SHRUB GROUPS FOR WINTER AND SUMMER EFFECT
In the gardens of Lord Aldenham at Elstree an interesting feature is the
grouping of shrubs for summer and winter effect, and some valuable
notes, contributed to the _Garden_ on this subject, may be helpful to
those desirous of getting the best results from both tree and shrub:--
The grouping of suitable subjects, either in the pleasure-ground proper,
on the margin of wood, lake, and stream, and especially so in the
half-wild garden, when carefully carried out, has such a good effect at
all seasons that it is difficult to understand why it is not more
generally done, for only when massed together is it possible to see the
true beauty of many of the commoner hardy shrubs. For some years this
way of planting has been practised at Elstree to a considerable extent,
and the following experience may be helpful to others.
The chief desire here has been to create autumn and winter effect, and
Nature has been of slight assistance to the planter, as the land is not
undulating but generally flat and uninteresting, consequently much
thought and attention have been devoted to attaining the desired object.
No two shrubs grown either for the beauty of their leaves or bark
should be mixed together; the display is more pleasurable when they are
kept apart.
Having determined on the sites to be planted, use white stakes for
marking the outline, and plant boldly. The ground should be thoroughly
trenched, and poor land well enriched with farmyard manure, and the
planting proceeded with either in spring or early autumn. This planting
will apply to dwarf-growing subjects. The deciduous section is dealt
with first.
ARONIA FLORIBUNDA.--A delightful plant when grown as a bush, bearing
sweetly-scented hawthorn-like flowers in May, very effective, and
succeeded by a wealth of deep-purple berries in autumn. This should also
receive an annual pruning during winter or early spring. Allow a
distance of 2 feet 6 inches between the plants, which are well suited
for any purpose. The ground should be kept clean underneath it.
BERBERIS THUNBERGI.--Few deciduous shrubs can excel this for its
beautiful foliage during autumn, and it deserves to be planted more
extensively. In no position is it seen to better advantage than when in
large masses over bold pieces of rock. The shrub should not be pruned,
but allowed to retain its natural habit, and will succeed in almost any
soil. No plant is better adapted for such positions.
BERBERIS VULGARIS PURPUREIS.--This has deep-purple foliage of a very
pleasing shade, and it bears bright-scarlet berries in autumn, succeeds
best on chalky soils, should be cut close to the ground every third
winter, and the soil left undisturbed about the roots. _B. v.
foliis-purpureis_ is remarkable for its very dark purple leaves
throughout the summer. Cut back every spring; it succeeds in poor
ground. _B. aristata_ is very distinct in winter; bark brownish-red. _B.
virescens_ is another charming winter shrub.
COLUTEA ARBORESCENS.--The Bladder Senna may be planted in the half-wild
garden, and will succeed in almost any position and in any soil. Its
yellow flowers in July are pretty, but the seed-vessels during winter
are most effective; it should be pruned back hard annually. There are
several varieties, each of which are equally well adapted for this
purpose. Plant 3 feet apart.
CORNUS SANGUINEA (Dogwood).--Few deciduous shrubs are more easily grown
or more effective during winter than the Scarlet Dogwood. It may be
grouped in any position either in the gardens or outside when of any
extent, and when space is no object the beds or groups can hardly be too
large. The foliage attains a beautiful bronze tint during autumn, but
unfortunately soon falls. The position should be open, and it is
absolutely essential that the growths be cut to the ground annually the
first week in April, bearing in mind that it is only the young wood
which puts on its brightly-coloured robe in winter, and the more intense
the cold the better colour will be the wood. Plant 3 feet apart. _Cornus
sanguinea variegata_ is a beautiful silver variegated form of the above,
but not so vigorous. It is very fine for summer decorations, and should
be much more appreciated. Plant at a distance of 18 inches and prune
annually. The scarlet wood, though small, is very pretty in winter, but
not showy enough in the distance. _Cornus alba Spathi_ has beautiful
golden foliage in the summer, and does not lose its brightness in the
hottest years. Requires the same treatment as the above.
CORYLUS MAXIMA ATROPURPUREA.--One of our best purple-leaved plants,
especially so in early summer. Arrange to plant this near _Acer negundo
variegata_, _Sambucus nigra aurea_, or both, and the effect will be
good. It will succeed on almost any kind of well-trenched ground. Plant
the shrubs 3 feet apart, and they will require little attention, but
every fifth year the shoots should be cut clean to the ground, when the
growth and foliage will be much more robust and telling.
COTONEASTER SIMONSII.--A strong-growing shrub, and suitable for making
large groups; it is very effective during autumn and winter when studded
with its red berries. It should be planted 3 feet apart and not pruned,
but about every fifth year it should be cut close to the ground.
CYTISUS ALBUS, the Common White Broom; _Cytisus scoparius_, the Common
Yellow Broom; and the effective although newer variety, _C. scoparius_,
_andreanus_, are all delightful plants when extensively planted, not
only when in flower, but their fresh-looking green wood is pleasing at
all seasons. Plant early in April 3-1/2 feet apart, using small plants.
None of the Brooms like being cut back to the hard wood, but the young
growths may be shortened back after flowering. _C. praecox_ is perhaps
the best of the whole family, flowering profusely, and is of good habit.
It should be planted 4 feet apart, and the strong growths pegged down in
the soil.
DAPHNE MEZEREUM and the white variety _album_ are among our earliest and
most beautiful flowering shrubs; _Autumnale_ is excellent, it blooms in
late autumn. They should be planted 4 feet apart, either immediately
after flowering or in very early autumn, both flourishing best on light
soils.
DIMORPHANTHUS MANDSCHURICUS (syn. _Aralia mandschurica_).--This fine
tropical-looking plant, when planted in large beds, forms a magnificent
feature during the summer months, and in the winter the stems when bare
are both curious and interesting. It enjoys a deep rich soil, and is
easily propagated from root suckers. Plant at a distance of 5 feet
apart.
EUONYMUSES.--The true variety of _Euonymus alatus_ must rank as one of
the most valuable plants for autumn effect. Words can hardly describe
its beautiful tints. It is a slow grower, but will succeed in almost any
kind of soil. Plant 3 feet apart. _E. europaeus_ (the Spindle tree)
should be planted in large beds or masses at a distance of 4 feet apart,
and pruned annually. It deserves a place by any woodland walk or in the
half-wild garden. Thus treated it will fruit most freely, and its
pretty pink berries hanging in thick bunches are sure to attract
attention. The white variety, though as pretty, does not fruit so
freely.
FORSYTHIA SUSPENSA.--This is most effective when planted in any position
in the gardens or grounds. It makes a delightful bed when planted at a
distance of 4 feet apart, and should not be pruned. _F. viridissima_,
though not such a pretty kind as the above, is equally well suited; it
flowers profusely. Both of these flower during March and April. The
surface-soil should be pricked over every spring.
FUCHSIA RICCARTONI.--This charming old shrub makes magnificent beds in
any part of the grounds. It should be cut down close to the ground every
spring and receive a mulching of half-decayed manure. This is not
planted half so largely as it deserves to be.
HYDRANGEA PANICULATA GRANDIFLORA.--This is perfectly hardy, and few
flowering shrubs are more admired during autumn when in large beds. They
should be planted in a deep rich soil, in a moist position, 3 feet
apart, and pruned back hard annually at the end of March. We have some
which were planted sixteen years ago and have never once failed to make
a splendid display. The surface-soil should be pricked over early in
spring.
HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES (the Sea Buckthorn).--This will succeed well in any
deep moist soil. Its beautiful grey foliage shows up well during summer,
and when the male and female plants are mixed together the branches will
be wreathed with clusters of beautiful orange-coloured berries during
autumn and winter. Plant 5 feet apart and somewhat in the background.
Very little pruning will be required, except to regulate the growths.
Prick over the surface-soil annually. The Sea Buckthorn also lends
itself admirably for planting by the sides of lakes and streams or at
the back of rock-work.
HYPERICUMS.--_H. Androsaemum_ grows to the height of 2 feet 6 inches,
and is sure to be appreciated. Its flowers appear profusely during
summer, and are followed by clusters of dark-brown berries. Plant 2 feet
apart and prune close to the ground annually early in April. _H.
calycinum_ (the Common St. John's Wort) is partly evergreen and
admirably suited for clothing banks or making beds where low-growing
subjects are required; it will flourish anywhere, and should be cut
close to the ground with the shears annually. _H. moserianum_ is one of
the best of this class of plants, but needs some protection in cold
districts. _H. patulum_ is also an excellent variety, and not so
extensively planted as it deserves.
KERRIA JAPONICA.--A charming compact-growing shrub, with single
bright-yellow flowers. It is suitable for small beds or grouping in the
front of shrubberies. There is a variegated variety which is liable to
revert back to the green form, but such shoots should be kept cut out.
Very little if any other pruning is required; a poor, light, sandy soil
suits it best.
LEYCESTERIA FORMOSA.--A delightful shrub for massing in the wilderness
or wild garden; requires a deep rich soil. Its large purple and white
flowers in August and September are very pleasing, and during autumn and
winter the wood is very conspicuous, being bright green. It should be
pruned back annually, and the ground pricked over in spring. Plant at a
distance of 4 feet apart.
LONICERA (HONEYSUCKLE), LARGE DUTCH.--To see this beautiful climbing
plant at its best, make a mound of tree roots, fill in with soil, and
plant at a distance of 4 feet apart. At first the growths will require
to be trained and nailed over the roots, and when once covered they will
need little other attention. Large beds planted in this way will be sure
to be highly appreciated, if for nothing else, for the fragrance of the
flowers.
LYCIUM CHINENSE.--Commonly called Box Thorn or Tea Tree; should be
planted in large groups where it can ramble away near the water or
overhang large roots of trees or boulders. Except to regulate the
growths once a year, it will give no further trouble. There are several
other varieties well suited for the same purpose.
PYRUS JAPONICA.--This well-known early-flowering shrub may be grouped in
almost any position, but is seen to the best advantage when on raised
ground or overhanging masses of rock. It should not be pruned, but
allowed to retain its natural habit. Plant at a distance of 4 feet
apart. The variety _carnea_ is equally good, but bears more freely; the
fruits make excellent preserve, while the flowers are a beautiful flesh
colour. _C. Maulei_ is quite distinct from the above, but quite as
valuable, and flowers and fruits freely.
RHUS COTINUS (Venetian Sumach), the Smoke Plant or Wig Tree, is one of
the most effective shrubs for this purpose. A large mass of this, with
its delightfully-tinted foliage in autumn, is a pleasing picture, and is
well adapted for any position or any part of the garden. It should be
planted in deep but poor soil, at a distance of 5 feet apart, and
slightly pruned annually early in April; it requires no other attention.
_R. typhina_ (the Stag's-Horn Sumach) is one of the commonest plants
grown, with not much beauty, except when planted in large beds and cut
close to the ground annually. When treated in this way few things are
more attractive; it then throws up strong, vigorous shoots, with fine
tropical-looking foliage, which is highly attractive during summer, and
the colouring of the foliage during autumn is most conspicuous, also of
the wood during winter. When stripped of its foliage it is distinct and
pleasing; it will flourish in any soil. Plant 3 feet apart, and it is
easily propagated by root suckers.
ROSA RUGOSA.--This charming Rose, when planted in the wilderness, wild
garden, or around the lake, in large beds or masses, is always seen to
advantage; it has fragrant flowers in summer, and large, highly-coloured
fruit in autumn. Place it in the forefront of flowering plants. Plant in
deep, well-enriched soil, at a distance of 4 feet apart, and prune, like
other Roses, annually. The white variety is equally well adapted, and
may be mixed with the above.
ROSA BENGALE HERMOSA, belonging to the monthly or China section, is one
of the freest flowering and most charming of all Roses. In mild autumns
it flowers freely until Christmas when planted in sheltered positions.
It enjoys a rich soil, and should be pegged down annually, merely
thinning out the growths in spring. May go in any part of the garden or
grounds, and it is perhaps unequalled for covering southern slopes.
Fellenberg is exceptionally free also.
ROSA RUBIGINOSA (the Sweet Briar).--Every woodland walk, wilderness, or
wild garden should have one bed or more of this fragrant plant. The
delicious scent emitted from its foliage in spring after showers is very
welcome, and the bushes, when heavily laden with the bright-red fruits
in autumn and winter, are most effective. This should be planted at a
distance of 3 feet apart in well-trenched and heavily-manured ground,
and clipped over every spring.
RUBUS.--Nearly the whole of these may be freely grouped. Only those most
successful at Elstree are mentioned: _R. biflorus_ (the white-washed
Bramble) is one of the most distinct and effective of the whole class.
During winter it looks as if it had been painted white, and when planted
close to the Scarlet Dogwood is exceedingly attractive in the distance.
It succeeds best on a good deep loam, and the old growths should be cut
out every winter. Plant at a distance of 4 feet apart. _R. canadensis
rosea_ (the flowering Raspberry) is invaluable for making large beds. It
continues to produce its highly-coloured flowers freely all through the
summer and autumn. Plant 3 feet apart and thin out the old growths
annually. _R. ulmifolius roseo flore-pleno_, also the white form _alba_
(the double-flowered Blackberry), may be grouped on slopes. The old
growths should be cut out annually, and plant 4 feet apart. _R.
laciniata_ (American Blackberry) is the best of the fruiting kinds for
this purpose; it produces large crops of valuable fruit every year.
Treat in the same way as advised for the above. _R. phoenicolasius_ (the
Japanese Wineberry). This somewhat new form of Rubus is one of the best
plants for this kind of planting. It bears freely, and the fruits are
much appreciated by many, and its bright canes during winter produce a
most pleasing effect. It is a strong grower when planted in good soil at
a distance of 5 feet apart. Remove all the old canes during winter. The
ordinary garden forms of Raspberry also make fine groups in the unkept
parts of the grounds. The old growths should be pruned out each autumn,
when the young canes have a warm and pleasing appearance.
SALIX.--Many of the Willows form splendid features during the winter
months. Perhaps on a fine winter's day large masses of the
highly-coloured barked Willows can hardly be excelled for their beauty
and rich colouring, but, of course, are only adapted for waterside
planting or low, wet, marshy land. Nothing is more readily propagated
from cuttings than these. They should be planted 3 feet apart, and the
young growths pruned hard to the ground annually the last week in March,
for it must be borne in mind that any wood more than twelve months old
has very little, if any, beauty in it. The most important for the beauty
of their wood are _Salix vitellina_, the golden-barked Willow, _S. alba
britzensis_, warm, orange-coloured bark, very beautiful, _S. cardinalis_
(which has bright-red bark), and _S. purpurea_, purple. Though the last
mentioned is not so effective in the distance as the foregoing, it is
well worthy of cultivation. Only one other Willow will be mentioned; it
should be planted for its summer beauty, that is _S. rosmarinifolia_.
Its beautiful grey foliage much resembles that of Rosemary. It is not so
robust a grower as many of the family, and there is no beauty in the
wood during winter, consequently the growths should only be shortened
back to within three eyes of the base annually.
SAMBUCUS.--The Elder family, like the preceding, is a large one, and
fortunately adapts itself to almost any soil and situation. First and
foremost must be mentioned _Sambucus nigra aurea_, a bold and beautiful
tall-growing Elder, and its rich golden foliage produces a marvellous
effect in the landscape. Large bold masses of this should always be used
where practical in a half-open position. Hard pruning in this case must
be carried out, cutting the summer's growth close to the ground annually
in the last week of March. The effect of the greenish-grey wood in
winter when treated in this way is pleasing; the silvery variegated
form, though not so showy, is worthy of a place where the grounds are
extensive. Should be planted on poor soil in an open position, and
pruned hard annually. _S. n. laciniata_ (the Parsley-leaved Elder) is a
beautiful and distinct form of the cut-leaved Elder, which attains its
true character and makes splendid beds; it requires the same kind of
treatment as to pruning as the above. _S. racemosa foliis aurea_ is
unquestionably the finest variety in cultivation, and one would like to
see it more often in our gardens, but there seems to be an unreasonable
prejudice against golden-leaved shrubs, however beautiful. It does best
on a deep rich soil in a fully-exposed position, and prune back hard
early in April. The cuttings should be propagated in pots in a cold
frame. The whole of the Elders should be planted 3 feet apart.
SPARTIUM JUNCEUM (the Spanish Broom).--Flowers in early autumn and lasts
a considerable time. Its bright-yellow blooms are very telling in the
distance. Plant 4 feet apart, and prune after flowering.
[Illustration: _SPIRAEA CANESCENS (syn. flagelliformis)._]
SPIRAEAS.--Another beautiful and interesting class for effect either in
summer or winter, when sufficiently large plantations are made and
properly treated. The whole of these should be planted at a distance of
2 feet apart, on deeply-trenched and well-manured ground. The North-West
American _Spiraea Douglasi_, though one of the most common, is
unsurpassed for its distinct and beautiful wood during autumn and
winter, but the only way to see it at its best is to cut it clean to the
ground every year during the last week in March. It will then produce
young strong growths from 4 to 5 feet in height, each of which will
furnish fine heads of deep-pink flowers during summer, and its
beautiful, warm-looking, nut-brown wood in winter is among the most
richly toned of all the barks which are used to produce effect, and yet
when grown in the ordinary way, and partially pruned down, as we in
nearly all cases see it, it produces miserable flowers, and the wood is
uninteresting. About every third or fourth year after pruning give a
surface dressing of half-decayed manure and loam in equal proportions.
The prunings should be tied up and saved for staking purposes; they are
of the utmost value for all kinds of slender-growing plants. _S.
callosa_ also makes a fine bed, and is very effective during late
summer; its large heads of deep-pink flowers render it most conspicuous;
they are produced when the others are past their best. It should be cut
to the ground every third year. _S. prunifolia flore-pleno_ is a very
beautiful form, flowers freely in March and April, and its foliage
assumes lovely tints in the autumn. It is of very graceful habit, and
well suited for banks or overhanging rocks. It should be moderately
pruned each year, and when it attains to a leggy appearance cut hard
back. _S. canescens_ (syn. _flagelliformis_) makes splendid beds owing
to the pretty arrangement of the foliage. This should be pruned to the
ground annually.
SYMPHORICARPUS RACEMOSUS (the Common Snowberry) is generally regarded as
an almost worthless plant, but when in a sunny open position on
well-trenched land and cut close to the ground each year, large beds are
most attractive in autumn and winter, as by such treatment the growths
will become thickly studded with pure white fruits. _S. orbiculatus
variegatus_ is a very pretty, somewhat slow-growing golden-leaved shrub,
and should be planted in an open position. It has a tendency to revert
back to the green form. Shoots of the type should be kept cut away. This
should be slightly pruned in spring, and when leggy cut to the ground.
EVERGREENS
BERBERIS (syn. MAHONIA) AQUIFOLIUM, or Holly-leaved Barberry, is too
well known to need much description. It is one of the most useful and
accommodating of shrubs, and will succeed in almost any soil, and either
in the open or under the shade of trees is quite at home. For clothing
banks few things can equal it, and when thus used should be pruned close
to the ground after flowering. It should be planted when in a small
state 18 inches apart, choosing the beginning of April for the purpose.
It should be cut to the ground each year after planting.
BOX.--The entire Box family is excellent for grouping when the soil is
suitable, but it is waste of time to attempt planting it in large
quantities unless the position and soil agree with it. A light surface,
with a chalky subsoil, is what it enjoys.
LAURELS.--The two best Laurels are _Prunus Laurocerasus caucasica_, the
hardiest of the whole family, and _rotundifolia_. The former may be
severely pruned and is excellent for clothing large bare places,
mounds, or banks; _rotundifolia_ is a splendid variety with larger
foliage, but not so hardy. The ground in which these Laurels are to be
planted should be trenched or bastard trenched, and small plants be
planted 3 feet apart all ways. To keep them in condition, prune hard
down during the growing season twice, if not three times, when they will
remain in good health for many years. _Prunus lusitanica_ (Portugal
Laurel) is happy in heavy soils, and its beautiful dark-green leaves are
very telling. This should also be planted in trenched ground at a
distance of 5 feet apart, and pruned once only during the year. So
treated, splendid beds are formed when suitable positions are chosen.
COTONEASTER BUXIFOLIA or WHEELERI, is a fine strong-growing evergreen
for almost any soil. It is well adapted for making beds, covering large
boulders or the old roots of trees, and for covering ugly iron fencing.
_C. buxifolia_ is a graceful and pleasing plant when covered with its
bright berries, and allowed to assume its natural habit. Plant 3 feet
apart, merely thinning out the growths occasionally.
COTONEASTER MICROPHYLLA.--A very charming shrub, and when planted on a
raised position, or on overhanging rocks, tree roots, and such like,
forms beautiful masses, especially when thickly studded with its crimson
berries. It sometimes becomes badly infested with brown scale, but this
is easily got rid of by applying a strong solution of soft soap and
water with a syringe.
ILEX AQUIFOLIUM (the Common Holly).--The Holly is one of the very finest
of our evergreens for bold planting. Fortunately, it is one of the few
evergreens that will succeed and grow luxuriantly under the drip of
trees, where many other things fail. Large breadths of Holly in good
health are a pleasure to look at at all seasons of the year,
particularly when well laden with bright-scarlet berries. The Holly is
seen at its best on light, well-drained soils, that of a stiff clayey
nature (especially so when water-logged) being the most unfavourable to
its growth. Fortunately, it will adapt itself to any mode of pruning,
but unquestionably the best way to treat it is to plant in large bold
clumps, allowing it to grow away at its own sweet will. Many of the more
uncommon varieties, both green and variegated, make highly attractive
groups and beds, and where expense is of little object should most
certainly be planted.
RHODODENDRONS.--Of course, one must possess a suitable soil to plant the
more beautiful varieties in any quantity; nevertheless, the common _R.
ponticum_ and hybrid seedlings, of which there are now fortunately a
great variety, will succeed in nearly all soils free from lime. The
ground should be thoroughly broken up during autumn, and the planting
done 4 feet apart in the spring. The seed-vessels should be picked off
after flowering, and the plants are much benefited by an occasional
top-dressing of road grit and leaf soil. Even here on a cold London
clay, where the ground has been well drained and treated as above, they
succeed very well.
RUSCUS ACULEATUS (Butcher's Broom), a native of this country, is
invaluable for planting in shady, sheltered spots. It appears to enjoy
the drip from other trees, and is very accommodating as to soil and
position, but likes to remain undisturbed. _Ruscus racemosus_, which is
a native of Portugal, and commonly called the Alexandrian Laurel, is
unquestionably the best of the Ruscus family, and its growth very much
resembles that of the Bamboo. It is rarer than the commoner kinds, but
it deserves extended cultivation, being worth a good position in any
part of the gardens or grounds. It berries freely in some seasons. It
lasts remarkably well, and is very handsome in a cut state. It enjoys a
deep rich loam, but will not fail to give a good account of itself on
any soil.
JUNIPERUS SABINA TAMARISCIFOLIA is a beautiful shrub for the fringe of a
plantation, it is of robust growth, and the best of the Junipers for
this planting.
TAXUS BACCATA AUREA _variegata_ and _elegantissima_ (the Golden Yew) are
most effective evergreen shrubs. They should be planted in open sunny
positions. Without doubt _elegantissima_ has no rival, being the most
useful and telling golden evergreen shrub we have. It is of somewhat
slow growth, consequently should be planted fairly thick. Like the
Common Green Yew, it succeeds in almost any kind of soil, but it colours
best on a deep yellow loam in a thoroughly exposed position.
ULEX EUROPAEUS (Common Gorse or Whin).--This common British plant needs
little description here. When seen in its wild state, where it is
thoroughly naturalised, it presents a most charming sight. Half-wild
patches of land may easily be made suitable for it at little expense.
During winter the land should either be ploughed or dug, and the seed
sown during April, either in drills or broadcast, and the seedlings
thinned to a fair distance apart during the following spring. When once
thoroughly established, little trouble will be experienced in keeping
the ground well stocked. Occasionally, when the old plants become leggy,
they should be cut close to the ground immediately after flowering, and
in a short time these will break away freely from the bottom. _Ulex
europaeus flore-pleno_ is an invaluable plant for all kinds of
ornamental planting, and is struck from cuttings, which are potted up.
In this way the plants are distributed; nevertheless, it is a most
important plant to have. The flower is a much brighter yellow than the
common form, is produced more freely, and lasts a considerable time in
beauty. It is very suitable for either making beds or forming large
patches of colour behind rocks and among the fissures of the rock
garden. It should be planted about 3 feet apart, in fairly good ground,
and about every fifth year pruned down close to the ground.
VIBURNUM TINUS (_Laurustinus_).--A beautiful evergreen flowering shrub,
and generally well known, but unfortunately it is not sufficiently hardy
to plant in many parts of the country, especially in exposed positions.
It will grow and flower profusely in very shallow and, indeed, in almost
any soil. It makes a handsome bed, and should be planted 4 feet apart.
The Hon. Vicary Gibbs has taken keen interest in the tree and shrub
planting in the gardens of Aldenham House.