Μύλασα, ἄπωθεν τῆς πόλεως· ἐνταῦθα Διός ἐστι νεὼς ἀρχαῖος καὶ ξόανον Διὸς
Στρατίου. τιμᾶται δ’ ὑπὸ τῶν κύκλῳ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν Μυλασέων· ὁδός τε ἔστρωται
σχεδόν τι ὀκτὼ καὶ ἑξήκοντα σταδίων μέχρι τῆς πόλεως ἱερὰ καλουμένη δι’
ἧς πομποστολεῖται τὰ ἱερά. Strabo, p. 659.
Ælian (de Nat. Anim. l. 12. c. 30.) says that 70 stades was the distance
between Alabanda and Mylasa.
[324] Ἀλάβανδα δὲ καὶ αὕτη μὲν ὑπόκειται λόφοις δυσὶ συγκειμένοις οὕτως,
ὥστ’ ὄψιν παρέχεσθαι κανθηλίου κατεστραμμένου ... μεστὴ δ’ ἐστὶ καὶ αὕτη
καὶ ἡ τῶν Μυλασέων πόλις τῶν θηρίων τούτων (σκορπίων) καὶ ἡ μεταξὺ πᾶσα
ὀρεινή. Strabo, p. 660.
... πολλὰς δὲ (διαβάσεις τῇ αὐτῇ ὁδῷ ἔχει) καὶ (ὁ ποταμὸς) ὁ ἐκ Κοσκινίων
εἰς Ἀλάβανδα. Strabo, p. 587.
[325] Antiquities of Ionia, part l. c. 4. Chandler, Asia Minor, c. 58.
[326] Voyage Pittoresque de la Grèce, c. 11.
[327] Voyage de Chandler, tom. 2. p. 248.
[328] Polyb. l. 17. c. 2—l. 18. c. 27.—l. 30. c. 5. Liv. l. 33. c. 30.—l.
45. c. 25.
[329] τὸ Γρίον ... παράλληλον τῷ Λάτμῳ, ἀνῆκον ἀπὸ τῆς Μιλησίας πρὸς ἕω,
διὰ τῆς Καρίας μέχρι Εὐρώμου καὶ Χαλκητόρων. Strabo, p. 635.
[330] Vaillant Num. Græc. Eckhel Doct. Num. Vet. Caria.
[331] Plin. Hist. Nat. l. 5. c. 29.
[332] Chandler, Asia Minor, c. 56.
[333] ... περίκεινται δὲ ἀξιόλογοι κατοικίαι πέραν τοῦ Μαιάνδρου,
Κοσκινία καὶ Ὀρθωσία. Strabo, p. 650.
[334] Strabo, p. 587. vide supra.
[335] Pococke, vol. 2. part 2. c. 9.—It is impossible from Pococke’s
confused narrative to understand either the exact course of the river
Tshina, or the position of the places in its vicinity. The attempt
to describe them on the map must therefore be considered as a mere
approximation.
[336] Voyage de Chandler, tome 2. p. 252.
[337] Herodot. l. 5. c. 118.
[338] See above, chapter 4. p. 159.
[339] Strabo, p. 600. Stephan. in Ἑκατησία, Ἰδριὰς, Χρυσάορις. All these
were ancient names of Stratoniceia. In consequence of some restorations
by Hadrian, it afterwards received that of Hadrianopolis, but did not
long retain the appellation. See Hierocles Synec. The worship of Hecate
is mentioned in the inscription of Stratoniceia, published by Chishull.
[340] Strabo, p. 663.
[341] Strabo, p. 658.
[342] Strabo, p. 635. See p. 232, note [329].
[343] Plin. Hist. Nat. l. 5. c. 29.
[344] The form of the letters in this inscription seems to show that
its date is about the time of the first wars of the Romans in Asia. It
was an epistle addressed to the Amyzonenses by some person in power:
beginning with the usual form of salutation, and ending with the no less
customary ΕΡΡΩΣΘΕ. In the Classical Journal, No. 28, the reader will
find an inscription nearly of the same tenor and date, which I copied
at Cyretiæ in Perrhœbia, and which was an epistle addressed to the
people of that place by the Consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus, when he
commanded the Roman army in Greece against the king of Macedonia, Philip
son of Demetrius. In the inscription of Amyzon, besides the two words
already stated, I distinguish ΤΟ ΙΕΡΟΝ ΑΣΥΛΟΝ—ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΥΝΟΙΑΝ—ΚΑΙ ΜΗΘΕΝΙ
ΕΝΟΧΛΕΙΝ ΥΜΑΣ.
[345] Having described Miletus and the islands before it, Lade and the
Tragææ, now heights in the plain, he adds: ἐξῆς δ’ ἐστὶν ὁ Λατμικὸς
κόλπος ἐν ᾧ Ἡράκλεια ἡ ὑπὸ Λάτμῳ λεγομένη, πολίχνιον ὕφορμον ἔχον·
ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ πρότερον Λάτμος ὁμωνύμως τῷ ὑπερκειμένῳ ὄρει. Strabo, p. 635.
[346] A re-examination of the ruins of Priene and Branchidæ was a
principal object of the second Asiatic Mission of the Society of
Dilettanti. Their late publication renders it unnecessary for me to make
any observations on the great monuments at those two places: but the
reader will not be displeased at my here inserting a curious inscription,
in Boustrophedon, from Branchidæ. It was copied by Sir W. Gell from the
chair of a sitting statue on the Sacred Way, or road leading from the
sea to the temple of Apollo Didymeus. This road—bordered on either side
with statues on chairs of a single block of stone, with the feet close
together and the hands on the knees—is an exact imitation of the avenues
of the temples in Egypt. The inscription (which is perfect to the right
and incomplete to the left) is as follows:
[Illustration]
The name at the beginning was probably Hermesianax. It appears by ἡμεὰς
(Ion. for ἡμὰς _us_) ἀνέθηκεν, that the inscribed statue speaks for them
all. The word at the beginning of line 3 may possibly be ΒΡΑΝΚΙΔΕΩ. Of
the _crasis_ instanced in ΤΩΠΟΛΛΩΝΙ, there are several examples in the
Sigeian inscription, in the Eleian tablet, and in other monuments of a
time when the Greeks wrote rather by sound than grammar. It seems to have
been particularly at the end of inscriptions that the Greek ear required
an agreeable cadence and combination of vowel sounds; and hence their
inscriptions sometimes ended in metre, although the former part was not
constructed by any such rules. Thus the last line of the following Doric
inscription on a helmet lately found at Olympia appears to be the end of
a hexameter verse: a supposition which will account for the crasis or
omission of two of the vowels.
[Illustration: Ἱέρων ὁ Δεινομένεος καὶ οἱ Συρακουσίοι τῷ Διῒ Τυρρηνὰ ἀπὸ
Κύμης.]
The single instead of double liquid in TVRANA, seems to have been not
uncommon in the old Doric—we have ΑΛΑΛΟΙΣ for ἀλλήλοις in the Eleian
tablet.
This curious inscription relates to a military expedition of Hiero king
of Syracuse, son of Deinomenes, (commonly called Hiero the First,) in
aid of the people of Cyme, who had suffered severely from the Tyrrhenian
fleet. (Diod. l. 11. c. 51.) The triremes of Hiero gained a brilliant
victory and destroyed a great number of Tyrrhenian ships; and the helmet
seems to have been among the _Tyrrhenian spoils_ which upon this occasion
Hiero and his Syracusans dedicated at Olympia. A few years before
this exploit, the same prince had obtained a victory in the Olympic
games, which the first Ode of Pindar has made more illustrious than
the historian Diodorus has rendered his triumph over the Tyrrhenians:
though the poet alludes also to the latter victory. (Pyth. l. v. 137.)
Pausanias, who has described (Eliac. post. c. 12. Arcad. c. 42.) the
magnificent dedications of Deinomenes the son of Hiero, in honour of
his father’s three victories in the Olympic games, says nothing of
the offerings of Hiero after his success over the Tyrrhenians: but so
numerous were these martial dedications at Olympia, that the omission
is not surprising. Pausanias had enough to do to describe the great
monuments of art and religion.
[347] ... ἀφ’ Ἡρακλείας ἐπὶ Πύῤῥαν πολίχνην πλοῦς ἑκατόν που σταδίων.
Μικρὸν δὲ πλέον τὸ ἀπὸ Μιλήτου εἰς Ἡράκλειαν ἐγκολπίζοντι· εὐθυπλοίᾳ
δ’ εἰς Πύῤῥαν ἐκ Μιλήτου τριάκοντα· τοσαύτην ἔχει μακροπορίαν ὁ παρὰ
γῆν πλοῦς.... Ἐκ δὲ Πύῤῥας ἐπὶ τὴν ἐκβολὴν τοῦ Μαιάνδρου πεντήκοντα....
ἀναπλεύσαντι δ’ ὑπηρετικοῖς σκάφεσι τριάκοντα σταδίους πόλις Μυοῦς....
Ἔνθεν ἐν σταδίοις τέσσαρσι κώμη Καρικὴ Θυμβρία παρ’ ἣν Ἄορνόν ἐστι
σπήλαιον ἱερὸν Χαρώνειον λεγόμενον.... Ὑπέρκειται δὲ Μαγνησία ἡ πρὸς
Μαιάνδρῳ.... Μετὰ δὲ τὰς ἐκβολὰς τοῦ Μαιάνδρου ὁ κατὰ Πριήνην ἐστὶν
αἰγιαλός· ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ δ’ ἡ Πριήνη καὶ ἡ Μυκάλη τὸ ὄρος &c. Strabo, p. 636.
I have inserted this passage, as giving, when compared with the actual
topography, the clearest idea of the situation of the ancient places and
the state of the coast in the time of Strabo. The plain of the Mæander
as it advanced upon the sea, and converted the commercial shores of
the maritime cities into unhealthy marshes, successively devoted them
to desolation. Myus in the time of Strabo had recently been abandoned
by its inhabitants, who had removed to Miletus; but the accumulations
had not yet shut up the Latmic Gulf. Such having been the causes of the
desolation of the ancient sites near the mouth of the Mæander, they are
never likely to be reoccupied. In the Voyage Pittoresque of Choiseul
Gouffier, vol. 1. pl. 111., will be found plans by Kauffer and Barbié du
Bocage, explanatory of the progressive increase of the Mæandrian plain
and the consequent changes in the topography.
[348] Inekbazar was visited by Van Egmont and Heyman in passing from
Skalanóva to Ghiuzel-hissár; and one is rather surprised, that their
account of the ruins at that place, although extremely vague, did not
lead geographers to the suspicion that at Inekbazar would be found
remains of Magnesia and of the temple of Leucophryene. The general
dulness and inaccuracy of Heyman’s book may perhaps account for this
neglect of its authority. I am ignorant of the exact date of the Travels
of the Dutch statesman and of the Oriental scholar of the same nation who
was his companion. The English translation was published in 1759. We are
told in the Preface that the travels occupied thirteen years.
[349] Plin. Hist. Nat. l. 5. c. 29.
[350] Artem. ap. Strab. p. 663.
[351] Artem. ibid.
[352] Plin. ubi supr.
[353] Artem. ubi supr.
[354] Strabo, p. 648.
[355] Strabo, p. 647.
[356] Plin. ubi supr.
[357] It appears to have been very customary with the Asiatic Greeks to
make their stadia circular at both ends. Examples exist at Magnesia ad
Mæandrum, Tralles, Aphrodisias, Laodiceia ad Lycum, and Pergamum. At
Magnesia, Tralles, Sardes, and Pergamum, the theatre is placed on one
side of the stadium thus,
[Illustration]
Under the Romans the stadium was sometimes converted into an
amphitheatre, by building a curved wall across its breadth, so as to
form with one of the circular ends a circle or oval. An inscription at
Laodiceia, boasting of such a pitiful conversion of the stadium at that
place, has been published by Chandler: and Pococke remarked the remains
of a similar operation in the stadium of Ephesus. It appears from Strabo
that there was an amphitheatre at Nysa: and there is one still existing
at Pergamum; the latter is a building separate from the theatro-stadium.
[358] Vitruv. præf. in l. 7.
[359] Strabo, p. 647.
[360]
1.
ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΑ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΑ
ΤΟΝ ΓΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΘΑΛΑΣ-
ΣΗΣ ΔΕΣΠΟΤΗΝ ΜΑΡ·
ΑΥΡ· ΑΝΤΩΝΕΙΝΟΝ ΕΥ-
ΣΕΒΗ ΕΥΤΥΧΗ ΣΕ
ΒΑΣΤΟΝ Μ· ΑΥΡ· ΣΤΡΑ-
ΤΟΝΕΙΚΟΣ Κ. ΣΙΛΙΚΙΟΣ
ΙΕΡΟΚΛΗΣ· Κ· Μ· ΑΥΡ·
ΟΦΙΛΗΤΟΣ· Κ· ΑΥΡ.....
ΜΑΣ. Κ. ΑΥΡ.....ΤΑΣ
ΟΙ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΓΡΑΜ
ΜΑΤΕΙΣ ΑΝΕΣΤ (ησαν)
ΛΟΓΙΣΤΕΥΟΝΤΟΣ
ΚΡΙΣΠΟΥ ΑΣΙΑ....
2.
...ΔΕΣΠ.....
...ΡΑΤΟΡΑ ΚΑ....
..Μ. ΑΥΡ. ΑΝΤΩ...-
..ΝΟΝ ΕΥΣΕΒΗ Ε....
...............
...Σ ΔΙΔΙΑΝΟΣ Ο...
...ΕΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΓΡΑΜΜΑ-
...Σ ΤΗΣ ΜΑΓΝΙΤΩΝ
... ΕΩΣ ΚΑΙ..
3.
...............
...............
.............ΙΕ-
ΡΕΙΑ ΕΓΕΝΕΤΟ ΑΡΤΕ-
ΜΙΔΟΣ ΛΕΥΚΟΦΡΥΗ-
ΝΗΣ ΑΦΡΟΔΕΙΣΙΑ Ν
............
On the same stone as the preceding:
ΑΓΑΘΗ ΤΥΧΗ
ΙΕΡΕΙΑ ΕΓΕΝΕΤΟ ΑΡ-
ΤΕΜΙΔΟΣ ΛΕΥΚΟΦΡΥ-
................
Although Magnesia was an Æolic city founded by Thessalians, (Strabo, p.
647.) no inscriptions have been found there in the Æolic dialect.
Pausanias in enumerating the great temples of Ionia has omitted that
of Magnesia, possibly because he did not consider its district a part
of Ionia. He states the temple of Ephesus to have been the first both
for size and riches; next, the temples of Apollo at Branchidæ and at
Colophon, neither of which was ever finished; then the temple of Juno
at Samus and of Minerva at Phocæa, both of which had been burnt by the
Persians, but were still objects of admiration: and after them the
temples of Hercules at Erythræ, and of Minerva at Priene; the former
remarkable for its antiquity, the latter for the statue which it
contained. Pausan. Achaic. c. 5. The remark of Pausanias on the temple of
Samus, which in magnitude was second only to that of Diana Ephesia, may
account for the neglect of it by Strabo and Vitruvius. The latter was so
ill-informed as to call it a Doric building.
[361] Strabo, p. 648.
[362] Præf. in l. 7.
[363] Pachymer. Hist. l. 6. c. 20. Nicephor. Greg. l. 5. c. 5.
[364] Strabo, p. 649.
[365] Id. Ibid.
[366] Strabo, p. 650.
[367] Liv. l. 37. c. 56.
[368] Plin. Hist. Nat. l. 5. c. 29.
[369] Pococke, vol. 2. part 2. c. 11.
[370] Plin. ibid. Strabo, p. 630.
[371] Artemidorus ap. Strabon. p. 663.
[372] Sherard was accompanied in a tour to Aphrodisias in the year 1705,
by Picenini; and in another in the year 1716, by Lisle. He copied upwards
of 100 inscriptions at Aphrodisias, which are to be found in the MS.
volume already mentioned. From two of the inscriptions of Aphrodisias,
selected for publication by Chishull, it appears that Aphrodisias and
Plarassa formed one community, having a governing council and a temple of
Venus common to both: coins with a legend of both names are also not very
uncommon. Plarassa is designated as a town of Caria by Stephanus.
[373] Mr. Gandy, one of the architects of the Mission of the Dilettanti,
visited Gheira, and made drawings of the ruins.
[374] Its other appellations were Ninoe, Megalopolis, and Lelegopolis.
Steph. in Μεγάλη Πόλις et Νινόη.
[375] Pococke, vol. 2. part 2. c. 12.
[376] Chandler, Asia Minor, c. 65.
[377] Herodot. l. 7. c. 30.
[378] The Second Mission of the Dilettanti into Asia did not penetrate so
far as these places.
[379] Laodiceia is now a deserted place, called from the ruins
Eski-hissár, a Turkish word equivalent to the Paleókastro, which the
Greeks so frequently apply to ancient sites.
[380] Antiquities of Ionia, part 2. p. 32.—Chandler, Asia Minor, c. 67.
[381] Cicero. Epist. ad Am. l. 2. ep. 17. l. 3. ep. 5. l. 5. ep. 20.
Tacit. l. 14. c. 27.
[382] ... Εἰ γάρ τις ἄλλη καὶ ἡ Λαοδίκεια εὔσειστος καὶ τῆς πλησιοχώρου
τὸ πλέον. Strabo, p. 578.
[383] Strabo, p. 579, 628, 630.
[384] Pococke, vol. 2. part 2. c. 13.—Chandler, Asia Minor, c. 68.
[385] Strabo, p. 629, 630. Chandler found at the theatre the beginning of
an encomium of Hierapolis:
Ἀσίδος εὐρείης προφερέστατον οὖδας ἁπάντων
Χαίροις Χρυσόπολι Ἱεράπολι πότνια νυμφῶν
Νάμασιν ἀγλαΐησι κεκασμένη....
And Smith was the first to copy an inscription mentioning a company of
dyers:
Τοῦτο τὸ ἥρωον στεφανοῖ ἡ ἐργασία τῶν βαφέων.
The latter illustrates Strabo, who tells us the waters of Hierapolis were
famous for dyeing.
[386] Phot. Biblioth. p. 1054.
[387] Const. Porphyrog. de Them. l. 1. th. 3. The bishops of Chonæ
subscribed to the second Nicene Council in 787, one hundred and fifty
years before Porphyrogennetus.
[388] Herodot. l. 7. c. 30.
[389] Herodot. ibid. Strabo, p. 579.
[390]
... riget arduus alto
Tmolus in adscensu: clivoque extentus utroque
Sardibus hinc, illinc parvis finitur Hypæpis.
Ovid. Metam. l. 11. v. 150.
Ὕπαιπα δὲ πόλις ἐστὶ καταβαίνουσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ Τμώλου πρὸς τὸ τοῦ Καΰστρου
πεδίον. Strabo, p. 627.
[391] Tacit. Ann. l. 2. c. 47. Euseb. Chron.
[392] Strabo, p. 440, 620, 629. Plin. Hist. Nat. l. 5. c. 29.
[393] See Eckhel Doct. Num. Vet. vol. 3. p. 96; where several coins are
described, with the legends ΚΑΥΣΤΡΙΑΝΩΝ, ΚΙΛΒΙΑΝΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΚΑΤΩ and ΚΙΛΒΙΑΝΩΝ
ΤΩΝ ΑΝΩ. But it seems that not only the upper and lower Cilbiani, but
that settlers also in their country, from Nicæa and Pergamum, had their
separate coinage. Eckhel. ibid.
[394] Strabo, p. 620.
[395] Strabo, p. 440.
[396] The total disappearance of such a vast edifice as the temple of
Diana Ephesia is to be ascribed to two causes, both arising from its
situation. Its position near the sea has facilitated the removal of its
materials for the use of new buildings during the long period of Grecian
barbarism; while that gradual rising of the soil of the valley, which has
not only obstructed the port near the temple, but has created a plain of
three miles between it and the sea, has buried all the remains of the
temple that may have escaped removal. Enough of these however, it is
probable, still exists beneath the soil to enable the architect to obtain
a perfect knowledge of every part of the construction.
It is remarkable that all the greatest and most costly of the temples
of Asia, except one, are built on low and marshy spots: those of Samus,
Ephesus, Magnesia, and Sardes, are all so situated. It might be supposed
that the Greek architects, having to guard against earthquakes, as
against the most cruel enemy of their art, and having ample experience in
all the concomitant circumstances of these dreadful convulsions, which
are the peculiar scourge of all the finest parts of Asia Minor, were
of opinion that a marshy situation offered some security against their
effects. But the custom seems rather to be connected with the character
of the Ionic order, which is itself associated with that of the Asiatic
Greeks. While the massy and majestic Doric was best displayed on a lofty
rock, the greater proportional height of the elegant Ionic required a
level, surrounded with hills. So sensible were the Greeks of this general
principle, that the columns of the Doric temple of Nemea, which is
situated in a narrow plain, have proportions not less slender than some
examples of the Ionic order. In fact, it was situation that determined
the Greeks in all the varieties of their architecture; and, so far
from being the slaves of rule, there are no two examples of the Doric,
much less of the Ionic, that exactly resemble, either in proportion,
construction, or ornament. It must be admitted, however, that the
colonies of Italy and Sicily appear to have been less refined in taste;
and, like all colonies, to have adhered to ancient models longer than the
mother-country.
[397] Strabo, p. 639.
[398] Liv. l. 37. c. 11.
[399] Colophon stood at a distance of two miles from the shore. Liv.
l. 37. c. 26. The temple of Clarus has not yet been sufficiently
examined, although, according to Captain Beaufort, its remains are not
inconsiderable; and, what is curious in this part of the country, it was
of the Doric order. For Teos, see Antiquities of Ionia, part 1. c. 1.
[400] Liv. l. 36. c. 43.
[401] Strabo, p. 644.
[402] Chandler, Asia Minor, c. 25.
[403] Strabo, ubi sup.
[404] Strabo, p. 645.
[405] Liv. l. 36. c. 43.—l. 44. c. 28.
[406] Particularly Herodot. in vitâ Hom. Thucyd. l. 8. c. 24. Strabo,
ubi sup. There is a manifest error in regard to the breadth of the
island in our copies of Strabo, which assign 60 stades for the interval
between Elæus on the western side, and the city Chius on the eastern:—the
narrowest part of the island cannot be less than double that distance.
[407] Herodot. l. 1. c. 93.
[408] Herodot. l. 5. c. 102.—Strabo, Chrest. l. 10.
[409]
Ὀρεστέρα παμβῶτι Γᾶ
Μᾶτερ αὐτοῦ Διὸς
Ἃ τὸν μέγαν Πακτωλὸν εὔχρυσον νέμεις.
Sophocl. Philoct. v. 395.
From a drawing of the temple by Peyssonel in 1750, it appears there were
then standing three columns with their architraves, a part of the cella,
and three detached columns. Mr. Cockerell found there in 1812 only three
columns standing with their capitals; but enough remained of the ruins
to satisfy him that it was of the kind called by Vitruvius Octastylus
Dipterus—that the exterior columns of the peristyle were about 7 feet in
diameter at the base, and that the peristyle was upwards of 260 feet in
length.
[410] Choiseul Gouffier. Voyage Pittoresque de la Grèce, tome 2. c. 13.
[411]
... τοι τέμενος πατρώϊόν ἐστιν,
Ὕλλῳ ἐπ’ ἰχθυόεντι, καὶ Ἕρμῳ δινήεντι.
Il. Υ. 392.
[412] Strabo, p. 554. ... Ἕρμον εἰς ὃν καὶ ὁ Ὕλλος ἐμβάλλει, Φρύγιος νῦν
καλούμενος. Strabo, p. 626.
[413] Pliny (Hist. Nat. l. 5. c. 29.) says that the Hermus rises near
Dorylæum of Phrygia; which although not a very accurate description,
agrees at least with the distant origin of the Kodús in the mountains
adjoining to Olympus.
[414] Hermus ... oritur juxta Dorilaium Phrygiæ civitatem multosque
colligit fluvios, inter quos Phrygem, qui nomine genti dato a Caria eam
disterminat, Hyllum et Cryon et ipsos Phrygiæ, Mysiæ, Lydiæ amnibus
repletos. Plin. Hist. Nat. l. 5. c. 29.
[415] Strabo, p. 616.
[416] Strabo, p. 622.
[417] Antiq. Asiat. p. 146.
[418] This place was visited by Chishull in the year 1702, in his way
from Smyrna to Adrianople; when leaving the main road from Smyrna
to Brusa to the right at Susugerli, he proceeded from thence to the
Hellespont which he crossed at Gallipoli. It is from his route alone that
I obtain any clear knowledge of the situation and course of the Æsepus
and Granicus.
[419] This Hadrianotheræ was a place of sufficient importance to coin its
own money. Eckhel Doct. Num. Vet. Bithynia.
[420] Ergasteria was at 440 stades from Pergamum on the road to Cyzicus.
Galen, in proceeding to Ergasteria from Pergamum, remarked a great
quantity of metallic substance, which he calls molybdæna. Galen. de
Medicam. Simp. l. 9. c. 22.
[421] Bala, or Bali, from the Greek Παλαιὰ, is not unfrequently prefixed
to Turkish corruptions of ancient Greek names. Abubekr Ben Behrem
mentions a Baliambóli (Παλαιὰν πόλιν) in the district of Aidin, and a
Balia in that of Karasi. Patræ in the Peloponnesus is called by the Turks
Balabátra.
[422] Eckhel Bithynia.—Sestini, Lett. t. 2. p. 103.
[423] It is to M. de Choiseul Gouffier, and to those who assisted him,
that we are indebted for the best map of this interesting region, though
much still remains to be done in the details of its topography. In 1819
Choiseul’s map received some corrections and additions from M. Barbié du
Bocage, founded upon the observations of M. Dubois, who had been sent to
the Troas in the preceding year by M. de Choiseul. See Voyage Pittoresque
de la Grèce, tom. 2. pl. 19.
[424] Strabo, p. 604.
[425] Id. pp. 440, 473, 604, 612, 620.
[426] Strabo, p. 605.
[427] Id. pp. 596, 606.
[428] Id. pp. 552, 603.
[429] Id. p. 596.
[430] Id. p. 472.
[431] Id. p. 606.
[432] Strabo, pp. 593, 597.
[433] Strabo, p. 595.
[434] Stephan. in Ἀγάμεια. Hesych. et Phavorin. in Ἀγαμίας et Ἄγαμος.
Choiseul Gouffier, Voyage Pitt. de la Grèce, tom. 2. p. 331.
[435] Est tamen et nunc Scamandria civitas parva, ac M. D. passus remotum
a portu Ilium immune. Plin. Hist. Nat. l. 5. c. 30.
[436] This inscription is now in the Royal Museum of Paris. Choiseul
Gouffier, tom. 2. p. 288.
[437] I may particularly mention Choiseul Gouffier, Lechevalier, Morritt,
Hawkins, Gell, Hamilton, and Foster.
[438] To those who may consider it idle to inquire for a site which was
unknown 2,000 years ago, it may not be improper to offer the remark,
that not one of the ancient authors who have written on the Troas, with
the exception of Homer, was so well acquainted with the locality as
modern travellers are; and that not one possessed any delineation of
its topography approaching to the accuracy of that with which we are
furnished and not yet satisfied.
[439] It is almost unnecessary here to remark, that the ruling family,
and hence probably a large portion of the people of Troy, were of Greek
origin, and that they had adopted the manners and language of Greece.
The Dardanidæ were Greeks settled in Asia, as the Atridæ were Phrygians
settled in Europe. For the history of Ilium the reader may conveniently
consult the work of Chandler, in 4to. 1802.
[440] Lechevalier, Voyage de la Troade, tome 2. c. 5, 6.
[441] A monument of the same kind is seen on the summit of the hill above
the lower European castle of the Dardanells, and another at the upper
European castle. The latter has been clearly described as the Cynossema
or tomb of Hecuba (Strabo, p. 595); the former as the monument of
Protesilaus, near Elæus. Herodot. l. 9. c. 116. Philostr. Heroic. c. 2.
[442]
Κρουνὼ δ’ ἵκανον καλιῤῥόω, ἔνθα δὲ πηγαὶ
Δοιαὶ ἀναΐσσουσι Σκαμάνδρου δινήεντος·
Ἡ μὲν γὰρ θ’ ὕδατι λιαρῷ ῥέει, ἀμφὶ δὲ καπνὸς
Γίγνεται ἐξ αὐτῆς ὡσεὶ πυρὸς αἰθομένοιο·
Ἡ δ’ ἑτέρη θέρεϊ προρέει εἰκυῖα χαλάζῃ
Ἢ χιόνι ψυχρῇ, ἢ ἐξ ὕδατος κρυστάλλῳ.
Il. X. v. 147.
[443] Major Rennell quotes several observations, all of which make both
the sources from 61° to 64° Fahr. Choiseul says that on the 10th Feb.
he found the atmosphere at 10° Reaumur, the hot source at 22°, the cold
source at 8°. Dubois from the 12th to 16th Jan. found the temperature
of the single or hot source from 2° to 5° Reaumur higher than the air;
and that of the Forty Fountains, from ½° to 1° below the heat of the
air. Although I was several days in the Troas, I could not make any
observations, from an accident which happened to my thermometer.
[444] Strabo, p. 594. Demetrius visited New Ilium about the time that
Antiochus the Great was defeated by the Romans—he was then a boy. He
describes the town of New Ilium as being in a state of decline, and
so poor that the houses were not covered with earthen tiles—ὥστε μηδὲ
κεραμωτάς ἔχειν τὰς στέγας: meaning probably that they were covered with
what are called in modern Greek πλάκες, generally made of schistose
limestone.
[445] That Troy was totally ruined and abandoned as early as the time
of the poet, is evident from his expressions in many parts both of the
Ilias and Odysseia. That it continued to be an uninhabited place was the
general opinion of all antiquity.
[446] Strabo, p. 601. The Lydians are here called semibarbarous in the
Greek sense—as using a language and writing not Greek, and yet bearing a
great resemblance to it.
[447] Herodot. l. 5. c. 94. Strabo, p. 599.
[448] The Pisistratidæ lived at Sigeium after their exile from Athens.
Herodot. l. 5. c. 65.
[449] Ælian. Var. Hist. l. 13. c. 14.—Pausan. Achaic. c. 26.—Cicero de
Orat. l. 3. c. 34.—Epig. in Anthol. l. 4. c. 4.
[450] Strabo, p. 593.
[451] Thucydides (l. 1. c. 7.) has remarked the effect of the progress of
Grecian society, in moving the settlements of the Greeks nearer to the
sea-coast.
[452] Ἰλιεῖς. This word is never used by Homer, who always calls the
people Trojans, Τρῶες.
[453] Strabo, pp. 593, 600.
[454] Hellanicus of Lesbus. Ἑλλάνικος χαριζόμενος τοῖς Ἰλιεῦσιν, &c.
Strabo, p. 602.
[455] Strabo, p. 599.
[456] He says that the greater part of the actions described by the poet
were fought in the Scamandrian plain (or Trojan properly so called):
and there, he adds, the Ilienses _point out_ the Erineus, the tomb of
Æsyetes, Batieia, and the tomb of Ilus—τοὺς ὀνομαζομένους τόπους ἐνταῦθα
δεικνυμένους ὁρῶμεν, τὸν Ἐρινεὸν &c. Demetr. ap. Strab. p. 597.
[457] Strabo, p. 602. A passage in the 12th book of the Ilias (v. 20.)
has been adduced in favour of the opinion that the Mendere was the
Scamander of Homer; because the description there given of the origin
of the Scamander in Mount Ida, will better apply to the Mendere than to
the Bunárbashi stream, which rises on the edge of the plain. But the
same passage makes the Granicus and Æsepus concur with the Scamander and
Simoeis in the destruction of the Grecian rampart, though they flow in an
opposite direction and fall into the Propontis,—an absurdity which must
destroy the geographical authority of the passage, if indeed it be not
spurious.
[458] It is not easy to distinguish the opinions and observations of
Strabo from those which he has copied from Demetrius. In general,
however, it may be supposed that Strabo had seen little of the Troas
himself, and that he therefore followed Demetrius, as a native and a
copious writer on the subject. But there is reason to think that even
Demetrius saw little of the Troas after his early youth.
[459] Strabo, p. 598.
[460] So called from the ruins of an aqueduct upon arches (καμάρες) which
crosses the bed of the river. This aqueduct probably conveyed water from
Mount Ida to New Ilium.
[461] Demet. ap. Strab. p. 602.
[462] Demetr. ap. Strab. p. 597.
[463] Scamander, Mæander and Mendere,—which last is now applied by the
Turks to three of the rivers of Asia Minor,—seem all to belong to the
ancient language of the country, before the introduction of Greek.
Scamander may be Sca-Mæander, Sca being perhaps a distinctive prefix to
the Trojan Mæander. And the Σκαιαὶ πύλαι may have received its name from
the same word.
[464] A part of the old bed is still to be seen in going from Bunárbashi
to Tshiblak.
[465] This has been admitted by nearly all the writers on the Trojan
question, but has been stated with particular clearness by Major Rennell
(Observations, Sect. IV.). I shall therefore merely cite the verse of
Homer, which furnishes the direct proof.
... Ἕκτωρ
... μάχης ἐπ’ ἀριστερὰ μάρνατο πάσης,
Ὄχθας πὰρ ποταμοῖο Σκαμάνδρου....
Il. Λ. v. 497.
It is almost unnecessary to add, that the poet here, as elsewhere, speaks
of the left of the Greeks. Hector was opposed to Ajax, whose station was
on the Greek left.
[466] Strabo, p. 597, 598.
[467] In the time of Strabo (or Demetrius) the mouth of the river was 20
stades distant from New Ilium: it has now moved still further west, and
joins the sea close to Kum-Kale. The small harbour under Intepe (or the
tomb of Ajax) is the modern representative of the portus Achæorum, which
was the port of New Ilium, and the nearest point of the coast to that
city. Strabo, p. 598. Plin. Hist. Nat. l. 5. c. 30. Pomp. Mel. l. 1. c.
18. Naustathmum was near the place where the river joined the sea in the
time of the geographer.
[468] Strabo says 12 stadia; Pliny, 1500 Roman paces.
[469] Hestiæa ap. Strab. p. 599.
[470] A late writer on the Trojan question (Mr. Maclaren) particularly
insists on this supposed error, and conceives the sandy point of Kum Kale
to be nearly in the same state as it was in the Trojan war; founding his
opinion chiefly on the rapidity of the current of the Hellespont, which
must, he thinks, have carried away the soil almost as quickly as it was
brought down. But the cape of new formation which lies between Kum Kale
and Intepe is surely a proof that the current has had no such effect; and
in fact every one who has navigated the Hellespont knows that there is
a strong counter current along the two shores, the effect of which has
probably contributed to form that cape. Strabo (p. 599.) has collected
the passages of Homer which support his opinion that Troy stood far from
the sea; and these alone seem fatal to the new hypothesis brought forward
by the author just alluded to—that of its position at New Ilium.
[471]
Οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδ’, εὐρύς περ ἐὼν, ἐδυνήσατο πάσας
Αἰγιαλὸς νῆας χαδέειν· στείνοντο δὲ λαοί·
Τῷ ῥὰ προκρόσσας ἔρυσαν, καὶ πλῆσαν ἁπάσης
Ἠϊόνος στόμα μακρὸν, ὅσον συνεέργαθον ἄκραι.
Il. Ξ. v. 33.
[472] Thucydides (l. 1. c. 10.) verifies our copies of the catalogue by
remarking that the total number of ships was 1200.
[473] In one passage (O. 676) the poet seems to represent Ajax as
striding from ship to ship: but if some of the vessels were so closely
arranged as to have admitted of such an action, a greater width must have
been necessary between the divisions than if each vessel was isolated: so
that in either case the _entire_ space required will be nearly the same.
[474] Il. Η. v. 467.
[475] About one hundred thousand is the result of the calculation of
Thucydides; and the extent of country from which the army was collected
will hardly allow of a smaller number. We may admit, however, with the
historian, that a large part of them was always absent collecting plunder
and provisions.
[476] Polyb. l. 6. c. 27, &c. See Lipsius de Mil. Rom. l. 5.
[477] στείνοντο δὲ λαοί. These words, however, seem more to relate to the
unusual and somewhat dangerous expedient of doubling the ranks of ships,
in consequence of the narrowness of the beach, than to the crowded state
of the army in general.
[478] Il. Ε. v. 791.
[479] Ζ. v. 256, 435.
[480] Η. v. 282.
[481] Λ. v. 86.
[482] Λ. v. 170.
[483] Σ. v. 239.
[484] Il. Ε. v. 303. Υ. v. 286.
[485] Θ. v. 222.
[486] Π. v. 77.
[487] Γ. v. 178.
[488] Il. Χ. v. 131.
[489] Il. Β. 508. Ζ. 327. Π. 448. Σ. 279.
[490] Il. Γ. 395. Θ. 499. Μ. 115. Ν. 724. Σ. 174. Ψ. 64, 297.
[491] Il. Ν. 625.
[492] Il. Δ. 508. Ζ. 512. Ε. 460. Χ. 411. Ω. 700.
[493] Strabo, p. 599.
[494] Χ. v. 165.
[495] These Periplus are: 1. By Arrian, governor of Cappadocia under
Hadrian. 2. By Marcian of Heraclia Pontica, who is supposed to have lived
about a century later than Arrian. And, 3. By an anonymous author, who
has collected his information from the two former, and from some other
sources. He is of a much later date than the two others, as appears from
the names of his own time, which he has annexed to some of the ancient
names, and by the miles which he has subjoined to the stades.
[496] Ptolem. l. 5. c. 1. Hierocl. Synecd. p. 694. Notit. Episc. Græc.
[497] Pausan. Arcad. c. 9. Stephan. in Βιθύνιον.
[498] From Mantineia in Arcadia. Pausan. ibid.
[499] Itin. Anton. p. 200.
[500] Strabo, p. 562.
[501] Ptolem. l. 5. c. 4. Justinian. Novel. 29. c. 1.
[502] See the Note on Σόρα in Hieroc. Synec. p. 695. ed. Wess.
[503] Anna Comn. l. 7. p. 206. Nicet. in Joan. Comn. Chalcocond. l. 9. p.
259.
[504] Artemid. ap. Strab. p. 663.
[505] Gesta Dei per Francos.
[506] Procop. Hist. Secr. c. 30.
[507] In each interval that might be traversed by a foot passenger in
a day, there were several inns, and at each inn 40 horses and as many
grooms,—so that a courier could perform in one day a distance equal to
ten pedestrian journeys. Justinian substituted asses for horses, and left
only one inn, where before there had been from five to eight.
[508] Nicephor. Callist. l. 7. c. 49.
[509] Procop. de Ædif. l. 5. c. 2.
[510] Ann. Comn. p. 312.
[511] For the details of the theatre of Side, from the drawings of Mr.
Cockerell, see the Karamania of Captain Beaufort.—The theatre of Side is
of the largest size, and is in better preservation than any in Asia Minor.
[512] The reader will perceive from the plan of the theatre of Myra, that
when the segment was very great, the ends of the cavea were directed not
upon the centre of the orchestra, but upon a point nearer to the scene.
[513] The form of the Asiatic Greek theatre is exemplified in the
annexed plans of Patara and Myra, and in that of Hierapolis, given in a
succeeding note.
[514] Vitruv. l. 5. c. 6, 7.
[515] The lower B in the plan and section of the theatre of Patara
annexed.
[516] See Ionian Antiquities, vol. 2. pl. 49.
[517] Perhaps the theatre of Laodiceia was accommodated to the Roman mode
of construction, when that city became the seat of the Roman government
in Asia, and when the stadium was converted into an amphitheatre in the
Roman fashion. See page 245.
[518] Topography of Athens, sect. 4.
[519] Those marked [519] are so much ruined, that it is difficult to
procure an exact measurement.
[520] See note [519] in the preceding page.
[521] In Asia Minor there still exist Odeia at Laodiceia and Anemurium.
[522] Vopisc. in Aurelian.
[523] Sericum ad usus antehac nobilium nunc etiam inferiorum sine ulla
discretione. Ammian. l. 23. c. 6. Although silken garments were then
so common, Ammianus still describes silk, as Virgil and Pliny had done
three centuries earlier, as a sort of woolly substance (lanugo, canities
frondium) which was _combed_ from a tree in China.
[524] See Arbuthnot on Ancient Weights, &c.
[525] See Romé de l’Isle, Métrologie, &c.
[526] i.e. one Italian sextarius cost 24 denarii. The sextarius or
sextarium was in general use among the Greeks under the Roman Government.
The Greek sextarius contained 15 ounces of oil or 16 of water. Galen de
Comp. Med. l. 1.—L. Pætus ap. Græv. Thes. vol. 11.
[527] Conditum, wine mixed with various ingredients; in the Apsinthium
the prevailing ingredient was wormwood, and in the Rhosatum roses.
Apicius, l. 1, has given us the receipt for making these three mixtures.
[528] (Oleum) quod post molam primum est, flos. Plin. H. N. l. 15. c. 6.
ed. Harduin.
[529] Cibarium, the most ordinary kind of oil used by soldiers, &c., and
made from the refuse of the olives. Columella, l. 12. c. 50.
[530] Raphaninum, oil of coleseed, or rape. Plin. H. N. l. 23. c. 49.
Dioscor. l. 1. c. 41.
[531] Liquamen: this favourite condiment, also called Garum, as having
been originally obtained from the fish garum, was made by throwing salt
on the entrails of fish, exposing the mixture to the sun for some time,
and then separating the liquid part. This liquor was the liquamen: the
residue was called Alec. Geopon. l. 20. c. ult. Plin. H. N. l. 31. c.
43. There were other kinds of liquamen less commonly used, which are
described by Apicius.
[532] M̊ was the usual note for modius or modium, the dry measure in most
common use in the time of the Roman Empire, from whence the use of the
word passed into Italy and France and became the moggio and muid. The
sextarius in like manner became the setier. Here appear to be two modia,
that for salt preceded by F, and that for grain preceded by K. I am
unable to discover the meaning of this distinction.
[533] Sal conditum, salt mixed with drugs of several kinds and used for
medicinal purposes. Apic. l. 1. c. 27.
[534] Perhaps mel phœnicinum, the debs or date honey of Egypt and Arabia.
[535] One Italian pound.
[536] Vulva virginis porcellæ. Apicius calls it vulva sterilis, to
distinguish it from the sumen. For the mode of dressing these two famous
dainties see Apicius l. 7.
[537] Sumen—abdomen suis cum ubere. Optimum uno die post partum. Plin. H.
N. l. 11. c. 84.
[538] Ficatum, in Greek συκωτὸν, hog’s liver enlarged by a particular
mode of fatting. The word was originally derived from the fatting of
geese with figs for a similar purpose—ficis pastum jecur anseris albi.
Hor. It was said to have been the invention of the first Apicius, who
lived in the time of the Republic, and whose name was assumed by some
other subsequent professors of the culinary art. Apicius Cœlius, whose
work is extant, appears, from the names and descriptions which he gives
to some of the dishes or sauces, to have lived not long after the reign
of Elagabalus. See the preface to the edition of Apicius, by Dr. Lister,
physician to Queen Anne. From ficatum, συκωτὸν, are derived the Italian
and modern Greek words fegato, συκότι, used for liver in general.
[539] Fumosæ cum pede pernæ, Hor. Petaso and perna appear, from Athenæus,
to have been synonymous, πετασῶνος, ἣν πέρναν καλοῦσι (l. 14. c. 21.).
Perna was perhaps more particularly the ham, and petaso every part of the
hog similarly cured. Laridum or lardum was the fat part of the bacon.
Menapica was the ham of Westphalia, Ceritana that of the Cerdagne in the
Pyrenees, the excellence of which is attested by Strabo (p. 162).
[540] Marsicæ, sc. pernæ. This being of the same price as the two former
was probably a foreign ham also; not from the Marsi of Italy, but from
the Marsi near the mouth of the Rhine.
[541] Ungellæ—ungulæ suum et pedes, Apic. l. 4. c. 7. Aqualiculum—venter
porcinus; for the mode of dressing it see Apicius, l. 7. c. 7.
[542] Apicius has described the mode of making isicia as well of pork
as of birds, shell-fish, &c. They consisted of the meat minced with a
variety of condiments, and were made either into tessellæ, square cakes,
or wrapt in a bay leaf; and sometimes they were omentata or inclosed in a
membrane like our sausages. It appears from this inscription that their
common size was about an ounce in weight. The Turkish dolma inclosed in
a vine leaf seems to be a lineal descendant of the isicium. From salsum
isicium is derived the Italian salsiccio, and thence saucisse and sausage.
[543] Lucanicæ, sausages of a particular kind, originally from Lucania,
which was famous for its pork. Apicius (l. 2. c. 4.) has described the
mode of making the Lucanicæ.
[544] The Roman mode of dressing all the birds, game, &c. in the
preceding list may be seen in Apicius.
[545] Pisces aspratiles, quales sunt merulæ, scaurus.... De piscibus
generaliter quales invenias albos carnes habentes, quod genus sunt
aspratiles ... omnem aspratilem piscem, ut sunt lupi, corvi. Plin.
Valerian. de Re Med. l. 5. Fish caught in deep water and near rocky
shores. The word aspratilis is not found in authors of a better time, who
use saxatilis with the same meaning. See Pliny, Columella.
[546] Sphondili. Apic. l. 9. c. 14.
[547] Sagenici, from σαγήνη, whence the English word sein: in Latin it
was called everriculum, and served to catch the small fish eaten only by
the common people, or given as food to the choice fish which some of the
rich Romans kept in piscinæ. See Varro de Re Rust. l. 3. c. 17.
[548] Cimæ. Apic.—Cymæ. Plin. Columel. The small tender shoots of the
cabbage. See Plin. H. N. l. 19. c. 41.
[549] Here and in two other instances below, we find the beginning of the
change of viridis into the Italian verde.
[550] Sisinarii, perhaps the same as Cinaræ, artichokes.
[551] Ruscus, in English, butcher’s broom; it puts forth many tender
shoots in the spring, which were eaten like asparagus. Dioscor. l. 4. c.
146.
[552] Sicale, in French seigle, rye. The name of this grain, written
secale, by Pliny, is here in the state of transition to the σίκαλις,
sigalis, sigalum, &c. of the middle ages. The synonymous _Centenum_ I
have not found in any author; it seems to have been derived from the
prolific nature of the grain, which was supposed to yield a hundred-fold.
Secale ... nascitur qualicunque solo cum centesimo grano. Plin. H. N. l.
18. c. 40.
[553] Milii pisti and milii integri formed into single words like
Piscisalsi above.
[554] The grain still called panico in Italy.
[555] Scandula. Vegetius, l. 2. c. 23.
[556] Fabæ fressæ and fabæ non fressæ are expressions of low Latinity for
fabæ fractæ and fabæ solidæ, as panicii and lenticlæ are terms of the
same period for panici and lenticulæ.
[557] Oloserica, a cloth entirely silken—subserica, that in which the
warp only was of silk. For the several articles of dress in this list see
the writers de Re Vestiaria in the 6th volume of Grævii Thesaurus.
[558] Plin. Hist. Nat. l. 36. c. 4, 6.
[559] In the neighbouring province of Lycia, genealogy was reckoned by
the female side in preference to the male. Herodot. l. 1. c. 173.
[560] Strabo, p. 656. Arrian, l. 1. c. 23.
[561] At Alexandria Troas and Ephesus. For their plans see Antiquities of
Ionia, part 2, pl. 40, 54.
[562] Peyssonel, in a rude drawing of the temple made in the year 1750,
represents six columns and a part of the cell standing. Three of the
columns were surmounted by an entablature.
[563] The reasons which Mr. Cockerell here gives for believing that
the temple of Sardes was a building of very high antiquity, render it
probable that it was the work of one of the kings, or perhaps of several
successive kings, of the Lydian dynasty; which began under Gyges in
715, B.C., and ended with the capture of Sardes by Cyrus in 545. It
was undoubtedly in the same period, when the power and opulence of
Samus were at their height, that the magnificent temple of Juno in that
island was constructed; and it was probably about the same time that the
inhabitants of the little island of Ægina, which was then sufficiently
powerful to rival Samus and even Athens, constructed the temple of
Jupiter Panellenius. The temple of Sardes was burnt by the Ionians in the
year 503. It may have been repaired, but it is not probable that it was
entirely rebuilt after that misfortune.
[564] Plin. Hist. Nat. l. 16. c. 79. l. 36. c. 21, 56. Strabo, p. 640.
Vitruv. præf. in l. 7.
[565] “Dipteros autem octastylos et pronao et postico, sed circa ædem
duplices habet ordines columnarum sicut est ædes Quirini Dorica, et
Ephesiæ Dianæ Ionica a Chersiphrone constituta.” Vitr. l. 3. c. 2.
Such is his definition of the dipterus which he confines to octastyle
temples; although we find that all the _decastyle_ temples in existence
are dipteral, that is to say, that they have a double range of columns
round the cell. In like manner he defines the peripteri as having six
columns in front, though all temples with a greater number of columns in
front are in fact peripteral, or having a cell surrounded with columns.
Thus also he defines the hypæthri as temples having ten columns in front,
though we know that the Parthenon and the temple of Delphi, neither of
which had so many columns, were hypæthral, or with a part of the cella
open to the sky. But, in truth, Vitruvius himself often forgets his own
definitions, and uses the Greek terms just mentioned according to their
real meaning.
[566] Meaning the largest Greek temple; for in the other passage just
alluded to, he names it for the purpose of adding that it was smaller
than the labyrinth of Mœris in Egypt. Herod. l. 2. c. 148. l. 3. c. 60.
[567] The fluting under the capital forming part of the same block as
the capital, was executed, together with it, before the column was
erected—the remainder of the fluting was the last operation after the
columns were erected; and hence it happens that we so often find the
columns of Greek buildings fluted only under the capitals. The time and
labour required for the fluting finished with that perfection which the
Greeks required, were so great that it was often deferred until political
circumstances no longer admitted of its execution; the temple meantime
being complete, with the exception of this ornament. Almost all the great
edifices of antiquity attest that such immense undertakings are seldom
ever finished.
[568] Vitruv. l. 3. c. 3. l. 7. præf. Jocundus, in his edition of
Vitruvius, reads octastylus; but all the best manuscripts have hexastylon
or exastylon. See Schneider’s Note.
[569] It is probable that the observations of Vitruvius on the eustylus
and pseudodipterus contain merely the ideas and names of Hermogenes, made
into a system; and that no other examples of these two classes were known
to Vitruvius than the temples of Teos and Magnesia. Selinus destroyed by
the Carthaginians was perhaps in his time nearly in the same shapeless
state of ruin that it is now.
[570] Plin. H. N. l. 36. c. 22. Dion. Cass. l. 70. ad fin. Dio says the
columns were τετραόργυιοι μεν πάχος, ὕψος δε πεντήκοντα πηχέων, ἕκαστος
πέτρας μιᾶς, a description which, _if true_, justifies his assertion,
that the temple was the largest in existence.
INDEX.
Acmonia, 167
Adália, town and port of, 133.
The ancient Attaleia, 193.
Geographical remarks on the ancient places on the road from Adalia
to Shugut, 144-170
Ægæ, or Ayás, site of, 208
Agameia, town and port of, 276
Agmonia, 25 _note_
Ak-serai, 75
Ak-shehr, the ancient Jullæ or Juliopolis, 59
Alabanda, investigation of the site of, 230-236
Aladan river, the Scopas of ancient geographers, 80
Alara village, 129.
Fortified hill of, 130.
Probably the ancient Ptolemais, 197
Alaya, town and port, history and present state of, 125, 126.
Journey thence to Alara, 129
Aleium Plain, 180, 215
Alexandria Troas, 273
Alibey Kiúi, village, 95
Allah-Shehr, 25
Altun Tash, village, 139.
Route thence to Kutáya, 140
Aludda, 25 _note_, 167
Amanus, Mount, remarks on the passes of, 209, 210
Amorium, ancient history and site of, 86-88
Amyzon, ruins of, 237, 238
Anaxia, 197
Anazarba, 218
Anchiale, 179.
Historical notice of, 214
Ancyra, 90 _note_.
Various itineraries to and from that place, 72, 73.
Probable site, 168, 169
Andabilis, site of, ascertained, 74
Andriace, or Andráki, the port of Myra, 183
Anemurium, or Anamúr, 178, 199, 200
Antiocheia of Pisidia, remarks on the Roman road to, from Apameia,
163, 164
Antiocheia in Cilicia, site of, 218.
In Caria, 249
Antiphellus, notice of the ruins of, 127, 185
Antonine Itinerary, illustrations of, 25 _note_, 72, 73, 74.
Most to be depended on, 75.
Corrected, 82
Apameia Cibotus, summary of ancient evidences for determining the
site of, 156-162.
Its probable site, 26.
Remarks on the Roman road from Apameia to Antiocheia of Pisidia,
163, 164
—to Synnada, 164, 165;
and to Dorylæum, 165, 166
Aperlæ, 188
Aphrodisias, or the city of Venus, 204.
Its probable site, 250
Apollonia, probable site of, 163, 164
Arabissar, the probable site of Alabanda, 233, 234
Archalla, site of, 65
Archelaium or Arcelaio, 25
Archelais, site of, 75.
Itineraries to and from thence, 73
Argæus, Mount, 45
Argennum, Cape, 263
Arkhut-khan, 42
Arsinoe, 178.
Its probable site, 201, 202
Arycanda, site of, 187
Arycandus river, 187
Ascania, Lake, the modern Burdur, 145, 146
Ascanius, Lake, scenery of, described, 7, 8
Asia Minor, physico-geographical structure of the _central part_ of,
51, 52, 91, 92.
Illustrations of its ancient political and progressive geography,
51, 53-90.
On the ancient places on the _southern_ coast of Asia Minor,
170-218.
Comparative geography of the _western_ and _northern_ parts of Asia
Minor, 219-312
Attaleia, city, notice of, 175.
Remarks on its geographical situation, as stated by Strabo, 192, 193
Augæ, 197
Axylus, region of, 65;
described, 66
Azanitis, district, 168
Baiæ, or Bayás, site of, 208
Bargylia, site of, 229
Beiad, the ancient Beudos Vetus, 56
Beriám-Kalesi, ancient ruins at, 128
Bidjikli, 133, 134
Bithynia, notice of the principal places in, 307
Bithynium, site of, 309
Branchidæ, curious inscription in boustrophedon at, 239, 240, _notes_.
Proportions of the temple of Apollo Didymeus at, 348
Bulwudún, village, notice of, 37.
Journey thence to Ak-shehr, _ibid._, 38-40.
Stands on the site of the ancient Πολυβοτὸν, 53
Burdur, town and salt lake of, 137, 138.
Road thence to Ketsiburlu described, 138.
—The lake of Burdur the Ascania of ancient geographers, 145, 146
Butshuklu, town, notice of, 135
Cabalis, 147
Caballucome, 90
Cadi, probable site of, 169
Cæsareia, site of, 271
Caicus river, course of, 269.
Notice of principal places in the valley of the Caicus, 269-272
Calycadnus river, 111.
Valley of the Calycadnus, 116
Cappadocia, one of the prefectures of, why called Cilicia, 63, 64.
Cappadocia Antiochiana, 65
Carallis or Caralleia, site of, 69
Caramanian mountaineers, condition of, 113
Caria, notice of the principal places in, 229-254
Carmylessus, 173, 182
Carura, city and hot baths of, 251
Caryanda, island, now a peninsula, 227, 228
Castabala, 64
Castel Rosso, island, present state of, 127.
Inscription found there, 184 _note_
Catacombs of Doganlu described, 22, 23, 34, 35.
Remarks on the sculpture thereon, 26-28.
And inscriptions, 29, 30.
One of these catacombs the tomb of Midas, 30-33
Catarrhactes, river, 159, 175, 191
Cavaliere, Cape, 205
Caystrus, notice of towns in the valley of the, 256-258
Cebrenia, site of, 274
Celænæ, 156, 158
Celenderis, remains of, described, 115, 116
Ceryneia, site of, 118
Cestrus, river, 175, 194
Chalcetor, site of, 237
Charadrus, 177, 199
Chelidoniæ Islands, 174, 185
Christians of Asia Minor, condition of, 7
Cibyra, site of, 148.
Cibyra minor, vestiges of, noticed, 196
Cibyratis, district of, 147
Cilicia and the Cilician Taurus, 63, 64.
Description of by Ammianus, 319.
Towns in the district of Cilicia Tracheia, 116, 117.
Strabo’s description of Cilicia Tracheia (or rugged) and Pedias (or
plain), 176-180.
Geographical Illustrations of it, 197-218
Cissides, promontory of, 182
Cisthene, island, 173, 184
Clanudda, 25 _note_
Claudiopolis, site of, 117, 319
Climax, Mount, passage of, by Alexander, 174, 175, 190
Cnidus, ruins and inscription at, 226 _note_
Colossæ, site of, 254, 255
Conni, or Conna, 25 _note_.
Probable site of, 166
Coracesium, historical notice of, 177, 197, 198
Cormasa, 155
Corycus, coast of, 174, 189.
Promontory, 178.
Now an island, 212.
Port, 262, 263
Corydalla, 184
Cotyaeium, 24, 145, 167
Cragus, mount, 173, 182, 177, 199
Crambusa, island, 174, 189
Cressa, harbour, 222, 223
Cretopolis, 149
Crusaders, march of, illustrated, 313-318
Cuballum, 89
Cyana, 188
Cybebe, plan of the temple of, at Sardes, with observations, 342-346
Cybistra, site of, ascertained, 63
Cydnus, river, course of, 214
Cydrara, probable site of, 251
Cyprus, island, passage to, 118.
Town and port of Tzerina, ib.
Journey thence to Lefkosía, 119-121.
To Lárnaka, 121.
Return to Tzerina, 122.
Cyssus, port, site of, 262, 263
Cyzicus, site of, 260
Dacibyza, or Δακίβυζα, site of, determined, 9
Dana, the same as the ancient Tyana, 61.
Ruins of this place, 62
D’Anville, mistake of, corrected, 41, 55
Dashashéhr, village of, 131
Dil, ferry of, 5.
This place how formed, 10
Dinglar, the probable site of the ancient Celænæ, 156-158
Diocæsareia, probable site of, 117
Docimia, 25.
Site and quarries of, 54, 55
Dogan-hissár, district of, 43
Doganlu, valley, catacombs of, 22, 23, 34, 35.
Remarks on the sculpture thereof, 26-28.
And on the inscriptions thereon, 29, 30, 31.
Date of the principal monument, 32
Dombai, valley and town of, 138.
The ancient Tabæ, 153.
Route thence to Sandukli described, 139
Doric Dialect, prevalence of, 227, 228, _notes_
Dorileo, 25 _note_
Dorylæum, plain and river of, 18, 19, 317.
Site of this town determined, 19.
Remarks on the Roman road thither, from Apameia Cibotus, 165, 166.
And from Dorylæum to Philadelpheia, 167-169
Draco, river, course of, ascertained, 9.
Disasters of the first crusaders among its passes, 10
Edrenús, site of, 272
Elæussa, 178.
Present state of this place, 213
Emír-dagh, mountainous range of, 66
Ephesus, temple of Diana at, 258.
Account of its relative proportions, 346, 347.
Why no remains of it are left, 259 _note_
Epiphaneia, city, site of, 217
Ergasteria, mines of, 271
Erkle, the ancient Archalla, 65
Ermenék, 117
Ermenék-su river, 111
Ersek, 10
Eski-hissar, 229
Eski-shehr, town of, 17
Stands on the site of the ancient Dorylæum, 18
Journey thence to Seid-el-Gházi, 20
Etenna, 149
Etennenses, 149
Eucarpia, 25 _note_.
Its probable site, 166
Eumeneia, site of, 156.
Inscription found there, 157 _note_
Eumenia, or Eumenia Pella, 25
Euphorbium, 165
Euromus, site of, 237
Eurymedon, river, 194
Eusebeia ad Taurum, site of, 61
Ferry of the Dil, 5
Fortifications, Turkish, notice of, 41
Gagæ, port, site of, 185, 186
Germa, or Yerma, 25
Germanicopolis, or Germanopolis, probable site of, 310, 311
Ghebse, or Givyza (town), notice of, 4, 5.
Description of the road thence to Kizderwént, 5-7.
Stands on the site of the ancient Dacibyza, 9
Glaucus, river, 157
Gulnar, village, 113.
Ancient ruins there described, 113, 114
Hadrianopolis, 271.
Its probable site, 309
Hamaxia, 177, 198
Hamaxitus, site of, 273
Harpasa, town, probable site of, 249
Harpasus, river, course of, 249
Hazret Mevlana, a Turkish saint, tomb of, 50
Helenopolis, 10, 314, 315
Heracleia, site of, 237.
Ruins of, 238, 239
Hermus, river, course of, 169, 266-268.
Principal places in the valley of Hermus, 264, 265
Hierapolis, ruins of, 252, 253.
Plan of the theatre and palæstra of, 341
Hierus, river, 80
Homer’s account of the Grecian encampment against Troy elucidated,
298-302.
And of the pursuit of Hector by Achilles, 303-305
Hypæpa, site of, 256
Ilgún, village, 42.
Stands on the site of the ancient Philomelium, 59.
Its lake, the Trogitis of Strabo, 69
Ilistra, 102
Ilienses, village of, 275
Ilium, new, site of, 275
Inekbazar, the site of the ancient Magnesia, 243-248
In-óghi, village, 142.
Journey thence to Shughut, 143
Inscription, near Seid-el-Gházi, 20.
On the sculptured rock of Doganlu, 30, 31.
At Ladik, 44.
At Karamán, 100.
At Eumeneia, 157 _note_.
At Castel Rosso, 184 _note_.
In the ruins of Olympus, 186 _note_ [229].
At Ródos, 224 _note_.
At Cnidus, 226 _note_.
Of Stratoniceia, 229, 329-331.
At Mylasa, 338.
In boustrophedon at Branchidæ, 239, 240, _notes_.
At Olympia, 240 _note_, 241 _note_.
At Magnesia, 245, 246, _notes_.
At Nysa, 339, 340
Ionia, notice of the principal places on the coast of, 260-264
Isaklú, district and village of, described, 38-40
Isionda, 153
Isium, tower of, 187
Isnik, or Nicæa, present state of, 11.
Journey thence to Lefke, 12
Itineraries, ancient, illustrated, 25 _note_, 67, 69, 72-74, 76-78,
87, 154-170
Jerusalem Itinerary, illustrations of, 72, 73, 74
Jullæ, or Juliopolis, 25 _note_.
Its site ascertained, 59.
Origin of its name, 78, 79.
Its situation described, 79, 80.
Its commercial and political advantages, 81.
Its distance from Nicæa, 72.
Distance of Ancyra from Juliopolis, _ibid._
Kadún Kiúi, or Kanun-haná, village, 43
Kákava, 127
Karáburnu, cape, 196
Kara-dagh, or the Black Mountain, 45, 95
Karahissár, the site of the ancient Cybistra, 63
Karajeli, the ancient Coralis, or Caralis, 69
Karamán, mountains of, 45.
Plain of, 97.
The town of Karamán described, 98, 99
Karamania, description of, translated from Strabo, 173, 180.
Illustrations of it, 181-218
Kassabá, village, described, 95, 96.
Journey thence to Karamán, 96
Καστελόρυζον, island, notice of, 127
Kelénderi, ruins of, 115, 116
Ketsiburlu, 138.
The ancient Apollonia probably situated near this place, 163, 164
Κίβυζα, notice of, 4, 5, 9
Kílisa Hissár, or the Castle of Kílisa, 61.
Stands on the site of the ancient Tyana, _ibid._
Ancient ruins of it, still in existence, 62
Kirmir, river, the Hierus of ancient geographers, 80
Kiúk-su, or Sky-blue river, 111
Kizderwént, or the pass of the Girls, description of, 6, 7
Kháradra, 123
Kodús, river, 169
Koehler (General), journey of, from Adália to Shugut, 127-143.
Geographical observations on the ancient places occurring in his
route, 144-170
Kónia, town, modern state of, 46.
Interview of the author with the Pasha of, 47, 48.
Description of the place, 49, 50.
Journey thence to Tshumra, 93, 94
Kosru Khan, 35.
Journey thence to Bulwudún, 36, 37.
Kutaya, the ancient Cotyaeium, mountain and town of, 145.
Journey thence to In-óghi, 141, 142.
Labranda, investigation of the site of, 230-234
Ladik-el-Tchaus, 43.
Ruins and antiquities there, 44.
Country around it described, 43.
Stands on the site of Laodiceia Combusta, 53
Laertes, fortress of, 177.
Its probable site, 199
Lagina, 230
Lakes of the central part of Asia Minor, 52.
Of the Forty Martyrs, 59.
Salt lake of Tatta, 70.
Of Burdur, 137, 138
Laodiceia ad Lycum, remarks on the Roman road from, to Perge, 154, 155
Laodiceia Combusta, or Laudicia Catacecaumeno, 25 and _note_.
Remains of, 44
Laranda, 98
Lárnaka, notice of, 122
Latmic Gulf, 239
Latmus, ruins of, 238, 239
Lefke, town, described, 12, 13
Lefkosía, or Λευκοσία, description of, 120, 121
Libyssa, site of, determined, 9
Limyra, site of, 186
Limyrus, river, 186, 187
Loryma, ruins of, 223
Lycaonia, limits of, 67.
Celebrated for its downs, _ibid._, 68
Lyrbe, 149
Lysinoe, probable site of, 151, 152
Lystra, probable site of, 102
Mæander, river, 158
Magnesia, site of, 243, 244.
Notice of its ruins, 245.
Proportions of the temple of Artemis Leucophryene at, 349, 350
Magydus, 194
Mallus, city, 180.
Site of, 216
Malsum, village, notice of, 5.
Stands on the site of the ancient Libyssa, 9
Manlius, the consul, march of, illustrated, 56-58, 89, 90
Marathesium, probable site of, 261
Marble, Phrygian, notice of, 36.
And of that of Synnada, 55
Marmora, sea of, 2
Marsyas, river, sources of, 159, 161 and _note_, 162.
Why called Catarrhactes, 159.
Another Marsyas. The same as the Tshina of modern times, 234-236
Megarsus, city, site of, 216
Megiste, island, 184
Melas, river, 176, 196, 206
Menavgát, town, notice of, 130, 131
Méndere, river, 139.
A branch of the Mæander, 153, 154, 164
Midaium, 24, 25
Midas, tomb of, ascertained, 31-33
Milyas, 147
Mopsucrene, 74
Mopsuestia, 180.
Historical notice of, 217
Mout, town and territory of, described, 107-109, 319.
Ruins in its vicinity, 106.
Its cemetery, 109.
Journey thence to Sheikh Amúr, 110-112
Mylæ, cape, 205
Mylasa, 230.
Copy of an ancient inscription there, 338
Myndus, site of, 228
Myra, 173.
Ruins of, 183.
Plan of its theatre, 321
Nagidus, historical notice and probable site of, 200, 201
Nacoleia, site of, determined, 24, 26.
Notice of this place, 24 _note_
Neapolis, probable site of, 261
Nephelis, promontory, 199, 200
Nicæa, ruins of, 10, 11.
Distance thence to Juliopolis, 72
Nysa, site of, 248.
Copies of ancient inscriptions found there, 339, 340
Obelisk of C. Cassius Philiscus, 8
Obrimas, river, 153, 154, 164
Olbasa, site of, 117
Olbe, 320
Olbia, 175.
Conjectures on its site, 190, 191, 192
Olympia, copy of inscription found at, 240, 241, _notes_
Olympus, site of, 189.
Copy of an inscription found there, 186 _note_ [229]
Orcaoryci, 88, 89
Orchestra of the Greek theatre, construction of, 322
Orcistus, notice of, 71
Orthography, Turkish, remarks on, 3 _note_ [17].
And on the modern Greek orthography, 4 _note_
Osman, tomb of, 15
Palæstra of Hierapolis, plan of, 341
Pamphylia, scenery of, described, 131-133
Pandíkhi, or Παντίχιον, village, 3, 8
Panionium, probable site of, 260, 261
Paphlagonia, notice of the principal places in, 308-312
Parnassus, distance from Ancyra to, 72.
And from Parnassus to Archelais, 73
Pastures of the central part of Asia Minor, 53
Patara, historical notice of, 182, 183.
Theatre of, 320.
Plan of it, 321
Pelasgi, the common source of the Etruscans and Greeks, 29 _note_.
Their architectural skill, _ibid._
Peræa of the Rhodii, historical notice of, 181.
Strabo’s description of it, 221, 222.
Illustrations of it, 222-226
Pergamum, ruins of, 266
Perge, illustration of the Roman road to, from Laodiceia ad Lycum,
154, 155
Pessinus, 25.
Examination of its site, 82-86
Peutinger Itinerary, or table, illustrations of, 25 _note_, 69, 72,
73.
Particularly of its routes across Mount Taurus, 76-78, 87.
From Laodiceia ad Lycum to Perge, 154, 155.
From Apameia to Antiocheia of Pisidia, 156-164.
From Apameia to Synnada, 164, 165.
From Apameia to Dorylæum, 165-166.
From Dorylæum to Philadelphia, 167-170
Phanæ, port, site of, 264
Phaselis, 175, 190
Philadelphia, 25.
Its probable site, 117
Philomelium, site of, ascertained, 58, 59
Philomelo, 25 _note_
Phrygia, notices of the ancient history of, 32, 33.
Magnificent remains of ancient Phrygian art, described, 29-32, 33,
34.
Topography of Phrygia Epictetus, 168, 169
Pityussa, island, 209
Pœcile, rock, 178.
Ancient ruins there, 209, 210
Πολυβοτὸν, site of, 53
Pompeiopolis of Cilicia, historical notice of, 213, 214.
Pompeiopolis of Paphlagonia, its probable site, 310
Poseidium, cape, 263
Potamia, site of, 310
Prices of various commodities, as fixed by one of the Roman Emperors,
table of, with illustrative remarks, 332-338
Priene, proportions of the temple of Bacchus at, 352
Prince’s Islands, description of, 2
Ptolemais, 176
Pydnæ, 182
Pygela, probable site of, 261
Pylæ Ciliciæ, 62
Pyramus, river, 179.
Course of, 215
Rhodian Colonies, notice of, 225, 226
Rhodiopolis, 184
Rhœteium, probable site of, 275
Rhoge, island, 184
Rhope, island, 184
Ródos, ancient inscription at, 224 _note_
Ruins of Nicæa described, 10, 11.
At Besh-Kardash, 17.
At Ladík, (Laodiceia Combusta), 44.
At Kílisa Hissár, (the ancient Tyana), 62.
In the vicinity of Kassabá, 95.
Of ancient Derbe, 101.
At Mout, 106.
Of Celenderis, 115, 116.
At Kákava, 127.
Of Antiphellus, _ibid._
Of Telmissus, 128.
Of Assus, _ibid._
At Adália, 133.
Between Bidjikli and Karabunár Kiúi, 134.
Of Patara, 182.
Of Myra and Andriace, 183.
Of Elæussa, 213.
Of Pompeiopolis, 213.
Of Amyzon, 237, 238.
Of Latmus, or Heracleia, 238.
Of Priene and Branchidæ, 239, 240, _notes_.
Of Magnesia, 247.
Of Tralles, 246, 247.
Of Nysa, 248.
Of Laodiceia, 251, 252.
Of Hierapolis, 253.
Of Sardes, 265, 342-346.
Of Pergamum, 266
Sagalassus, or Selgessus, probable site of, 150
Sakaría, river, 12
Sandukli, 139
Samus, proportions of the temple of Juno at, 348
Sangarius, river, celebrated for its fish, 66 _note_ [73]
Sardes, ruins of, 265.
Described, 342-346
Saporda, 149
Sarpedonia, promontory of, 203, 204
Sarus, or Sihún, river, 215
Scamander, river, probable course of, 290
Scamandria, probable site of, 278
Scopas, river, 80
Scutarium, site of, determined, 8
Seid-el-Ghazi, village, 21.
Copy of an ancient inscription in its vicinity, 20.
Description of ancient catacombs near it, 22, 23
Sheikh Amúr, village, 113.
Journey thence to Gulnar, 113-115
Shugut, town, described, 15, 16.
Journey thence to Eski-Shehr, 17
Siberis river, 80
Side, 176.
Its present state, 195
Siderus, cape and harbour of, 189
Sigeium, site of, 276
Simena, site of, 188
Sinda, 152
Sitshanli, 139
Soli, city, 179
Solyma, Mount, 174, 189
Stadiasmus, or Periplus of Asia Minor, illustrations of, 181, 182,
185-188, 191-201, 202-218
Stavros, 131
Strabo’s description of Karamania translated, 173-180.
Geographical illustrations of it, 181-218
Stratoniceia, site of, 229-230.
Different names of, 235 and _note_ [339].
Ancient inscription of, illustrated, 329-331
Sultán-hissár, the site of the ancient Nysa, 248
Surigis, or Turkish postillions, costume of, 38
Syedra, 177, 198
Synaus, probable site of, 169
Synnada, 25.
Its site ascertained, 54-58.
Remarks on the Roman road to, from Antiocheia of Pisidia, 164, 165
Tabæ, probable site of, 153
Ταβηνὸν Πεδίον, 153
Tatta, salt lake of, 70
Taurus, Mount, passage over, into the valley of Calycadnus, 104-106,
112
Tavium, probable site of, 311
Telmissus, 128.
Theatre of, 320
Temple of Cybebe, at Sardes, description and plan of, 342-346.
Account of the relative proportions of the principal temples of
Asia Minor, 346-350.
Plans of various ancient temples, 351
Teos, proportions of the temple of Bacchus at, 350
Termessus, ruins of, 146.
Passes of, 147
Theatres of Patara and Myra, plans of, 321.
Points of difference between them and the theatres of European
Greece, 320, 322.
Plan and construction of a Roman theatre according to Vitruvius,
323, 324.
Construction of the orchestra of the Greek theatre according to
him, 324, 325.
Advantage of the Asiatic over the Greek theatres, 326, 327.
Diameters of the principal ancient theatres in existence, in Asia
Minor, 328.
And in European Greece, 329.
Plan of the theatre of Hierapolis, 341
Themisonium, 155
Tolistobogii, 89, 90
Tolistochora, or Tolosocorio, site of, 90
Tomb of Midas, 31-34.
Of Hazret Mevlana, a Turkish saint, 50
Tracheiotis, or Cilicia Tracheia, notice of ancient towns in, 116, 117
Tralles, site of, 243.
Notice of its ruins, 246, 247
Travelling, modern Turkish, described, 3, 4, 104
Tripolis, notice of, 254
Troas, region of, 273.
Notice of remarkable places in, 273-306
Troy, examination of the supposed site of, 279-305
Tsháltigtshi, village, 136.
Route thence to Burdur described, 137
Tshina, river, course and sources of, 234, 235
Tshumra, village, 94.
Journey thence to Kassabá, 94, 95
Tyre, probably the site of Caystrus, 257
Tzerina, town and port of, 118, 119
Vezir Khan, village, 13.
Journey thence to Shugut, 14
Weather, state of, in Asia Minor, 6
Xenagoras, islands of, 184
Xenophon’s account of the retreat of the ten thousand Greeks, remarks
on the geographical difficulties and discrepancies in, 60, 61
Xerigordus, castle of, 10, 314
Yerma, the site of the ancient Germa, 70, 71
Yorgan-Ladík, 43
Zephyrium, cape, 179, 214
FINIS.
Printed by Richard Taylor, Shoe-Lane, London.