"In these circumstances, the duty of the President appears to

him unmistakable and imperative. Great Britain's assertion of

title to the disputed territory, combined with her refusal to

have that title investigated, being a substantial

appropriation of the territory to her own use, not to protest

and give warning that the transaction will be regarded as

injurious to the interests of the people of the United States,

as well as oppressive in itself, would be to ignore an

established policy with which the honour and welfare of this

country are closely identified. While the measures necessary

or proper for the vindication of that policy are to be

determined by another branch of the Government, it is clearly

for the Executive to leave nothing undone which may tend to

render such determination unnecessary. You are instructed,

therefore, to present the foregoing views to Lord Salisbury by

reading to him this communication (leaving with him a copy

should he so desire), and to reinforce them by such pertinent

considerations as will doubtless occur to you. They call for a

definite decision upon the point whether Great Britain will

consent or will decline to submit the Venezuelan boundary

question in its entirety to impartial arbitration. It is the

earnest hope of the President that the conclusion will be on

the side of arbitration, and that Great Britain will add one

more to the conspicuous precedents she has already furnished

in favour of that wise and just mode of adjusting

international disputes. If he is to be disappointed in that

hope, however—a result not to be anticipated, and in his

judgment calculated to greatly embarrass the future relations

between this country and Great Britain—it is his wish to be

made acquainted with the fact at such early date as will

enable him to lay the whole subject before Congress in his

next Annual Message."

_Great Britain, Parliamentary Publications

(Papers by Command:

United States Number 1, 1896, pages 13-21)._

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1895 (November).

The British Guiana boundary question.

Replies of Lord Salisbury to Secretary Olney.

The reply of Lord Salisbury was not written until the 26th of

November. It was then given in two despatches, bearing the

same date,—one devoted entirely to a discussion of "the Monroe

doctrine" and of the argument founded on it by Mr. Olney; the

other to a rehearsal of the Venezuela controversy from the

standpoint of the British government. In the communication

first mentioned he wrote:

"The contentions set forth by Mr. Olney in this part of his

despatch are represented by him as being an application of the

political maxims which are well known in American discussion

under the name of the Monroe doctrine. As far as I am aware,

this doctrine has never been before advanced on behalf of the

United States in any written communication addressed to the

Government of another nation; but it has been generally

adopted and assumed as true by many eminent writers and

politicians in the United States. It is said to have largely

influenced the Government of that country in the conduct of

its foreign affairs; though Mr. Clayton, who was Secretary of

State under President Taylor, expressly stated that that

Administration had in no way adopted it. But during the period

that has elapsed since the Message of President Monroe was

delivered in 1823, the doctrine has undergone a very notable

development, and the aspect which it now presents in the hands

of Mr. Olney differs widely from its character when it first

issued from the pen of its author. The two propositions which

in effect President Monroe laid down were, first, that America

was no longer to be looked upon as a field for European

colonization; and, secondly, that Europe must not attempt to

extend its political system to America, or to control the

political condition of any of the American communities who had

recently declared their independence. The dangers against

which President Monroe thought it right to guard were not as

imaginary as they would seem at the present day. … The system

of which he speaks, and of which he so resolutely deprecates

the application to the American Continent, was the system then

adopted by certain powerful States upon the Continent of

Europe of combining to prevent by force of arms the adoption

in other countries of political institutions which they

disliked, and to uphold by external pressure those which they

approved. … The dangers which were apprehended by President

Monroe have no relation to the state of things in which we

live at the present day. … It is intelligible that Mr. Olney

should invoke, in defence of the views on which he is now

insisting, an authority which enjoys so high a popularity with

his own fellow-countrymen. But the circumstances with which

President Monroe was dealing, and those to which the present

American Government is addressing itself, have very few

features in common. Great Britain is imposing no 'system' upon

Venezuela, and is not concerning herself in any way with the

nature of the political institutions under which the

Venezuelans may prefer to live. But the British Empire and the

Republic of Venezuela are neighbours, and they have differed

for some time past, and continue to differ, as to the line by

which their dominions are separated. It is a controversy with

which the United States have no apparent practical concern. It

is difficult, indeed, to see how it can materially affect any

State or community outside those primarily interested, except

perhaps other parts of Her Majesty's dominions, such as

Trinidad. The disputed frontier of Venezuela has nothing to do

with any of the questions dealt with by President Monroe. It is

not a question of the colonization by a European Power of any

portion of America. It is not a question of the imposition

upon the communities of South America of any system of

government devised in Europe. It is simply the determination

of the frontier of a British possession which belonged to the

Throne of England long before the Republic of Venezuela came

into existence.

{688}

"But even if the interests of Venezuela were so far linked to

those of the United States as to give to the latter a 'locus

standi' in this controversy, their Government apparently have

not formed, and certainly do not express, any opinion upon the

actual merits of the dispute. The Government of the United States

do not say that Great Britain, or that Venezuela, is in the

right in the matters that are in issue. But they lay down that

the doctrine of President Monroe, when he opposed the

imposition of European systems, or the renewal of European

colonization, confers upon them the right of demanding that

when a European Power has a frontier difference with a South

American community, the European Power shall consent to refer

that controversy to arbitration; and Mr. Olney states that

unless Her Majesty's Government accede to this demand, it will

'greatly embarrass the future relations between Great Britain

and the United States.' Whatever may be the authority of the

doctrine laid down by President Monroe, there is nothing in

his language to show that he ever thought of claiming this

novel prerogative for the United States. … I will not now

enter into a discussion of the merits of this method of

terminating international differences. It has proved itself

valuable in many cases; but it is not free from defects, which

often operate as a serious drawback on its value. It is not

always easy to find an Arbitrator who is competent, and who,

at the same time, is wholly free from bias; and the task of

insuring compliance with the Award when it is made is not

exempt from difficulty. …

"In the remarks which I have made, I have argued on the theory

that the Monroe doctrine in itself is sound. I must not,

however, be understood as expressing any acceptance of it on

the part of Her Majesty's Government. It must always be

mentioned with respect, on account of the distinguished

statesman to whom it is due, and the great nation who have

generally adopted it. But international law is founded on the

general consent of nations; and no statesman, however eminent,

and no nation, however powerful, are competent to insert into

the code of international law a novel principle which was

never recognized before, and which has not since been accepted

by the Government of any other country. … Though the language

of President Monroe is directed to the attainment of objects

which most Englishmen would agree to be salutary, it is

impossible to admit that they have been inscribed by any

adequate authority in the code of international law; and the

danger which such admission would involve is sufficiently

exhibited both by the strange development which the doctrine

has received at Mr. Olney's hands, and the arguments by which

it is supported, in the despatch under reply. In defence of it

he says: 'That distance and 3,000 miles of intervening ocean

make any permanent political union between a European and an

American State unnatural and inexpedient will hardly be

denied. But physical and geographical considerations are the

least of the objections to such a union. Europe has a set of

primary interests which are peculiar to herself; America is

not interested in them, and ought not to be vexed or

complicated with them.' … The necessary meaning of these words

is that the union between Great Britain and Canada; between

Great Britain and Jamaica and Trinidad; between Great Britain

and British Honduras or British Guiana are 'inexpedient and

unnatural.' President Monroe disclaims any such inference from

his doctrine; but in this, as in other respects, Mr. Olney

develops it. He lays down that the inexpedient and unnatural

character of the union between a European and American State

is so obvious that it 'will hardly be denied.' Her Majesty's

Government are prepared emphatically to deny it on behalf of

both the British and American people who are subject to her

Crown."

In his second despatch, Lord Salisbury drew the conclusions of

his government from the facts as seen on the English side, and

announced its decision, in the following terms: "It will be

seen … that the Government of Great Britain have from the

first held the same view as to the extent of territory which

they are entitled to claim as a matter of right. It comprised

the coast-line up to the River Amacura, and the whole basin of

the Essequibo River and its tributaries. A portion of that

claim, however, they have always been willing to waive

altogether; in regard to another portion, they have been and

continue to be perfectly ready to submit the question of their

title to arbitration. As regards the rest, that which lies

within the so-called Schomburgk line, they do not consider

that the rights of Great Britain are open to question. Even

within that line they have, on various occasions, offered to

Venezuela considerable concessions as a matter of friendship

and conciliation, and for the purpose of securing an amicable

settlement of the dispute. If as time has gone on the

concessions thus offered diminished in extent, and have now

been withdrawn, this has been the necessary consequence of the

gradual spread over the country of British settlements, which

Her Majesty's Government cannot in justice to the inhabitants

offer to surrender to foreign rule, and the justice of such

withdrawal is amply borne out by the researches in the

national archives of Holland and Spain, which have furnished

further and more convincing evidence in support of the British

claims.

"Her Majesty's Government are sincerely desirous of being in

friendly relations with Venezuela, and certainly have no

design to seize territory that properly belongs to her, or

forcibly to extend sovereignty over any portion of her

population. They have, on the contrary, repeatedly expressed

their readiness to submit to arbitration the conflicting

claims of Great Britain and Venezuela to large tracts of

territory which from their auriferous nature are known to be

of almost untold value. But they cannot consent to entertain,

or to submit to the arbitration of another Power or of foreign

jurists, however eminent, claims based on the extravagant

pretensions of Spanish officials in the last century, and

involving the transfer of large numbers of British subjects,

who have for many years enjoyed the settled rule of a British

Colony, to a nation of different race and language, whose

political system is subject to frequent disturbance, and whose

institutions as yet too often afford very inadequate

protection to life and property. No issue of this description

has ever been involved in the questions which Great Britain

and the United States have consented to submit to arbitration,

and Her Majesty's Government are convinced that in similar

circumstances the Government of the United States would be

equally firm in declining to entertain proposals of such a

nature."

_Great Britain, Papers by Command:

United States Number 1, 1896, pages 23-31._

{689}

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1895 (December).

Message of President Cleveland to the United States Congress

on the Guiana boundary dispute.

As the replies given by Lord Salisbury showed no disposition

on the part of the British government to submit its dispute

with Venezuela to arbitration, President Cleveland took the

subject in hand, and addressed to Congress, on the 17th of

December, 1895, a special Message which startled the world by

the peremptoriness of its tone.

"In my annual message addressed to the Congress on the 3d

instant," he said, "I called attention to the pending boundary

controversy between Great Britain and the Republic of

Venezuela and recited the substance of a representation made

by this Government to Her Britannic Majesty's Government

suggesting reasons why such dispute should be submitted to

arbitration for settlement and inquiring whether it would be

so submitted. The answer of the British Government, which was

then awaited, has since been received, and, together with the

dispatch to which it is a reply, is hereto appended. Such

reply is embodied in two communications addressed by the

British prime minister to Sir Julian Pauncefote, the British

ambassador at this capital. It will be seen that one of these

communications is devoted exclusively to observations upon the

Monroe doctrine, and claims that in the present instance a new

and strange extension and development of this doctrine is

insisted on by the United States; that the reasons justifying

an appeal to the doctrine enunciated by President Monroe are

generally inapplicable 'to the state of things in which we

live at the present day,' and especially inapplicable to a

controversy involving the boundary line between Great Britain

and Venezuela.

"Without attempting extended argument in reply to these

positions, it may not be amiss to suggest that the doctrine

upon which we stand is strong and sound, because its

enforcement is important to our peace and safety as a nation

and is essential to the integrity of our free institutions and

the tranquil maintenance of our distinctive form of

government. It was intended to apply to every stage of our

national life and can not become obsolete while our Republic

endures. If the balance of power is justly a cause for jealous

anxiety among the Governments of the Old World and a subject

for our absolute non-interference, none the less is an

observance of the Monroe doctrine of vital concern to our

people and their Government. Assuming, therefore, that we may

properly insist upon this doctrine without regard to 'the

state of things in which we live' or any changed conditions

here or elsewhere, it is not apparent why its application may

not be invoked in the present controversy. If a European power

by an extension of its boundaries takes possession of the

territory of one of our neighboring Republics against its will

and in derogation of its rights, it is difficult to see why to

that extent such European power does not thereby attempt to

extend its system of government to that portion of this

continent which is thus taken. This is the precise action

which President Monroe declared to be 'dangerous to our peace

and safety,' and it can make no difference whether the

European system is extended by an advance of frontier or

otherwise.

"It is also suggested in the British reply that we should not

seek to apply the Monroe doctrine to the pending dispute

because it does not embody any principle of international law

which 'is founded on the general consent of nations,' and that

'no statesman, however eminent, and no nation, however

powerful, are competent to insert into the code of

international law a novel principle which was never recognized

before and which has not since been accepted by the government

of any other country.' Practically the principle for which we

contend has peculiar, if not exclusive, relation to the United

States. It may not have been admitted in so many words to the

code of international law, but since in international councils

every nation is entitled to the rights belonging to it, if the

enforcement of the Monroe doctrine is something we may justly

claim, it has its place in the code of international law as

certainly and as securely as if it were specifically

mentioned; and when the United States is a suitor before the

high tribunal that administers international law the question

to be determined is whether or not we present claims which the

justice of that code of law can find to be right and valid.

"The Monroe doctrine finds its recognition in those principles

of international law which are based upon the theory that

every nation shall have its rights protected and its just

claims enforced. Of course this government is entirely

confident that under the sanction of this doctrine we have

clear rights and undoubted claims. Nor is this ignored in the

British reply. The prime minister, while not admitting that

the Monroe doctrine is applicable to present conditions,

states: 'In declaring that the United States would resist any

such enterprise if it was contemplated, President Monroe

adopted a policy which received the entire sympathy of the

English Government of that date.'

"He further declares: 'Though the language of President Monroe

is directed to the attainment of objects which most Englishmen

would agree to be salutary, it is impossible to admit that

they have been inscribed by any adequate authority in the code

of international law.'

"Again he says: 'They [Her Majesty's Government] fully concur

with the view which President Monroe apparently entertained,

that any disturbance of the existing territorial distribution

in that hemisphere by any fresh acquisitions on the part of

any European State would be a highly inexpedient change.'

"In the belief that the doctrine for which we contend was

clear and definite, that it was founded upon substantial

considerations, and involved our safety and welfare, that it

was fully applicable to our present conditions and to the

state of the world's progress, and that it was directly

related to the pending controversy, and without any conviction

as to the final merits of the dispute, 'but anxious to learn

in a satisfactory and conclusive manner whether Great Britain

sought under a claim of boundary to extend her possessions on

this continent without right, or whether she merely sought

possession of territory fairly included within her lines of

ownership, this Government proposed to the Government of Great

Britain a resort to arbitration as the proper means of

settling the question, to the end that a vexatious boundary

dispute between the two contestants might be determined and

our exact standing and relation in respect to the controversy

might be made clear.

{690}

It will be seen from the correspondence herewith submitted

that this proposition has been declined by the British

Government upon grounds which in the circumstances seem to me

to be far from satisfactory. It is deeply disappointing that

such an appeal, actuated by the most friendly feelings toward

both nations directly concerned, addressed to the sense of

justice and to the magnanimity of one of the great powers of

the world, and touching its relations to one comparatively

weak and small, should have produced no better results.

"The course to be pursued by this Government in view of the

present condition does not appear to admit of serious doubt.

Having labored faithfully for many years to induce Great

Britain to submit this dispute to impartial arbitration, and

having been now finally apprised of her refusal to do so,

nothing remains but to accept the situation, to recognize its

plain requirements, and deal with it accordingly. Great

Britain's present proposition has never thus far been regarded

as admissible by Venezuela, though any adjustment of the

boundary which that country may deem for her advantage and may

enter into of her own free will can not of course be objected

to by the United States. Assuming, however, that the attitude

of Venezuela will remain unchanged, the dispute has reached

such a stage as to make it now incumbent upon the United

States to take measures to determine with sufficient certainty

for its justification what is the true divisional line between

the Republic of Venezuela and British Guiana. The inquiry to

that end should of course be conducted carefully and

judicially, and due weight should be given to all available

evidence, records, and facts in support of the claims of both

parties. In order that such an examination should be

prosecuted in a thorough and satisfactory manner, I suggest

that the Congress make an adequate appropriation for the

expenses of a commission, to be appointed by the Executive,

who shall make the necessary investigation and report upon the

matter with the least possible delay. When such report is made

and accepted it will, in my opinion, be the duty of the United

States to resist by every means in its power, as a willful

aggression upon its rights and interests, the appropriation by

Great Britain of any lands or the exercise of governmental

jurisdiction over any territory which after investigation we

have determined of right belongs to Venezuela.

"In making these recommendations I am fully alive to the

responsibility incurred and keenly realize all the

consequences that May follow. I am, nevertheless, firm in my

conviction that while it is a grievous thing to contemplate

the two great English-speaking peoples of the world as being

otherwise than friendly competitors in the onward march of

civilization and strenuous and worthy rivals in all the arts

of peace, there is no calamity which a great nation can invite

which equals that which follows a supine submission to wrong and

injustice and the consequent loss of national self-respect and

honor, beneath which are shielded and defended a people's

safety and greatness."

_United States, Message and Documents

(Abridgment, 1895-1896)._

The recommendations of the President were acted upon with

remarkable unanimity and promptitude in Congress, a bill

authorizing the appointment of the proposed commission, and

appropriating $100,000 for the necessary expenditure, being

passed by the House on the day following the Message (December

17), and by the Senate on the 20th.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1895 (DECEMBER).

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1895-1896 (December-January).

Feeling in England and the United States

over the boundary dispute.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

A. D. 1895-1896 (DECEMBER-JANUARY).

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1896-1899.

Appointment of the United States Commission to investigate

the boundary question.

Reopening of negotiations between the United States

and Great Britain.

The solution of the main difficulty found.

Arbitration and its result.

The Commission authorized by the Congress of the United States

to investigate and report on the true divisional line between

British Guiana and Venezuela was named by the President of the

United States, on the 1st of January, as follows:

David J. Brewer, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

of the United States;

Richard H. Alvey, Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals in

the District of Columbia;

Andrew D. White, ex-President of Cornell University,

and ex-Minister to Germany and Russia;

Daniel C. Gilman, President of Johns Hopkins University;

Frederick H. Coudert, of New York.

The Commission was organized on the 4th by the election of

Justice Brewer to be its President. Mr. S. Mallet Prevost was

subsequently appointed Secretary. One of the first proceedings

of the Commission was to address a letter to the Secretary of

State, suggesting a friendly intimation to the governments of

Great Britain and Venezuela that their assistance to it, in

procuring unpublished archives and the like evidence, would be

highly acceptable, and that "if either should deem it

appropriate to designate an agent or attorney, whose duty it

would be to see that no such proofs were omitted or

overlooked, the Commission would be grateful for such evidence

of good will." This overture was well received in England, and

had an excellent effect. It was responded to by Lord

Salisbury, with an assurance that Her Majesty's government

would readily place at the disposal of the President of the

United States any information at their command, and would

communicate advance copies of documents soon to be published

on the subject of the boundary line. Before the close of

January the Commission had organized its work, with several

experts engaged to assist on special lines. Professor Justin

Winsor, Librarian of Harvard University, had undertaken to

report on the early maps of the Guiana-Venezuela country.

Professor George L. Burr, of Cornell University, was making

ready to examine the Dutch archives in Holland, and Professor

J. Franklin Jameson, of Brown University, was enlisted for

other investigations.

Before these labors had gone far, however, the two

governments, of Great Britain and the United States, were

induced to reopen a discussion of the possibility of an

arbitration of the dispute. On the 27th of February, Mr.

Bayard, the Ambassador of the United States at London,

conveyed to Lord Salisbury a proposal from his government

"that Her Majesty's Ambassador at Washington should be

empowered to discuss the question at that capital with the

Secretary of State," and that "a clear definition of the

'settlements' by individuals in the territory in dispute,

which it is understood Her Majesty's Government desire should

be excluded from the proposed submission to arbitration,

should be propounded."

{691}

Lord Salisbury assented so far as to telegraph, on the same

day, to Sir Julian Pauncefote: "I have agreed with the United

States' Ambassador that, in principle, the matter may be

discussed between the United States Government (acting as the

friend of Venezuela) and your Excellency." But, a few days

later (March 5), the British Premier and Foreign Secretary

gave a broader range to the discussion, by recalling a

correspondence that had taken place in the spring of 1895

between the then American Secretary of State, Mr. Gresham, and

the British Ambassador, in contemplation of a general system

of international arbitration for the adjustment of disputes

between the two governments. Reviving that project, Lord

Salisbury submitted the heads of a general arbitration treaty

between the United States and Great Britain, which became a

subject of discussion for some weeks, without offering much

promise of providing for the settlement of the Venezuela

dispute. In May, the correspondence returned to the latter

subject more definitely, Lord Salisbury writing (May 22):

"From the first our objection has been to subject to the

decision of an Arbiter, who, in the last resort, must, of

necessity, be a foreigner, the rights of British colonists who

have settled in territory which they had every ground for

believing to be British, and whose careers would be broken,

and their fortunes possibly ruined, by a decision that the

territory on which they have settled was subject to the

Venezuelan Republic. At the same time, we are very conscious

that the dispute between ourselves and the Republic of

Venezuela affects a large portion of land which is not under

settlement, and which could be disposed of without any

injustice to any portion of the colonial population. We are

very willing that the territory which is comprised within this

definition should be subjected to the results of an

arbitration, even though some portion of it should be found to

fall within the Schomburgk line." He proposed, accordingly,

the creation of a commission of four persons, for the

determination of the questions of fact involved, on whose

report the two governments of Great Britain and Venezuela

should endeavor to agree on a boundary line; failing which

agreement, a tribunal of arbitration should fix the line, on

the basis of facts reported by the Commission. "Provided

always that in fixing such line the Tribunal shall not have

power to include as the territory of Venezuela any territory

which was bona fide occupied by subjects of Great Britain on

the 1st January, 1887, or as the territory of Great Britain

any territory bona fide occupied by Venezuelans at the same

date."

Objections to this proposal, especially to its final

stipulation, were raised by the government of the United

States, and the negotiation looked unpromising again for a

time; but at length, on the 13th of July, Mr. Olney made a

suggestion which happily solved the one difficulty that had

been, from the beginning, a bar to agreement between the two

governments. "Can it be assumed," he asked, in a letter of

that date, "that Her Majesty's Government would submit to

unrestricted arbitration the whole of the territory in

dispute, provided it be a rule of the arbitration, embodied in

the arbitral agreement, that territory which has been in the

exclusive, notorious, and actual use and occupation of either

party for even two generations, or say for sixty years, shall

be held by the arbitrators to be the territory of such party?

In other words, will Her Majesty's Government assent to

unrestricted arbitration of all the territory in controversy,

with the period for the acquisition of title by prescription

fixed by agreement of the parties in advance at sixty years?"

Lord Salisbury assented to the principle thus suggested, but

proposed a shorter term of occupation than sixty years.

Finally the term of fifty years was accepted on both sides,

and from that point the arrangement of a Treaty of Arbitration

between Great Britain and Venezuela went smoothly on. The good

news that England and America were practically at the end of

their dispute was proclaimed by Lord Salisbury, on the 9th of

November, in a speech at the Lord Mayor's banquet, in London,

when he said: "You are aware that in the discussion had with

the United States on behalf of their friends in Venezuela, our

question has not been whether there should be arbitration, but

whether arbitration should have unrestricted application; and

we have always claimed that those who, apart from historic

right, had the right which attaches to established

settlements, should be excluded from arbitration. Our

difficulty for months has been to define the settled

districts; and the solution has, I think, come from the

suggestion of the government of the United States, that we

should treat our colonial empire as we treat individuals; that

the same lapse of time which protects the latter in civic life

from having their title questioned, should similarly protect

an English colony; but, beyond that, when a lapse could not be

claimed, there should be an examination of title, and all the

equity demanded in regard thereto should be granted. I do not

believe I am using unduly sanguine words when I declare my

belief that this has brought the controversy to an end."

On the 10th of November, the Secretary of the United States

Commission appointed to investigate the disputed boundary

published the following: "The statements of Lord Salisbury, as

reported in the morning papers, make it probable that the

boundary dispute now pending between Great Britain and Venezuela

will be sewed by arbitration at an early day. Under the

circumstances the Commission, while continuing its deliberations

in the preparation and orderly arrangement of many valuable maps,

reports, and documents, which have been procured and used in the

course of its labors, does not propose to formulate any decision

for the present of the matters subject to its examination. It

will continue its sessions from time to time, but with the hope

and expectation that a friendly and just settlement of all

pending differences between the nations interested will make

any final decision on its part unnecessary." This hope was

substantially realized a few days later, when a convention

embodying the agreement of the United States and Great Britain

was signed by Secretary Olney and the British Ambassador, Sir

Julian Pauncefote. The agreement was carried to its next stage on

the 2d of February, 1897, when a treaty between Great Britain and

the United States of Venezuela was signed at Washington, which

provided as follows:

{692}

"Article I.

An Arbitral Tribunal shall be immediately appointed to

determine the boundary-line between the Colony of British

Guiana and the United States of Venezuela.

"Article II.

The Tribunal shall consist of five Jurists: two on the part of

Great Britain, nominated by the Members of the Judicial

Committee of Her Majesty's Privy Council, namely, the Right

Honourable Baron Herschell, Knight Grand Cross of the Most

Honourable Order of the Bath, and the Honourable Sir Richard

Henn Collins, Knight, one of the Justices of Her Britannic

Majesty's Supreme Court of Judicature; two on the part of

Venezuela, nominated, one by the President of the United

States of Venezuela, namely, the Honourable Melville Weston

Fuller, Chief Justice of the United States of America, and one

nominated by the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United

States of America, namely, the Honourable David Josiah Brewer,

a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States of

America; and of a fifth Jurist to be selected by the four

persons so nominated, or in the event of their failure to

agree within three months from the date of the exchange of

ratifications of the present Treaty, to be selected by His

Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway. The Jurist so selected

shall be President of the Tribunal. In case of the death,

absence, or incapacity to serve of any of the four Arbitrators

above named, or in the event of any such Arbitrator omitting

or declining or ceasing to act as such, another Jurist of

repute shall be forthwith substituted in his place. If such

vacancy shall occur among those nominated on the part of Great

Britain, the substitute shall be appointed by the members for

the time being of the Judicial Committee of Her Majesty's

Privy Council, acting by a majority, and if among those

nominated on the part of Venezuela, he shall be appointed by

the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, acting

by a majority. If such vacancy shall occur in the case of the

fifth Arbitrator, a substitute shall be selected in the manner

herein provided for with regard to the original appointment.

"Article III.

The Tribunal shall investigate and ascertain the extent of the

territories belonging to, or that might lawfully be claimed

by, the United Netherlands or by the Kingdom of Spain

respectively at the time of the acquisition by Great Britain

of the Colony of British Guiana, and shall determine the

boundary-line between the Colony of British Guiana and the

United States of Venezuela.

"Article IV.

In deciding the matters submitted, the Arbitrators shall

ascertain all facts which they deem necessary to a decision of

the controversy, and shall be governed by the following Rules,

which are agreed upon by the High Contracting Parties as Rules

to be taken as applicable to the case, and by such principles

of international law not inconsistent therewith as the

Arbitrators shall determine to be applicable to the

case:—

Rules.

(a.) Adverse holding or prescription during a period of fifty

years shall make a good title. The Arbitrators may deem

exclusive political control of a district, as well as actual

settlement thereof, sufficient to constitute adverse holding

or to make title by prescription.

(b.) The Arbitrators may recognize and give effect to rights

and claims resting on any other ground whatever valid

according to international law, and on any principles of

international law which the Arbitrators may deem to be

applicable to the case, and which are not in contravention of

the foregoing rule.

(c.) In determining the boundary-line, if territory of one

Party be found by the Tribunal to have been at the date of

this Treaty in the occupation of the subjects or citizens of

the other Party, such effect shall be given to such occupation

as reason, justice, the principles of international law, and

the equities of the case shall, in the opinion of the

Tribunal, require. …

Article XIII.

The High Contracting Parties engage to consider the result of

the proceedings of the Tribunal of Arbitration as a full,

perfect, and final settlement of all the questions referred to

the Arbitrators:"

_Great Britain, Papers by Command:

Treaty Series Number 5, 1897._

Before the Arbitrators named in the treaty had entered on

their duties, a vacancy in the tribunal was created by the

death of Baron Herschell, and the Lord Chief Justice of

England, Lord Russell of Killowen, was appointed in his place.

His Excellency, Frederic de Martens, Privy Councillor and

Permanent Member of the Council of the Ministry of Foreign

Affairs in Russia, was selected to be the fifth Arbitrator. As

thus constituted, the Arbitral Tribunal met in Paris on the

15th of June, 1899. In the hearings before it, Venezuela was

represented by Benjamin Harrison, ex-President of the United

States, and other counsel; the British government by Sir

Richard Webster, Attorney-General of Great Britain, and

others. The decision of the Tribunal, which is said to have

been rendered with unanimity, was announced on the 3d of

October, 1899, as follows:

"We the undersigned Arbitrators do hereby make and publish our

decision, determination, and Award of, upon, and concerning

the questions submitted to us by the said Treaty of

Arbitration, and do hereby, conformably to the said Treaty of

Arbitration, finally decide, award, and determine that the

boundary-line between the Colony of British Guiana and the

United States of Venezuela is as follows:

Starting from the coast at Point Playa, the line of boundary

shall run in a straight line to the River Barima at its

junction with the River Mururuma, and thence along the

mid-stream of the latter river to its source, and from that

point to the junction of the River Haiowa with the Amakuru,

and thence along the mid-stream of the Amakuru to its source

in the Imataka Ridge, and thence in a south-westerly direction

along the highest ridge of the spur of the Imataka Mountains

to the highest point of the main range of such Imataka

Mountains opposite to the source of the Barima, and thence

along the summit of the main ridge in a south-easterly

direction of the Imataka Mountains to the source of the

Acarabisi, and thence along the mid-stream of the Acarabisi to

the Cuyuni, and thence along the northern bank of the River

Cuyuni westward to its junction with the Wenamu, and thence

following the mid-stream of the Wenamu to its westernmost

source, and thence in a direct line to the summit of Mount

Roraima, and from Mount Roraima to the source of the Cotinga,

and along the mid-stream of that river to its junction with

the Takutu, and thence along the mid-stream of the Takutu to

its source, thence in a straight line to the westernmost point

of the Akarai Mountains, and thence along the ridge of the

Akarai Mountains to the source of the Corentin called the

Cutari River.

{693}

Provided always that the line of delimitation fixed by this

Award shall be subject and without prejudice to any questions

now existing, or which may arise, to be determined between the

Government of her Britannic Majesty and the Republic of

Brazil, or between the latter Republic and the United States

of Venezuela.

"In fixing the above delimitation the Arbitrators consider and

decide that in times of peace the Rivers Amakuru and Barima

shall be open to navigation by the merchant-ships of all

nations, subject to all just regulations and to the payment of

light or other like dues: Provided that the dues charged by

the Republic of Venezuela and the Government of the Colony of

British Guiana in respect of the passage of vessels along the

portions of such rivers respectively owned by them shall be

charged at the same rates upon the vessels of Venezuela and

Great Britain, such rates being no higher than those charged

to any other nation: Provided also that no customs duties

shall be chargeable either by the Republic of Venezuela or by

the Colony of British Guiana in respect of goods carried on

board ships, vessels, or boats passing along the said rivers,

but customs duties shall only be chargeable in respect of

goods landed in the territory of Venezuela or Great Britain

respectively."

_Great Britain, Papers by Command:

Venezuela Number 7, 1899, pages 6-7._

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1898-1900.

Change in the Presidency.

Death of ex-President Crespo.

Revolution.

Rebellion.

General Joaquin Crespo retired from the presidency and was

succeeded by General Ignacio Andrade on the 1st of March,

1898. A revolutionary movement was soon started, with General

Hernandez at its head, and ex-President Crespo, who led the

forces of the government against it, was killed in a charge,

on the 16th of April. Hernandez was surprised and captured a

few weeks later, and the rebellion then subsided for a time.

In the spring of 1899 Hernandez was set at liberty by Andrade,

who, meantime, had crushed a minor revolt, undertaken by one

General Guerra. August found the harassed President assailed

by a fresh rising, started by General Cipriano Castro, and the

restless revolutionist, Hernandez, was soon in league with it.

This proved to be a revolution in earnest, and, after hard

fighting, President Andrade fled from the capital and the

country in October; Puerto Cabello, the last town to hold out

for him, was bombarded and stormed the following month, and a

new government was established, nominally under the Vice

President, Rodriguez, but with Castro for its actual head.

Before this had been fully accomplished, however, Hernandez

was in arms against Castro, with his accustomed ill-success.

Before the year closed he had fled the country; but early in

1900 he was once more in the field, maintaining a troublesome

war until May, when he was defeated, and again a prisoner in

his opponents' hands.

VICTORIA, Queen:

The Diamond Jubilee celebration of her accession to the throne.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (JUNE).

VICTORIA, Queen:

Her death and funeral.

Tributes to her character.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1901 (JANUARY).

VICTORIA.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRALIA; and CONSTITUTION OF AUSTRALIA.

VICTORIAN ORDER, The.

A new order of knighthood, to be known as the Victorian Order,

and to be conferred as a mark of high distinction, was

instituted by Queen Victoria on the 21st of April, 1896.

VIENNA: A. D. 1895-1896.

Anti-Semitic agitation.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1895-1896.

VIENNA: A. D. 1897.

Scenes in the Reichsrath.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

VIENNA: A. D. 1900.

Census.

According to a report from the United States Consul at Vienna,

the census taken December 31, 1900, shows a population of

1,635,647, or nearly 63,000 less than that of Chicago, when

the recent census of that city was taken. These figures show

Vienna to rank next after London, Paris and Berlin among the

European capitals, while in this country only New York and

Chicago are larger. In the last ten years Vienna has increased

21.9 per cent, or slightly faster than the average for the

whole United States. Of the two American cities larger than

Vienna New York increased in ten years 37.8 per cent. and

Chicago 54.4 per cent.

VIEQUEZ.

See (in this volume)

PORTO RICO: AREA AND POPULATION.

VILLIERS, Sir J. H. de:

Advice to President Kruger.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1899 (MAY-AUGUST).

VIRDEN, Conflict with striking miners at.

See (in this volume)

INDUSTRIAL DISTURBANCES: A. D. 1898.

VIRGINIUS AFFAIR, The.

See (in this volume)

CUBA: A. D. 1868-1885.

VISAYAN ISLANDS, American occupation of the.

See (in this volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1899 (JANUARY-NOVEMBER).

VISAYANS, The.

See (in this volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: THE NATIVE INHABITANTS.

VOLKSRAAD, South African.

See (in this volume)

CONSTITUTION (GRONDWET) OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC.

VOLUNTARY SCHOOLS, English.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896-1897.

VOLUNTEERS OF AMERICA, The.

See (in this volume)

SALVATION ARMY.

VOTING, Plural or Cumulative, and Compulsory.

See (in this volume)

BELGIUM: A. D. 1894-1895.

{694}

WADAI.

See (in this volume)

NIGERIA, A. D. 1882-1899.

WALDECK-ROUSSEAU, M.:

The Ministry of.

See (in this volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1899 (FEBRUARY-JUNE), and after.

WALES, The Prince or.

It has been announced that Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and

York, the only living son of King Edward VII., of England, and

heir to the British throne, will be created Prince of Wales,

by royal patent, after his return from Australia.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1901 (MAY).

WANA:

Inclusion in a new British Indian province.

See (in this volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1901 (FEBRUARY).

WAR:

Measures to prevent its occurrence and to mitigate its

barbarities.

See (in this volume)

PEACE CONFERENCE.

WAR BUDGETS:

Military and naval expenditures of the great Powers.

The following compilation of statistics of the military and

naval expenditure of the leading Powers (Great Britain

excepted) was submitted to the House of Representatives at

Washington by the Honorable George B. McClellan of New York,

in a speech, February 12, 1901, on the bill then pending in

Congress, to make appropriations for the support of the Army

of the United States. The tabulated statements were introduced

with explanations and comments as follows:

"For purposes of comparison, I have taken the armies and

navies of Austria-Hungary, France, the German Empire, Italy,

and Russia. I have not included Great Britain, for its

conditions have been abnormal for nearly two years. I have

based my estimates on the enlisted strength of the armies

referred to, excluding commissioned officers. The figures are

the most recent obtainable without direct communication with

foreign authorities and are for the most part for the last

fiscal year of the several countries, although in some cases

they are for 1898-99. The German naval budget does not include

the extraordinary expenditures for the new navy authorized by

the recent enactment of the Reichstag. This does not begin to

be effective until the next fiscal year. In estimating the

equivalent in dollars of the Italian budget I have allowed 6

per cent for the depreciation of the present paper currency—a

very moderate estimate. The Russian budget will appear

abnormally low, for I have recently seen it stated at

$159,000,000. This is because the ruble has been assumed to be

the gold ruble, worth 52 cents, but the budget is expressed in

paper rubles, and is now, under a recent order of M. Witte,

uniformly reckoned at two-thirds of the gold ruble. I have

therefore called it 34.6 cents."

As to the military expenditure of the United States, "the

House has during the present session appropriated, or is about

to appropriate, for the support of what may be called the

active Army, $152,068,100.84. The appropriations growing out

of past wars amount to a total of $154,694,292. I have charged

to this account every item that could by any possible

construction be assumed to refer to past wars and not to the

maintenance of the present Army. The pension appropriation

bill carried $145,245,230. The cost of administering the

Pension Bureau will amount to $3,352,790. The Record and

Pension Office costs $585,170. I have further included

appropriations for National and State Homes, back pay, etc.,

cemeteries, and $712,580 for extra clerks due to the Spanish

war. Adding the appropriations due to past wars to the

appropriation for the active Army, we find a total of

$306,762,392.84, which represents the total of our Army

budget. Taking the total cost of our active Army, and assuming

the enlisted strength of the Army to be 100,000, we find the

cost per annum of each enlisted man to be $l,520. Taking the

total Army budget, including appropriations arising from past

wars, we find the cost per annum of each enlisted man $3,067.

"Without including appropriations arising from past wars, we

find the cost of the Army per capita of population to be

$1.99. Including appropriations arising from past wars, we

find the cost of the Army per capita of population to be

$4.02. The army budget of Austria-Hungary is $67,564,446, the

cost of maintaining 1 enlisted man for one year being $183.86,

and the cost of the army per capita of population $1.50. The

army budget of France is $128,959,064, the cost of maintaining

1 enlisted man is $218.74, and the cost per capita of

population is $3.34. The army budget of the German Empire is

$156,127,743, the cost per annum of 1 enlisted man is $277.85,

the cost per capita of population is $2.98. The army budget of

Italy is $43,920,132, the cost of maintaining 1 enlisted man

per annum is $202.65, the cost per capita of population is

$1.39. The army budget of Russia is $99,927,997, the cost of

maintaining 1 enlisted man is $119.65, the cost per capita of

population is 77 cents.

"The appropriations for the support of the naval establishment

are by no means so widely distributed as are those for the

Army. The naval bill carries $77,016,635.60. In the

legislative, executive, and judicial bill there are carried

appropriations directly chargeable to the support of the Navy,

including pay of the clerical force in the Auditor's office,

the office of the Secretary, the office of the heads of the

bureaus, maintenance of building, and contingent expenses,

amounting to $399,150. In the sundry civil bill there are

carried, for printing and binding, appropriations amounting to

$127,000. Up to the present time the Secretary of the Treasury

has submitted to the House a statement of deficiencies for the

support of the naval establishment amounting to $2,491,549.64,

making a total of $80,034,335.24 that the House has

appropriated or is about to appropriate during the present

session for the support of the naval establishment. In

addition to this the legislative, executive, and judicial bill

carries an appropriation of $21,800 for the payment of extra

clerks whose employment is necessitated by the Spanish war,

making a total naval budget of $80,056,135.24.

"The naval budget of Austria-Hungary is $7,028,167, a cost per

capita of population of 15 cents. The naval budget of France

is $61,238,478, a cost per capita of population of $1.58. The

naval budget of the German Empire is $32,419,602, a cost per

capita of population of 62 cents. The naval budget of Italy is

$18,455,111, a cost per capita of population of 58 cents. The

naval budget of Russia is $48,132,220, a cost per capita of

population of 37 cents.

{695}

"The combined appropriations for the Army and Navy represent

the total war budget, or, as some European countries prefer to

call it, the 'defense budget.' The total war budget of the

United States, excluding appropriations due to past wars,

amounts to $233,102,435, or a cost per capita of population of

$3.03. Our total war budget, including appropriations due to

past wars, amounts to $386,818,527, a cost per capita of

population of $5.06. The total war budget of Austria-Hungary

is $74,592,613, a cost per capita of population of $1.66. The

total war budget of France is $190,197,542, a cost per capita

of population of $4.92. The total war budget of the German

Empire is $188,547,345, a cost per capita of population of

$3.60. The total war budget of Italy is $62,375,243, a cost

per capita of population of $1.97. The total war budget of

Russia is $148,060,017, a cost per capita of population of

$1.14. The combined total war budgets of France and of the

German Empire amount to $378,744,887, or $8,073,640 less than

that of the United States.

"The criticism has been made that there can be no comparison

between the cost of maintaining our Army and the cost of

maintaining those of Europe, for the reason that the European

private receives 'no pay' and ours receives $156 a year. As a

matter of fact, while service is compulsory on the Continent,

the continental private is paid a small sum, amounting on the

average to about $56 a year. In other words, our private

receives about $100 more than his comrade of Europe. This

criticism does not affect comparisons, as will be seen on the

consideration of a few figures. The war budget of the German

Empire is the largest in Europe. Were the Prussian private to

receive the same pay as our private the Prussian army budget

would be swelled to $212,354,343. Were the Russian private to

receive the same pay as our private the Russian budget would

be swelled to about $190,000,000 per annum. The difference in

pay does not account for the proportionate difference in the

size of the budgets, for were our Army to be increased to the

size of that of the German Empire our budget would be

increased by $702,644,320, making a total of $854,712,420,

without including expenses due to past wars, or, including

such expenses, making an Army budget of $1,009,406,712. Were

our Army to be increased to the size of Russia's, our budget

would be increased by $1,132,120,220, making a total Army

budget, without including appropriations due to past wars, of

81,284,188,320, or, including appropriations due to past wars,

making a total budget of $1,438,882,612.

"I submit these figures to the consideration of the House

without any comment whatsoever. Comment is unnecessary.

"TABLE A.

Analysis of the war budget of the United States as agreed to,

or about to be agreed to, by the House of Representatives,

first session Fifty-sixth Congress.

1. ARMY.

Appropriations for the active Army.

Army bill $117,994,649.10

Military Academy bill 700,151.88

Fortification bill 7,227,461.00

Legislative, executive, and judicial bill:

Office of the Secretary of War $104,150

Office of the Auditor for the War Department 318,300

Offices of heads of so-called "staff" departments 653,826

Maintenance of three-eighths of Department building 45,990

Rent 13,500

Stationery 32,500

Postage 1,000

Contingent expenses 58,000

Total 1,227,266.00

Sundry civil bill:

Arsenals and armories 281,550

Military posts 1,008,960

Bringing home dead 150,000

Maps, etc. 5,100

Printing and binding 241,000

Repairs, three-eighths Department building 31,500

Total 1,721,110.00

Deficiencies submitted:

December 11, 1900 12,062,223.36

January 21, 1901 5,835,239.50

January 26, 1001 5,300,000.00

Total 23,197,462.36

Total, active Army 152,068,100.84

Appropriations growing out of past wars.

Pensions $145,245,230.00

Salaries, Pension Bureau, etc. 3,352,700.00

Record and Pension Office 585,170.00

National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers 3,074,142.00

State Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers 950,000.00

Back pay and bounty (civil war) 325,000.00

Arrears of pay (Spanish war) 200,000.00

National cemeteries 191,880.00

Artificial limbs and appliances 27,000.00

Headstones and burials 28,000.00

Apache prisoners 2,500.00

Secretary of War, extra clerks (Spanish war) 600,000.00

Auditor for War Department,

extra clerks(Spanish war) 112,580.00

Total. 154,694,292.00

Appropriations for the active Army 152,068,100.84

Total Army budget. 300,762,392.81

2. NAVY.

Naval bill $77,016,635.60

Legislative, executive, and judicial bill:

Office of the Secretary of the Navy $47,900.00

Office of the Auditor for the Navy Department 68,080.00

Offices of heads of bureaus, etc. 224,430.00

Maintenance of three-eighths

of Department building 45,990.00

Contingent expenses 12,750.00

Total $399,150.00

Sundry civil bill:

Printing and binding 127,000.00

Deficiencies submitted:

December 11, 1900 74,481.09

December 17, 1900 20,000.00

January 21, 1901 2,267,068.55

January 25, 1901 130,000.00

Total 2,491,549.64

Total, active Navy 80,034,335.24

Auditor for Navy Department,

extra clerks (Spanish war) 21,800.00

Total Navy budget 80,056,135.24

3. RECAPITULATION.

Active Army $152,068,100.84

Active Navy 80,034,335.24

Total $232,102,436.08

Army (past wars) 154,694,292.00

Navy (past wars) 21,800.00

Total War Budget 154,716,092.00

Total war budget 386,818,528.08

{696}

TABLE B. Analysis of war budgets of various armies.

Country Population Latest Total Cost of Cost of Latest Cost of Total war

by last Obtainable enlisted maintaining army per obtainable navy per budget Cost of army and

census Army Budget strength, one enlisted capita of naval capita of combined

peace man for population budget population per capita of

footing one year. population.

Austria-Hungary 44,901,036 $67,564,446 368,002 $183.86 $1.50 $7,028,167 $0.15 $74,502,613 $1.66

France 38,517,975 128,959,064 589,541 218.74 3.34 61,238,478 1.58 190,197,542 4.92

German Empire 52,246,589 156,127,743 562,266 277.85 2.98 32,419,602 .62 188,547,345 3.60

Italy 31,479,217 43,020,132 216,720 202.65 1.39 18,455,111 .58 62,375,243 1.97

Russia 129,211,113 99,927,797 835,143 119.85 .77 48,132,220 .37 148,060,017 1.14

United States,

not including

cost of past

wars 76,295,220 152,068,100 100,000 1,520.00 1.99 80,034,335 1.04 233,102,435 3.03

United States,

including cost

of past wars 76,295,220 306,762,392 100,000 3,067.00 4.02 80,056,135 1.04 380,818,527 5.06

_Congressional Record,

February 15, 1901, pages 2707-2709._

The following is an abstract of the British Army estimates for

1901-1902, submitted to Parliament in March, 1901, compared

with those of the previous year. They cover, of course, the

extraordinary expenditure incident to the South African war:

NET ESTIMATES.

1901-1002. 1900-1901.

I. NUMBERS.

Total Total

Numbers. Numbers.

Number of men on the Home

and Colonial Establishments

of the Army, exclusive of

those serving 111 India. 450,000 430,000

II. EFFECTIVE SERVICES. £ £

Pay, &c., of Army (General

Staff, Regiments, Reserve, and

Departments). 21,657,500 18,450,000

Medical Establishment: Pay,&c. 1,083,600 908,000

Militia: Pay, Bounty, &c. 2,662,000 2,288,000

Yeomanry Cavalry: Pay and

Allowances. 375,000 141,000

Volunteer Corps: Pay and

Allowances. 1,230,000 1,730,000

Transport and Remounts. 15,977,000 19,800,000

Provisions, Forage and other

Supplies. 18,782,000 18,200,000

Clothing Establishments and

Services. 4,825,000 5,530,000

Warlike and other Stores:

Supply and Repair. 13,450,000 13,200,000

Works, Buildings, and Repairs:

Engineer Services. 3,281,000 4,730,700

Establishments for Military

Education. 119,200 113,800

Miscellaneous Effective Services 218,200 200,900

War Office: Salaries and

Miscellaneous Charges. 305,000 275,000

Total Effective Services. 83,970,500 85,573,400

III. NON-EFFECTIVE SERVICES.

Non-Effective Charges for

Officers, &c. 2,271,000 1,861,000

Non-Effective Charges for Men, &c. 1,485,000 l,379,000

Superannuation, Compensation,

and Compassionate Allowances. 188,500 186,000

Total Non-Effective Services. 3,944,500 3,426,000

Total Effective and

Non-Effective Services. 87,915,000 88,999,400

NOTE. The provision for Ordinary and War

Services is as follows:

1901-02. 1900-01.

£ £

For War Services:

South Africa 56,070,000 61,286,700

China 2,160,000 3,450,000

Total 58,230,000 64,736,700

For Ordinary Services 29,685,000 24,262,700

Total 87,915,000 88,999,400

The British navy estimates for 1901-1902 amount to a net total

of £30,875,500, being an increase of £2,083,600 beyond the

amount of £28,791,900 voted for the year 1900-1901. The total

number of Officers, Seamen and Boys, Coastguard, and Royal

Marines, proposed for the year 1901-1902 is 118,635, being an

increase of 3,745.

The following statistics of the numerical strength and ratio

to population of the armies of twenty-two nations, compiled in

the War Department of the United States, were cited in the

debate in the United States Senate on the bill to increase the

strength of the United States Army, January 15, 1901. They

differ in some particulars, but not greatly, from the

corresponding figures given by Mr. McClellan:

"War Department, Adjutant-General's office, Washington, August

28, 1900. According to the latest available sources, which are

considered fairly reliable, the peace and war strength of the

armies of the nations mentioned below is stated to be as

follows:

NATION. PEACE STRENGTH. WAR STRENGTH.

Officers. Men.

Austria-Hungary, 1899. 26,454 335,239 1,872,178

Belgium, 1899 3,472 48,030 163,000

Brazil, 1897 2,300 25,860

China 300,000 1,000,000 (a)

France, 1900 29,740 586,735 2,500,000 (b)

(a) Estimated.

(b) Available men liable to military service.

{697}

NATION. PEACE STRENGTH. WAR STRENGTH.

Officers. Men.

Germany, 1899 23,230 562,266 3,000,000 (c)

Great Britain, 1900 11,904 241,237 (d) 503,484

Italy, 1898 14,084 310,602 1,304,854

Japan, 1898 6,356 115,673 407,963

Mexico, 1898 2,068 30,075 151,500

Persia 24,500 105,500

Portugal, 1899 1,804 30,000 157,126 (e)

Roumania 3,280 60,000 171,948

Russia, 1900 36,000 860,000 3,500,000 (f)

Servia, 1897 160,751 353,366

Spain, 1899 98,140 183,972

Sweden, 1899 2,513 37,639 327,000

Switzerland, 1899 (g) 509,707

Turkey, 1898 700,620 900,000

United States, 1900. 2,587 65,000 100,000

(c) Estimated on present organization to have over 3,000,000

trained men. War strength not given.

(d) Of this number 74,288 are Indian troops.

(e) In addition there are maintained in the colonies 9,478

officers and men.

(f) Approximately.

(g) No standing army.

"War Department, Adjutant General's office, Washington,

December 8, 1900. Peace strength of the armies, population, and

percentage of former to latter of the principal countries of the

world. This table is not strictly accurate at the present

time, because the dates of censuses vary. In preparing this

table the latest published census has been taken for

population, and the countries are arranged in order of their

percentages:

NATION. Peace Strength. Population. Percentage.

France 616,475 38,517,975 1.6

Norway 30,900 2,000,917 1.54

Germany 585,896 52,279,901 1.1

Roumania 63,280 5,800,000 1.1

Italy 324,686 31,856,675 1

Greece 25,338 2,433,806 1

Servia 22,448 2,312,484 .97

Austria-Hungary 361,693 41,351,184 0.87

Sweden 40,152 5,062,918 .79

Belgium 51,502 6,669,732 .77

Russia. 896,000 128,932,113 .69

Great Britain

and Ireland. 259,141 38,104,975 .68

Turkey. 244,000 38,791,000 .63

Portugal 31,804 5,049,729 .62

Spain 98,140 17,565,632 .56

Netherlands 21,696 5,074,632 .54

Denmark 9,769 2,185,335 .45

Japan 122,029 43,745,353 .30

Mexico 32,143 12,630,863 .25

Brazil 28,160 14,338,915 .19

United States 67,587 76,295,220 .089

Switzerland (h) 3,119,635

(h) Switzerland has no standing army, but every citizen has to

bear arms. The first Class (élite), composed of men between

the ages of 20 and 32, has from forty to eighty days' training

the first year, and every second year thereafter sixteen days.

About 18,000 men join the elite annually.

In December, 1900, the British Board of Trade issued a return,

for the year 1899 (except as stated otherwise), of the "Naval

expenditure and Mercantile Marine" of leading nations, from

which the following table is taken:

COUNTRIES. Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate

Naval Revenue Tonnage of

Expenditure Mercantile

on Seagoing Marine.

Force.

£ £ Tons.

Great Britain

(United Kingdom) 26,145,599 119,839,905 9,164,342

(1898-99) (Year ended

31st March, 1900)

Russian Empire 8,306,500 165,905,000 554,141

Germany 6,672,788 76,309,000 1,639,552

(1899-1900) (1898)

Netherlands 1,133,664 10,416,000 302,224

(1899-1900) (1898)

France 13,796,033 142,021,000 957,756

Portugal 749,226 11,474,000 129,522

(Year ended (1898)

30th June, 1900)

Spain 1,133,664 34,633,000 637,924

(Year ended (1898-99) (1897)

30th June, 1900)

Italy. 4,617,034 70,181,000 815,162

(Year ended (Year ended (1898)

30th June, 1900) 30th June, 1899)

Austria-Hungary 1,403,441

Austria. 66,171,000 164,506

(1898) (1898)

Hungary. 42,903,000 66,072

United States

(year ended

30th June) 9,840,912 127,288,000 848,246 (b).

(1900)

Japan 5,076,294 22,017,000 (a) 648,324

(1899-1900) (1898)

NOTE.

(a) Includes the Chinese indemnity.

(b) Registered for foreign trade only.

WAR DEPARTMENT, The United States:

Investigation of its conduct in the war with Spain.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898-1899.

WASHINGTON, D. C.: A. D. 1897.

Completion of the building for the Library of Congress.

See (in this volume)

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.

{698}

WASHINGTON, D. C.: A. D. 1900 (December).

Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary.

The 100th anniversary of the removal of the national capital

from Philadelphia to Washington was fittingly celebrated on

the 12th of December, 1900, by an imposing military parade and

by a notable assemblage in the House of Representatives, where

addresses were delivered and the principal exercises took

place. The President and the Vice President elect, members of

all branches of the public service, the Governors and

delegates from all the States and Territories, and various

other dignitaries, were present. The day of celebration was

not precisely that of the anniversary, but one chosen for

convenience to represent it. Under the law in 1800 the two

houses of Congress began their regular winter session about

two weeks earlier than they do now, and November 17 was set as

the date on which the VIth Congress should reassemble at the

new seat of Federal power. As neither house could have taken

part this year in anniversary ceremonies held on November 17,

a day was naturally chosen which should allow the legislative

branch its proper share in the centennial celebration. The

Executive Departments had, in fact, been partially installed

in the new District some time before the members of the VIth

Congress found their way to the unfinished Capitol. President

Adams, leaving Philadelphia on May 27, and travelling by a

circuitous route through Lancaster and Frederick, reached

Georgetown on June 3, 1800. He inspected the single wing of

the original Capitol, then far from finished, visited

Alexandria, at the southern extreme of the District, and after

a ten days stay in Georgetown departed for Massachusetts. The

President and Mrs. Adams returned to occupy the White House

early in November of the same year.

WAZIRIS, British-Indian wars with the.

See (in this volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1894, and 1897-1898.

WEI-HAI-WEI, Lease of the harbor of, by Great Britain.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1898 (MARCH-JULY).

WELLMAN, Walter:

Second Arctic Expedition.

See (in this volume)

POLAR EXPLORATION, 1898-1899.

WELSH CHURCH:

Failure of Disestablishment Bill.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1894-1895.

WEST AFRICA: A. D. 1895.

Appointment of a Governor-General of the French possessions.

See (in this volume)

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (FRENCH WEST AFRICA).

WEST AFRICA: A. D. 1899.

Definition of British and German boundaries.

See (in this volume)

SAMOAN ISLANDS.

WEST INDIES, The British: A. D. 1897.

Report of a Royal Commission on the condition and prospects

of the sugar-growing colonies.

A state of increasing distress in most of the British West

India colonies, caused by the depression of the sugar-growing

industry, led to the appointment, in December, 1896, of a

Royal Commission "to make an inquiry into the condition and

prospects of the colonies of Jamaica, British Guiana, Trinidad

and Tobago, Barbados, Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, and the

Leeward Islands, and to suggest such measures as appeared

calculated to restore and maintain the prosperity of these

colonies and their inhabitants." In the August following the

Commission made its report, with the following summary of

conclusions:

"a. The sugar industry in the West Indies is in danger of

great reduction, which in some colonies may be equivalent or

almost equivalent to extinction.

"b. The depression of the industry is due to the competition

of other sugar-producing countries and in a special degree to

the competition of beet sugar produced under a system of

bounties. It is also affected by high protective tariffs, and

by the competition of cane sugar, the production of which is

specially encouraged by the Governments concerned. The causes

of the depression may be described as permanent, inasmuch as

they are largely due to the policy of foreign countries, and

there is no indication that that policy is likely to be

abandoned in the immediate future.

"c. It is not due in any considerable degree to extravagance

in management, to imperfection in the process of manufacture,

or to inadequate supervision consequent on absentee

ownership, and the removal of these causes, wherever they

exist, would not enable it, generally, to be profitably

carried on under present conditions of competition. …

"d. The depression in the industry is causing sugar estates to

be abandoned, and will cause more estates to be abandoned, and

such abandonment is causing and will cause distress among the

labouring population, including a large number of East Indian

immigrants, and will seriously affect, for a considerable

time, the general prosperity of the sugar-producing Colonies,

and will render it impossible for some, and perhaps the

greater number of them, to provide, without external aid, for

their own government and administration.

"e. If the production of sugar is discontinued or very largely

reduced, there is no industry or industries that could

completely replace it in such islands as Barbados, Antigua,

and St. Kitts, and be profitably carried on and supply

employment for the labouring population. In Jamaica, in

Trinidad, in British Guiana, in St. Lucia, in St. Vincent, and

to some extent in Montserrat and Nevis, the sugar industry may

in time be replaced by other industries, but only after the

lapse of a considerable period and at the cost of much

displacement of labour and consequent suffering. In Dominica

the sugar industry is not at the present day of great

importance. We think it right to add that in all Colonies

where sugar can be completely, or very largely, replaced by

other industries, the Colonies in question will be in a much

sounder position, both politically and economically, when they

have ceased to depend wholly, or to a very great extent, upon

the continued prosperity of a single industry.

"f. The total or partial extinction of the sugar industry

would, in most places, very seriously affect the condition of

the labouring classes for the worse, and would largely reduce

the revenue of the Colonies. In some places the loss of

revenue could be met to a limited extent by economies, but

this could not be done universally nor in a material degree in

most of the Colonies. Some of the Colonies could not provide

the necessary cost of administration, including the relief of

distressed and necessitous persons, or of the support and

repatriation (when necessary) of the East Indian immigrants,

without subventions from the mother country. Jamaica,

Trinidad, and Grenada may be expected to meet from their own

resources the whole of the expenditure that is likely to fall

on them.

{699}

"g. The best immediate remedy for the state of things which we

have shown to exist would be the abandonment of the bounty

system by continental nations. This change would in all

probability enable a large portion of the sugar-cane

cultivation to be carried on successfully, and would certainly

reduce the rate at which it will diminish. Looking, however,

to what appears to be the policy of the United States of

America, to the great cheapening of the cost of production of

beet sugar, and the fact that many countries appear to have

singled out the sugar industry as one which ought to be

artificially stimulated in various ways, it is not clear that,

even if the bounties were abolished, another crisis of a similar

character might not arise in the West Indies at a future day.

"11. A remedy which was strongly supported by witnesses

interested in the West Indian sugar estates was the imposition

of countervailing duties on bounty-fed sugar when imported

into the United Kingdom. …

"i. The special remedies or measures of relief which we

unanimously recommend are—

(1.) The settlement of the labouring population on small

plots of land as peasant proprietors.

(2.) The establishment of minor agricultural industries,

and the improvement of the system of cultivation,

especially in the case of small proprietors.

(3.) The improvement of the means of communication between

the different islands.

(4.) The encouragement of a trade in fruit with New York,

and, possibly, at a future time, with London.

(5.) The grant of a loan from the Imperial Exchequer for

the establishment of Central Factories in Barbados.

The subject of emigration from the distressed tracts also

requires the careful attention of the various Governments,

though we do not find ourselves at the present time in a

position to make recommendations in detail.

"j. We estimate the cost of the special remedies recommended

in (2) (3) and (4) of i, at £27,000 a year for ten years, the

expenditure to be borne by the mother country. We estimate the

amount of the loan to Barbados for the erection of central

factories at £120,000. This measure no doubt involves the risk

of loss. Grants will be required in Dominica and St. Vincent

for roads, and to enable the settlement of the labouring

population on the land to be carried out, and their amount may

be taken at £30,000. A further grant of about £60,000 is

required to clear off the floating debt in some of the smaller

islands. In addition, the smaller islands should receive grants

to enable them to meet their ordinary expenditure of an

obligatory nature. The amount may be placed at £20,000 a year

for five years, and possibly a reduced amount for a further

period of five years. The expenditure which we are able to

estimate may be summarized as follows:—

(1.) A grant of £27,000 a year for ten years.

(2.) A grant of £20,000 a year for five years.

(3.) Immediate grants of £60,000 and £30,000, or £90,000 in

all.

(4.) A loan of £120,000 to Barbados for the establishment

of central factories."

On a proposal for the federation of the West India colonies

the Commission reported unfavorably, for the reason that the

colonies are too widely scattered and differ too greatly in

conditions for an efficient or economical common government.

"Nor does it seem to us," says the report, "that the very

important Island of Jamaica, which is separated by many

hundreds of miles of sea from all the other West Indian

Colonies, could dispense with a separate Governor, even if

there should be a Governor-General; whilst the circumstances

of British Guiana and Trinidad almost equally demand the

constant presence and attention of an Administrator of

Governor's rank. It might be possible, without disadvantage,

to make some reduction in the number of higher officials in

the smaller islands, and we are disposed to think that it

would be conducive to efficiency and economy if the islands of

the Windward Group, that is, Grenada and the Grenadines, St.

Vincent and St. Lucia, were again placed under the Governor of

Barbados, as they were for many years previous to 1885. We are

also disposed to think that the Island of Dominica, which is

not much further than Grenada from Barbados, and which, in its

physical, social and industrial conditions partakes more of

the character of the Windward Islands than of that of the

other Leeward Islands, might be placed under this Government

instead of being considered one of the Leeward Group. It

might, indeed, be found possible to bring the whole of the

Leeward Islands under the same Government as Barbados and the

Windward Islands, and thus effect a further economy."

_Great Britain,

Parliamentary Publications

(Papers by Command;

C.-8655, 1897, pages 69-70, and 23)._

With the sanction of Parliament, most of the recommendations

of the Commission were promptly carried out. Provision was

made for the construction of roads in the islands; for

subsidising steamer lines between the several islands and

between Jamaica, Canada and London; for developing the

cultivation of fruits and other crops by a botanical

department; for establishing model factories for the better

and cheaper working of sugar cane; and for wiping off certain

debts which were a cause of distress to some of the poorer

islands. In these measures the imperial government undertook

obligations which might, it was said, involve the payment of

£200,000.

WEST INDIES: A. D. 1899-1901.

Reciprocity arrangement with the United States.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1899-1901.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRALIA; and CONSTITUTION OF AUSTRALIA.

WEYLER y NICOLAU, General:

At Barcelona.

See (in this volume)

SPAIN: A. D. 1895-1896.

WEYLER y NICOLAU, General:

Administration in Cuba.

See (in this volume)

CUBA: A. D. 1896-1897.

WEYLER y NICOLAU, General:

Appointed Captain-General of Madrid.

See (in this volume)

SPAIN: A. D. 1900 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER).

WHEATON, General:

Military operations in the Philippine Islands.

See (in this volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1899 (JANUARY-NOVEMBER).

WHITE, Andrew D.:

American Commissioner to the Peace Conference at The Hague.

See (in this volume)

PEACE CONFERENCE.

WILDMAN, Rounseville:

Report of proposals from Philippine insurgents in 1897.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1897 (NOVEMBER).

{700}

WILHELMINA, Queen of the Netherlands:

Enthronement and marriage.

See (in this volume)

NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1808, and 1901.

WILLIAM II., German Emperor.

Some of his autocratic speeches against the Social Democrats.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1894-1895.

WILLIAM II., German Emperor.

His claim to kingship by Divine Right.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D.1894-1899.

WILLIAM II., German Emperor.

His message to President Kruger relative to the Jameson Raid.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1896 (JANUARY).

WILLIAM II., German Emperor.

His speech to his brother, Prince Henry, at Kiel.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1897 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER).

WILLIAM II., German Emperor.

His speech to soldiers departing to China.

Punishment of its critics.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (OCTOBER 9).

WILLIAM II., German Emperor.

His system of personal government.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER).

WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA:

Race war.

See (in this volume)

NORTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1898.

WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.

See (in this volume)

SCIENCE, RECENT: ELECTRICAL.

WITU. The State of.

See (in this volume)

BRITISH EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE: A. D. 1895-1897.

WITWATERSRAND, The.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1885-1890.

WOLCOTT, Senator Edward O.:

Bimetallic mission to Europe.

See (in this volume)

MONETARY QUESTIONS: A. D. 1897 (APRIL-OCTOBER).

WOMAN SUFFRAGE.

Four States have given to women unlimited political freedom,

these States being Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, and Idaho. The

women of all these States, except Idaho, had the privilege of

voting in the Presidential election of 1896. The women of

Idaho voted in the State election of 1898, but their first

chance to vote for a Presidential ticket was in 1900. To some

extent, in the election of school boards and officers, or on

questions of taxation, woman suffrage exists in a limited way

in Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky,

Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New

Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon,

South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin.

WOMAN'S CENTURY, The.

See (in this volume)

NINETEENTH CENTURY. THE WOMAN'S CENTURY.

WOOD, Leonard, Colonel

of the Regiment of Rough Riders.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (APRIL-MAY).

WOOD, Leonard, Colonel

Commanding at Santiago.

Report.

See (in this volume)

CUBA: A. D. 1898-1899 (DECEMBER-OCTOBER)

WOOD, Leonard, Colonel.

Military Governor of Cuba.

See (in this volume)

CUBA: A. D. 1809 (DECEMBER).

WORKINGMEN'S INSURANCE, Compulsory, in Germany.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1897-1900.

WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACT, English.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (MAY-JULY).

WORLD POWERS, The four great.

See (in this volume)

NINETEENTH CENTURY: EXPANSION.

X.

X RAYS. The discovery of.

See (in this volume)

SCIENCE, REGENT: CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.

Y.

YAMAGATA, Marquis: Ministry.

See (in this volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1898-1899.

YANG-TSUN, Battle of.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (AUGUST 4-16).

YANG-TSZE REGION, Chinese agreement not to alienate.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1898 (FEBRUARY).

YAQUIS, Revolts of the.

See (in this volume)

MEXICO: A. D. 1896-1899.

YAUCO, Engagement at.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

A. D. 1898 (JULY-AUGUST: PORTO RICO).

YELLOW FEVER, Detection of the mosquito as a carrier of.

See (in this volume)

SCIENCE, RECENT: MEDICAL AND SURGICAL.

YERKES OBSERVATORY, The.

The Yerkes Observatory, built and equipped for the University

of Chicago, by Mr. Charles T. Yerkes, of Chicago, at the

village of Williams Bay, near Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, was

opened and dedicated on the 21st of October, 1897. A

remarkable gathering of eminent astronomers gave distinction

to the occasion. The Observatory was pronounced to be the most

perfectly equipped in the world. The lens of its great

telescope—40 inch objective—the last great work of the late

Alvan G. Clark, of Cambridge, Massachusetts was then the

largest ever made. Its cost was $66,000; the cost of the

equatorial mounting was $55,000.

YOUNG PEOPLE'S SOCIETY OF CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR.

See (in this volume)

CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR, YOUNG PEOPLE'S SOCIETY OF.

YUKON, The district of.

See (in this volume)

CANADA: A. D. 1895.

{701}

Z.

ZAMBESIA, Northern.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY):

A. D. 1894-1895.

ZANZIBAR: A. D. 1895.

Mainland divisions of the Sultanate included

in British East Africa Protectorate.

See (in this volume)

BRITISH EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE: A. D. 1895-1897.

ZANZIBAR: A. D. 1896.

British suppression of an usurper.

See (in this volume)

AFRICA: A. D. 1896 (ZANZIBAR).

ZANZIBAR: A. D. 1897.

Abolition of the legal status of slavery.

See (in this volume)

AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (ZANZIBAR).

ZANZIBAR: A. D. 1899.

Renunciation of rights of extra-territoriality by Germany.

See (in this volume)

SAMOAN ISLANDS.

ZIONIST MOVEMENT, The.

See (in this volume)

JEWS: A. D. 1897-1901.

ZULULAND:

Extension of boundary.

See (in this volume)

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (ZULULAND).

ZULULAND:

Annexation to Natal Colony.

See (in this volume)

AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (ZULULAND).

ZOLA, Emile, and the Dreyfus case.

See (in this volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1897-1899, and 1900 (DECEMBER).

ZONA LIBRE.

See (in this volume)

MEXICAN FREE ZONE.

{702}

CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD OF EVENTS.

1895-1901.

1895.

January 1, 1895.

Murder of the reigning prince of Chitral,

on the northwestern Indian border.

January 7, 1895.

Independence of Korea proclaimed at Seoul.

January 13, 1895.

Death of Sir John Seeley (Professor John Robert Seeley).

January 17, 1895.

Election of M. Felix Faure President of the French Republic.

January 21, 1895.

Agreement between Great Britain and France defining the

boundaries of the hinterland of Sierra Leone.

January 22-23, 1895.

Resignation of President Saenz Peña of the Argentine

Republic, and election of President Uriburu.

January 24, 1895.

Death of Lord Randolph Churchill.

January 26, 1895.

Death of Arthur Cayley, English mathematician.

Death of Nikolai Karlovich de Giers, Russian statesman.

January 28, 1895.

Death of François Canrobert, Marshal of France.

February 7, 1895.

Rejection by the United States House of Representatives of

the measure asked for by President Cleveland for the relief

of the national treasury.

February 8, 1895.

Contract by the United States Secretary of the Treasury with

New York and London banking houses for supply of gold to

the treasury.

Death of Reginald Stuart Poole, English archæologist.

February 12, 1895.

Death of Charles Etienne Gayarré, historian of Louisiana.

February 16, 1895.

Death of Lady Stanley of Alderley.

February 18, 1895.

Death of Archduke Albrecht of Austria.

February 20, 1895.

Death of Frederick Douglass, the most eminent colored man

of his day.

February 24, 1895.

Renewal of insurrection in Cuba against Spanish rule.

March 1, 1895.

Beginning of the siege of a small force of British-Indian

troops in the fort at Chitral by surrounding tribes.

March 2, 1895.

Death of the Grand Duke Alexis,

brother of the Tzar Alexander III.

Death of Professor John Stuart Blackie.

Death of Ismail Pasha, ex-Khedive of Egypt.

March 5, 1895.

Death of Sir Henry Rawlinson, English archæologist.

March 9, 1895.

Death of Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, German novelist.

March 11, 1895.

Agreement between Great Britain and Russia for fixing the

northern frontier of Afghanistan from Zulfikar on the

Heri-Rud to the Pamirs.

March 17, 1895.

Bloody battle in the streets of Lima, Peru, ending in the

overthrow of the usurping government of Caceres.

March 18, 1895.

Death of Captain Adam Badeau, military

biographer of General Grant.

March 31, 1895.

Death of Sir George Chesney, military writer.

April 20, 1895.

Relief of the beleaguered British garrison at Chitral.

April 30, 1895.

Death of Gustav Freytag, German novelist.

May 1, 1895.

Proclamation by the British South Africa Company giving

the name "Rhodesia" to its territories.

May 4, 1895.

Death of Roundell Pulmer, 1st Earl of Selborne.

May 5, 1895.

Death of Karl Vogt, German biologist.

May 6, 1895.

Re-hearing granted by the Supreme Court of the United States

on cases testing constitutionality of the income tax.

May 10, 1895.

Relinquishment by Japan of the Fêng-tien peninsula in China.

Census of the Argentine Republic.

May 20, 1895.

Final decision of the Supreme Court of the United States

against the constitutionality of the income tax.

May 23, 1895.

Consolidation of the Astor and Lenox libraries with the

"Tilden Trust," to form the New York Public Library.

May 24, 1895.

Death of Hugh McCulloch, American statesman and financier.

May 28, 1895.

Death of Walter Quinton Gresham,

United States Secretary of State.

May 30, 1895.

Death of Frederick Locker-Lampson, English poet.

May 31, 1895.

Death of Emily Faithfull, philanthropist and author.

June 14, 1895.

Census of the German Empire.

June 17, 1895.

Celebration of the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Ship Canal

between the Baltic and North seas.

June 21-22, 1895.

Defeat in the British Parliament and resignation of the

Ministry of Lord Rosebery;

Lord Salisbury called to form a new government.

June 29, 1895.

Death of Professor Thomas Henry Huxley,

English biologist and scientific man of letters.

{703}

July 1, 1895.

Final transfer of the territories of the British East Africa

Company to the British government;

completed organization of the East Africa Protectorate.

July 8, 1895.

Opening of the railway from Delagoa Bay to Pretoria,

in the Transvaal.

July 13, 1895.

Parliamentary elections begun in Great Britain, resulting in a

large majority for the Conservatives and Liberal Unionists.

July 15, 1895.

Assassination of Mr. Stambouloff, late chief Minister in the

Bulgarian government, who died of his wounds on the 19th.

July 20, 1895.

Pressing despatch of Mr. Olney, United States Secretary of

State, to the American Ambassador to Great Britain, on the

question of the Venezuela boundary, asserting the Monroe

Doctrine.

July 21, 1895.

Death of Professor Rudolph von Gneist, German jurist and

historian.

July 24, 1895.

Defeat of Protectionist policy in the Parliamentary election,

New South Wales.

July 31, 1895.

Death of Heinrich von Sybel, historian, and Director of the

Prussian State Archives.

Death of Richard M. Hunt, American architect.

August 1, 1895.

Massacre of English and American missionaries at Hua Sang

in China.

August 2, 1895.

Death of Joseph Thomson, African explorer.

August 12, 1895.

Opening of the first session of the new Parliament in

Great Britain.

August 13, 1895.

Death of Christian Bernhard Tauchnitz, Leipzig publisher.

September 2, 1895.

Government of a young native prince, under British tutelage

and protection established at Chitral.

September 16-18, 1895.

Adoption of a constitution and organization of a republican

government by the Cuban insurgents.

September 18, 1895.

Opening of the Cotton States and International Exposition

at Atlanta.

September 20, 1895.

Executive order by President Cleveland for the improvement

of the consular service of the United States.

September 28, 1895.

Death of Louis Pasteur, the father of bacteriology.

September 30, 1895.

Attack by Turkish police in Constantinople on Armenians who

had gathered to present their grievances to the Sultan.

October 3, 1895.

Death of Professor Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen, Norwegian-American

novelist and poet.

October 7, 1895.

Death of William Wetmore Story, American sculptor and author.

October 8-9, 1895.

Massacre of Armenians at Trebizond by a Turkish mob.

October 17, 1895.

Turkish imperial irade directing reforms in Armenia which

were not carried out.

October 21, 1895.

Death of Henry Reeve, English author and editor.

November 4, 1895.

Revolutionary installation of Aloy Alfaro as executive chief

of the Republic of Ecuador.

Death of Eugene Field, American poet and journalist.

November 8, 1895.

Discovery of the X rays by Professor Rontgen.

November 9, 1895.

Death of Colonel Benjamin Wait, a leader of the Canadian

rebellion of 1837.

November 20, 1895.

Death of Chimelli de Marini, known as Rustem Pasha.

November 25, 1895.

More rigorous anti-slavery law instituted in Egypt.

Death of Jules Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, French statesman

and orientalist.

November 26, 1895.

Reply of Lord Salisbury, for the British government,

to the despatch of Mr. Olney, on the Venezuela question.

Death of Henry Seebohm, English naturalist.

November 27, 1895.

Death of Alexandre Dumas, the younger.

November 29, 1895.

Death of Count Edward Taaffe, Austrian statesman.

December 8, 1895.

Death of George Augustus Sala, English journalist.

December 12, 1895.

Death of Allen G. Thurman,

American political leader and statesman.

December 17, 1895.

Message of President Cleveland to the Congress of the

United States on the boundary dispute between

Great Britain and Venezuela.

Death of Antonio Gallenga (Luigi Mariotti),

Italian revolutionist, journalist, and author.

December 18-20, 1895.

Passage by the two branches of the Congress of the United

States of an act authorizing the President to appoint a

commission to ascertain the true boundary of Venezuela.

December 20, 1895.

Special Message of President Cleveland to the Congress of

the United States on the financial situation of the country.

December 23, 1895.

Death of "Stepniak," Russian revolutionist and author.

Death of John Russell Hind, English astronomer.

December 27-28, 1895.

Passage of temporary tariff bill and bill to maintain the

coin redemption fund, by the United States House of

Representatives.

December 29, 1895.

Raid by Dr. Jameson, Administrator of the British South Africa

Company, into the Transvaal, with an armed force of 500 men.

1896.

January 1, 1896.

Appointment of an United States Commission to investigate the

divisional line between Venezuela and British Guiana.

Surrender of Dr. Jameson and his raiders to the Boers.

New constitution for South Carolina brought into effect.

January 3, 1896.

Congratulatory telegram from the German Emperor, William II.,

to President Kruger, of the South African Republic,

on the defeat of the Jameson Raid.

January 8, 1896.

Destructive earthquake shock in Persia.

Death of Paul Verlaine, French poet.

January 10, 1896.

Proclamation of President Kruger to the inhabitants of

Johannesburg, promising them a municipal government.

January 11, 1896.

Death of João de Deus, Portuguese poet.

{704}

January 15, 1896.

Declaration of agreement between Great Britain and France

concerning Siam.

January 17, 1896.

Occupation of Kumassi, the capital of Ashanti, by British

forces, and submission of King Prempeh.

January 18, 1896.

Submission by the Queen of Madagascar to a

French protectorate of the island.

January 20, 1896.

Death of Prince Henry of Battenberg.

January 24, 1896.

Death of Lord Leighton, English painter.

January 29, 1896.

Death of the Right Honourable Hugh Culling Eardley Childcrs,

ex-Chancellor of the Exchequer, Great Britain.

February 1, 1896.

Substitution, by the United States Senate, of a free silver

coinage bill for the House bill to maintain the coin

redemption fund.

February 6, 1896.

Death of Jean Auguste Barre, French sculptor.

February 8, 1896.

Signing of treaty between United States and Great Britain for

the arbitration of British claims for seizure of sealing vessels.

February 10, 1896.

Arrival of General Weyler at Havana as Governor and

Captain-General of Cuba.

February 11, 1896.

Notification by the French government to the Powers that it

had taken final possession of Madagascar.

February 14, 1896.

Rejection by the United States House of Representatives of

the Senate substitute for its bill to maintain the coin

redemption fund.

February 16, 1896.

Promulgation of Weyler's concentration order in Cuba.

February 25, 1896.

Defeat of the House tariff bill in the United States Senate.

February 26, 1896.

Death of Arsène Houssaye, French author.

February 27, 1896.

Reopening of a discussion of the Venezuela boundary question

between the governments of the united States and Great Britain.

March 1, 1896.

Defeat of the Italians by the Abyssinians at Adowa.

March 5, 1896.

Suggestion by Lord Salisbury of a general treaty of

arbitration between the United States and Great Britain.

March 10-12, 1896.

Passage of the Raines Liquor Law by the two branches of the

New York Legislature.

March 21, 1896.

Beginning of the Anglo-Egyptian movement for the recovery of

the Sudan from the Dervishes.

March 22, 1896.

Death of Thomas Hughes, author of "Tom Brown's School Days."

March 24, 1896.

Death of President Hippolyte of the Haytien Republic.

March 28, 1896.

Death of Mrs. Elizabeth Charles, English author.

March 30, 1896.

Resumption of the authority of the Pope over the Coptic Church,

and re-establishment of the Catholic patriarchate of

Alexandria.

March 31, 1896.

Reopening of the military and naval service of the United

States to persons who had held commissions in the Confederate

army or navy during the civil war.

April 6, 1896.

Revival of Olympic games at Athens.

April 8.

Highest latitude reached by Dr. Nansen, within 261 statute

miles of the north pole.

April 11, 1896.

Death of Charilaos Trikoupis, Greek statesman.

April 21, 1896.

Death of Jean Baptiste Léon Say, French statesman.

Death of Baron Hirsch, financier

and millionaire-philanthropist.

April 24, 1896.

Promulgation of amendments to the constitution of the

Republic of Mexico.

April 26, 1896.

Death of Sir Henry Parkes, Australian statesman.

May 1, 1896.

Opening of German industrial exposition at Berlin.

Assassination of the Shah of Persia.

Promulgation of additional amendments to the Mexican

constitution.

May 2, 1896.

Opening of the great national exposition and festival at

Buda-Pesth to celebrate the millennium of the

kingdom of Hungary.

May 3, 1896.

Death of Alfred William Hunt, English artist.

May 4, 1896.

Opening of the National Electrical Exposition in New York.

May 6, 1896.

Promulgation of civil service rules by President Cleveland,

adding 29,000 places to the classified service under the

government of the United States.

May 11, 1896.

The bill to consolidate New York, Brooklyn, and neighboring

cities, in the "Greater New York," made law by the

Governor's signature.

May 19, 1896.

Promulgation of the law of public education in Mexico,

establishing a national system.

Publication in England of the manifesto of a New Radical Party,

led by Sir Charles Dilke and Mr. Labouchere.

Death of the Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria.

May 20, 1896.

Death of Madame Clara Schumann, pianist.

May 24, 1896.

Outbreak of Turks against the Christians in Canea, Crete.

Death of Edward Armitage, English artist.

May 26, 1896.

Coronation of the Russian Tzar, Nicholas II.;

suffocation of nearly 3,000 people at the feasting.

May 27, 1896.

The city of St. Louis struck by a cyclone.

May 27-28, 1896.

Meeting of the national convention of the Prohibition Party,

at Pittsburgh, to nominate candidates for President and

Vice President of the United States.

June 2, 1896.

Death of Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs, African explorer.

June 4, 1896.

Death of Ernesto Rossi, Italian actor and author.

June 7, 1896.

Battle of the British and Egyptian army with the Dervishes

at Ferket.

June 8, 1896.

Death of Jules Simon, French statesmen and philosopher.

June 9, 1896.

Appointment of Commission to draft the "Greater New York"

charter.

June 16-18, 1896.

Meeting, at St. Louis, of the Republican national convention,

and nomination of William McKinley and Garret A. Hobart for

President and Vice President of the United States.

{705}

June 23, 1896.

Parliamentary elections in Canada, and substantial victory

of the Liberal Party.

Death of Sir Joseph Prestwich, English geologist.

June 26, 1896.

Resignation of Cecil J. Rhodes from the board of directors

of the British South Africa Company.

June 28, 1896.

Re-election of President Diaz, of Mexico, for a fifth term.

July 1, 1896.

Abolition of inter-state taxes in Mexico.

Death of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe.

July 4-10, 1896.

Meeting, in New York, of the national convention of the

Socialist Labor Party, to nominate candidates for President

and Vice President of the United States.

July 7-11, 1896.

Meeting, at Chicago, of the Democratic national convention,

and nomination of William J. Bryan and Arthur Sewall for

President and Vice President of the United States.

July 8, 1896.

Retirement of Sir Charles Tupper from and succession of Sir

Wilfrid Laurier to the Prime Ministry of the Canadian government.

July 11, 1896.

Death of Right Honourable Sir Augustus Berkeley Paget,

diplomatist.

July 12, 1896.

Death of Professor Ernst Curtius, German historian.

July 14, 1896.

First international conference in London to plan co-operative

work in the preparation of a catalogue of scientific

literature.

July 16, 1896.

Death of Edmond Huot Goncourt, French novelist.

July 17, 1896.

Report of an investigating committee of the Cape Colony House

of Assembly declaring Mr. Rhodes to be responsible for the

Jameson Raid.

July 20, 1896.

Opening of the trial, in England, of Dr. Jameson and other

leaders of the raid into the Transvaal.

Death of Charles Dickens, eldest son of the novelist.

July 22, 1896.

Meeting of the convention of the National Silver Party,

at St. Louis, to endorse the nominations of Bryan and Sewall,

for President and Vice President of the United States.

July 22-25, 1896.

Meeting of the People's, or Populist Party in national

convention at St. Louis;

nomination of William J. Bryan and Thomas E. Watson for

President and Vice President of the United States.

July 23, 1896.

Death of Mary Dickens, eldest daughter of Charles Dickens.

July 26, 1896.

Tidal wave on the coast of Kiangsu, China, destroying

several thousand people.

July 28, 1896.

Conviction of Dr. Jameson and four of his subordinates.

July 30, 1896.

Resolution of the British House of Commons to investigate

the administration of the British South Africa Company.

August, 1896.

Discovery of the Klondike gold fields.

August 1, 1896.

Death of Right Honourable Sir William R. Grove,

jurist and man of science.

August 19, 1896.

Death of Professor Josiah Dwight Whitney, American geologist.

August 25, 1896.

Revolution in the sultanate of Zanzibar suppressed by British

forces.

Arrangement of Turkey with the Powers for reforms in Crete.

August 26-28, 1896.

Attack of Armenians on the Ottoman Bank at Constantinople;

horrible massacre of Armenians by the Turks.

August 27, 1896.

Appointment of Monsignor Martinelli to succeed Cardinal

Satolli as Papal Delegate to the United States.

August 30, 1896.

Death of Prince Alexis Borisovich Lobanof-Rostofski,

Russian statesman and diplomatist.

August 31, 1896.

Proclamation establishing a British protectorate over the

hinterland of Sierra Leone.

September 2-3, 1896.

Meeting of a convention of the National Democratic Party at

Indianapolis;

nomination of General John M. Palmer and General Simon B.

Buckner for President and Vice President of the United States.

September 15, 1896.

Publication in the Paris "Eclair" of the fact that Captain

Alfred Dreyfus (degraded and imprisoned in 1894 for alleged

betrayal of military secrets to a foreign power) was

convicted on the evidence of a document shown secretly to

the court martial, and unknown to the prisoner and his counsel.

September 23, 1896.

The Dervishes driven from Dongola by the Anglo-Egyptian army.

September 27, 1896.

Abolition of slavery in Madagascar by decree of the

French Resident-General.

September 29, 1896.

Official announcement of bubonic plague at Bombay.

October 3, 1896.

Death of William Morris, English poet.

October 8, 1896.

Death of George Du Maurier, English artist and novelist.

October 11, 1896.

Death of Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury.

October 20-22, 1896.

Celebration of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of

the founding of The College of New Jersey, which then

formally assumed the name of Princeton University.

October 26, 1896.

Peace made between the government of Italy and King Menelek,

of Abyssinia.

Death of Paul Amand Challemel Lacour, French publicist.

November 3, 1896.

Presidential election in the United States.

November 9, 1896.

Announcement by Lord Salisbury of the settlement of the

Venezuela question between Great Britain and the United States.

November 11, 1896.

Death of Mrs. Mary Frances Scott-Siddons, actress.

November 16, 1896.

First transmission of electric power from Niagara Falls to

Buffalo.

November 21, 1896.

Death of Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, physician,

scientific investigator, and author.

November 26, 1896.

Death of Coventry Patmore, English poet.

Death of Mathilde Blind, author.

Death of Benjamin Apthorp Gould, American astronomer.

December 1, 1896.

Death of Heinrich Gätke, painter and naturalist.

December 7, 1896.

Death of Antonio Maceo, leader of Cuban insurgents,

killed in a skirmish with the Spaniards.

December 10, 1896.

Death of Alfred Noble, Swedish engineer and founder of a

great fund for annually rewarding benefactors of humanity.

{706}

December 11, 1896.

Political suffrage extended to women in Idaho by an amendment

of the constitution.

December 15, 1896.

Death of Emile François Chatrousse, French sculptor.

1897.

January 3, 1897

Death of Vivien St. Martin, French geographer.

January 3-4, 1897.

Outbreak of conflict between Christians

and Moslems at Canea in Crete.

January 5, 1897.

Death of George Whiting Flagg, American painter.

January 11, 1897.

Signing, at Washington, of a general treaty between the

United States and Great Britain for the arbitration of all

matters of difference.

January 12, 1897.

Meeting, at Indianapolis, of a national convention of

delegates from commercial organizations to take measures

for promoting monetary reform in the United States.

January 15, 1897.

Death of Sir Travers Twiss, English jurist.

January 16, 1897.

Death of Joel Tyler Headley, American man of letters.

January 27, 1897.

Overthrow of the slave-raiding Emir of Nupé by forces of

the Royal Niger Company.

February 2, 1897.

Signing, at Washington, of the treaty of arbitration

between Great Britain and Venezuela.

February 7, 1897.

Union of Crete with Greece proclaimed by insurgent Christians

at Halepa.

February 9, 1897.

The taking of the first general census of the Russian Empire.

Death of Eliza Greatorex, American painter.

February 11, 1897.

Announcement by the government of Greece to the Powers that

it had determined to intervene by force in behalf of the

Christians of Crete.

February 12, 1897.

Death of Homer Dodge Martin, American artist.

February 14, 1897.

Landing of a Greek expedition of 2,000 men in Crete,

under Colonel Vassos.

February 15, 1897.

Landing of a mixed force at Canea, Crete, by the Powers of

the "European Concert," to protect the town;

proclamation by the Greek commander, Colonel Vassos, that he

had occupied the island in the name of the King of the Greeks.

February 16, 1897.

Beginning of the British parliamentary investigation of the

Jameson Raid.

Presentation by the South African Republic of its claim for

indemnity on account of the Jameson Raid.

February 17, 1897.

Attack by the Greeks on the Turkish forces at Canea.

February 18, 1897.

Capture of Benin by British forces.

February 22, 1897.

Death of Jean François Gravelet Blondin, French acrobat.

March 2, 1897.

Veto of Immigration Bill by President Cleveland.

Joint note by the powers of the "Concert" to Greece and

Turkey, declaring that Crete cannot be annexed to Greece, but

that the island will be endowed by the Powers with an

autonomous administration.

March 4, 1897.

Inauguration of William McKinley in the office of President

of the United States.

March 6, 1897.

Death of Reverend Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, English author.

March 11, 1897.

Death of Professor Henry Drummond, Scottish religious writer.

March 15, 1897.

Meeting of Congress in extra session called by the President.

March 21, 1897.

"Pacific blockade" of the coast of Crete established by the

Powers of the European Concert.

March 25, 1897.

Passage of the Elementary Education Act by the British

House of Commons.

March 27, 1897.

Death of William Taylor Adams (Oliver Optic), American writer

of fiction for young readers.

March 30, 1897.

Opening of debate in the British Parliament on the report of

a Royal Commission on the financial relations between

Great Britain and Ireland.

March 31, 1897.

Passage of the Dingley tariff bill by the United States

House of Representatives.

April.

Unprecedented floods along the Mississippi river.

April 3, 1897.

Death of Johannes Brahms, German composer.

April 5, 1897.

Publication in Austria of the language decrees for Bohemia.

April 6, 1897.

Edict of the Sultan of Zanzibar terminating the legal

status of slavery.

April 9, 1897.

Incursion of irregular Greek troops into Turkish territory.

April 10, 1897.

Death of Daniel Wolsey Voorhees, United States Senator.

April 12, 1897.

Appointment of commissioners from the United States to

negotiate in Europe for an international bi-metallic agreement.

Formal delivery to the Governor of Massachusetts of the

manuscript of Bradford's History of Plymouth Colony

(called "the Log of the Mayflower ") as a gift from England.

Death of Edward Drinker Cope, American naturalist.

April 17, 1897.

Turkish declaration of a state of war with Greece; beginning

of hostilities between regular troops, at Milouna Pass.

April 22-24, 1897.

Retreat of the Greek army in panic rout from Tyrnavo.

April 27, 1897.

Resignation of the Greek Ministry of M. Delyannis.

April 30, 1897.

Repulse by the Greeks of a Turkish attack on positions

near Velestino.

Formation of a new Ministry in Greece, under Demetrius Ralli.

May 1, 1897.

Opening of the Centennial Exposition at Nashville, Tennessee.

May 2-7, 1897.

Continued attacks by the Turks on the line held by the Greeks

between Pharsala and Volo; withdrawal of the Greeks to Domoko.

May 14, 1897.

Fire in a charity bazaar at Paris which was horribly

destructive of life.

The "Greater New York" charter becomes law.

May 15, 1897.

Rejection by the United States Senate of the arbitration

treaty negotiated between the United States and Great Britain.

May 16, 1897.

Death of Henri Eugene Philippe Louis, Duc d' Aumale, French

prince of the Bourbon-Orleans family, soldier and author.

Death of James Theodore Bent, English traveler and writer.

{707}

May 8, 1897.

Announcement by the Greek government to the Powers that

Colonel Vassos and his forces would be withdrawn from Crete.

May 11, 1897.

Proffer by the Powers of the European Concert of mediation

between Turkey and Greece.

May 17, 1897.

Defeat of the Greeks by the Turks at Domoko.

May 20, 1897.

Arrangement of an armistice between the Turks and the Greeks.

May 23, 1897.

Withdrawal of the last of the Greek troops from Crete.

June 1, 1897.

Census taken in Egypt.

June 2, 1897.

Opening of the Commercial Museum in Philadelphia.

June 3, 1897.

Opening of negotiations for peace between

Turkey and Greece at Constantinople.

June 10, 1897.

Effect given to a new constitution for the State of Delaware,

establishing an educational qualification of the suffrage.

Rising of tribes on the Afghan frontier of India against the

British.

June 14, 1897.

Convention between France and Great Britain, establishing the

boundaries of their respective claims in the Niger region of

West Africa.

June 16, 1897.

Transmission to Congress of a new treaty for the annexation

of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States.

June 20-22, 1897.

Celebration in London of the sixtieth anniversary—the

"Diamond Jubilee"—of the accession of Queen Victoria to the

throne of the United Kingdom.

June 24, 1897.

Conference at London of the Premiers of British colonies with

the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

June 25, 1897.

Death of Mrs. Margaret Oliphant (Wilson) Oliphant, Scottish

novelist and writer in many fields.

July 2, 1897.

Death of Adjutant-General Francis Amasa Walker,

American economist.

July 7, 1897.

Passage of the Dingley tariff bill by the United States

Senate, with many amendments.

July 8, 1897.

Death of Isham Green Harris, United States Senator.

July 10, 1897.

Death of Daniel Greenleaf Thompson, American author.

July 11, 1897.

Adoption of constitutional amendments in Switzerland by

popular vote.

The starting of Andrée from Spitzbergen on his attempted

balloon voyage to the north pole.

July 12-15, 1897.

Conference of American commissioners with Lord Salisbury and

other British ministers, on the subject of an international

bi-metallic agreement.

July 13, 1897.

Report of the British parliamentary committee which

investigated the Jameson Raid.

Death of Alfred Marshall Mayer, American physicist.

July 14, 1897.

Death of Anthony John Mundella, English statesman.

July 15, 1897.

Death of Brigadier-General Philippe Regis de Trobriand,

French officer in the American civil war, and writer.

July 20, 1897.

Death of Sir John Skelton, Scottish historian.

Death of Sir John Charles Bucknill, English alienist.

July 24, 1897.

Final passage of the Dingley tariff bill by both branches

of the United States Congress.

July 26, 1897.

Attack on British garrisons in the Swat Valley

(Afghan frontier of India), excited by "the mad mullah."

July 30, 1897.

Death of Étienne Vacherot, French philosopher.

August 2, 1897.

Death of Adam Asnyk, Polish poet.

August 5, 1897.

Death of James Hammond Trumbull. American philologist.

August 8, 1897.

Assassination of Señor Canovas del Castillo,

Prime Minister of Spain.

August 25, 1897.

Assassination of President Borda, of Uruguay.

August 29-31, 1897.

Meeting of the first congress of the Zionists at Basle.

August 31, 1897.

Speech by the German Emperor at Coblenz, asserting

"kingship by the grace of God," with "responsibility to the

Creator alone."

Death of Mrs. Louisa Lane Drew, actress.

September 10, 1897.

Death of Theodore Lyman, American naturalist.

September 11, 1897.

Death of Reverend Abel Stevens,

American historian of the Methodist church.

September 12, 1897.

Ending of a great strike of coal miners in the United States,

which began in July.

September 16, 1897.

Death of Edward Austin Sheldon, American educator.

September 17, 1897.

Death of Henry Williams Sage, American philanthropist.

September 18, 1897.

Signing of a preliminary treaty of peace

between Turkey and Greece.

September 20, 1897.

Death of Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian.

September 22, 1897.

Meeting at Washington of a commission on monetary reform,

appointed by the Indianapolis Convention of January 12.

Death of Charles Denis Sauter Bourbaki, French general.

September 28, 1897.

Vote on proposed constitutional amendments in New Jersey.

October 1, 1897.

Introduction of the gold monetary standard in Japan.

October 2, 1897.

Death of Neal Dow, American temperance reformer.

October 4, 1897.

Death of Professor Francis William Newman,

English scholar and philosopher.

October 6, 1897.

The Philippine Islands swept by a typhoon,

destroying over 6,000 lives.

Death of Sir John Gilbert, English artist.

October 18, 1897.

Death of Rear-Admiral John Lorimer Worden, U. S. N.

October 19, 1897.

Death of George Mortimer Pullman, American inventor.

October 21, 1897.

Opening and dedication of the Yerkes Observatory,

at Williams Bay, Wisconsin.

October 22, 1897.

Death of Justin Winsor, American historian and bibliographer.

October 24, 1897.

Death of Francis Turner Palgrave, English poet.

October 25, 1897.

Death of John Sartain, American artist.

Death of John Stoughton, English church historian.

October 27, 1897.

Death of Mary, Duchess of Teck.

Death of Alexander Milton Ross, Canadian naturalist.

{708}

October 28, 1897.

Stormy session of the Austrian Reichsrath; twelve-hours'

speech of Dr. Lecher.

Death of Hercules George Robinson, Baron Rosmead,

British colonial administrator.

October 29, 1897.

Death of Henry George, American economist.

November 2, 1897.

Election of the first Mayor of "Greater New York."

Death of Sir Rutherford Alcock, British diplomatist.

November 4, 1897.

Seizure by Germany of the port of Kiao-chau on the

northeastern coast of China.

November 6, 1897.

Signing of treaty between Russia, Japan and the United States,

providing for a suspension of pelagic sealing.

November 10, 1897.

Adoption of plans for a building for the

New York Public Library.

November 14, 1897.

Death of Thomas Williams Evans, American dentist in Paris,

founder of the Red Cross Society in the Franco-Prussian war.

November 15, 1897.

Commandant Esterhazy denounced to the French Minister of War,

by M. Matthieu Dreyfus, as the author of the "bordereau" on

which Captain Alfred Dreyfus was secretly convicted.

November 16, 1897.

The Dreyfus case brought into the French Chamber of Deputies

by a question to the Minister of War.

November 19, 1897.

Great fire in London, beginning in Aldersgate and spreading

over six acres, destroying property estimated at £2,000,000

in value.

Death of Henry Calderwood, Scottish philosopher.

November 21, 1897.

Death of Sir Charles Edward Pollock, English jurist.

November 23, 1897.

Death of A. Bardoux, French statesman.

November 25, 1897.

Promulgation by royal decree at Madrid of a constitution

establishing self-government in Cuba and Porto Rico.

November 29, 1897.

Death of James Legge, Scotch oriental scholar.

December, 1897.

Annexation of Zululand to Natal Colony.

December 5, 1897.

Death of Mrs. Alice Wellington Rollins, American author.

December 14.

Signing of the treaty of Biac-na-bato, between the Spaniards

and the insurgent Filipinos.