Philadelphia, the
10th month, 1685.
[6] Mr. Horatio Gates Jones, of Philadelphia, in his introduction to
Frame’s Short Description of Pennsilvania, gives further interesting
particulars. See, also, Munsell’s Chronology, &c. of Paper and Paper
Making, Albany, N. Y., 1876.
[7] The remainder of this article was mostly furnished by the late Mr.
George Bruce, of New York.
[8] After the retirement of Binny & Ronaldson, Richard Ronaldson carried
on the business of this foundry until 1833, when he in turn was succeeded
by Lawrence Johnson and George F. Smith. Mr. Johnson, a man of great
energy and enterprise, had (contemporaneously with Jedediah Howe)
introduced stereotyping into Philadelphia, and now both callings were
incorporated. Ten years afterward, Mr. Smith retired; and in the year
1845 Mr. Johnson associated with him Thomas MacKellar, John F. Smith
and Richard Smith, who had, as it were, grown up with the business. The
foundry now quickly grew in importance, and won a wide reputation. Mr.
Johnson died April 26, 1860, and was succeeded by his three partners,
who, with Peter A. Jordan, constituted the firm known as MacKellar,
Smiths & Jordan, under whose management the establishment was brought to
rank equal with and excel most of the type foundries in the world. Mr.
Jordan died March 25, 1884. In 1885 Wm. B. MacKellar, G. Fredk Jordan and
C. F. Huch were associated with the remaining partners, and a corporation
was formed under the name of The MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan Company.
Their “Typographic Advertiser” (begun in 1855) and Specimen Books are
regarded as unique mechanical and literary productions. The height and
body of the Pica of this Company have been universally adopted in the
United States as the standard of size for the American Point System of
type.
[9] Chambers’s Encyclopædia.
[10] Wilson’s _Treatise on English Punctuation_ is a full and explicit
work on this subject, and should be studied by every printer and author.
It is worthy of adoption as the standard authority.
[11] Wilson, in his _Treatise on English Punctuation_, says, very
judiciously,—
The hyphen is employed in words in such a manner as is best calculated to
show their origin, composition, or import, and to exhibit the syllables
in their neatest form. Agreeably to this rule,—
1. Compound and derivative words are resolved into their primitives;
as, _school-master_, _hand-writing_, _pen-knife_, _snuff-box_,
_looking-glass_; _arch-angel_, _geo-logy_, _theo-cracy_, _ortho-graphy_.
2. Prefixes, affixes, and grammatical terminations are separated;
as, _dis-continue_, _en-able_, _trans-port_; _shear-er_, _load-ed_,
_print-ing_; _king-dom_, _false-hood_, _differ-ence_, _command-ment_.
3. One consonant between two vowels is to be joined to the latter
syllable; as, _ta-lent_, _fa-tal_; _me-lon_, _le-ver_; _spi-rit_,
_si-lence_; _cy-nic_, _ty-ro_; _le-ga-cy_, _mo-no-po-ly_. Except _x_,
and single consonants when they belong to the former portion of a
derivative word; as, _ex-ile_, _ex-ist_, _ex-amine_; _up-on_, _dis-ease_,
_circum-ambient_.
4. Two or more consonants belong to the latter syllable, when they are
capable of beginning a word; as, _ta-ble_, _sti-fle_, _lu-cre_, _o-gle_,
_mau-gre_, _stro-phe_, _de-stroy_.
5. But when the consonants cannot begin a word, or when the vowel
preceding them is short, the first should be separated; as, _ab-bey_,
_ac-cent_, _vel-lum_, _ab-ject_, _gar-den_, _laun-dry_, _pam-phlet_;
_blas-pheme_, _dis-tress_, _min-strel_.
It is desirable that compound and derivative words should, at the end of
lines, be divided in such a manner as to indicate their principal parts.
Thus, _school-master_ is preferable to _schoolmas-ter_, _dis-approve_
to _disap-prove_, _resent-ment_ to _re-sentment_, _ortho-doxy_ to
_or-thodoxy_; though, as regards the analysis of words into syllables,
the latter mode is unobjectionable. From the narrowness of the printed
line, however, in some books, the principle recommended cannot always be
adhered to.
The terminations _tion_, _sion_, _cial_, _tial_, and many others,
formerly pronounced as two syllables, but now only as one, must not be
divided either in spelling or at the end of a line.
A syllable consisting of only one letter, as the _a_ in _cre-ation_,
should not commence a line. This word would be better divided
_crea-tion_; and so all others of a similar kind.
A line of print must not end with the first syllable of a word when it
consists of a single letter; as, _a-bide_, _e-normous_; nor begin with
the last syllable when it is formed of only two letters; as, _nation-al_,
_teach-er_, _similar-ly_. For regard should be had to the principles of
taste and beauty as well as to the laws of syllabication.
[12] The Hebrew alphabet is almost identical with the Phœnician.
[13] Chambers’s Encyclopædia, published by J. B. Lippincott & Co.,
Philadelphia.
[14] Bell’s Greek Grammar.
[15] See pages 318-332.
[16] The following epitaph was no doubt written by a printer after
performing the most disagreeable task attendant on his profession:—
No more shall copy bad perplex my brain,
No more shall type’s small face my eyeballs strain;
No more the proof’s foul page create me troubles,
By errors, transpositions, outs, and doubles:
No more my head shall ache from author’s whims,
As overrunnings, driving-outs, and ins;
The sturdy pressman’s frown I now may scoff,
Revised, corrected, finally wrought off.
[17] We are indebted to a friend for the following sketch of the origin,
progress, and present condition of the world-famous house of R. Hoe & Co.
Robert Hoe, the founder of the present house of R. Hoe & Co. of New York,
was born at Hose, in Leicestershire, England, in 1784. His father was a
well-to-do farmer in that pleasant, sequestered district; but, as the
family was large, Robert was apprenticed to a carpenter in a neighbouring
town. His attention was early attracted and his mind impressed by the
prosperity of the people of the United States; and, being a republican at
heart, and conscious that the institutions of his own country presented
almost insurmountable obstacles to the advancement of the working
classes, he purchased his indentures from his employer, and in 1803
emigrated to New York.
On his arrival he made the acquaintance of Grant Thorburn, who, becoming
interested in him, received him into his family, and with great kindness
nursed him with his own hands through an attack of the yellow fever,
which was then raging in the city. He soon established himself in
his trade, and, by his industry, integrity, and enterprise, became
advantageously known to the public. At the age of twenty he married the
daughter of Matthew Smith, of Westchester Co., New York, by whom he had
three sons and six daughters. For a time he was in partnership with his
brother-in-law, Matthew Smith, Jr., a carpenter and printers’ joiner,
who, on their separation, associated with himself his brother, Peter
Smith, who was educated at Yale College, and was the inventor of the
well-known hand-press bearing his name.
On the decease of these two brothers, Robert Hoe, in 1823, succeeded to
the business, which was then in its infancy, giving employment to only a
handful of men, and being conducted in the middle of the block bounded
by Maiden Lane, Pine, William, and Pearl Streets, in some old buildings
to which access was gained by an alley running from Maiden Lane to Pine
Street. Here the business, under the style of Robert Hoe & Co., grew
rapidly; but the extension of Cedar Street made necessary its removal
to the present location in Gold Street. About this time, the flat-bed
cylinder press, for newspaper printing, was introduced into England; and
Mr. Hoe sent an intelligent mechanic there to examine it, and it was
soon brought into use here, with valuable improvements. In 1832, Mr.
Hoe’s failing health obliged him to relinquish the business to his eldest
son, Richard M. Hoe, and Matthew Smith, son of his first partner. In
the following year he died. Shortly after his decease, the firm erected
extensive buildings in Broome Street, in the eastern part of the city,
where the greater part of their manufacturing has since been carried on.
They also commenced making cast-steel saws, which had previously been
exclusively imported from England; and this branch has steadily increased
in importance.
Matthew Smith, a man of uncommon ability and business talents, died in
1842. The business was then continued by Richard M. Hoe, with his two
brothers, Robert Hoe and Peter Smith Hoe,—the eldest, as before, taking
charge of the mechanical department, in which his industry and fertility
of invention are attested by the number and value of his patents. In
1837, he patented here and in England his method of grinding circular
saws, by which the thickness of any part of a saw can be regulated with
accuracy. In 1846, he brought out the so-called “Lightning Press,” or
Type-Revolving Printing Machine, described in the text,—the greatest
innovation on the routine of the printing craft since the days of
Gutenberg. This press entirely superseded all others for fast printing,
and was introduced into the principal offices, not only in this country,
but in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Australia.
In 1858, the firm purchased of Isaac Adams, of Boston, Massachusetts, his
entire patent-rights, together with his establishment for the manufacture
of his bed-and-platen book printing presses, and various machines for
binders’ use, which they continue to conduct there, though with increased
facilities and many improvements. Their works in different places now
cover thirty-five city lots, or about two acres, and give employment
to nearly six hundred hands. The office and warerooms of the house in
England are at 13 Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, London, one of the
partners, being a resident in that city, attending to the business there.
[18] While publisher of a paper in Catskill, he produced within a week,
aided by some village mechanics, a press for his own use. With the
exception of a stone bed, the principal parts were made entirely of
wood. It was a flat-bed press, having a series of impression cylinders
connected by an endless chain, by means of which they passed over and
around the bed continually. He called it the Chain-running Press. It
was employed by Frank Leslie to print an edition of his _Illustrated
Newspaper_.
[19] R. Hoe & Co.’s Catalogue.
[20] Adapted from Savage.
[21] Adapted from Savage.
[22] Mostly from the _Paper and Printing Trades Journal_, London.
[23] For other words beginning with _im_, _in_, _ir_, or _un_ negative,
look for the simple word.
[24] Incapable of suffering.
[25] Capable of suffering.
[26] Published by E. C. Markley & Son, Philadelphia. An excellent book.
[Illustration]
[Illustration: ET FACTA EST LUX.]
[Illustration]
_ESTABLISHED, 1796._
_MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan Foundry,
LETTER FOUNDERS,
Nos. 606-614 Sansom Street, Philadelphia._
_This establishment, the oldest in America, has kept even pace with all
the improvements in type-founding; and its productions at the present
day, in beauty of style, accuracy of standing, and durability of
material, are all that skill, ingenuity, and long experience have been
able to effect. Neither pains nor expense will be withheld to maintain
its reputation._
Book and Newspaper Faces.
Some are of light and dainty face, others of medium, and others again
of broad and massive character. THE LIGHTFACE SERIES; the FRENCH-FACE
SERIES; the celebrated SCOTCH-FACE SERIES, introduced by us many years
ago; the BOOK SERIES; the LARGE-FACE SERIES; the CLASSIC SERIES; the NEWS
SERIES; the BROADFACE SERIES; the MODERN SERIES; the ORIGINAL OLD STYLE
SERIES; the BRADFORD SERIES; the BINNY SERIES; the RONALDSON SERIES; the
MACKELLAR SERIES, and all others introduced by us, are kept constantly on
hand, in large and small founts.
German Book and Newspaper Faces,
Of various styles, also kept on hand or furnished to order.
Elegant Scripts and other Note and Circular Types,
In great variety of styles, for all kinds of Notes, Blanks, and Circular
Printing.
Greek, Hebrew and Music Type.
MUSIC TYPE without an equal in America, or a superior in the world. The
sizes are Excelsior, or half-Nonpareil, Diamond, Agate, and Nonpareil.
GREEK and HEBREW of all practical sizes.
Fancy and Ornamental Type,
Unrivalled for beauty, originality, extent, and variety. In this
department, native and foreign genius and inventive skill are alike laid
under contribution, and no other foundry in the world can furnish so
complete and beautiful an assortment.
Borders, Flourishes, Corners and Ornaments,
For finest artistic and ornamental printing, to meet every requirement of
the printer.
Cuts and Ornaments,
For general use, from more than three thousand subjects, many of them
very fine.
Office Furnishings.
CABINETS of various kinds and prices. STANDS, double or single, or made
in different styles to order, of walnut or poplar. CASES of all kinds.
IMPOSING STONES of regular sizes constantly on hand; special sizes and
styles got up to order. GALLEYS of all kinds, either wood or brass.
STEREOTYPE BLOCKS, with or without rule borders. CHASES of wrought or
cast iron. COMPOSING-STICKS of all kinds, large and small. RACKS for
cases. INK STONES. Card, Paper, Lead and Rule Cutters. Labour-Saving Wood
Rule. Labour-Saving Wood Furniture. Labour-Saving Curvatures. Furniture,
Quoins, Mallets; Shooting-Sticks of brass, iron or dogwood; Planers,
Bodkins, Ley and Washing Brushes, &c.
Eureka Cabinets.
Size to fit in space at left of double stand. Stained in
imitation of cherry.
SORT-CASE CABINET.—Contains eight drawers, each divided into
sixteen compartments. It will be found useful as a receptacle
for quads, leaders or sorts.
HANDY CABINET.—Contains five drawers, arranged to hold twenty
different sizes of spaces and quads, and eight blank drawers,
for cuts or large type.
GALLEY CABINET.—No. 1, for twenty-four single and fourteen
double column galleys. No. 2, for forty-eight single galleys.
No. 3, for thirty-four double galleys.
INK CABINET.—Contains four compartments for ink, &c., and
marble slab 18 × 20 inches on top, for mixing inks.
CHASE CABINET.—Arranged to contain one-eighth, one-quarter, and
one-half medium chases. With or without ink stone.
COMBINATION CABINET.—No. 1, contains four blank drawers, three
sort-case drawers, and four quad drawers. No. 2, contains four
sort-case drawers and six quad drawers.
QUAD CABINET.—Contains twelve drawers, each divided into two
compartments, suitable for quads or leaders.
Labour-Saving Leads and Slugs.
Two and three point (six and four-to-Pica) LEADS, from 48 to 300 points
(4 to 25 ems Pica) in length; put up in any useful quantity. Six and
twelve point (Nonpareil and Pica) SLUGS, cut to same lengths. Cases
arranged specially for Labour-Saving Leads and Slugs.
Labour-Saving Quotation Furniture.
Accurately cast, and equally valuable either as furniture or as
quotations. The pieces range from 48 to 240 points in length, and from 24
to 48 points in width, quadrate height, with suitable spaces.
Reversible Metal Furniture,
For imposition of forms and general blank-work. Cast to our standard 12
point body.
Labour-Saving Rule,
(Matching our standard type bodies,) Single, Double, Parallel, Dotted,
and Triple faces. Cut accurately of various lengths. It will be found of
vast utility in tabular and job work, rendering the use of shears and
file entirely unnecessary. Cases furnished specially adapted to it.
Brass Circles and Ovals,
Of various sizes and faces, for label and stamp borders.
Slotted Brass Corners,
Of beautiful original patterns, matching our brass rules.
Hollow Quadrates,
For the easy formation of Circles, Ellipses, &c., made in sizes to suit
our Brass Circles and Ovals, from Nos. 1 to 13.
Corner Quadrates,
On 12 point and 6 point Metal and 2 point Brass bodies.
Printing Presses and Ink.
Presses of the most celebrated makers in the United States, as well as
all varieties and colours of American and Foreign PRINTING INKS, SIZES,
BRONZES, VARNISHES, &c. at manufacturers’ prices.
Roller Composition.
Glue for Rollers, and the various Patent Compositions, furnished to order
at manufacturers’ prices.