The Spark that Exploded the Magazine
The year 1914.—England’s troubles.—Plots for a “Greater
Serbia.”—The hated archduke.—The shot whose echoes shook the
whole world.—Austria’s extreme demands.—Russia threatens.—Frantic
attempts to prevent war.—Mobilizing on both sides.—Germany’s
tiger-like spring.—The forts of the Vosges Mountains.—The other
path to Paris.—The neutrality of Belgium.—Belgium defends
herself.
The year 1914 found England involved in serious difficulties. Her
parliament had voted to give home rule to Ireland. There was to
be an Irish parliament, which would govern Ireland as the Irish
wanted it governed. Ulster, a province in the northeast of
Ireland, however, was very unhappy over this arrangement. Its
people were largely of English and Scotch descent, and they were
Protestants, while the other inhabitants of Ireland were Celts
and Catholics. The people of this province were so bitter against
home rule that they actually imported rifles and drilled
regiments, saying that they would start a civil war if England
compelled them to be governed by an Irish parliament.
There were labor troubles and strikes, also, in England, and
threatened revolutions in India, where the English government was
none too popular. Altogether, the German war lords felt sure that
England had so many troubles of her own that she would never dare
to enter a general European war.
Meanwhile, the Serbians, unhappy over the loss of Bosnia and
Herzegovina to Austria, were busily stirring up the people of
these provinces to revolt. The military leaders who really ruled
Austria, were in favor of crushing these attempted uprisings with
an iron hand.
One of the leaders of this party, a man who was greatly hated by
the Bosnians, was the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, nephew of the
emperor and heir to the throne. He finally announced that he was
going in person to Sarajevo (sä rä yĕ′vō) in Bosnia to look
into the situation himself. The people of the city warned him not
to come, saying that his life would be in danger, as he was so
hated. Being a headstrong man of violent temper, he refused to
listen to this advice, but insisted on going. His devoted wife,
after doing her best to dissuade him, finally refused to let him
go without her.
When it was known that he was really coming, the Bosnian
revolutionists laid their plans. They found out just where his
carriage was to pass, and at almost every street corner, they had
some assassin with bomb or pistol. One bomb was thrown at him,
but it exploded too soon, and he escaped. Bursting with
indignation, he was threatening the mayor for his lax policing,
when a second assassin, a nineteen year old boy, stepped up with
a pistol and shot to death the archduke and his wife.
Many people have referred to this incident as the cause of the
great European war. As you have been shown, however, this was
simply the spark that exploded the magazine. With the whole
situation as highly charged as it was, any other little spark
would have been enough to set the war a-going.
The Austrian government sent word to Serbia that the crime had
been traced to Serbian plotters, some of them in the employ of
the government. It demanded that Serbia apologize; also that she
hunt out and punish the plotters at once. And because Austria did
not trust the Serbians to hold an honest investigation, she
demanded that her officers should sit in the Serbian courts as
judges.
Imagine a Japanese killed in San Francisco, and think what the
United States would say if the Tokio government insisted that a
Japanese judge be sent to California to try the case because
Japan could not trust America to give her justice! The Serbians,
of course, were in no position to fight a great power like
Austria-Hungary, and yet, weakened as they were, they could not
submit to such a demand as this. They agreed to all the Austrian
demands except the one concerning the Austrian judges in Serbian
courts. They appealed to the other powers to see that justice was
done them.
Russia growled ominously at Austria, whereupon Germany sent a
sharp warning to Russia that this was none of her affair, and
that Austria and Serbia must be left to fight it out. In the
meantime, Serbia offered to lay the matter before the court of
arbitration at the Hague. (In 1899, at the invitation of the czar
of Russia, representatives of all the great powers of Europe met
at the Hague to found a lasting court which should decide
disputes between nations fairly, and try to do away with wars, to
as great an extent as possible. The court has several times been
successful in averting trouble.)
Great Britain proposed that the dispute between Austria and
Serbia should be judged by a court composed of representatives of
France, England, Italy, and Germany. Austria’s reply to the
proposals of England and Serbia was a notice to the latter
country that she had just forty-eight hours in which to give in
completely to the Austrian demands. In the mean-time, Mr.
Sazanoff, the Russian minister of foreign affairs, was vainly
pleading with England to declare what she would do in case the
Triple Alliance started a war with France and Russia.
Kings and ministers telegraphed frantically, trying to prevent
the threatened conflict. The story was sent out by Germany that
Russia was gathering her troops, mobilizing them, as it is
called. As Russia has so much more territory to draw from than
any other country, and as her railroads are not many and are
poorly served, it was figured that it would be six weeks before
the Russian army would be ready to fight anybody. Germany, on the
other hand, with her wonderful system of government-owned
railroads, and the machine-like organization of her army, could
launch her forces across the frontier at two days’ notice. As
soon as the Germans began to hear that the Russians were
mobilizing their troops against Austria, Germany set in motion
the rapid machinery for gathering her own army. She sent a sharp
message to Russia, warning the latter that she must instantly
stop mobilizing or Germany would declare war. Next the Germans
asked France what she intended to do in case Germany and Austria
declared war on Russia. France replied that she would act in
accordance with what seemed to be her best interests. This answer
did not seem very reassuring, and without any declaration of war,
the German army rushed for the French frontier.
Now ever since the war of 1870, France had been building a line
of great forts across the narrow stretch of ground where her
territory approached that of Germany. Belfort, Toul, Epinal,
Verdun, Longwy, they ranged through the mountains northeast of
France as guardians of their country against another German
attack. To rush an army into France over this rough country and
between these great fortresses was impossible. Modern armies
carry great guns with them which cannot climb steep grades.
Therefore, if Germany wanted to strike a quick, smashing blow at
France and get her armies back six weeks later to meet the
slow-moving Russians, it was plain that she must seek some other
approach than that through the Vosges Mountains.
[Illustration: A Fort Ruined by the Big German Guns]
From Aix-La-Chapelle near the Rhine in Germany, through the
northern and western part of Belgium, there stretches a flat
plain, with level roads, easy to cross. (See map.) Now, years
before, Belgium had been promised by France, Prussia, and England
that no one of them would disturb its neutrality. In other words
it was pledged that in case of a war, no armed force of any of
these three nations should enter Belgian territory, nor should
Belgium be involved in any trouble arising among them. In case
any one of the nations named or in fact any other hostile force,
invaded Belgium, the signers of the treaty were bound to rush to
Belgium’s aid. Belgium, in return, had agreed to resist with her
small army any troops which might invade her country.
In spite of the fact that their nation had signed this treaty,
the Germans started their rush toward France, not through the
line of forts in the mountains, but across the gently rolling
plain to the north. They first asked permission of the Belgians
to pass through their country. On being refused, they entered
Belgian territory just east of Liége (lï ĕzh′). The Belgians
telegraphed their protest to Berlin. The Germans replied that
they were sorry but it was necessary for them to invade Belgium
in order to attack France. They agreed to do no damage and to pay
the Belgians for any supplies or food which their army might
seize. The Belgians replied that by their treaty with France,
England, and Germany they were bound on their honor to resist
just such an invasion as this. They asked the Germans how Germany
would regard them if they were to permit a French army to cross
Belgian territory to take Germany by surprise. The Germans again
said that they were sorry, but that if Belgium refused permission
to their army to cross, the army would go through without
permission. It was a dreadful decision that Belgium had to make,
but she did not hesitate. She sent orders to her armies to resist
by all means the passage of the German troops. The great war had
begun.
[Illustration: Map showing the Two Routes from Germany to Paris.]
As we look over the evidence the German war lords must bear the
blame, almost alone.
The Austrians had been eager to attack Serbia, even in 1913,
thinking that this little country had grown too powerful, as a
result of her victories in the two Balkan wars. But Austria had
counted on “bluffing” Russia to keep out, as she had been bluffed
in 1908, and when she saw that this time the Russians meant
business, she became frightened and sent word that she might be
willing to settle the question without fighting. But the Germans
were bent on war, and as they saw their ally wavering, they sent
their warning that Russian mobilization would be considered a
ground for war.
Now this was ridiculous. In 1908, when the trouble over Bosnia
was at its height, both Austria and Russia had their armies
mobilized and ready for war for weeks and months. Still no war
came out of it. It looked as if Germany was hard put to it to
find an excuse for launching her plan to conquer Europe.
Questions for Review
Why did Ulster object to home rule?
What were the hopes of the Serbians regarding Bosnia?
Why did Russia interfere between Austria and Serbia?
Why did Russia mobilize her troops?
Why was the road through Belgium chosen?