TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
* Italics are denoted by underscores as in _italics_.
* Small caps are represented in upper case as in SMALL CAPS.
* Gesperrt Greek text is enclosed in tildes as in ~καὶ τὰ λοιπά~.
* Original spelling, hyphenation and punctuation have been kept,
but variant spellings were made consistent when a predominant
usage was found.
* Obvious printer errors have been silently corrected, after
comparison with a later edition of this work. Greek text has
also been corrected after checking with this later edition and
with Perseus, when the reference was found.
* Both “Euagoras” and “Evagoras” are used to refer to the same
ruler.
* The following changes were also made, after checking with other
editions:
page vi: “fractions” → “factions” (they divide into three
factions).
page 216: “Odrysians” → “Bithynians” (who charged through
the Bithynians).
page 326: “with” → “which” (which his successor Teleutias
... still farther completed)
note 30: “Ἑγγαδα” → “Ἑλλάδα” (Τοιοῦτοι οὔν ὄντες, ἐπόθουν εἰς
τὴν Ἑλλάδα σώζεσθαι).
note 626: “494” → “394” (before the autumn of 394 B.C.).
HISTORY OF GREECE
BY
GEORGE GROTE, ESQ.
VOL. IX.
REPRINTED FROM THE LONDON EDITION.
NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
329 AND 331 PEARL STREET.
1880.
CONTENTS.
VOL. IX.
PART II.
CONTINUATION OF HISTORICAL GREECE.
CHAPTER LXIX.
CYRUS THE YOUNGER AND THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS.
Spartan empire.—March of the Ten Thousand Greeks.—Persian
kings—Xerxes—Artaxerxes Longimanus.—Darius Nothus.—Cyrus the
younger in Ionia—his vigorous operations against Athens.—Youth
and education of Cyrus.—His esteem for the Greeks—his
hopes of the crown.—Death of Darius Nothus—succession of
Artaxerxes Mnemon.—Secret preparations of Cyrus for attacking
his brother.—Klearchus and other Greeks in the service of
Cyrus.—Strict administration, and prudent behavior, of
Cyrus.—Cyrus collects his army at Sardis.—The Ten Thousand
Greeks—their position and circumstances.—Xenophon.—How
Xenophon came to join the Cyreian army.—Cyrus marches
from Sardis—Kolossæ—Kelænæ.—Peltæ—Keramôn-Agora,
Käystru-Pedion.—Distress of Cyrus for money—Epyaxa
supplies him.—Thymbrium.—Tyriæum—Review of the Greeks by
Cyrus.—Ikonium—Lykaonia—Tyana.—Pass over Taurus into
Kilikia.—Syennesis of Kilikia—his duplicity—he assists Cyrus
with money.—Cyrus at Tarsus—mutiny of the Greeks—their
refusal to go farther.—Klearchus tries to suppress the
mutiny by severity—he fails.—He tries persuasion—his
discourse to the soldiers.—His refusal to march farther—well
received.—Deceitful manœuvres of Klearchus to bring the
soldiers round to Cyrus.—The soldiers agree to accompany
Cyrus farther—increase of pay.—March onward—from Tarsus to
Issus.—Flight of Abrokomas—abandonment of the passes.—Gates
of Kilikia and Syria.—Desertion of Xenias and Pasion—prudence
of Cyrus.—Cyrus marches from the sea to Thapsakus on the
Euphrates.—Partial reluctance of the army—they ford the
Euphrates.—Separate manœuvre of Menon.—Abrokomas abandons the
defence of the river—his double dealing.—Cyrus marches along
the left bank of the Euphrates—the Desert—privations of the
army.—Pylæ—Charmandê—dangerous dispute between the soldiers
of Klearchus and those of Menon.—Entry into Babylonia—treason
of Orontes—preparation for battle.—Discourse of Cyrus to his
officers and soldiers.—Conception formed by Cyrus of Grecian
superiority.—Present of Cyrus to the prophet Silanus.—Cyrus
passes the undefended trench—Kunaxa—sudden appearance of the
king’s army—preparation of Cyrus for battle.—Last orders of
Cyrus.—Battle of Kunaxa—easy victory of the Greeks on their
side.—Impetuous attack of Cyrus upon his brother—Cyrus is
slain.—Flight of Ariæus and the Asiatic force of Cyrus.—Plunder
of the Cyreian camp by Artaxerxes. Victorious attitude of the
Greeks.—Character of Cyrus.—If Cyrus had succeeded, he would
have been the most formidable enemy to Greece. 1-51
CHAPTER LXX.
RETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS.
Dismay of the Greeks on learning the death of Cyrus. Klearchus
offers the throne to Ariæus.—Artaxerxes summons the Greeks
to surrender—their reply—language of Phalinus.—Ariæus
refuses the throne, but invites the Greeks to join him
for retreat.—The Greeks rejoin Ariæus—interchange of
oaths—resolution to retreat together.—Position of the
Greeks—to all appearance hopeless.—Commencement of the
retreat, along with Ariæus—disorder of the army.—Heralds
from the Persians to treat about a truce.—The heralds
conduct the Greeks to villages furnished with provisions.
March over the canals.—Abundant supplies obtained in the
villages.—Visit of Tissaphernes—negotiations.—Convention
concluded with Tissaphernes, who engages to conduct the
Greeks home.—Motives of the Persians—favorable dispositions
of Parysatis towards Cyrus.—Long halt of the Greeks—their
quarrel with Ariæus.—Secret despair of Klearchus.—Retreating
march begun, under Tissaphernes—they enter within the Wall
of Media—march to Sittakê.—Alarm and suspicions of the
Greeks—they cross the Tigris.—Retreating march up the left bank
of the Tigris—to the Great Zab.—Suspicions between the Greeks
and Tissaphernes.—Klearchus converses with Tissaphernes—and
is talked over.—Klearchus, with the other Grecian generals,
visits Tissaphernes in his tent.—Tissaphernes seizes the
Greek generals. They are sent prisoners to the Persian court,
and there put to death.—Menon is reserved to perish in
torture—sentiments of queen Parysatis.—How Klearchus came
to be imposed upon.—Plans of Tissaphernes—impotence and
timidity of the Persians.—The Persians summon the Grecian army
to surrender.—Indignant refusal of the Greeks—distress and
despair prevalent among them.—First appearance of Xenophon—his
dream.—He stimulates the other captains to take the lead and
appoint new officers.—Address of Xenophon to the officers.
New generals are named, Xenophon being one.—The army is
convened in general assembly—speech of Xenophon.—Favorable
augury from a man sneezing.—Encouraging topics insisted on by
Xenophon.—Great impression produced by his speech—the army
confirm the new generals proposed.—Great ascendency acquired
over the army at once by Xenophon—qualities whereby he obtained
it.—Combination of eloquence and confidence, with soldier-like
resource and bravery.—Approach of the Persian Mithridates—the
Greeks refuse all parley.—The Greeks cross the Zab and resume
their march, harassed by the Persian cavalry.—Sufferings of
the Greeks from marching under the attacks of the cavalry.
Successful precautions taken.—Tissaphernes renews the attack,
with some effect.—Comfortable quarters of the Greeks. They
halt to repel the cavalry, and then march fast onward.—Victory
of the Greeks—prowess of Xenophon.—The Greeks embarrassed as
to their route—impossibility either of following the Tigris
farther, or of crossing it.—The strike into the mountains of the
Karduchians.—They burn much of their baggage—their sufferings
from the activity and energy of the Karduchians.—Extreme danger
of their situation.—Xenophon finds out another road to turn
the enemy’s position.—The Karduchians are defeated and the
road cleared.—Danger of Xenophon with the rear division and
baggage.—Anxiety of the Greeks to recover the bodies of the
slain.—They reach the river Kentritês, the northern boundary
of Karduchia.—Difficulties of passing the Kentritês—dream of
Xenophon.—They discover a ford and pass the river.—Xenophon
with the rear-guard repels the Karduchians and effects his
passage.—March through Armenia. Heavy snow and severe
cold.—They ford the Eastern Euphrates or Murad.—Distressing
marches—extreme misery from cold and hunger.—Rest in
good quarters—subterranean villages well stocked with
provisions.—After a week’s rest, they march onward—their
guide runs away.—They reach a difficult pass occupied by the
Chalybes—raillery exchanged between Xenophon and Cheirisophus
about stealing.—They turn the pass by a flank-march, and
force their way over the mountain.—March through the country
of the Taochi—exhaustion of provisions—capture of a
hill-fort.—Through the Chalybes, the bravest fighters whom
they had yet seen—the Skythini.—They reach the flourishing
city of Gymnias.—First sight of the sea from the mountain-top
Thêchê—extreme delight of the soldiers.—Passage through the
Makrônes.—Through the Kolchians—who oppose them and are
defeated.—Kolchian villages—unwholesome honey.—Arrival at
Trapezus on the Euxine (Trebizond).—Joy of the Greeks—their
discharge of vows to their gods—their festivals and
games.—Appendix. 52-120
CHAPTER LXXI.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS, FROM THE TIME THAT THEY
REACHED TRAPEZUS, TO THEIR JUNCTION WITH THE LACEDÆMONIAN ARMY IN
ASIA MINOR.
Greek cities on the Euxine—Sinôpê with her colonies Kerasus,
Kotyôra, and Trapezus.—Indigenous inhabitants—their relations
with the Greek colonists.—Feelings of the Greeks on the Euxine
when the Ten Thousand descended among them.—Uncertainty and
danger of what they might do.—Plans of the army—Cheirisophus
is sent to Byzantium to procure vessels for transporting
them.—Regulations for the army proposed by Xenophon during
his absence.—Adopted by the army—their intense repugnance
to farther marching.—Measures for procuring transports.
Marauding expeditions for supplies, against the Colchians and
the Drilæ.—The army leave Trapezus, and march westward along
the coast to Kerasus.—Acts of disorder and outrage committed by
various soldiers near Kerasus.—March to Kotyôra—hostilities
with the Mosynœki.—Long halt at Kotyôra—remonstrance from the
Sinopians.—Speech of Hekatonymus of Sinôpê to the army—reply
of Xenophon.—Success of the reply—good understanding
established with Sinôpê.—Consultation of the army with
Hekatonymus, who advises going home by sea.—Envoys sent by
the army to Sinôpê to procure vessels.—Poverty and increasing
disorganization or the army.—Ideas of Xenophon about founding
a new city in the Euxine, with the army.—Sacrifice of Xenophon
to ascertain the will of the gods—treachery of the prophet
Silanus.—Silanus, Timasion, and others raise calumnies
against Xenophon. General assembly of the army.—Accusations
against Xenophon—his speech in defence.—He carries the
soldiers with him—discontent and flight of Silanus.—Fresh
manœuvres of Timasion—fresh calumnies circulated against
Xenophon—renewed discontent of the army.—Xenophon convenes
the assembly again.—his address in defence of himself.—His
remonstrance against the disorders in the army.—Vote of the
army unanimously favorable to Xenophon—disapproving the
disorders, and directing trial.—Xenophon’s appeal to universal
suffrage, as the legitimate political authority. Success of
his appeal.—Xenophon recommends trial of the generals before
a tribunal formed of the lochages or captains. Satisfaction of
the army with Xenophon.—Manner in which discipline was upheld
by the officers.—Complete triumph of Xenophon. His influence
over the army, derived from his courage, his frankness, and
his oratory.—Improved feeling of the army—peace with the
Paphlagonian Korylas.—The army pass by sea to Sinôpê.—Return
of Cheirisophus—resolution of the army to elect a single
general—they wish to elect Xenophon, who declines—Cheirisophus
is chosen.—The army pass by sea to Herakleia—they wish to
extort money from the Herakleots—opposition of Cheirisophus
and Xenophon.—Dissatisfaction of the army—they divide into
three factions. 1. The Arcadians and Achæans. 2. A division
under Cheirisophus. 3. A division under Xenophon.—Arcadian
division start first and act for themselves—they get into
great danger, and are rescued by Xenophon—the army reünited at
Kalpê—old board of generals reëlected, with Neon in place of
Cheirisophus.—Distress for provisions at Kalpê—unwillingness
to move in the face of unfavorable sacrifices—ultimate victory
over the troops of the country.—Halt at Kalpê—comfortable
quarters—idea that they were about to settle there as a
colony.—Arrival of Kleander, the Spartan harmost, from
Byzantium, together with Dexippus.—Disorder in the army:
mutiny against Kleander, arising from the treachery of
Dexippus.—Indignation and threats of Kleander—Xenophon
persuades the army to submit—fear of Sparta.—Satisfaction
given to Kleander, by the voluntary surrender of Agasias with
the mutinous soldier.—Appeal to the mercy of Kleander, who is
completely soothed.—Kleander takes the command, expressing
the utmost friendship both towards the army and towards
Xenophon.—Unfavorable sacrifices make Kleander throw up the
command and sail away.—March of the army across the country
from Kalpê to Chalkêdon.—Pharnabazus bribes Anaxibius to carry
the army across the Bosphorus into Europe—false promises of
Anaxibius to the army.—Intention of Xenophon to leave the army
immediately and go home—first proposition addressed to him by
Seuthes of Thrace.—The army cross over to Byzantium—fraud
and harsh dealing of Anaxibius, who sends the army at once out
of the town.—Last orders of Anaxibius as the soldiers were
going out of the gates.—Wrath and mutiny of the soldiers, in
going away—they rush again into the gates, and muster within
the town.—Terror of Anaxibius and all within the town.—The
exasperated soldiers masters of Byzantium—danger of all within
it—conduct of Xenophon.—Xenophon musters the soldiers in
military order and harangues them.—Xenophon calms the army, and
persuades them to refrain from assaulting the town—message sent
by them to Anaxibius—they go out of Byzantium, and agree to
accept Kœratadas as their commander.—Remarkable effect produced
by Xenophon—evidence which it affords of the susceptibility of
the Greek mind to persuasive influences. Xenophon leaves the
army, and goes into Byzantium with the view of sailing home.
Kœratadas is dismissed from the command.—Dissension among the
commanders left.—Distress of the army—Aristarchus arrives from
Sparta to supersede Kleander—Polus on his way to supersede
Anaxibius.—Pharnabazus defrauds Anaxibius, who now employs
Xenophon to convey the Cyreians across back to Asia.—Aristarchus
hinders the crossing—his cruel dealing towards the sick Cyreians
left in Byzantium.—His treacherous scheme for entrapping
Xenophon.—Xenophon is again implicated in the conduct of
the army—he opens negotiations with Seuthes.—Position of
Seuthes—his liberal offers to the army.—Xenophon introduces
him to the army, who accept the offers.—Service of the army
with Seuthes, who cheats them of most of their pay.—The army
suspect the probity of Xenophon—unjust calumnies against
him—he exposes it in a public harangue, and regains their
confidence.—Change of interest in the Lacedæmonians, who
become anxious to convey the Cyreians across into Asia, in
order to make war against the satraps.—Xenophon crosses over
with the army to Asia—his poverty—he is advised to sacrifice
to Zeus Meilichios—beneficial effects.—He conducts the army
across Mount Ida to Pergamus.—His unsuccessful attempt to
surprise and capture the rich Persian Asidates.—In a second
attempt he captures Asidates—valuable booty secured.—General
sympathy expressed for Xenophon—large share personally
allotted to him.—The Cyreians are incorporated in the army of
the Lacedæmonian general Thimbron—Xenophon leaves the army,
depositing his money in the temple at Ephesus.—His subsequent
return to Asia, to take command of Cyreians as a part of the
Lacedæmonian army.—Xenophon in the Spartan service, with
Agesilaus against Athens—he is banished.—He settles at Skillus
near Olympia, on an estate consecrated to Artemis.—Charms of
the residence—good hunting—annual public sacrifice offered by
Xenophon.—Later life of Xenophon—expelled from Skillus after
the battle of Leuktra—afterwards restored at Athens.—Great
impression produced by the retreat of the Ten Thousand upon the
Greek mind. 121-180
CHAPTER LXXII.
GREECE UNDER THE LACEDÆMONIAN EMPIRE.
Sequel of Grecian affairs generally—resumed.—Spartan
empire—how and when it commenced.—Oppression and suffering
of Athens under the Thirty.—Alteration of Grecian feeling
towards Athens—the Thirty are put down and the democracy
restored.—The Knights or Horsemen, the richest proprietors
at Athens, were the great supporters of the Thirty in their
tyranny.—The state of Athens, under the Thirty, is a sample of
that which occurred in a large number of other Grecian cities,
at the commencement of the Spartan empire.—Great power of
Lysander—he establishes in most of the cities Dekarchies, along
with a Spartan harmost.—Intimidation exercised everywhere by
Lysander in favor of his own partisans.—Oppressive action of
these Dekarchies.—In some points, probably worse than the
Thirty at Athens.—Bad conduct of the Spartan harmosts—harsh
as well as corrupt. No justice to be obtained against them
at Sparta.—Contrast of the actual empire of Sparta, with
the promises of freedom which she had previously held
out.—Numerous promises of general autonomy made by Sparta—by
the Spartan general Brasidas, especially.—Gradual change in
the language and plans of Sparta towards the close of the
Peloponnesian war.—Language of Brasidas contrasted with the
acts of Lysander.—Extreme suddenness and completeness of the
victory of Ægospotami left Lysander almost omnipotent.—The
dekarchies became partly modified by the jealousy at Sparta
against Lysander. The harmosts lasted much longer.—The Thirty
at Athens were put down by the Athenians themselves, not by any
reformatory interference of Sparta.—The empire of Sparta much
worse and more oppressive than that of Athens.—Imperial Athens
deprived her subject-allies of their autonomy, but was guilty
of little or no oppression.—Imperial Sparta did this, and much
worse—her harmosts and decemvirs are more complained of than the
fact of her empire.—This more to be regretted, as Sparta had
now an admirable opportunity for organizing a good and stable
confederacy throughout Greece.—Sparta might have reörganized
the confederacy of Delos, which might now have been made to work
well.—Insupportable arrogance of Lysander—bitter complaints
against him, as well as against the dekarchies.—Lysander
offends Pharnabazus, who procures his recall. His disgust and
temporary expatriation.—Surrender of the Asiatic Greeks to
Persia, according to the treaty concluded with Sparta.—Their
condition is affected by the position and ambitious schemes of
Cyrus, whose protection they seek against Tissaphernes.—After
the death of Cyrus, Tissaphernes returns as victor and satrap
to the coast of Asia Minor.—Alarm of the Asiatic Greeks,
who send to ask aid from Sparta. The Spartans send Thimbron
with an army to Asia. His ill-success and recall—he is
superseded by Derkyllidas.—Conduct of the Cyreians loose as
to pillage.—Derkyllidas makes a truce with Tissaphernes, and
attacks Pharnabazus in the Troad and Æolis.—Distribution of the
Persian empire; relation of king, satrap, sub-satrap.—Mania,
widow of Zênis, holds the subsatrapy of Æolis under Pharnabazus.
Her regular payment and vigorous government.—Military force,
personal conquests, and large treasures, of Mania.—Assassination
of Mania, and of her son, by her son-in-law Meidias, who
solicits the satrapy from Pharnabazus, but is indignantly
refused.—Invasion and conquest of Æolis by Derkyllidas, who
gets possession of the person of Meidias.—Derkyllidas acquires
and liberates Skêpsis and Gergis, deposing Meidias, and seizing
the treasures of Mania.—Derkyllidas concludes a truce with
Pharnabazus, and takes winter quarters in Bithynia.—Command of
Derkyllidas—satisfaction of Sparta with the improved conduct of
the Cyreians.—Derkyllidas crosses into Europe, and employs his
troops in fortifying the Chersonesus against the Thracians.—He
captures and garrisons Atarneus.—He makes war upon Tissaphernes
and Pharnabazus, upon the Mæander.—Timidity of Tissaphernes—he
concludes a truce with Derkyllidas.—Derkyllidas is superseded
by Agesilaus.—Alienation towards Sparta had grown up among her
allies in Central Greece.—Great energy imparted to Spartan
action by Lysander immediately after the victory of Ægospotami;
an energy very unusual with Sparta.—The Spartans had kept all
the advantages of victory to themselves—their allies were
allowed nothing.—Great power of the Spartans—they take revenge
upon those who had displeased them—their invasion of Elis.—The
Spartan king Agis invades the Eleian territory. He retires
from it immediately in consequence of an earthquake.—Second
invasion of Elis by Agis—he marches through Triphylia and
Olympia; victorious march, with much booty.—Insurrection of
the oligarchical party in Elis—they are put down.—The Eleians
are obliged to submit to hard terms of peace.—Sparta refuses
to restore the Pisatans to the Olympic presidency.—Triumphant
position of Sparta—she expels the Messenians from Peloponnesus
and its neighborhood. 181-229
CHAPTER LXXIII.
AGESILAUS KING OF SPARTA.—THE CORINTHIAN WAR.
Triumphant position of Sparta at the close of the
war—introduction of a large sum of gold and silver by
Lysander—opposed by some of the Ephors.—The introduction of money
was only one among a large train of corrupting circumstances
which then became operative on Sparta.—Contrast between
Sparta in 432 B.C., and Sparta after 404 B.C.—Increase of
peculation, inequality, and discontent at Sparta.—Testimonies
of Isokrates and Xenophon to the change of character and habits
at Sparta.—Power of Lysander—his arrogance and ambitious
projects—flattery lavished upon him by sophists and poets.—Real
position of the kings at Sparta.—His intrigues to make himself
king at Sparta—he tries in vain to move the oracles in his
favor—scheme laid for the production of sacred documents, as
yet lying hidden, by a son of Apollo.—His aim at the kingship
fails—nevertheless he still retains prodigious influence at
Sparta.—Death of Agis, king of Sparta—doubt as to the legitimacy
of his son Leotychides. Agesilaus, seconded by Lysander,
aspires to the throne.—Character of Agesilaus.—Conflicting
pretensions of Agesilaus and Leotychides.—Objection taken against
Agesilaus on the ground of his lameness,—oracle produced by
Diopeithes—eluded by the interpretation of Lysander.—Agesilaus
is preferred as king—suspicions which always remained attached
to Lysander’s interpretation.—Popular conduct of Agesilaus—he
conciliates the ephors—his great influence at Sparta—his energy,
combined with unscrupulous partisanship.—Dangerous conspiracy at
Sparta—terror-striking sacrifices.—Character and position of the
chief conspirator Kinadon—state of parties at Sparta—increasing
number of malcontents.—Police of the ephors—information
laid before them.—Wide-spread discontent reckoned upon by
the conspirators.—Alarm of the ephors—their manœuvres for
apprehending Kinadon privately.—Kinadon is seized, interrogated,
and executed—his accomplices are arrested, and the conspiracy
broken up.—Dangerous discontent indicated at Sparta.—Proceedings
of Derkyllidas and Pharnabazus in Asia.—Persian preparations
for reviving the maritime war against Sparta—renewed activity
of Konon.—Agesilaus is sent with a land-force to Asia,
accompanied by Lysander.—Large plans of Agesilaus, for
conquest in the interior of Asia.—General willingness of
the Spartan allies to serve in the expedition, but refusal
from Thebes, Corinth, and Athens.—Agesilaus compares himself
with Agamemnon—goes to sacrifice at Aulis—is contemptuously
hindered by the Thebans.—Arrival of Agesilaus at Ephesus—he
concludes a fresh armistice with Tissaphernes.—Arrogant
behavior and overweening ascendency of Lysander—offensive to
the army and to Agesilaus.—Agesilaus humbles and degrades
Lysander, who asks to be sent away.—Lysander is sent to command
at the Hellespont—his valuable service there.—Tissaphernes
breaks the truce with Agesilaus, who makes war upon him and
Pharnabazus—he retires for the purpose of organizing a force
of cavalry.—Agesilaus indifferent to money for himself, but
eager in enriching his friends.—His humanity towards captives
and deserted children.—Spartan side of his character—exposure
of naked prisoners—different practice of Asiatics and
Greeks.—Efforts of Agesilaus to train his army, and to procure
cavalry.—Agesilaus renews the war against Tissaphernes, and
gains a victory near Sardis.—Artaxerxes causes Tissaphernes to
be put to death and superseded by Tithraustes.—Negotiations
between the new satrap and Agesilaus—the satraps in Asia Minor
hostile to each other.—Commencement of action at sea against
Sparta—the Athenian Konon, assisted by Persian ships and money,
commands a fleet of eighty sail on the coast of Karia.—Rhodes
revolts from the Spartan empire—Konon captures an Egyptian
corn-fleet at Rhodes.—Anxiety of the Lacedæmonians—Agesilaus
is appointed to command at sea as well as on land.—Severity
of the Lacedæmonians towards the Rhodian Dorieus—contrast of
the former treatment of the same man by Athens.—Sentiment of a
multitude compared with that of individuals.—Efforts of Agesilaus
to augment the fleet—he names Peisander admiral.—Operations
of Agesilaus against Pharnabazus.—He lays waste the residence
of the satrap, and surprises his camp—offence given to
Spithridates.—Personal conference between Agesilaus and
Pharnabazus.—Friendship established between Agesilaus and the son
of Pharnabazus—character of Agesilaus.—Promising position and
large preparations for Asiatic land-warfare, of Agesilaus—he is
recalled with his army to Peloponnesus.—Efforts and proceedings
of Konon in command of the Persian fleet—his personal visit to
the Persian court.—Pharnabazus is named admiral jointly with
Konon.—Battle of Knidus—complete defeat of the Lacedæmonian
fleet—death of Peisander the admiral. 230-283
CHAPTER LXXIV.
FROM THE BATTLE OF KNIDUS TO THE REBUILDING OF THE LONG WALLS OF
ATHENS.
War in Central Greece against Sparta—called the Corinthian
war.—Relations of Sparta with the neighboring states and with
her allies after the accession of Agesilaus. Discontent among
the allies.—Great power of Sparta, stretching even to Northern
Greece—state of Herakleia.—Growing disposition in Greece
to hostility against Sparta, when she becomes engaged in the
war against Persia.—The satrap Tithraustes sends an envoy
with money into Greece, to light up war against Sparta—his
success at Thebes, Corinth, and Argos.—The Persian money did
not create hostility against Sparta, but merely brought out
hostile tendencies pre-existing. Philo-Laconian sentiment
of Xenophon.—War between Sparta and Thebes—the Bœotian
war.—Active operations of Sparta against Bœotia—Lysander
is sent to act from Herakleia on the northward—Pausanias
conducts an army from Peloponnesus.—The Thebans apply to
Athens for aid—remarkable proof of the altered sentiment in
Greece.—Speech of the Theban envoy at Athens.—Political feeling
at Athens—good effects of the amnesty after the expulsion of
the Thirty.—Unanimous vote of the Athenians to assist Thebes
against Sparta.—State of the Bœotian confederacy—Orchomenus
revolts and joins Lysander, who invades Bœotia with his army
and attacks Haliartus.—Lysander is repulsed and slain before
Haliartus.—Pausanias arrives in Bœotia after the death of
Lysander—Thrasybulus and an Athenian army come to the aid
of the Thebans.—Pausanias evacuates Bœotia, on receiving
the dead bodies of Lysander and the rest for burial.—Anger
against Pausanias at Sparta; he escapes into voluntary exile;
he is condemned in his absence.—Condemnation of Pausanias not
deserved.—Sparta not less unjust in condemning unsuccessful
generals than Athens.—Character of Lysander—his mischievous
influence, as well for Sparta as for Greece generally.—His
plans to make himself king at Sparta—discourse of the
sophist Kleon.—Encouragement to the enemies of Sparta, from
the death of Lysander—alliance against her between Thebes,
Athens, Corinth, and Argos—the Eubœans and others join the
alliance.—Increased importance of Thebes—she now rises to the
rank of a primary power—the Theban leader Ismenias.—Successful
operations of Ismenias to the north of Bœotia—capture of
Herakleia from Sparta.—Synod of anti-Spartan allies at
Corinth—their confident hopes—the Lacedæmonians send to recall
Agesilaus from Asia.—Large muster near Corinth of Spartans
and Peloponnesians on one side, of anti-Spartan allies on the
other.—Boldness of the language against Sparta—speech of
the Corinthian Timolaus.—The anti-Spartan allies take up a
defensive position near Corinth—advance of the Lacedæmonians to
attack them.—Battle of Corinth—victory of the Lacedæmonians
in their part of the battle; their allies in the other parts
being worsted.—Lacedæmonian ascendency within Peloponnesus
is secured, but no farther result gained.—Agesilaus—his
vexation on being recalled from Asia—his large plans of Asiatic
conquest.—Regret of the Asiatic allies when he quits Asia—he
leaves Euxenus in Asia with four thousand men.—Agesilaus crosses
the Hellespont and marches homeward through Thrace, Macedonia,
and Thessaly.—Agesilaus and his army on the northern frontier
of Bœotia—eclipse of the sun—news of the naval defeat at
Knidus.—Bœotians and their allies mustered at Korôneia.—Battle
of Korôneia—Agesilaus with most of his army is victorious; while
the Thebans on their side are also victorious.—Terrible combat
between the Thebans and Spartans; on the whole, the result is
favorable to the Thebans.—Victory of Agesilaus, not without
severe wounds—yet not very decisive—his conduct after the
battle.—Army of Agesilaus withdraws from Bœotia—he goes to the
Pythian games—sails homeward across the Corinthian Gulf—his
honorable reception at Sparta.—Results of the battles of Corinth
and Korôneia. Sparta had gained nothing by the former, and had
rather lost by the latter.—Reverses of Sparta after the defeat
of Knidus. Loss of the insular empire of Sparta. Nearly all her
maritime allies revolt to join Pharnabazus and Konon.—Abydos
holds faithfully to Sparta, under Derkyllidas.—Derkyllidas
holds both Abydos and the Chersonesus opposite, in spite of
Pharnabazus—anger of the latter.—Pharnabazus and Konon sail
with their fleet to Peloponnesus and Corinth.—Assistance
and encouragement given by Pharnabazus to the allies at
Corinth—Remarkable fact of the Persian satrap and fleet at
Corinth.—Pharnabazus leaves the fleet with Konon in the Saronic
Gulf, and aids him, with money, to rebuild the Long Walls of
Athens.—Konon rebuilds the Long Walls—hearty coöperation of
the allies.—Great importance of this restoration—how much
it depended upon accident—Maintenance of the lines of Corinth
against Sparta, was one essential condition to the power of
rebuilding the Long Walls. The lines were not maintained longer
than the ensuing year. 284-324
CHAPTER LXXV.
FROM THE REBUILDING OF THE LONG WALLS OF ATHENS TO THE PEACE OF
ANTALKIDAS.
Large plans of Konon—organization of a mercenary force at
Corinth.—Naval conflicts of the Corinthians and Lacedæmonians,
in the Corinthian Gulf.—Land-warfare—the Lacedæmonians
established at Sikyon—the anti-Spartan allies occupying the
lines of Corinth from sea to sea.—Sufferings of the Corinthians
from the war being carried on in their territory. Many Corinthian
proprietors become averse to the war.—Growth and manifestation
of the philo-Laconian party in Corinth. Oligarchical form of
the government left open nothing but an appeal to force.—The
Corinthian government forestall the conspiracy by a _coup
d’état_.—Numerous persons of the philo-Laconian party are
banished; nevertheless Pasimêlus the leader is spared, and
remains at Corinth.—Intimate political union and consolidation
between Corinth and Argos.—Pasimêlus admits the Lacedæmonians
within the Long Walls of Corinth. Battle within those walls.—The
Lacedæmonians are victorious—severe loss of the Argeians.—The
Lacedæmonians pull down a portion of the Long Walls between
Corinth and Lechæum, so as to open a free passage across. They
capture Krommyon and Sidus.—Effective warfare carried on by
the light troops under Iphikrates at Corinth—Military genius
and improvements of Iphikrates.—The Athenians restore the Long
Walls between Corinth and Lechæum—expedition of the Spartan
king Agesilaus, who, in concert with Teleutias, retakes the Long
Walls and captures Lechæum.—Alarm of Athens and Thebes at the
capture of the Long Walls of Corinth. Propositions sent to Sparta
to solicit peace. The discussions come to no result.—Advantages
derived by the Corinthians from possession of Peiræum. At
the instigation of the exiles, Agesilaus marches forth with
an army to attack it.—Isthmian festival—Agesilaus disturbs
the celebration. The Corinthian exiles, under his protection,
celebrate it; then, when he is gone, the Corinthians from the
city perform the ceremony over again.—Agesilaus attacks Peiræum,
which he captures, together with the Heræum, many prisoners, and
much booty.—Triumphant position of Agesilaus. Danger of Corinth.
The Thebans send fresh envoys to solicit peace—contemptuously
treated by Agesilaus.—Sudden arrival of bad news, which spoils
the triumph.—Destruction of a Lacedæmonian mora by the light
troops under Iphikrates.—Daring and well-planned manœuvres
of Iphikrates.—Few of the mora escape to Lechæum.—The
Lacedæmonians bury the bodies of the slain, under truce
asked and obtained. Trophy erected by Iphikrates.—Great
effect produced upon the Grecian mind by this event.
Peculiar feelings of Spartans; pride of the relatives of the
slain.—Mortification of Agesilaus—he marches up to the walls
of Corinth and defies Iphikrates—he then goes back humiliated
to Sparta.—Success of Iphikrates—he retakes Krommyon,
Sidus, and Peiræum—Corinth remains pretty well undisturbed
by enemies. The Athenians recall Iphikrates.—Expedition of
Agesilaus against Akarnania—successful, after some delay—the
Akarnanians submit, and enrol themselves in the Lacedæmonian
confederacy.—The Lacedæmonians under Agesipolis invade
Argos.—Manœuvre of the Argeians respecting the season of the
holy truce. Agesipolis consults the oracles at Olympia and
Delphi.—Earthquake in Argos after the invasion of Agesipolis—he
disregards it.—He marches up near to Argos—much plunder
taken—he retires.—Transactions in Asia—efforts of Sparta to
detach the Great King from Athens.—The Spartan Antalkidas is
sent as envoy to Tiribazus. Konon and other envoys sent also,
from Athens and the anti-Spartan allies.—Antalkidas offers to
surrender the Asiatic Greeks, and demands universal autonomy
throughout the Grecian world—the anti-Spartan allies refuse
to accede to those terms.—Hostility of Sparta to all the
partial confederacies of Greece, now first proclaimed under
the name of universal autonomy.—Antalkidas gains the favor of
Tiribazus, who espouses privately the cause of Sparta, though
the propositions for peace fail. Tiribazus seizes Konon—Konon’s
career is now closed, either by death or imprisonment.—Tiribazus
cannot prevail with the Persian court, which still continues
hostile to Sparta. Struthas is sent down to act against the
Lacedæmonians in Ionia.—Victory of Struthas over Thimbron and
the Lacedæmonian army. Thimbron is slain.—Diphridas is sent
to succeed Thimbron.—Lacedæmonian fleet at Rhodes—intestine
disputes in the island.—The Athenians send aid to Evagoras
at Cyprus. Fidelity with which they adhered to him, though
his alliance had now become inconvenient.—Thrasybulus is
sent with a fleet from Athens to the Asiatic coast—his
acquisitions in the Hellespont and Bosphorus.—Victory of
Thrasybulus in Lesbos—he levies contributions along the
Asiatic coast—he is slain near Aspendus.—Character of
Thrasybulus.—Agyrrhius succeeds Thrasybulus—Rhodes still
holds out against the Lacedæmonians.—Anaxibius is sent to
command at the Hellespont in place of Derkyllidas—his vigorous
proceedings—he deprives Athens of the tolls of the strait.—The
Athenians send Iphikrates with his peltasts and a fleet to the
Hellespont. His stratagem to surprise Anaxibius.—Defeat and
death of Anaxibius.—The Athenians are again masters of the
Hellespont and the strait dues.—The island of Ægina—its past
history.—The Æginetans are constrained by Sparta into war
with Athens. The Lacedæmonian admiral Teleutias at Ægina. He
is superseded by Hierax. His remarkable popularity among the
seamen.—Hierax proceeds to Rhodes, leaving Gorgôpas at Ægina.
Passage of the Lacedæmonian Antalkidas to Asia.—Gorgôpas
is surprised in Ægina, defeated, and slain, by the Athenian
Chabrias; who goes to assist Evagoras in Cyprus.—The
Lacedæmonian seamen at Ægina unpaid and discontented.
Teleutias is sent thither to conciliate them.—Sudden and
successful attack of Teleutias upon the Peiræus.—Unprepared
and unguarded condition of Peiræus—Teleutias gains rich
plunder, and sails away in safety.—He is enabled to pay his
seamen—activity of the fleet—great loss inflicted upon Athenian
commerce.—Financial condition of Athens. The Theôrikon.—Direct
property-taxes.—Antalkidas goes up with Tiribazus to Susa—his
success at the Persian court—he brings down the terms of peace
asked for by Sparta, ratified by the Great King, to be enforced
by Sparta in his name.—Antalkidas in command of the Lacedæmonian
and Syracusan fleets in the Hellespont, with Persian aid. His
successes against the Athenians.—Distress and discouragement of
Athens—anxiety of the anti-Spartan allies for peace.—Tiribazus
summons them all to Sardis, to hear the convention which had
been sent down by the Great King.—Terms of the convention,
called the peace of Antalkidas.—Congress at Sparta for
acceptance or rejection. All parties accept. The Thebans at
first accept under reserve for the Bœotian cities.—Agesilaus
refuses to allow the Theban reserve, and requires unconditional
acceptance. His eagerness, from hatred of Thebes, to get into a
war with them single-handed. The Thebans are obliged to accept
unconditionally.—Agesilaus forces the Corinthians to send away
their Argeian auxiliaries. The philo-Argeian Corinthians go into
exile; the philo-Laconian Corinthians are restored. 326-388
HISTORY OF GREECE.
PART II.