[Frontispiece: ODYSSEUS AS A YOUTH AT HOME WITH HIS MOTHER]
ODYSSEUS
THE HERO OF ITHACA
ADAPTED FROM THE THIRD BOOK OF THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF ATHENS, GREECE
BY
MARY E. BURT
_Author of "Literary Landmarks," "Stories from Plato," "Story of the
German Iliad," "The Child-Life Reading Study"; Editor of "Little
Nature Studies"; Teacher in the John A. Browning School, New York
City_
AND
ZENAÏDE A. RAGOZIN
_Author of "The Story of Chaldea," "The Story of Assyria," "The Story
of Media, Babylon, and Persia," "The Story of Vedic India"; Member
of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, of the
American Oriental Society, of the Société Ethnologique of Paris,
etc._
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
NEW YORK CHICAGO BOSTON
COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
Printed in the United States of America
To
THE TEACHER
WHOSE INTEGRITY AND PEDAGOGICAL SPIRIT
HAVE CREATED A SCHOOL WHEREIN THE IDEAL MAY
PROVE ITSELF THE PRACTICAL
AND
THOSE ENTHUSIASTIC PUPILS
WHO LOVE THE LOYALTY AND BRAVERY OF ODYSSEUS
THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
PART I
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LIFE OF THE HERO, ODYSSEUS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. About Troy and the Journey of Paris to Greece . . . . . 3
II. The Flight of Helen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
III. The Greeks Sail for Troy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
IV. The Fall of Troy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
PART II
THE RETURN OF ODYSSEUS TO HIS OWN COUNTRY
CHAPTER PAGE
V. Odysseus on the Island of Calypso . . . . . . . . . . . 21
VI. Odysseus Constructs a Raft and Leaves the Island . . . 25
VII. Odysseus is Saved on the Island of Scheria . . . . . . 29
VIII. Nausicaä is Sent to the River by Athena . . . . . . . . 31
IX. Odysseus Arrives at the Palace of Alkinoös . . . . . . 38
X. Odysseus in the Halls of Alkinoös . . . . . . . . . . . 42
XI. The Banquet in Honor of Odysseus . . . . . . . . . . . 47
XII. Odysseus Relates His Adventures . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
XIII. The Lotus-Eaters and the Cyclops . . . . . . . . . . . 57
XIV. The Cave of the Cyclops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
XV. The Blinding of the Cyclops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
XVI. Odysseus and His Companions Leave the Land of the
Cyclops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
XVII. The Adventures of Odysseus on the Island of Æolus . . . 72
XVIII. Odysseus at the Home of Circè . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
XIX. Circè Instructs Odysseus Concerning His Descent to
Hades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
XX. The Adventures of Odysseus in Hades . . . . . . . . . . 84
XXI. Odysseus Converses with His Mother and Agamemnon . . . 87
XXII. Conversation with Achilles and Other Heroes . . . . . . 90
XXIII. The Return of Odysseus to the Island of Circè . . . . . 94
XXIV. Odysseus Meets the Sirens, Skylla, and Charybdis . . . 98
XXV. Odysseus on the Island of Hēlios . . . . . . . . . . . 101
XXVI. The Departure of Odysseus from the Island of Scheria . 105
XXVII. Odysseus Arrives at Ithaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
XXVIII. Odysseus Seeks the Swineherd . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
PART III
THE TRIUMPH OF ODYSSEUS
CHAPTER PAGE
XXIX. Athena Advises Telemachos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
XXX. Telemachos Astonishes the Wooers . . . . . . . . . . . 128
XXXI. Penelope's Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
XXXII. The Journey of Telemachos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
XXXIII. Telemachos in Pylos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
XXXIV. Telemachos in Sparta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
XXXV. Menelaos Relates His Adventures . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
XXXVI. The Conspiracy of the Suitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
XXXVII. Telemachos Returns to Ithaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
XXXVIII. Telemachos and the Swineherd . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
XXXIX. Telemachos Recognizes Odysseus . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
XL. Telemachos Returns to the Palace . . . . . . . . . . . 165
XLI. Odysseus is Recognized by His Dog . . . . . . . . . . . 169
XLII. Odysseus Comes, a Beggar, to His Own House . . . . . . 172
XLIII. Conversation of Odysseus and Penelope . . . . . . . . . 176
XLIV. Eurycleia Recognizes Odysseus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
XLV. Penelope's Dream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
XLVI. Athena Encourages Odysseus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
XLVII. The Last Banquet of the Suitors . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
XLVIII. Odysseus Bends the Bow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
XLIX. Death of the Suitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
L. Eurycleia Announces the Return of Odysseus to Penelope 203
LI. Odysseus Visits His Father . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Vocabulary and Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
ODYSSEUS AS A YOUTH AT HOME WITH HIS MOTHER . . . . . . Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
THE SILVER-FOOTED THETIS RISING FROM THE WAVES . . . . . . . . . 10
ODYSSEUS AND MENELAOS PERSUADING AGAMEMNON TO SACRIFICE
IPHIGENEIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
ALPHEUS AND ARETHUSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
THE SWINEHERD TELLING HIS STORY TO ODYSSEUS . . . . . . . . . . 119
ODYSSEUS FEIGNS MADNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
INTRODUCTION
It has long been the opinion of many of the more progressive teachers
of the United States that, next to Herakles, Odysseus is the hero
closest to child-life, and that the stories from the "Odyssey" are
the most suitable for reading-lessons. These conclusions have been
reached through independent experiments not related to educational
work in foreign countries.
While sojourning in Athens I had the pleasure of visiting the best
schools, both public and private, and found the reading especially
spirited. I examined the books in use and found the regular
reading-books to consist of the classic tales of the country, the
stories of Herakles, Theseus, Perseus, and so forth, in the reader
succeeding the primer, and the stories of Odysseus, or Ulysses, as
we commonly call him, following as a third book, answering to our
second or third reader. This book I brought home with me and had a
careful, literal translation made. I submitted this translation to
that notable scholar, Zenaïde A. Ragozin, with whom I faithfully
traversed the ground, word by word and sentence by sentence. This
version I have carefully compared with Bryant and rewritten, making
the language as simple as could be consistent with the dignity of
the subject-matter.
The introduction to the original book as I found it in Greece contains
many interesting points, since it shows that educators in foreign
countries, notably in Germany, had come to the same conclusion with
our best American teachers. The editor of the little Greek
reading-book says:
"In editing this work we have made use not only of Homer's 'Odyssey,'
_but also of that excellent reader which is used in the public schools
of Germany_, Willman's 'Lesebuch aus Homer.' We have divided the
little volume into three parts, the first of which gives a short
_resumé_ of the war against Troy and the destruction of that city,
the second the wanderings of Odysseus till his arrival in Ithaca,
the third his arrival and the killing of the wooers. We have no apology
to make in presenting this book to the public as a school-book, since
many people superior to us have shown the need of such books in
school-work. The new public schools, as is well known, have a mission
of the highest importance. They do not aim, as formerly, at absolute
knowledge pounded into the heads of children in a mechanical way.
Their aim is the mental and ethical development of the pupils. Reading
and writing lead but half way to this goal. With all nations the
readers used in the public schools are a collection of the noblest
thoughts of their authors."
The Greek editor had never read the inane rat and cat stories of
American school "readers" when he wrote that. He continues:
"Happily the Greek nation, more than any other, abounds in literary
masterpieces. Nearly all of the Greek writings contain an abundance
of practical wisdom and virtue. Their worth is so great that even
the most advanced European nations do not hesitate to introduce them
into their schools. The Germans do this, although their habits and
customs are so different from ours. They especially admire Homer's
works. These books, above all others, afford pleasure to the young,
and the reason for it is clearly set forth by the eminent educator
Herbart:
"'The little boy is grieved when told that he is little. Nor does
he enjoy the stories of little children. This is because his
imagination reaches out and beyond his environments. I find the
stories from Homer to be more suitable reading for young children
than the mass of juvenile books, because they contain grand truths.'
"Therefore these stories are held in as high esteem by the German
children as by the Greek. In no other works do children find the grand
and noble traits in human life so faithfully and charmingly depicted
as in Homer. Here all the domestic, civic, and religious virtues of
the people are marvellously brought to light and the national feeling
is exalted. The Homeric poetry, and especially the 'Odyssey,' is
adapted to very young children, not only because it satisfies so well
the needs which lead to mental development, but also for another
reason. As with the people of olden times bravery was considered the
greatest virtue, so with boys of this age and all ages. No other
ethical idea has such predominance as that of prowess. Strength of
body and a firm will characterize those whom boys choose as their
leaders. Hence the pleasure they derive from the accounts of
celebrated heroes of yore whose bravery, courage, and prudence they
admire."
The editor further extols the advantages arising from the study of
Homer, it making the youthful students acquainted with the earliest
periods of Greek history, the manners and customs of the people, and
he ends by quoting from Herbart:
"Boys must first get acquainted with the noisy market-place of Ithaca
and then be led to the Athens of Miltiades and Themistokles."
With equal truth the American can say that the child whose patriotism
is kindled by the Homeric fire will the more gladly respond to the
ideals set forth in the history of a Columbus or a Washington.
MARY E. BURT.
PART I
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LIFE OF THE HERO, ODYSSEUS
CHAPTER I
ABOUT TROY AND THE JOURNEY OF PARIS TO GREECE
On the northern shore of Asia Minor there lies a plateau watered by
many small rivers and surrounded on all sides by mountains, only on
the north it slopes gently to the sea. On this plateau, between the
Simois and Scamandros rivers, in the oldest times there stood a very
rich and powerful city, whose name was Troy. It was the capital of
a large and fertile district, known as the Troad.
There, about 1200 B.C., reigned a king by the name of Priam, possessed
of great power and boundless wealth. He had many sons and daughters.
It was said, indeed, that he had fifty sons who were all married and
living in their own homes, which they had built by the king's wish
around the royal palace.
They were all handsome and heroic young men. One of the youngest,
Paris, also named Alexandros, surpassed the others in beauty. He was
a restless youth and not fond of his home, as were the others. He
had set his heart on travelling and seeing strange countries and
cities. King Priam was extremely fond of his large family, and took
pride in having all his children about him, so that at first he was
greatly opposed to the wishes of Paris.
But the youth was so persistent and unhappy that the king at last
consented to let him go. Without delay, Paris called together a few
friends with tastes as adventurous as his own. They embarked in a
new ship well provided with all that travellers need, and set sail
for the famous land on the shores of the Ægean Sea, of which they
had heard so many wonderful things, and which was called Hellas.
Nearly in the middle of the plain which forms the southern part of
Hellas was the city of Sparta. It was on the river Eurotas, and was
the capital of a large district called Lacedæmon, and it was to this
city that Paris came.
Now, there was a mysterious reason for this strange desire of
Paris--his passionate longing to travel. In his early youth, while
he was still minding his herds on the rich pastures of Mount Ida,
he received a visit from the three greatest goddesses of Olympos.
Hera, the queen of Heaven and consort of Zeus--Athena, the goddess
of wisdom, and Zeus's favorite daughter--and Aphrodite, the goddess
of love and beauty, had a dispute among themselves.
Each thought herself the most beautiful of the three, and they would
have come to high words about it had not Athena proposed that they
should ask the handsomest man in the world to settle the question.
This happened to be the young royal shepherd, Paris. So the three
goddesses floated down to the slope of Mount Ida on a snowy cloud
and placed the question before him, each promising to reward him
royally if he gave his verdict in her favor.
Paris, as might have been expected, decided in favor of Aphrodite,
who had promised him that the fairest woman living in the whole world
should be his wife. This promise had to be kept, being given by a
goddess, but it was the source of endless misfortune, for Paris had
a young and lovely wife who was tenderly attached to him, while the
fairest of living women--acknowledged as such by fame in all known
countries--was Queen Helen of Sparta, herself the wife of another
man.
Her husband was one of the most renowned heroes of Hellas, King
Menelaos, a son of Atreus and brother of the leader of the Greek chiefs,
Agamemnon, King of Mycenæ. It was Aphrodite, then, who inspired Paris
with an insane desire to forsake his parents, brothers, and wife.
It was her secret guidance which led him across the seas and through
the dangers lurking among the hundreds of islands of the Archipelagos
straight to the land of Lacedæmon. This is the central of the three
peninsulas in which the Peloponnesus ends, and might be called the
middle finger of that large hand of which Arcadia is the palm.
Paris landed, with all his companions, on the shores of Lacedæmon,
where the people received him kindly and helped him on his journey
to Sparta, where Menelaos and Helen gave him a cordial welcome.
CHAPTER II
THE FLIGHT OF HELEN
Aphrodite, while leading Paris to the shores of Lacedæmon, had not
forgotten her promise, and in Sparta itself she was at work at its
fulfilment. She inspired Queen Helen with a growing discontent and
restlessness of spirit. Menelaos had not noticed any change in her,
and it was with an utterly unsuspicious mind that he received the
fatal strangers and made them welcome guests in his land and home.
More than that, having heard the news from Crete that his presence
there was desirable on account of some urgent business, he did not
hesitate to set sail for that island, in the expectation of finding
Paris and his companions still enjoying the hospitality of his palace
after a short absence.
This was the chance which wily Aphrodite had contrived for Paris.
He took the hint and carried Helen away to his ship, together with
as much treasure as they could lay hands on, and then they sailed
for Troy. Little did he heed, in his mad desire to call the most
beautiful woman in the world his wife, that she was already the wife
of a hero who had received him as an honored guest in his house, and
that he was about to destroy the peace and honor of his host.
As soon as Menelaos heard of the flight of his wife, he hastened back
to Sparta, where he found his palace deserted and his treasure-house
robbed.
Then his heart was filled with great wrath. He set out at once to
see his brother, Agamemnon, to consult with him about what was to
be done. Agamemnon was ruler over Mycenæ, and highly respected in
all Hellas on account of his power and riches.
After the two brothers had talked over this grave affair, they
announced to all the leaders in Hellas the great and detestable crime,
and asked them for their assistance. All the king's chiefs of Hellas
lent a willing ear to this demand, for in this breach of hospitality,
committed against one of them, each felt himself personally aggrieved
and bound to help in the punishment of what, in those times, was
considered the most unpardonable of all crimes. Only one of the kings
held back for awhile and needed much persuasion to join the league.
This was Odysseus of Ithaca, who could well consider himself at the
time the happiest of mortals, for he had lately married Penelope,
one of the fairest and most virtuous maidens of Greece. He had an
infant son of great beauty and promise, and he owned much land and
countless herds of cattle, sheep, and swine. Added to that, all the
petty nobles of the island acknowledged him as their chief.
But a soothsayer, or seer, had greatly disturbed him by informing
him that if he went to a great war he would be kept away from his
home for the space of twenty years, and even then return to it in
the guise of a beggar, after having suffered wrecks, captivity,
endless wanderings, and loss of comrades.
No one could doubt that Odysseus was brave, but no one could blame
him for wishing to be excused from taking part in the war against
Troy. Menelaos and his brother, however, would accept no excuse from
him, as he was the wisest and craftiest of all the leaders, and when
Odysseus finally consented to join them he set about arming and
directing the young Greek warriors with all his heart and soul.
There was another young prince whom it was absolutely necessary to
secure, for a much venerated oracle had given it as a decree of the
gods that Troy could never be taken without his help. This was Achilles,
son of Peleus, king of the Myrmidons in Thessaly, and of the beauteous
ocean nymph, Thetis. Notwithstanding his extreme youth, his father
would not disappoint the whole country, and he let him go with those
who came for him. But he sent along with him his adopted son, Patroklos,
who was several years older, and to whom the boy was passionately
attached, and also his oldest and most trusted servant, Phœnix. These
two, the old man and the youth, he charged, as they hoped for the
mercy of Zeus, to keep watchful guard over Achilles, whose exceedingly
impetuous and reckless temper exposed him to many dangers which might
be averted by a sensible and loving word spoken in time.
[Illustration: THE SILVER-FOOTED THETIS RISING FROM THE WAVES]
The Greeks took counsel together, and it was resolved that Menelaos
should go in person to Troy and demand back his wife, Helen, as well
as his treasure and a suitable apology for the wrong done to him and
to all Hellas. He chose for his companion the cunning Odysseus. On
their arrival in Troy, Menelaos and Odysseus presented themselves
before Priam and demanded the return of Helen and the treasures.
The king at once called his people together to deliberate upon the
matter, and the two Greek kings bravely denounced the mean act of
Paris. But the Trojans, stirred up by that youth, abused the
ambassadors and drove them out of their city.
CHAPTER III
THE GREEKS SAIL FOR TROY
The kings and chieftains of Hellas, having heard that Odysseus and
Menelaos had been driven out of Troy, hastened to call together their
fleets and armies at Aulis, a city of Bœotia on a ridge of rock running
out into the sea between two little bays, each of which was a harbor
for many ships. A hundred thousand men and a thousand ships were
gathered there under the leadership of the celebrated and heroic
chiefs. The commander-in-chief of the whole army was Agamemnon.
Among the renowned leaders were Menelaos, the sagacious Odysseus,
Ajax, and many others. Just as they were offering a sacrifice to the
gods, in order to start out to the war with their good will, a great
miracle happened. A fearful snake crept from under the altar and
climbed a tree in which there was a sparrow's nest nearly hidden by
the leaves. There were eight young sparrows in the nest, nine birds
with the mother. The snake devoured the fluttering little birds,
around which the mother circled as if overcome by grief.
Then the snake darted at the mother-bird and swallowed it, when Zeus
changed the reptile into a stone. The Greeks wondered at the sight,
but the soothsayer, Calchas, said to them: "Why do ye wonder at this?
The all-powerful Zeus has sent us this sign because our deeds shall
live forever in the minds of men. Just as the snake has devoured the
eight little sparrows and their mother, so shall the war swallow up
the nine coming years, and in the tenth we shall overcome Troy."
The ships of the Greeks lay in the bays of Aulis while the warriors
waited impatiently to set sail. But the winds were contrary; they
would not blow, and the boats waited there year after year; for a
sacred hind had been slain by Agamemnon, one that belonged to the
goddess Artemis, and it was ordered by that goddess that no wind should
arise to take them on toward Troy until her wrath had been appeased.
So Agamemnon went to Calchas, the seer, and asked his advice,
whereupon the old prophet told him to send for his lovely young
daughter, Iphigeneia, and offer her up on the altar as the only
acceptable sacrifice to Artemis. When he had placed her upon the altar
and the priest was raising his knife, the goddess took pity on
Agamemnon and carried the girl away in a cloud, leaving a fine white
doe instead.
[Illustration: ODYSSEUS AND MENELAOS PERSUADING AGAMEMNON TO
SACRIFICE IPHIGENEIA]
And now arose a favorable wind, and the Greeks arrived safely before
Troy. How they fought with the Trojans, how many of the heroes outlived
the struggle, and how many fell in the battle, all this we can learn
from an old book called the "Iliad." We shall select from it only
those things which refer to our hero, Odysseus; and to complete the
history of that hero we shall go to another book, called the "Odyssey."
Both of these books are the work of the great poet Homer, who lived
many years after the war with Troy. That we may understand better
what happened later on, we must give a short account of the fall of
Troy and of the return of Menelaos and Agamemnon to their own country.
CHAPTER IV
THE FALL OF TROY
The war lasted nine years, and in the tenth the Greeks conquered Troy,
not in battle, but by means of a trick which had come into the mind
of Odysseus. He told a skilful carpenter to build a wooden horse of
gigantic size, and in it he hid the bravest Greek warriors. When he
had done this he advised all the other Greeks to depart without leaving
anything behind them, and so lead the Trojans to believe that they
had given up the fight and gone home.
So the Greeks burned their tents and put off to sea, while the Trojans
from their walls watched them with great joy, thinking themselves
well rid of an enemy. When the last ship had gone, the Trojans threw
open the gates of their city and rushed down into the plain where
the Greeks had had their camp, to see how the place looked.
There they found the wooden horse, and one of the Greeks tied to a
tree, who told them he was left there as a punishment, and that the
wooden horse was an offering to the gods. The Trojans made up their
minds to carry it into their city and give it the best place on their
highest hill.
Then Laocoön, a priest of Apollo, stepped forth, and said to them:
"Unhappy people! what madness possesses you? Do ye think the enemy
gone? Do ye know Odysseus so little? There are Greek warriors hidden
in this horse, or else some other mischief is lurking there. Fear
the Greeks even when they bring gifts."
With these words, he thrust his spear into the flank of the horse,
and the arms of the hidden enemy clashed with a loud noise. Just then
two snakes of great size, sent by Athena, rose from the sea, and sprang
upon Laocoön and his two sons, and, coiling around them, bit them
to death. The Trojans, in great fear at the sight, took this as a
sign from the gods that the horse was sacred and that they must protect
it, and they moved it at once into their city, breaking down a part
of their wall to get it in.
Having done this, they gave themselves up to feasting and making merry,
without the slightest thought that any evil was in store for them.
But when night had come, and all were in a deep sleep, the ships of
the Greeks, which had been hiding all the while behind a neighboring
island, came back. The warriors who were concealed in the wooden horse
sprang out and rushing wildly through the city, slew the Trojans right
and left without mercy. From all sides came wailings and groans, and
the flames of the burning city rose up to the sky.
A deadly struggle took place between the Trojans and the Greeks. Priam
was slain, and Paris and many other heroes. The victory was to the
Greeks. Troy fell never to rise again, and the women and children
were led off to become slaves to their conquerors.
Thus was destroyed in one night the great and glorious city of Troy,
all on account of the crime which Paris had committed against the
laws of hospitality.
The trials of the Greeks were not yet at an end. After their victory
at Troy they embarked in their ships and started eagerly for their
homes. But Zeus prepared a sad fate for them, because Ajax had
violently dragged Cassandra, the beautiful daughter of Priam, from
the altar of Athena and had made her his slave. Thus many of the leaders
perished in the sea far from home, and some were cast on foreign shores
to die.
Menelaos was thrown by wind and waves on the island of Crete, and
he lost many of the ships on the cliffs. Thence he strayed to the
island of Cyprus, noted for its mines; and he roved through other
lands until he came to Egypt, where he wandered about for eight years,
when he returned to Sparta, taking Helen with him. He became
reconciled to his wife, and they lived a quiet life far removed from
the enchantments of the wily Aphrodite.
But the saddest fate of all overtook Agamemnon, who met his death
in his own house at the hands of his wife and brother.
Agamemnon, without any accident at sea, reached his native land. Full
of gratitude, he kissed the earth and wept tears of joy at the thought
of meeting his wife and son.
He entered his home with a glad heart, and his faithless wife came
to meet him, but she had prepared a hot bath for him, and there he
met his death, entangled in a net which she threw over him, for she
had not forgotten the loss of her beautiful daughter, Iphigeneia,
whom she believed to have been offered up as a sacrifice on the altar
of Artemis.
She was assisted in this dreadful deed by her husband's brother, who
became ruler over the land, holding sway eight years, when Orestes,
the son of Agamemnon, slew him and regained the kingdom.
And now we come to the return of Odysseus, the wisest of the Greeks,
who wandered to the remotest part of the earth and learned the customs
of many people, and who suffered terrible things by land and sea.
PART II
THE RETURN OF ODYSSEUS TO HIS OWN COUNTRY