los tiempos. Ephemerides del año de 1738-1796 con

calendario de las fiestas etc._ Lima, 1738-96. [L]

NOTE.—The British Museum set is imperfect, wanting the following

years:—1740-49, -52, -55-61, -63, -64, -66, -68, -78, -82-84, -86,

-89, -90, -93, -95, and some leaves for 1738, -50, -62, -70.

Córdoba Salinas (Diego de). _Crónica de la religiosísima provincia de los

doce apóstoles del Perú, de la Orden de N.P.S. Francisco de la regular

observancia._ Lima, 1651.

—— _Relación de la fundación de la santa provincia de los doce apóstoles

del Perú._ MS.

—— _Vida, virtudes y milagros del Apóstol del Perú el V. P. Francisco

Solano, etc._ Lima, 1630.

—— —— Second edition augmented by Alonso Mendieta and containing Pedro de

Oña’s _Río Lima al Río Tibre_. Madrid, 1643. [L]

—— —— Third edition without Mendieta’s additions. Madrid, 1676. [L] Cap.

XIV, ii.

Córdoba y Figueroa (Pedro). _Historia de Chile._ (Unfinished, reaches

1717). First printed in _Colección de historiadores de Chile_. Vol. II,

_q.v._ Cap. XVI, ii.

Corral Calvo de la Torre (Juan del). _Expositio ac explanatio omnium

legum. Recop. Ind._ MS. 3 vols. See Medina, _Hist. de la lit. col. de

Chile_. Cap. XV, iii.

Cortés (Pedro). _Información de la guerra de Chile, etc._ MS., (1598.)

See Medina, _Lit. col. de Chile_, Appendix. Cap. IX, vii.

Cruz (Francisco de la). _De la concepción de María._ Lima, 1653.

—— _Historia del rosario a coros._ Alcalá, 1652.

—— _El jardín de María._ Salamanca, 1655. Cap. XIV, iv.

Crespo (Nicolás). [For account of his poetry, see Mera (J. L.), _Ojeada

histórico-crítica sobre la poesía ecuatoriana_.] Cap. XVII, iii.

Cueva Ponce de León (Alonso del). _Concordia de la discordia, sobre un

punto grave de inmunidad eclesiástica._ Lima, 1749. For account of it,

see Medina (J. T.), _La imprenta en Lima_, Vol. II, p. 450. Cap. XVII, ii.

Delgado (Benito). _Diario del R. P. ... capellán de la expedición que

se hizo para el descubrimiento de los Césares._ Publ. by C. Gay in

_Documentos_. Vol. I, _q.v._ Cap. XVI, iv.

_Descripción y cosas notables del reino de Chile ... en el año de 1655._

MS. Bib. Real. Madrid. Cap. IX, vii.

_Diario de Lima, curioso, erudito, económico y comercial._ Lima,

1790-1793. Cap. XVII, iv.

Díaz de Guzmán (Ruy). _Historia argentina del descubrimiento, población

y conquista de las provincias del Río de la Plata. Escrita en el año de

1612._ 3 vols. Buenos Aires, 1854. [L]. Buenos Aires, 1882. [L]

—— —— Printed by P. de Angelis in _Colección de obras ... rel. a la hist.

... del Río de la Plata_. Vol. I, _q.v._

Díaz del Castillo (Bernal). _Historia verdadera de la conquista de la

Nueva España._ Madrid, 1632.

—— —— Printed in _Bib. de aut. esp._ Vol. XXVI, _q.v._

—— —— _Única edición hecha según el códice autógrafo._ Published by

Genaro García. 2 vols. Mexico, 1904. [L]

—— _The True History of the Conquest of New Spain by B. D. del C., one of

its conquerors._ From the only exact copy of the original MS. ed. ... by

Genaro García. Transl. ... with Introduction and Notes by A. P. Maudslay.

5 vols. Hakluyt Society, London, 1898-1906. [L] Cap. III, iv.

Dobrizhoffer (Martin). _Historia de Abiponibus, equestri bellicosaque

Paraquariae natione, etc._ 3 Pts. Vienna, 1784. [L]

—— _Geschichte der Abiponer ... aus dem lateinischen übersetzt._ 3 Pts.

Vienna, 1783-84. [L]

—— _An account of the Abipones, etc._ London, 1822. [L] Cap. XIII, v.

_Doctrina cristiana y catecismo para instrucción de los indios ... con un

confesionario, y otras cosas necesarias para los que doctrinan ... y ...

traducida en los dos lenguas generales de este reino, quichua y aimara._

La Ciudad de los Reyes (Lima), 1584. [L]

NOTE.—This was the first book to be printed in South America, but

the second publication: the first being a pamphlet, _Pragmática

sobre los diez días del año_, _q.v._ Cap. I.

Domínguez Camargo (Hernando). _Poema heroico de San Ignacio._ Publ.

incomplete. Madrid, 1666. [L] Cap. X, ix.

Ducamin (Jean). _L’Araucane. Morceaux choisis précédés d’une étude

biographique et littéraire._ Paris, 1900. [L]. See Ercilla y Zúñiga (A.

de).

Durán (Nicolás). See Jesuits.

Echave y Assu (Francisco). _La estrella de Lima ... descripción

sagro-política de las grandezas de la ciudad de Lima, y compendio

histórico-eclesiástico de su Santa Iglesia Metropolitana._ Antwerp, 1688.

[L] Cap. XI, ii.

Eguía y Lumbe (Jorge de). _Ultimo desengaño de la guerra de Chile._

Madrid, 1664(?). [L] Cap. IX, vii.

Enciso. See Fernández de Enciso (M.).

Enríquez de Guzmán (Alonso). _Libro de la vida de Don Alonso Enríquez de

Guzmán._ MS. in Bib. Nac., Madrid.

—— _Life and Acts of Don A. E. de G. etc._ Trans. and ed. ... by Sir

Clements Markham, Hakluyt Society. London, 1862. [L] Cap. III, v.

Eraso (Domingo de). _Relación y advertencias ... sobre ... la

pacificación del dicho reino (de Chile)._ Madrid (?), 1605(?).

—— _Memorial, etc._ No date or place.

See Medina, _Lit. col. de Chile._ Cap. IX, vii.

Ercilla y Zúñiga (Alonso de). _La Araucana._ Part I. Madrid, 1569. [L];

Pts. 1, 2. Pt. 2, Madrid, 1578; [L] Pts. 1-3. Pt. 3, Madrid, 1590 (89).

[L]

—— —— Revised and augmented edition, Pts. 1-3. Madrid, 1597.

—— —— Printed in _Biblioteca de autores españoles_. Vol. XVII, _q.v._

—— —— Reproduction in facsimile of the first editions of Pts. 1 and 2.

The Hispanic Society of America, 1902, 1903. [L]

—— —— _Edición del centenario ilustrada con grabados, documentos ...

y una vida del autor._ 5 vols. Published by J. T. Medina, Santiago de

Chile, 1910-1918. [L]

—— _L’Araucane; Morceaux choisis, etc._ See Ducamin (Jean).

—— _L’Araucana, poème épique espagnol ... traduit ... en français ... par

A. Nicolas._ 2 vols. Paris (Corbeil), 1869. [L] Cap. V.

Escalona Agüero (Gaspar de). _Arcae Limensis Gazophilatium regium

Perubicum_: (i) _Administrandum_, (ii) _Calculandum_, (iii)

_Conservandum_. [_Gazofilacio real del reino del Perú—Ordenanzas

generales_], Madrid 1647(?). [L]. Book I pt. 2 and Book II in Spanish.

—— —— Revised and slightly abridged edition. Madrid, 1775. [L] Cap. XV.

Escobedo y Alarcón (Jorge). _Instrucción para aprobación de matrículas y

cobranza de tributos, etc._ Lima, 1784.

—— _Instrucción de revisitas o matrículas, etc._ Lima, 1784.

—— _Proyecto que sobre la extinción de repartos, y modo de verificar los

piadosos socorros, que la generosa bondad del rey ... quiere se franqueen

a los indios, etc._ Lima, 1784.

—— _Discurso sobre el trabajo de minas, beneficio de metales y medios de

fomentarlo._ Mentioned by Mendiburu as publ. in Lima, 1784. See _Dic.

hist. biog. del Perú_.

—— _Reflexiones políticas sobre el gobierno y comercio del Perú._ Lima,

1786 (?) Cap. XV, iii.

Escudero (El padre). _Poesías sueltas._ One “décima” printed by A.

Valderrama in _Bosquejo histórico de la poesía chilena_ p. 65, _q.v._

See also Medina (J. T.) _Lit. col. de Chile_, Vol. I, p. 337.

Cap. XVII, iii.

_Estado político del reino del Perú_, Madrid, 1747. [L] Cap. XV, iii.

Estete (Miguel de). _La relación del viaje que hizo el señor capitán

Hernando Pizarro ... desde el pueblo de Caxamalca a Parcama, y de allí

a Jauja._ Embodied in _La conquista del Perú_, by Francisco de Jerez,

_q.v._ Cap. III, i.

_Explorations made in the Valley of the River Madeira from 1749-1868._

Published for the National Bolivian Navigation Company, London, 1875. [L]

Eyzaguirre (José Ignacio Victor). _Historia de Chile._ 3 vols.

Valparaiso, 1850. [L]

Fabié (Antonio María). _Vida y escritos de don fray Bartolomé de las

Casas._ Printed in _Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de

España_. Vols. LXX, LXXI, _q.v._ Cap. II, i.

Falcón (Francisco). _Representación ... sobre los daños y molestias que

se hacen a los indios._ Printed in _Colección de libros y documentos

referentes a la historia del Perú_. Vol. XI, _q.v._ Cap. XV, i.

Falkner (Thomas). _Description of Patagonia and adjoining parts of South

America._ Edited by William Combe. Hereford, 1774. [L]

—— _Descripción de Patagonia, etc._ Translation publ. by P. de Angelis

in _Colección de obras y documentos ref. a la hist. ... del Río de la

Plata_. Vol. I, _q.v._ Cap. XIII, v.

Federmann (Nicolaus). _Indianische Historia._ Hagenau, 1557.

—— _Belle et agréable narration du premier voyage de N. F. le jeune,

d’Ulm, aux Indes de la Mer Océane, etc._ Trans. into French and publ. by

H. Ternaux-Compans in _Voyages, relations, etc._ Vol. I, _q.v._

—— _Narración del primer viaje de Federmann a Venezuela._ Translated from

the French and annotated by Pedro Manuel Arcaya. Caracas, 1916. [L] Cap.

VII.

Fernández (Diego). _Primera y segunda parte de la historia del Perú._

Seville, 1571. [L]

—— —— Printed by Odriozola in _Colección de doc. lit. del Perú_. Vol.

VIII, _q.v._

—— —— Printed by Lucas de Torre in _Colección hispano-americana_. 2 vols.

Madrid, 1913, 1916. [L] Cap. III, v.

Fernández (José). _Vida del P. Pedro Claver._ Saragossa, 1666. Cap. XI, v.

Fernández (Juan). _Relación cierta y breve de los desasosiegos sucedidos

en Perú después de la muerte del Sr. Virrey D. Antonio de Mendoza ...

por el licenciado Juan Fernández._ Printed in _Colección de documentos

inéditos del Archivo de Indias_, Vol. III, p. 246, _q.v._ Cap. III, viii.

Fernández (Juan Patricio). _Relación historial de las misiones de los

indios que llaman chiquitos._ Madrid, 1726. [L]

—— —— Printed in _Colección de libros que tratan de América raros o

curiosos_, Vol. XII, _q.v._ Cap. XIII, vi.

Fernández Campino (José). _Relación del obispado de Santiago de Chile._

MS. (1744). Cap. XVI, iv.

Fernández de Enciso (Martín). _Suma de geografía._ Seville, 1519. [L]

—— _Descripción de las Indias Occidentales ... Sacada de la “Suma de

geografía,” por J. T. Medina._ Santiago de Chile, 1897. [L] Cap. II, iii.

Fernández de Madrid (José). _Ensayo analítico sobre la naturaleza, causas

y curación, ... de la calentura amarilla de América, etc._ Habana, 1821.

[L]

—— _Memoria sobre el comercio del tabaco de esta isla (Cuba)._ Habana,

1821. [L]

—— _Memoria sobre el influjo del clima de la Habana._ Habana, 1824. [L]

—— _Poesías_ (2nd edition). London, 1828. [L] Cap. XVII, iii.

Fernández de Navarrete (Martín). See _Colección de documentos inéditos

para la historia de España_ and _Colección de viajes y descubrimientos

... del siglo XV_.

Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (Gonzalo). _De la natural historia de las

Indias._ Toledo, 1526. [L]

NOTE.—This work is often referred to by its sub-title, _Sumario

de la natural y general historia de las Indias, etc._

—— —— Printed in _Bib. de aut. esp._, Vol. XXII, _q.v._

—— —— Printed by González Barcia (A.) in _Historiadores primitivos de las

Indias_. Vol. I, _q.v._ Cap. II, ii.

—— _The hystorie of the West Indies._ Included in _The Decades of the

Newe Worlde, etc._, by Peter Martyr of Angleria. Translated into English

by Richard Eden. London, 1555. [L]

—— _Extracts of G. F. de O. his Summarie and Generall Historie of the

Indies._ Printed in _Purchas his Pilgrimes_, Pt. 3, _q.v._

—— _La historia general de las Indias._ Pt. I (Books 1-19), and _Libra

último de los infortunios y naufragios, etc._ (part of Book 50 from Pt.

3). Seville, 1535. [L]

—— _Libro XX de la segunda parte de la historia general, etc._ (_i.e._

Book 1 of Pt. 2.) Valladolid, 1557. [L]

—— _Historia general y natural de las Indias._ Edited with introduction,

notes, and a life of the author by J. Amador de los Ríos and published

by the Real Academia de la Historia, 4 vols. (50 books in 3 parts).

Madrid, 1851-55. [L]

Fernández de Piedrahita (Lucas). _Historia general de las conquistas del

Nuevo Reino de Granada._ 1st part. Antwerp, 1688. [L]. No more published.

—— —— Reprinted. Bogotá, 1881. [L] Cap. VII; Cap. X, ii; Cap. XI, iv.

Fernández de Quiros (Pedro). _Historia del descubrimiento de las

regiones austriales._ Published by Justo Zaragoza in _Biblioteca

hispano-ultramarina_. 3 vols. Madrid, 1876-82.

—— _The voyages of Pedro Fernández de Quiros, 1595-1606._ Transl. by Sir

C. R. Markham, Hakluyt Society, 1904. [L]

—— [Several short _Memoriales_, by or on P. F. de Q. Published in

_Colección de documentos inéditos del Archivo de Indias_. Vol. V, _q.v._]

Cap. X, x.

Fernández Espino (José María). _Curso histórico-crítico de literatura

española._ Seville, 1871. [L]

Fernández Ortelano (Manuel). _Ensalada poética jocoseria, etc._ M.S. Full

account given by Medina in _Lit. col. de Chile_. Cap. XVII, iii.

Feuillée (Louis). _Journal des observations physiques mathématiques

et botaniques, faites ... sur les côtes orientales de l’Amérique

méridionale, et dans les Indes occidentales, depuis l’année 1707 jusques

en 1712._ 2 vols. Paris, 1714. [L]

—— See also Frezier (A. F.) Cap. XII, i.

Figueroa (P. Córdoba y). See Córdoba y Figueroa (P.).

Fleuriau (Bertrand Gabriel). _La vie du vénérable père Claver de la

Compagnie de Jésus._ Paris, 1751, 1830, Liège, 1851.

—— _The life of the Ven. Father Claver._ From the French of B.G.F.,

contained in Faber (F. W.). _The Saints and Servants of God._ London,

1847, etc. [L] Cap. XI, v.

Flórez de Ocáriz (Juan). _Las genealogías del Nuevo Reino de Granada._

Vols. I and II. Madrid, 1674 and 1676. [L]. Vol. III unpublished. See

Vergara y Vergara, _Hist. de la lit. en Nueva Granada._ Cap. XI, v.

Frezier (Amédée François). _Relation du voyage de la Mer du Sud, aux

côtes du Chily et du Pérou, fait pendant les années 1712, 1713 and 1714,

etc._ Paris, 1716. [L]

—— —— Another edition containing _Mémoire touchant l’établissement des

Pères Jésuits dans les Indes d’Espagne_. 2 vols. Amsterdam, 1717. [L]

—— —— Another edition with a reply to the critical preface of L. Feuillée

in his book, _Journal des observations, etc._ Paris, 1732. [L]. See

Feuillée (Louis).

—— _A Voyage to the South Sea and along the coasts of Chili and Peru in

... 1712, 1713 and 1714._ Trans. from the French. With an account of the

settlement of the Jesuits in Paraguay. London, 1717. [L]

—— _Relación del viaje por el mar del sur a las costas de Chile y el Perú

durante los años de 1712, 1713 y 1714._ Trans. from 1st French edition by

M. Nicolás Peña. Santiago de Chile, 1902. [L] Cap. XII, i.

Fritz (Samuel). _El gran río Marañón o Amazonas con la misión de la

Compañía de Jesús geográficamente delineado, etc._ Engraved by P. Juan de

Narvaez, Quito, 1707. A facsimile of this map is in the British Museum

and is also contained in:—

—— _Journal of the travels and labours of Father Samuel Fritz in the

river of the Amazons between 1686 and 1723._ Translated from the Evora

MS. and edited by George Edmundson. Hakluyt Society, London, 1922.

NOTE.—The title of the MS. is _Misión de los Omaguas, Jurimaguas,

Aysuares, Ibanomas y otras naciones desde Napo hasta el Río

Negro_. The author is unknown. Cap. XI, vii.

Fuentes (Manuel Atanasio) Ed. _Memorias de los virreyes que han gobernado

el Perú durante el tiempo del coloniaje español._ 6 vols. Lima, 1859. [L]

—— See also _Mercurio peruano_.

_Gaceta de Lima._ Lima, 1744-1767. See facsimile of first issue and

account of others publ. John Carter Brown Library, Brown University,

Providence, Rhode Island. [L] See also Medina (J. T.) _La imprenta en

Lima_, Vol II.

—— New journal issued to counteract the influence of the French

revolution. Lima, 1793-95. Cap. XVII, iv.

García (Ignacio). _Desengaño consejero._ Lima, 1754.

—— _Respiración del alma en afectos píos._ Lima, 1755.

—— _Cultivo de las virtudes en el paraíso del alma._ Barcelona, 1759.

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—— [A compendium of José de Buendía’s _Vida del V. P. Francisco

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—— —— Printed in _Historia de la conquista del Nuevo Mundo_, _q.v._

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Gay (Claudio). _Historia física y política de Chile._ 24 vols.

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—— —— _Atlas._ 2 vols. Paris, 1854. [L] Cap. XVI, iii.

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—— —— Reprinted by Barros Arana in _Colección de historiadores de Chile_.

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González de Acuña (Antonio). _Compendium vitae admirabilis et pretiosae

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—— —— Printed in _Historia de la conquista del Nuevo Mundo_, _q.v._

—— See also Schmidel (U.)

González de Bustos (Francisco). _Los españoles en Chile._ Printed in

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González Gutiérrez (Juan). _Semana espiritual con meditaciones del

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Reyes (Lima), 1607.

—— —— Repub. in emended edition, Genoa, 1842. [L] Cap. IV, i.

González Laguna (Francisco). _Celo sacerdotal para con los niños

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—— _Necesidad de la historia natural científica._ Published in _Mercurio

peruano_, 1794. Vol X, _q.v._

—— _Memoria de las plantas extrañas que se cultivan en Lima, etc._

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NOTE.—Fr. G. L. also contributed to the _Mercurio peruano_ under

the pseudonym Thiméo. Cap. XVII, v.

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Guevara (José). _Historia del Paraguay, Río de la Plata y Tucumán._

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—— —— Printed by P. Angelis in _Colección de Obras ... rel. a la hist.

... del Río de la Plata_. Vol. II, _q.v._ Cap. XIII, iv.

—— —— Printed by R. Díaz de Guzmán in _Historia argentina_. Vol. I, _q.v._

Gumilla (José). _El Orinoco ilustrado._ Madrid, 1741. [L] Cap. XII, v.

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—— _Memoria sobre los ríos navegables que fluyen al Marañón, etc._

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—— _Descripción geográfica, física e histórica de las montañas habitadas

de la nación de indios yuracarées, etc._

NOTE.—The above three works were first published integrally by

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I, _q.v._

—— _On the navigable rivers which flow into the Marañón, etc._ Printed in

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_q.v._

—— _Descripción del Perú._ First published by the Biblioteca Nacional del

Perú. Lima, 1901. [L] MS. in British Museum.

NOTE.—The volume also contains the _Memoria sobre los ríos ... que

fluyen al Marañón_.

—— _Descripción del reino de Chile._

—— _Observaciones sobre el volcán de Arequipa._

—— _Estudios de las aguas termales de Yura._

—— _Artículos sobre el molle y sobre un arbusto alcanforado._

—— _Itinerario de Oruro a Jujui._

—— _Planos de Chulamani y Omasuyos._ MS. in British Museum.

—— _Reliquiae Haenkeanae seu descriptiones et icones plantarum, quas

in America Meridionali et Boreali, in insulis Phillipinis et Marianis

collegit T. H._ 5 Fascicules. Prague, 1825-1830. [L]

—— —— Vol. II. 2 Fascicules. Prague, 1831-35. [L]

—— See also Ballivián (M. V.) and Kramer (P.), _Tadeo Haenke, Escritos,

etc._ Cap. XVII, vii.

Hakluyt (Richard). _The principall navigations, voiages and discoveries

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Hansen (Leonardus). _Vita mirabilis et mors pretiosa venerabilis Sororis

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Harrisse (Henry). _Bibliotheca americana vetustissima._ Description

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Herize y Salinas (Martín de). _Felices progresos que las armas de Su

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—— —— Reprinted in _Colección de libros españoles raros o curiosos_. Vol.

XIII. _q.v._

Hernández (Pablo). _El extrañamiento de los Jesuitas del Río de la Plata

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Herrera Tordesillas (Antonio de). _Historia general de los hechos de

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