9. Nor wood, nor tree, nor bush are there,
Her course to intercept.--SCOTT.
10. Both death and I am found eternal.--MILTON.
11. In ascending the Mississippi the party was often obliged to
wade through morasses; at last they came upon the district of
Little Prairie.--G. BANCROFT.
12. In a word, the whole nation seems to be running out of their
wits.--SMOLLETT.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES (VERBS AND VERBALS).
[Sidenote: _Lack of logical sequence in verbs_.]
446. If one or more verbs depend on some leading verb, each should
be in the tense that will convey the meaning intended by the writer.
In this sentence from Defoe, "I expected every wave would have
swallowed us up," the verb _expected_ looks forward to something in
the future, while _would have swallowed_ represents something
completed in past time: hence the meaning intended was, "I expected
every wave _would swallow_" etc.
[Sidenote: _Also in verbals_.]
In the following sentence, the infinitive also fails to express the
exact thought:--
I had hoped never to have seen the statues again.--MACAULAY.
The trouble is the same as in the previous sentence; _to have seen_
should be changed to _to see_, for exact connection. Of course, if the
purpose were to represent a prior fact or completed action, the
perfect infinitive would be the very thing.
It should be remarked, however, that such sentences as those just
quoted are in keeping with the older idea of the unity of the
sentence. The present rule is recent.
Exercise.
Explain whether the verbs and infinitives in the following sentences
convey the right meaning; if not, change them to a better form:--
1. I gave one quarter to Ann, meaning, on my return, to have
divided with her whatever might remain.--DE QUINCEY
2. I can't sketch "The Five Drapers," ... but can look and be
thankful to have seen such a masterpiece.--THACKERAY.
3. He would have done more wisely to have left them to find their
own apology than to have given reasons which seemed
paradoxes.--R.W. CHURCH.
4. The propositions of William are stated to have contained a
proposition for a compromise.--PALGRAVE
5. But I found I wanted a stock of words, which I thought I
should have acquired before that time.--FRANKLIN
6. I could even have suffered them to have broken Everet
Ducking's head.--IRVING.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
[Sidenote: _Definitions_.]
_447_. Direct discourse--that is, a direct quotation or a direct
question--means the identical words the writer or speaker used; as,--
"I hope you have not killed him?" said Amyas.--KINGSLEY.
Indirect discourse means reported speech,--the thoughts of a writer
or speaker put in the words of the one reporting them.
[Sidenote: _Two samples of indirect discourse_.]
448. Indirect discourse may be of two kinds:--
(1) Following the thoughts and also the exact words as far as
consistent with the rules of logical sequence of verbs.
(2) Merely a concise representation of the original words, not
attempting to follow the entire quotation.
The following examples of both are from De Quincey:--
[Sidenote: _Indirect_.]
1. Reyes remarked that it was not in his power to oblige the clerk as
to that, but that he could oblige him by cutting his throat.
[Sidenote: _Direct_.]
His exact words were, "I _cannot_ oblige _you_ ..., but I _can_ oblige
_you_ by cutting _your_ throat."
[Sidenote: _Indirect_.]
Her prudence whispered eternally, that safety there was none for her
until she had laid the Atlantic between herself and St. Sebastian's.
[Sidenote: _Direct_.]
She thought to herself, "Safety there _is_ none for _me_ until _I_
have laid," etc.
[Sidenote: _Summary of the expressions_.]
2. Then he laid bare the unparalleled ingratitude of such a step. Oh,
the unseen treasure that had been spent upon that girl! Oh, the untold
sums of money that he had sunk in that unhappy speculation!
[Sidenote: _Direct synopsis_.]
The substance of his lamentation was, "Oh, unseen treasure _has_ been
spent upon that girl! Untold sums of money _have I_ sunk," etc.
449. From these illustrations will be readily seen the grammatical
changes made in transferring from direct to indirect discourse.
Remember the following facts:--
(1) Usually the main, introductory verb is in the past tense.
(2) The indirect quotation is usually introduced by _that_, and the
indirect question by _whether_ or _if_, or regular interrogatives.
(3) Verbs in the present-tense form are changed to the past-tense
form. This includes the auxiliaries _be_, _have_, _will_, etc. The
past tense is sometimes changed to the past perfect.
(4) The pronouns of the first and second persons are all changed to
the third person. Sometimes it is clearer to introduce the antecedent
of the pronoun instead.
Other examples of indirect discourse have been given in Part I.,
under interrogative pronouns, interrogative adverbs, and the
subjunctive mood of verbs.
Exercise.
Rewrite the following extract from Irving's "Sketch Book," and change
it to a direct quotation:--
He assured the company that it was a fact, handed down from his
ancestor the historian, that the Catskill Mountains had always been
haunted by strange beings; that it was affirmed that the great
Hendrick Hudson, the first discoverer of the river and country, kept a
kind of vigil there every twenty years, with his crew of the
Half-moon, being permitted in this way to revisit the scenes of his
enterprise, and keep a guardian eye upon the river and the great city
called by his name; that his father had once seen them in their old
Dutch dresses playing at ninepins in a hollow of the mountain; and
that he himself had heard, one summer afternoon, the sound of their
balls, like distant peals of thunder.
VERBALS.
PARTICIPLES.
[Sidenote: _Careless use of the participial phrase._]
450. The following sentences illustrate a misuse of the participial
phrase:--
Pleased with the "Pilgrim's Progress," my first collection was of
John Bunyan's works.--B. FRANKLIN.
My farm consisted of about twenty acres of excellent land, having
given a hundred pounds for my predecessor's goodwill.--GOLDSMITH.
Upon asking how he had been taught the art of a cognoscente so
suddenly, he assured me that nothing was more easy.--_Id._
Having thus run through the causes of the sublime, my first
observation will be found nearly true.--BURKE
He therefore remained silent till he had repeated a paternoster,
being the course which his confessor had enjoined.--SCOTT
Compare with these the following:--
[Sidenote: _A correct example._]
Going yesterday to dine with an old acquaintance, I had the
misfortune to find his whole family very much dejected.--ADDISON.
[Sidenote: _Notice this._]
The trouble is, in the sentences first quoted, that the main subject
of the sentence is not the same word that would be the subject of the
participle, if this were expanded into a verb.
[Sidenote: _Correction._]
Consequently one of two courses must be taken,--either change the
participle to a verb with its appropriate subject, leaving the
principal statement as it is; or change the principal proposition so
it shall make logical connection with the participial phrase.
For example, the first sentence would be, either "_As I was_ pleased,
... my first collection was," etc., or "Pleased with the 'Pilgrim's
Progress,' I made my first collection John Bunyan's works."
Exercise.--Rewrite the other four sentences so as to correct the
careless use of the participial phrase.
INFINITIVES.
[Sidenote: _Adverb between_ to _and the infinitive._]
451. There is a construction which is becoming more and more common
among good writers,--the placing an adverb between _to_ of the
infinitive and the infinitive itself. The practice is condemned by
many grammarians, while defended or excused by others. Standard
writers often use it, and often, purposely or not, avoid it.
The following two examples show the adverb before the infinitive:--
[Sidenote: _The more common usage._]
He handled it with such nicety of address as sufficiently _to
show_ that he fully understood the business.--SCOTT.
It is a solemn, universal assertion, deeply _to be kept_ in mind
by all sects.--RUSKIN.
This is the more common arrangement; yet frequently the desire seems
to be to get the adverb snugly against the infinitive, to modify it as
closely and clearly as possible.
Exercise.
In the following citations, see if the adverbs can be placed before or
after the infinitive and still modify it as clearly as they now do:--
1. There are, then, many things _to be_ carefully _considered_,
if a strike is to succeed.--LAUGHLIN.
2. That the mind may not have to go backwards and forwards in
order _to_ rightly _connect_ them.--HERBERT SPENCER.
3. It may be easier to bear along all the qualifications of an
idea ... than _to_ first imperfectly _conceive_ such idea.--_id._
4. In works of art, this kind of grandeur, which consists in
multitude, is _to be_ very cautiously _admitted_.--BURKE.
5. That virtue which requires _to be_ ever _guarded_ is
scarcely worth the sentinel.--GOLDSMITH.
6. Burke said that such "little arts and devices" were not _to
be_ wholly _condemned_.--_The Nation_, No. 1533.
7. I wish the reader _to_ clearly _understand_.--RUSKIN.
8. Transactions which seem _to be_ most widely _separated_ from
one another.--DR. BLAIR.
9. Would earnestly advise them for their good to order this
paper _to be_ punctually _served up_.--ADDISON.
10. A little sketch of his, in which a cannon ball is supposed
_to have_ just _carried off_ the head of an
aide-de-camp.--TROLLOPE.
11. The ladies seem _to have been_ expressly _created_ to form
helps meet for such gentlemen.--MACAULAY.
12. Sufficient to disgust a people whose manners were beginning
_to be_ strongly _tinctured_ with austerity.--_Id._
13. The spirits, therefore, of those opposed to them seemed _to
be_ considerably _damped_ by their continued success.--SCOTT.
ADVERBS.
[Sidenote: _Position of_ only, even, _etc._]
A very careful writer will so place the modifiers of a verb that the
reader will not mistake the meaning.
The rigid rule in such a case would be, to put the modifier in such a
position that the reader not only can understand the meaning intended,
but _cannot misunderstand_ the thought. Now, when such adverbs as
_only_, _even_, etc., are used, they are usually placed in a strictly
correct position, if they modify single words; but they are often
removed from the exact position, if they modify phrases or clauses:
for example, from Irving, "The site is _only_ to be traced by
fragments of bricks, china, and earthenware." Here _only_ modifies the
phrase _by fragments of bricks_, etc., but it is placed before the
infinitive. This misplacement of the adverb can be detected only by
analysis of the sentence.
Exercise.
Tell what the adverb modifies in each quotation, and see if it is
placed in the proper position:--
1. Only the name of one obscure epigrammatist has been embalmed
for us in the verses of his rival.--PALGRAVE.
2. Do you remember pea shooters? I think we only had them on
going home for holidays.--THACKERAY.
3. Irving could only live very modestly. He could only afford
to keep one old horse.--_Id._
4. The arrangement of this machinery could only be accounted
for by supposing the motive power to have been steam.--WENDELL
PHILLIPS.
5. Such disputes can only be settled by arms.--_Id._
6. I have only noted one or two topics which I thought most
likely to interest an American reader.--N.P. WILLIS.
7. The silence of the first night at the farmhouse,--stillness
broken only by two whippoorwills.--HIGGINSON.
8. My master, to avoid a crowd, would suffer only thirty people
at a time to see me.--SWIFT.
9. In relating these and the following laws, I would only be
understood to mean the original institutions.--_Id._
10. The perfect loveliness of a woman's countenance can only
consist in that majestic peace which is founded in the memory of
happy and useful years.--RUSKIN.
11. In one of those celestial days it seems a poverty that we can
only spend it once.--EMERSON.
12. My lord was only anxious as long as his wife's anxious face
or behavior seemed to upbraid him.--THACKERAY.
13. He shouted in those clear, piercing tones that could be even
heard among the roaring of the cannon.--COOPER.
14. His suspicions were not even excited by the ominous face of
Gérard.--MOTLEY.
15. During the whole course of his administration, he scarcely
befriended a single man of genius.--MACAULAY.
16. I never remember to have felt an event more deeply than his
death.--SYDNEY SMITH.
17. His last journey to Cannes, whence he was never destined to
return.--MRS. GROTE.
USE OF DOUBLE NEGATIVES.
[Sidenote: _The old usage._]
453. In Old and Middle English, two negatives strengthened a
negative idea; for example,--
He _nevere_ yet _no_ vileineye _ne_ sayde,
In al his lyf unto _no_ maner wight.--CHAUCER.
_No_ sonne, were he never so old of yeares, might _not_ marry.
--ASCHAM.
The first of these is equivalent to "He didn't never say no villainy
in all his life to no manner of man,"--four negatives.
This idiom was common in the older stages of the language, and is
still kept in vulgar English; as,--
I tell you she _ain'_ been _nowhar_ ef she don' know we all.
--PAGE, in _Ole Virginia_.
There _weren't no_ pies to equal hers.--MRS. STOWE.
[Sidenote: _Exceptional use._]
There are sometimes found two negatives in modern English with a
negative effect, when one of the negatives is a connective. This,
however, is not common.
I never did see him again, _nor never_ shall.--DE QUINCEY.
However, I did _not_ act so hastily, _neither_.--DEFOE.
The prosperity of no empire, _nor_ the grandeur of _no_ king, can
so agreeably affect, etc.--BURKE.
[Sidenote: _Regular law of negative in modern English._]
But, under the influence of Latin syntax, the usual way of regarding
the question now is, that _two negatives are equivalent to an
affirmative_, denying each other.
Therefore, if two negatives are found together, it is a sign of
ignorance or carelessness, or else a purpose to make an affirmative
effect. In the latter case, one of the negatives is often a prefix; as
_in_frequent, _un_common.
Exercise.
Tell whether the two or more negatives are properly used in each of
the following sentences, and why:--
1. The red men were not so infrequent visitors of the English
settlements.--HAWTHORNE.
2. "Huldy was so up to everything about the house, that the
doctor didn't miss nothin' in a temporal way."--MRS. STOWE.
3. Her younger sister was a wide-awake girl, who hadn't been to
school for nothing.--HOLMES.
4. You will find no battle which does not exhibit the most
cautious circumspection.--BAYNE.
5. Not only could man not acquire such information, but ought not
to labor after it.--GROTE.
6. There is no thoughtful man in America who would not consider a
war with England the greatest of calamities.--LOWELL.
7. In the execution of this task, there is no man who would not
find it an arduous effort.--HAMILTON.
8. "A weapon," said the King, "well worthy to confer honor, nor
has it been laid on an undeserving shoulder."--SCOTT.
CONJUNCTIONS.
[Sidenote: And who, and which.]
454. The sentences given in Secs. 419 and 420 on the connecting of
pronouns with different expressions may again be referred to here, as
the use of the conjunction, as well as of the pronoun, should be
scrutinized.
[Sidenote: _Choice and proper position of correlatives._]
455. The most frequent mistakes in using conjunctions are in
handling correlatives, especially _both_ ... _and, neither_ ... _nor,
either_ ... _or, not_ _only_ ... _but, not merely_ ... _but_ (_also_).
The following examples illustrate the correct use of correlatives as
to both choice of words and position:--
_Whether_ at war _or_ at peace, there we were, a standing menace
to all earthly paradises of that kind.--LOWELL.
These idols of wood can _neither_ hear _nor_ feel.--PRESCOTT.
_Both_ the common soldiery _and_ their leaders and commanders
lowered on each other as if their union had not been more
essential than ever, _not only_ to the success of their common
cause, _but_ to their own safety.--SCOTT.
[Sidenote: _Things to be watched._]
In these examples it will be noticed that _nor_, not _or_ is the
proper correlative of _neither_; and that all correlatives in a
sentence ought to have corresponding positions: that is, if the last
precedes a verb, the first ought to be placed before a verb; if the
second precedes a phrase, the first should also. This is necessary to
make the sentence clear and symmetrical.
[Sidenote: _Correction._]
In the sentence, "I am _neither_ in spirits to enjoy it, _or_ to reply
to it," both of the above requirements are violated. The word
_neither_ in such a case had better be changed to _not_ ...
_either_,--"I am not in spirits _either_ to enjoy it, _or_ to reply to
it."
Besides _neither ... or_, even _neither ... nor_ is often changed to
_not_--_either ... or_ with advantage, as the negation is sometimes
too far from the verb to which it belongs.
A noun may be preceded by one of the correlatives, and an equivalent
pronoun by the other. The sentence, "This loose and inaccurate manner
of speaking has misled us _both_ in the theory of taste _and_ of
morals," may be changed to "This loose ... misled us _both_ in the
theory of taste _and_ in _that_ of morals."
Exercise.
Correct the following sentences:--
1. An ordinary man would neither have incurred the danger of
succoring Essex, nor the disgrace of assailing him.--MACAULAY.
2. Those ogres will stab about and kill not only strangers, but
they will outrage, murder, and chop up their own kin.--THACKERAY.
3. In the course of his reading (which was neither pursued with
that seriousness or that devout mind which such a study requires)
the youth found himself, etc.--_Id._
4. I could neither bear walking nor riding in a carriage over its
pebbled streets.--FRANKLIN.
5. Some exceptions, that can neither be dissembled nor eluded,
render this mode of reasoning as indiscreet as it is
superfluous.--GIBBON.
6. They will, too, not merely interest children, but grown-up
persons.--_Westminster Review._
7. I had even the satisfaction to see her lavish some kind looks
upon my unfortunate son, which the other could neither extort by
his fortune nor assiduity.--GOLDSMITH.
8. This was done probably to show that he was neither ashamed of
his name or family.--ADDISON.
[Sidenote: Try and _for_ try to.]
456. Occasionally there is found the expression _try and_ instead of
the better authorized _try to_; as,--
We will try _and_ avoid personalities altogether.--THACKERAY.
Did any of you ever try _and_ read "Blackmore's Poems"?--_Id._
Try _and_ avoid the pronoun.--BAIN.
We will try _and_ get a clearer notion of them.--RUSKIN.
[Sidenote: But what.]
457. Instead of the subordinate conjunction _that_, _but_, or _but
that_, or the negative relative _but_, we sometimes find the bulky and
needless _but what_. Now, it is possible to use _but what_ when _what_
is a relative pronoun, as, "He never had any money _but what_ he
absolutely needed;" but in the following sentences _what_ usurps the
place of a conjunction.
Exercise.
In the following sentences, substitute _that_, _but_, or _but that_
for the words _but what_:--
1. The doctor used to say 'twas her young heart, and I don't know
_but what_ he was right.--S.O. JEWETT.
2. At the first stroke of the pickax it is ten to one _but what_
you are taken up for a trespass.--BULWER.
3. There are few persons of distinction _but what_ can hold
conversation in both languages.--SWIFT.
4. Who knows _but what_ there might be English among those
sun-browned half-naked masses of panting wretches?--KINGSLEY.
5. No little wound of the kind ever came to him _but what_ he
disclosed it at once.--TROLLOPE.
6. They are not so distant from the camp of Saladin _but what_
they might be in a moment surprised.--SCOTT.
PREPOSITIONS.
458. As to the placing of a preposition after its object in certain
cases, see Sec. 305.
[Sidenote: Between _and_ among.]
459. In the primary meaning of between and among there is a
sharp distinction, as already seen in Sec. 313; but in Modern English
the difference is not so marked.
Between is used most often with two things only, but still it is
frequently used in speaking of several objects, some relation or
connection between two at a time being implied.
Among is used in the same way as _amid_ (though not with exactly the
same meaning), several objects being spoken of in the aggregate, no
separation or division by twos being implied.
Examples of the distinctive use of the two words:--
[Sidenote: _Two things._]
The contentions that arise _between_ the parson and the
squire.--ADDISON.
We reckoned the improvements of the art of war _among_ the
triumphs of science.--EMERSON.
Examples of the looser use of _between_:--
[Sidenote: _A number of things._]
Natural objects affect us by the laws of that connection which
Providence has established _between_ certain motions of
bodies.--BURKE.
Hence the differences _between_ men in natural endowment are
insignificant in comparison with their common wealth.--EMERSON.
They maintain a good correspondence _between_ those wealthy
societies of men that are divided from one another by seas and
oceans.--ADDISON.
Looking up at its deep-pointed porches and the dark places
_between_ their pillars where there were statues once.--RUSKIN
What have I, a soldier of the Cross, to do with recollections of
war _betwixt_ Christian nations?--SCOTT.
[Sidenote: _Two groups or one and a group._]
Also _between_ may express relation or connection in speaking of two
groups of objects, or one object and a group; as,--
A council of war is going on beside the watch fire, _between_ the
three adventurers and the faithful Yeo.--KINGSLEY.
The great distinction _between_ teachers sacred or
literary,--_between_ poets like Herbert and poets like
Pope,--_between_ philosophers like Spinoza, Kant, and Coleridge,
and philosophers like Locke, Paley, Mackintosh, and Stewart, etc.
--EMERSON.
460. Certain words are followed by particular prepositions.
Some of these words show by their composition what preposition should
follow. Such are _absolve_, _involve_, _different_.
Some of them have, by custom, come to take prepositions not in keeping
with the original meaning of the words. Such are _derogatory_,
_averse_.
Many words take one preposition to express one meaning, and another to
convey a different meaning; as, _correspond_, _confer_.
And yet others may take several prepositions indifferently to express
the same meaning.
[Sidenote: _List I_.: _Words with particular prepositions_.]
461. LIST I.
Absolve _from_. Conversant _with_.
Abhorrent _to_. Dependent _on_ (_upon_).
Accord _with_. Different _from_.
Acquit _of_. Dissent _from_.
Affinity _between_. Derogatory _to_.
Averse _to_. Deprive _of_.
Bestow _on_ (_upon_). Independent _of_.
Conform _to_. Involve _in_.
Comply _with_.
"Different _to_" is frequently heard in spoken English in England,
and sometimes creeps into standard books, but it is not good usage.
[Sidenote: _List II_.: _Words taking different prepositions for
different meanings._]
462. LIST II.
Agree _with_ (a person). Differ _from_ (note below).
Agree _to_ (a proposal). Differ _with_ (note below).
Change_ for_ (a thing). Disappointed _in_ (a thing
Change _with_ (a person). obtained).
Change _to_ (become). Disappointed _of_ (a thing not
Confer _with_ (talk with). obtained).
Confer _on_ (_upon_) (give to). Reconcile _to_ (note below).
Confide _in_ (trust in). Reconcile _with_ (note below).
Confide _to_ (intrust to). A taste _of_ (food).
Correspond _with_ (write to). A taste _for_ (art, etc.).
Correspond _to_ (a thing).
"Correspond _with_" is sometimes used of things, as meaning _to be in
keeping with_.
"Differ _from_" is used in speaking of unlikeness between things or
persons; "differ _from_" and "differ _with_" are both used in speaking
of persons disagreeing as to opinions.
"Reconcile _to_" is used with the meaning of _resigned to_, as, "The
exile became reconciled _to_ his fate;" also of persons, in the sense
of making friends with, as, "The king is reconciled _to_ his
minister." "Reconcile _with_" is used with the meaning of _make to
agree with_, as, "The statement must be reconciled _with_ his previous
conduct."
[Sidenote: _List III_.: _Words taking anyone of several prepositions
for the same meaning_.]
463. LIST III.
Die _by_, die _for_, die _from_, die _of_, die _with_.
Expect _of_, expect _from_.
Part _from_, part _with_.
Illustrations of "die _of_," "die _from_," etc.:--
[Sidenote: "_Die_ of."]
The author died _of_ a fit of apoplexy.--BOSWELL.
People do not die _of_ trifling little colds.--AUSTEN
Fifteen officers died _of_ fever in a day.--MACAULAY.
It would take me long to die _of_ hunger.--G. ELIOT.
She died _of_ hard work, privation, and ill treatment.--BURNETT.
[Sidenote: "_Die_ from."]
She saw her husband at last literally die _from_ hunger.--BULWER.
He died at last without disease, simply _from_ old age.
--_Athenæum._
No one _died from_ want at Longfeld.--_Chambers' Journal._
[Sidenote: "_Die_ with."]
She would have been ready to die _with_ shame.--G. ELIOT.
I am positively dying _with_ hunger.--SCOTT.
I thought the two Miss Flamboroughs would have died _with_
laughing.--GOLDSMITH.
I wish that the happiest here may not die _with_ envy.--POPE.
[Sidenote: "_Die_ for." (_in behalf of_).]
Take thought and die _for_ Cæsar.--SHAKESPEARE.
One of them said he would die _for_ her.--GOLDSMITH.
It is a man of quality who dies _for_ her.--ADDISON.
[Sidenote: "_Die_ for." (_because of_).]
Who, as Cervantes informs us, died _for_ love of the fair
Marcella.--FIELDING.
Some officers had died _for_ want of a morsel of
bread.--MACAULAY.
[Sidenote: "_Die_ by." (_material cause, instrument_).]
If I meet with any of 'em, they shall die _by_ this hand.
--THACKERAY.
He must purge himself to the satisfaction of a vigilant tribunal
or die _by_ fire.--MACAULAY.
He died _by_ suicide before he completed his eighteenth
year.--SHAW.
464. Illustrations of "expect _of_," "expect _from:_"--
[Sidenote: "_Expect_ of."]
What do I expect _of_ Dublin?--_Punch._
That is more than I expected _of_ you.--SCOTT.
_Of_ Doctor P. nothing better was to be expected.--POE.
Not knowing what might be expected _of_ men in general.--G.
ELIOT.
[Sidenote: "_Expect_ from."]
She will expect more attention _from_ you, as my
friend.--WALPOLE.
There was a certain grace and decorum hardly to be expected
_from_ a man.--MACAULAY.
I have long expected something remarkable _from_ you.--G. ELIOT.
465. "Part _with_" is used with both persons and things, but "part
_from_" is less often found in speaking of things.
Illustrations of "part _with_," "part _from_:"--
[Sidenote: "_Part_ with."]
He was fond of everybody that he was used to, and hated to part
_with_ them.--AUSTEN.
Cleveland was sorry to part _with_ him.--BULWER.
I can part _with_ my children for their good.--DICKENS.
I part _with_ all that grew so near my heart.--WALLER.
[Sidenote: "_Part_ from."]
To part _from_ you would be misery.--MARRYAT.
I have just seen her, just parted _from_ her.--BULWER.
Burke parted _from_ him with deep emotion.--MACAULAY.
His precious bag, which he would by no means part _from_.--G.
ELIOT.
[Sidenote: _Kind_ in _you_, _kind_ of _you_.]
466. With words implying behavior or disposition, either _of_ or
_in_ is used indifferently, as shown in the following quotations:--
[Sidenote: Of.]
It was a little bad _of_ you.--TROLLOPE.
How cruel _of_ me!--COLLINS.
He did not think it handsome _of_ you.--BULWER.
But this is idle _of_ you.--TENNYSON.
[Sidenote: In.]
Very natural _in_ Mr. Hampden.--CARLYLE.
It will be anything but shrewd _in_ you.--DICKENS.
That is very unreasonable _in_ a person so young.--BEACONSFIELD.
I am wasting your whole morning--too bad _in_ me.--BULWER.
Miscellaneous Examples for Correction.
1. Can you imagine Indians or a semi-civilized people engaged on a
work like the canal connecting the Mediterranean and the Red seas?
2. In the friction between an employer and workman, it is commonly
said that his profits are high.
3. None of them are in any wise willing to give his life for the life
of his chief.
4. That which can be done with perfect convenience and without loss,
is not always the thing that most needs to be done, or which we are
most imperatively required to do.
5. Art is neither to be achieved by effort of thinking, nor explained
by accuracy of speaking.
6. To such as thee the fathers owe their fame.
7. We tread upon the ancient granite that first divided the waters
into a northern and southern ocean.
8. Thou tread'st, with seraphims, the vast abyss.
9. Eustace had slipped off his long cloak, thrown it over Amyas's
head, and ran up the alley.
10. This narrative, tedious perhaps, but which the story renders
necessary, may serve to explain the state of intelligence betwixt the
lovers.
11. To the shame and eternal infamy of whomsoever shall turn back from
the plow on which he hath laid his hand!
12. The noise of vast cataracts, raging storms, thunder, or artillery,
awake a great and awful sensation in the mind.
13. The materials and ornaments ought neither to be white, nor green,
nor yellow, nor blue, nor of a pale red.
14. This does not prove that an idea of use and beauty are the same
thing, or that they are any way dependent on each other.
15. And were I anything but what I am,
I would wish me only he.
16. But every man may know, and most of us do know, what is a just and
unjust act.
17. You have seen Cassio and she together.
18. We shall shortly see which is the fittest object of scorn, you or
me.
19. Richard glared round him with an eye that seemed to seek an enemy,
and from which the angry nobles shrunk appalled.
20. It comes to whomsoever will put off what is foreign and proud.
21. The difference between the just and unjust procedure does not lie
in the number of men hired, but in the price paid to them.
22. The effect of proportion and fitness, so far at least as they
proceed from a mere consideration of the work itself, produce
approbation, the acquiescence of the understanding.
23. When the glass or liquor are transparent, the light is sometimes
softened in the passage.
24. For there nor yew nor cypress spread their gloom.
25. Every one of these letters are in my name.
26. Neither of them are remarkable for precision.
27. Squares, triangles, and other angular figures, are neither
beautiful to the sight nor feeling.
28. There is not one in a thousand of these human souls that cares to
think where this estate is, or how beautiful it is, or what kind of
life they are to lead in it.
29. Dryden and Rowe's manner are quite out of fashion.
30. We were only permitted to stop for refreshment once.
31. The sight of the manner in which the meals were served were enough
to turn our stomach.
32. The moody and savage state of mind of the sullen and ambitious man
are admirably drawn.
33. Surely none of our readers are so unfortunate as not to know some
man or woman who carry this atmosphere of peace and good-will about
with them. (Sec. 411.)
34. Friday, whom he thinks would be better than a dog, and almost as
good as a pony.
35. That night every man of the boat's crew, save Amyas, were down
with raging fever.
36. These kind of books fill up the long tapestry of history with
little bits of detail which give human interest to it.
37. I never remember the heather so rich and abundant.
38. These are scattered along the coast for several hundred miles, in
conditions of life that seem forbidding enough, but which are accepted
without complaint by the inhabitants themselves.
39. Between each was an interval where lay a musket.
40. He had four children, and it was confidently expected that they
would receive a fortune of at least $200,000 between them.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: More for convenience than for absolute accuracy, the
stages of our language have been roughly divided into three:--
(1) Old English (with Anglo-Saxon) down to the twelfth century.
(2) Middle English, from about the twelfth century to the sixteenth
century.
(3) Modern English, from about 1500 to the present time.]
INDEX.
THE NUMBERS REFER TO PAGES.
A, origin of, 119.
syntax of, 310.
uses of, 124.
Absolute, nominative, 47.
Abstract nouns, 20.
with article, 25, 124.
Active voice, 133.
Address, nominative of, 47.
Adjective clauses, 260.
Adjective pronouns, demonstrative, 90.
distinguished from adjectives, 89.
distributive, 91.
numeral, 92.
Adjectives, adverbs used as, 116.
as complements, 239.
comparison of, 107.
definition of, 98.
demonstrative, 102.
from nouns, used as nouns, 27.
function of, 97.
how to parse, 115, 116.
in predicate, 239.
not compared, 109.
of quality, 99.
of quantity, 101.
ordinal, 103.
plural of, 106.
pronominal, 104.
syntax of, 303.
Adverbial clauses, 262.
Adverbial objective, 48, 242.
Adverbs, between _to_ and infinitive, 323.
classes of, 185, 187.
definition of, 184.
distinguished from adjectives, 190.
how to parse, 191.
position of, in sentence, 325.
same form as adjectives, 190.
syntax of, 325.
used as adjectives, 116.
used as nouns, 27.
what they modify, 183.
Adversative conjunction, 194.
_After_, uses of, 114, 195, 207.
_Against_, uses of, 207.
Agreement, kinds of, 275.
of adjective with noun, 303.
of personal pronoun with antecedent, 287.
of relative pronoun with antecedent, 291.
of verb with subject, 148, 316.
_All_, syntax of, 302.
_Alms_, 42.
Alternative conjunctions, 194, 328.
_Among, between_, 207, 331.
_An_. See _A_.
Anacoluthon with _which_, 295.
Analysis, definition of, 231.
of complex sentences, 264.
of compound sentences, 271.
of simple sentences, 252.
_And who_, _and which_, 296.
Antecedent, agreement of pronoun and. See _Agreement_.
definition of, 74.
of _it_, 67.
of personal pronouns, 74, 287.
of _which_, 79.
_Any_, as adjective, 101.
as pronoun, 90.
syntax of, 300.
Apostrophe in possessive, 51.
Apposition, words in, 47, 49, 67, 240.
_Are_, derivation of, 150.
Arrangement in syntax, 275.
Articles, definite, 120.
definition of, 120.
how to parse, 127.
indefinite, 124.
syntax of, 309.
_As_, after _same_, 294.
uses of, 84, 225.
_As if_, _as though_, 198.
_At_, uses of, 208.
Auxiliary verbs, 148.
_Bad_, comparison of, 110.
_Be_, conjugation of, 149.
uses of, 150.
_Better_, _best_, 110, 111.
_Between._ See _Among_.
_Brethren_, 39.
_Bridegroom_, 37.
_But_, uses of, 84, 224.
with nominative of pronoun, 283.
_But what_, 330.
_By_, uses of, 210.
_Can_, _could_, 161.
Case, definition of, 46.
Case, double possessive, of nouns, 54.
of pronouns, 64.
forms, number of, in Old and Modern English, 46.
nominative, of nouns, 47.
of pronouns, 62, 279.
objective, of nouns, 48.
of pronouns, 66, 279.
possessive, of nouns, 49, 278.
of pronouns, 63.
syntax of, 278.
Cause, clauses of, 262.
conjunctions of, 194, 195.
_Cherub_, plurals of, 45.
_Children_, 39.
Clause, adjective, 260.
adverb, 262.
definition of, 257.
kinds of, 257.
noun, 258.
_Cleave_, forms of, 158.
_Clomb_, 157.
_Cloths_, _clothes_, 43.
Collective nouns, 18.
syntax of, and verb, 312, 315.
Colloquial English, 12.
Common nouns, 18.
derived from material, 24.
derived from proper, 23.
Comparative and superlative, double, 113, 307.
syntax of, 307.
Comparison, defective, 111.
definition of, 108.
degrees of, 108.
irregular, 110.
of adjectives, 107.
of adverbs, 189.
syntax of, 305.
Complement of predicate, 239.
Complementary infinitive, 248.
Complex sentence, analysis of, 264.
definition of, 257.
Compound nouns, plural of, 43.
possessive of, 53.
Compound predicate and subject, 244.
Compound sentence, 268.
analysis of, 271.
Concessive clause, in analysis, 263.
with subjunctive, 143.
Concord. See _Agreement_.
Conditional clause, in analysis, 263.
with subjunctive, 138.
Conditional conjunctions, 196.
Conditional sentences, 139.
Conjugation, definition of, 149.
of _be_, 149.
of other verbs, 151.
Conjunctions, and other parts of speech, same words, 195, 207.
coördinate, 194.
correlative, 194.
definition of, 193.
how to parse, 199.
subordinate, 195.
syntax of, 328.
Conjunctive adverbs, 188.
Conjunctive pronoun. See _Relative pronoun_.
Contracted sentences, analysis of, 255.
Coördinate clauses, 269.
Coördinate conjunctions. See _Conjunctions_.
Coördinating _vs._ restrictive use of relative pronouns, 289.
Copulative conjunction, 194.
_Could._ See _Can_.
Dative case, in Old English, replaced by objective, 66.
Declarative sentence, 231.
Declension of interrogative pronouns, 73.
Declension, of nouns, 51.
of personal pronouns, 60.
of relative pronouns, 80.
Defective verbs, 160.
Definite article. See _Articles_.
Definite tenses, 148, 152.
Degree, adverbs of, 185.
Degrees. See _Comparison_.
Demonstrative adjectives, 102.
syntax of, 303.
Demonstrative pronouns, 90.
Dependent clause. See _Subordinate clause_.
Descriptive adjectives, 99.
Descriptive use of nouns, 26.
_Dice_, _dies_, 43.
_Die by_, _for_, _from_, _of_, _with_, 333.
Direct discourse, 320.
Direct object, _vs._ indirect, 48, 242.
retained with passive verb, 242.
Distributive adjectives, 102.
syntax of, 287, 315.
Distributive pronouns, 91.
syntax of, 288, 300.
Double comparative. See _Comparative_.
Double possessive. See _Case_.
_Drake_, _duck_, 35.
_Drank_, _drunk_, 158.
_Each_, adjective, 102.
pronoun, 90, 92.
syntax of, 287.
_Each other_, _one another_, 92, 299.
_Eat_ (ĕt), 158.
_Eaves_, 42.
_Either_, as adjective, 102.
syntax of, 287.
as conjunction, 194.
syntax of, 328.
as pronoun, 90, 92.
syntax of, 300.
_Elder_, _older_, 110, 112.
Elements of the sentence, 234, 257.
Ellipsis, a source of error in pronouns, 280.
in complex sentence, 255.
_'Em_, origin of, 62.
_Empress_, 34.
_-En_, added to plural, 39.
feminine suffix, 32.
plural suffix, original, 38.
English, literary, spoken, vulgar, 12.
periods of, 33.
Enlargement of predicate, 241.
of subject, object, complement, 240.
_-Es_ original of possessive ending, 51.
plural suffix, 40.
_-Ess_, feminine suffix, 33.
_Every_, adjective, 102.
syntax of, 287.
_Expect of_, _expect from_, 334.
_Expected to have gone_, etc., 319.
Factitive object, 48, 235.
_Farther, further_, 110, 112, 189.
Feminine, 30.
_Few, a few_, 126.
_First_, 103, 112.
_First two_, _two first_, etc., 308.
_Fish_, _fishes_, 43.
_For_, redundant, with infinitive, used as a noun, 212, 238.
uses of, 211.
Foreign plurals, 45.
_Former, the_, adjective, 102.
pronoun, 91.
_From_, uses of, 212.
_Further._ See _Farther_.
Future tense, 147, 152.
Future perfect, 148, 152.
_Gander_, _goose_, 36.
_Gender_, "common gender," 31.
definition of, 30.
distinguished from sex, 30.
in English, as compared with other languages, 29.
modes of marking, in nouns, 32.
of personal pronouns, 60.
of relative pronouns, 80.
_Genii_, _geniuses_, 43.
Gerund, distinguished from participle and verbal noun, 177.
forms of, 176.
in syntax, possessive case with, 285.
_Girl_, 35.
_Got_, 159.
Government, definition of, kinds of, 275.
Grammar, basis of, 12.
definition of, 12.
divisions of, 13.
opinions on, 9.
province of, 10.
H, _an_ before, 120.
_Had better_, _had rather_, 175.
_Hanged_, _hung_, 159.
_He_, _she_, _it_, 61.
_His_ for _its_, 61.
_Husband_, 36.
_I_, personal pronoun, 60.
Imperative mood, 144.
of first person, 145.
Imperative sentence, 231.
Imperfect participle, 173.
Indefinite adjective, 101.
Indefinite article. See _Articles_.
Indefinite pronoun, 93.
Indefinite use of _you_, _your_, 67.
Independent clause, 257.
Independent elements, 245.
_Indexes_, _indices_, 43.
Indicative mood, uses of, 136.
Indirect discourse, 320.
Indirect object. See _Direct object_.
Indirect questions. See _Questions_.
Infinitive, active, with passive meaning, 176.
not a mood, 153.
syntax of, 319, 323.
uses of, 248.
_-Ing_ words, summary of, 178.
Interjections, 227.
Interrogative adjectives, 105.
Interrogative adverbs, 188.
Interrogative pronouns, 72.
declension of, 73.
in indirect questions, 85.
syntax of, 283.
Interrogative sentence, 231, 233.
Intransitive verbs, 131.
made transitive, 131.
Irregularities in syntax, 276.
Irregularly compared adjectives, 110.
adverbs, 189.
_It_, uses of, 67.
"It was _me_," etc., 63, 281.
_Its_, history of, 61.
_Kind_, _these kind_, etc., 303.
_Kine_, double plural, 39.
_King_, _queen_, 36.
_Lady_, _lord_, 36.
_Last_, _latest_, 110, 113.
_Latter, the_, adjective, 102, 113.
pronoun, 91.
_Lay_, _lie_, 170.
_Less_, _lesser_, 110.
_Lie_. See _Lay_.
_Like_, syntax of, 227.
uses of, 226.
Literary English, 12.
_Little_, _a little_, 126.
Logic _vs._ form, in syntax, 276.
Logical subject and predicate, 245.
_Lord._ See _Lady_.
_-Ly_, words in, 190.
_Madam_, 36.
Manner, adverbs of, 185, 188.
conjunctions of, 195.
_Many_, comparison of, 110, 112.
_Many a_, 126.
Mapping out sentences, 256, 265.
_Mare_, 36.
_Master_, _mistress_, 34.
_May_, _might_, 160.
_Means_, construction of, 41.
_Mighty_ as adverb, 187.
_Mine_, of _mine_, 64.
Modifier, adverb, position of, 325.
Modifiers. See _Enlargement_.
_Mood_, definition of, 135.
imperative, 144.
indicative, 136, 137.
subjunctive, 137-144.
_-Most_, in superlatives, 113, 114, 189.
_Much_, comparison of, 110, 112, 189.
_Must_, 161.
_Near_, _nearer_, _nigh_, etc., 110, 112.
Negative, double, 326.
_Neither_, adjective, 102.
syntax of, 287.
conjunction, 194.
syntax of, 328.
pronoun, 90, 92.
syntax of, 300.
Neuter nouns, definition of, 30.
or gender nouns, according to use, 30.
two kinds of, 32.
_News_, 41.
_No_ in analysis, 246.
Nominative. See _Case_.
_None_, syntax of, 301.
_Nor_, 194, 328.
_Not a_, etc. 126.
Noun clause, 258.
Nouns, 17.
abstract, 20.
become half abstract, 25, 124.
become proper, 25.
formation of, 21.
case of, 46.
collective, 19.
common, 18.
definition of, 17.
descriptive, 26.
gender of, 29.
how to parse, 56.
kinds of, 17
material, 19.
become class nouns, 24, 125.
neuter, used as gender nouns, 30.
number in, 38.
once singular, now plural, 42.
other words used as, 27.
plural, how formed, 38-41.
of abstract, 41
of compound, etc. 43.
of foreign, 45.
of letters and figures, 46.
of material, 41.
of proper, 41.
same as singular, 39.
two forms of, 42
with titles, 44.
proper, 18.
become common, 23.
syntax of, 278.
use of possessive form of, 278, 285.
with definite article, 121.
with different meaning in plural, 42.
with indefinite article, 124.
Nouns, with no singular, 42.
with one plural, two meanings, 43.
with plural form, singular meaning, 41.
with singular or plural construction, plural form, 41.
_Now_ as conjunction, 195, 196.
_Number_, definition of, etc., in nouns.
See _Nouns_.
in adjectives, 106.
in pronouns, personal, 60.
in verbs, 148.
Numeral adjectives, definite, 101.
distributive, 102.
indefinite, 101.
Numeral pronouns, 92.
Object, adverbial, 48.
definition of, 48.
direct and indirect, 48.
in analysis, 235.
of preposition. See _Preposition_.
modifiers of, 240.
retained with passive verb, 242.
Objective case, adverbial, dative, 48, 242.
in spoken English, 281.
instead of nominative, 279.
nominative instead of, 282.
of nouns, 48.
of pronouns, 66.
syntax of, 279.
_Of_, uses of, 213.
_Older._ See _Elder_.
Omission of relative pronoun, 87, 293.
_On_, _upon_, uses of, 216.
_One_, definite numeral adjective, 101.
indefinite pronoun, 94.
possessive of, 93
_One another._ See _Each other_.
_One_ (_the_), the other, as adjective, 103.
as pronoun, 91.
_Only_, as conjunction, 194.
position of, as adverb, 325
Order, a part of syntax, 275.
inverted, in analysis, 233, 237.
Ordinal adjectives, treatment of, 103.
_Other_ with comparatives, 306.
_Ought_, 161.
_Our_, _ours_, 64.
_Ourself_, 69.
_Oxen_, 38.
_Pains_, 41.
Parsing, models for, 56, 117.
of adjectives, 115, 116.
of adverbs, 191.
of articles, 127.
of conjunctions, 199.
of nouns, 56.
of prepositions, 219.
of pronouns, 95.
of relatives, 80.
of verb phrases, 180.
of verbals, 181.
of verbs, 179.
some idioms not parsed, 56.
what it is, 56.
_Part from_, _part with_, 335.
Participial adjective, 100.
Participial phrase, 247.
Participle, definition of, 172.
distinguished from other _-ing_ words, 177.
forms of, 174.
kinds of, 173.
syntax of, 322.
uses of, 150, 172.
Parts of speech, article included in, 119.
words used as various, 27, 28.
Passive voice, 134.
_Peas_, _pease_, 43.
_Pence_, _pennies_, 43.
Person, agreement of verb and subject in, 317.
of nouns, 59.
of pronouns, 59.
of verbs, 148.
Personal pronoun, absolute use of, 63.
agreement of, with antecedent, 287.
as predicate nominative, 281.
case of, 62.
compound, or reflexive, 69.
uses of, 70.
definition of, 59.
double possessive of, 64.
_'em_ and _them_, 62.
history of, 61.
objective of, for nominative in spoken English, 63, 281.
syntax of, 281.
table of, 60.
triple possessive of, 64.
uses of _it_, 67.
Personification, of abstract nouns, 25.
of other nouns, 37.
Phrase, definition of, 236.
kinds of, 236.
infinitive, 248.
participial, 247.
prepositional, 247.
Place, adverbs of, 185, 188.
conjunctions of, 195.
prepositions of, 206.
Plural, of adjectives, 106.
syntax of, 303.
of nouns. See _Nouns_.
of pronouns, 60, 61.
_Politics_, singular or plural, 41.
Positive degree. See _Comparison_.
Possessive, appositional, of nouns, 49.
as antecedent of relative, 285.
double, of nouns, 54.
double, of pronouns. See _Personal pronoun_.
objective and subjective, 50.
of compound nouns, 53.
of indefinite pronoun, 303.
omission of _s_ in singular, 52.
origin of _'s_, 51.
syntax of, 278.
with modified noun omitted, 53.
with two objects, 278.
Predicate, complement of, 235.
complete, 245.
definition of, 232.
logical _vs._ simple, 245.
modifiers of, 241.
Prefixes, gender shown by, 32.
Prepositions, certain, with certain words, 332.
classification of, 206.
definition of, 203.
followed by possessive case, 54, 64.
by nominative case, 283.
how to parse, 219.
objects of, 203.
position of, 202.
relations expressed by certain, 208.
same words as other parts of speech, 187, 195, 207.
syntax of, 331.
uses of, 129, 132, 205.
various, with same meaning, 333.
Present tense used as future, 147.
_Pretty_ as adverb, 186.
Pronominal adjectives, interrogative, 105.
relative, 104.
_what_, exclamatory, 105.
Pronouns, 58.
adjective, 89.
_all_, singular and plural, 302.
_any_, usually plural, 300.
_each other_, _one another_, 299.
_either_, _neither_, with verbs, 300.
_none_, usually plural, 301.
_somebody else's_, 303.
definition of, 58.
how to parse, 95.
indefinite, 93.
interrogative, 72.
_who_ as objective, 283.
personal, 59.
after _than_, _as_, 280.
antecedents of, 287.
nominative and objective, forms of, 279.
nominative form of, after _but_, 284.
objective form of, for predicate nominative, 281.
objective form of, in exclamations, 282.
possessive form of, as antecedent of relative, 285.
possessive form of, with gerund, 286.
relative, 74.
agreement of, with antecedent, 291.
anacoluthon with _which_, 295.
_and who_, _and which_, 296.
_as_, _that_, _who_, and _which_ after _same_, 295.
how to parse, 80.
omission of, 87, 293.
restrictive and unrestrictive, 289.
two relatives, same antecedent, 297.
syntax of, 279.
usefulness of, 58.
Proper nouns. See _Nouns_.
Purpose, clauses of, 263.
conjunctions of, 195.
Quality, adjectives of, 99.
Quantity, adjectives of, 101.
Questions, direct and indirect, adverbs in, 188.
pronominal adjectives in, 105.
pronouns in, 85.
indirect, subjunctive in, 142.
Quotations. See _Direct discourse_.
Rank, adjectives of same and different, 115.
_Rather_, 189.
Reflexive pronouns, history of, 69.
how formed, 69.
Reflexive use of personal pronoun, 68.
Relative pronoun, 74.
_but_ and _as_, 84.
distinguished from interrogative, in indirect questions, 85.
function of, 74.
indefinite or compound, 83.
omission of, 87, 293.
restrictive use of, 289.
syntax of, 289.
use of, 74.
Result, clauses of, 263.
conjunctions of, 196.
Retained object, 242.
_Riches_, 42.
_S_, plural suffix, 40.
_'S_, possessive ending, 51.
_Same as_, _that_, _who_, _which_, 294.
_Sat_, _sate_, 159.
_Seeing_, conjunction, 195, 196.
_Self_ in reflexive pronoun, 69.
Sentences, analysis of complex, 26
of compound, 271.
of elliptical, 255.
of simple, 252.
complex in form, simple in effect, 259.
Sentences, definition of, 231.
kinds of, 231.
Sequence of tenses, 319.
_Set_, _sit_, 170.
Sex and gender, 29.
_Shall_, _should_, _will_, _would_, 162.
_Shear_, forms of, 159.
_Shot_, _shots_, 43.
Simple sentence. See _Sentences_.
Singular number, 38.
_Sir_, 36.
_Somebody else's_, etc., 303.
_Sort_, _these sort_, 303.
Spelling becoming phonetic in verbs, 169.
_Spinster_, 33.
Split infinitive, 323.
Spoken English, 12.
-Ster, feminine suffix, use of, in Middle English, 32.
in Modern English, 33.
Subject, complete, 245.
definition of, 233.
grammatical _vs._ logical, 67, 245, 258.
modifiers of, 240.
things used as, 237, 258.
Subjunctive mood, definition of, 137.
gradual disuse of, 144.
uses of, in literary English, 138.
in spoken English, 144.
Subordinate clause, 257.
adjective, 260.
adverb, 262.
definition of, 257.
how to distinguish, 270.
kinds of, 257.
noun, 258.
other names for, 257.
_Such_ as adverb, 186.
_Such a_, 126.
Suffix _-en_. See _-En_.
_-s_, _-es_, 38.
Suffixes, foreign, 33.
Superlative degree, double, 307.
in meaning, not in form, 107.
not suggesting comparison, 109.
of adjectives, 108.
of adverbs, 189.
syntax of, 306.
with two objects, 306.
Syntax, basis of, 277.
definition of, 275.
in English not same as in classical languages, 275.
Tense, definition of, 147.
Tenses, definite, meaning of, 148.
in Modern English, made up of auxiliaries, 147.
number of, in Old English, 147.
sequence of, 319.
table of, 152.
_Than me_, _than whom_, 280.
_That_, omission of, when subject, 88.
when object, 87.
relative, restrictive, and coördinating, 289, 290.
_that ... and which_, 297.
uses of, 222.
_That_, _this_, as adjectives, 106.
as adverbs, 186.
history of plural of, 106.
_The_, as article, 120.
as adverb, 123, 186.
history of, 119.
syntax of, 309.
_Their_, _they_, 61.
_Then_, "the _then_ king," etc., 116.
_There_ introductory, 191.
_These kind_, syntax of. See _Kind_.
_These_, _this_, _those_. See _That_, history of.
_Thou_, _thy_, _thee_, uses of, 61.
_Time_, adverbs of, 185, 188.
conjunctions of, 195.
prepositions of, 207.
_To_, before infinitive, 175.
in exclamations, 175.
omitted with certain verbs, 175.
uses of, as preposition, 217.
_T'other_, _the tother_, 119.
_-Trix_, feminine suffix, 33.
_Try and_, _try to_, 330.
_Two first_, _first two_, etc., 308.
_Under_, adjective, 114.
_Upon_, uses of. See _On_.
_Upper_, 114.
_Utter_, _uttermost_, 111, 114.
Verb phrases, 128.
parsing of, 180.
Verbal noun, 20.
distinguished from other _-ing_ words, 21, 173.
Verbals, cleft infinitive, 323.
gerund, 176.
how to parse, 181.
infinitive, 174, 248.
kinds of, 172.
participle, 172.
carelessly used, 322.
uses of, in analysis, 247.
syntax of, 322.
Verbs, agreement of, with subject in number, 312-316.
in person, 317.
auxiliary, 148.
conjugation of, 149.
defective, 160.
definition of, 129.
how to parse, 179.
in indirect discourse, 320.
intransitive, made transitive, 131.
mood of, 135.
of incomplete predication, 150, 236.
passive form, active meaning, 151.
person and number of, 148.
retained object with passive, 242.
strong, definition of, 154.
remarks on certain, 157.
table of, 155.
syntax of, 312.
tense of, 147.
sequence of, 319.
transitive and intransitive, 130.
voice of, 133.
weak, definition of, 154.
spelling of, 169.
table of irregular, 167.
_Vixen_, 33.
Vocative nominative, 47.
in analysis, 245.
Voice, active, 133.
passive, 134.
Vowel change, past tense of verbs formed by, 154.
plural formed by, 39.
Vulgar English, 12.
Weak verbs, regular, irregular, 167.
spelling of, becoming phonetic, 169.
_Went_, 159.
_What_, uses of, 223.
_but what_, 330.
_what a_, 105. 126.
_Whereby_, _whereto_, etc., 85.
_Whether_, conjunction, 194.
interrogative pronoun, 72.
_Which_, antecedent of, 79.
as adjective, 104, 105.
as relative pronoun, 75.
in indirect questions, 85.
indefinite relative, 83.
interrogative pronoun in direct questions, 72.
syntax of, 295-299.
_whose_, possessive of, 78.
_Who_, as relative, 75.
in direct questions, 72.
in indirect questions, 85.
indefinite relative, 83.
objective, in spoken English, 73.
referring to animals, 77.
syntax of, 296, 299.
_Widower_, 37.
_Wife_, 36.
_Will_, _would_. See _Shall_.
_Witch_, _wizard_, 36.
_With_, uses of, 218.
_Woman_, 32.
Words in _-ing_, 178.
in _-ly_, 190.
_Worse_, _worser_, 111.
_Y_, plural of nouns ending in. 40.
_Yes_ in analysis, 246.
_Yon_, _yonder_, 103.
_You_, singular and plural, 61.
_Yours_, _of yours_, 64.
_Yourself_, _yourselves_, 70.