” 1773 ” —Death of Ishmael.
” 992 ” —Bilkis, queen of Yemen (Sheba) visits Solomon.
” 700 ” —Amalgamation of Cushite and Sabean clans in Yemen.
” 754 ” —All Yemen and Oman under rule of Yaarŭb.
” 588 ” —First Jewish settlements in Arabia.
A. D. 33—Arabians present at Pentecost.
” 37—The Apostle Paul goes to Arabia.
” 60—Second Jewish immigration into Arabia.
” 105—Roman Emperor Trajan under his general Palma subdues
Northwestern Arabia.
” 120—Destruction of great dam at Marib and the beginning of Arab
migrations northward.
” 297—Famine in Western Arabia. Migrations eastward.
” 326—Nearchus, admiral of Alexander, surveys the Persian Gulf.
” 325—Nicene Council—Arabians present.
” 342—Christianity already extending in Northern Arabia. Churches
built in Yemen.
” 372—Mavia, queen of North Arabia, converted to Christianity.
” 525—Abyssinian invasion of Yemen.
” 561—Mohammed born at Mecca.
” 575—Persians under Anosharwan expel the Abyssinians from Yemen.
” 595—Mohammed marries Khadijah.
” 595—Yemen passes under Persian Rule.
” 610—Mohammed begins his prophetic career.
” 622—(A.H. 1)—Mohammed flees from Mecca to Medina. The era of
the _Hegira_. (See end of Table.)
” 623—Battle of Bedr.
” 624—Battle of Ohod.
” 630—Mecca overcome. Embassy to Oman, etc.
” 632—Death of Mohammed. Abubekr caliph. All Arabia subjugated by
force of arms.
” 634—Omar caliph. Expulsion of Jews and Christians from Arabia.
” 638—Kufa and Busrah founded.
” 644—Othman caliph.
” 655—Dissensions regarding caliphate. Medina attacked. Ali
chosen caliph.
” 656—Battle of the Camel. Capital transferred to Kufa.
” 661—Ali assassinated. Hassan becomes caliph.
” 750—Beginning of Abbaside Caliphate (Bagdad).
” 754—Mansur.
” 786—Haroun el Rashid.
” 809—Amin.
” 813—Mamun.
” 833—Motasim.
” 847—Motawakkel.
” 889—Arise of Carmathian sect.
” 905—Yemen comes under Karamite caliphs.
” 932—Rebellion in Yemen. It becomes independent under _Imams_ of
Sana as rulers.
” 930—Carmathians take Mecca and carry away the black-stone to
Katif.
” 1055—Togrul Beg at Bagdad.
” 1096-1272—The Crusades. Arabia in touch with European
civilization through its bands of warriors.
” 1173—Yemen subdued by sultans of Egypt.
” 1240—Rise of Ottoman Turks.
” 1258—Fall of Bagdad.
” 1325—Yemen again independent.
” 1454—Imams of Yemen take Aden and fortify it.
” 1503—Portuguese under Ludovico Barthema, make voyages on Arabian
coast and visit Aden and Muscat.
” 1507—Portuguese take Muscat.
” 1513—Portuguese under Abulquerque are repulsed at Aden. Visit
Mokha and the Persian Gulf.
” 1516—Suleiman by order of Mameluke Sultan attacks Aden and is
repulsed.
” 1538—Suleiman the Magnificent sends a fleet and takes Aden by
treachery. Arab garrison butchered.
” 1540—Beginning of Turkish rule in Yemen.
” 1550—Arabs hand over Aden to the Portuguese.
” 1551—Aden recaptured by Peri Pasha.
” 1624-1741—Imams established rule over all Oman with capital at
Rastak; then at Muscat.
” 1609—First visit to Aden by English captains.
” 1618—English establish factories at Mokha.
” 1622—Portuguese expelled from Bahrein and Arab coast by the
Persians.
” 1630—Arabs drive out Turks from Yemen and _Imams_ take the
throne at Sana.
” 1740-65—Dutch East India Company in Persian Gulf and Red Sea
ports.
” 1765—English East India Company in Persian Gulf and Red Sea
ports.
” 1735—Abdali Sultan of Lahaj takes Aden.
” 1741—Ahmed bin Said drives out Portuguese from Muscat and founds
Dynasty of Imams, anew.
” 1765—Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab dies and his political associate
Mohammed bin Saud propagates Wahabiism in Arabia.
” 1780—Spread of Wahabi doctrine over all of Central Arabia.
” 1801—Wahabis conquer Bahrein and hold it for nine years.
” 1803—Abd-ul-Aziz the Wahabi chief assassinated by a Persian
fanatic.
” 1803—Wahabis take Mecca and lay seige to Jiddah.
” 1804—Wahabis take Medina.
” 1804—Said bin Sultan ruler of Oman and Zanzibar.
” 1809—Aden visited by Captain Haines of British Navy.
” 1818—Ibrahim Pasha captures Wahabi capital and sends Amir in
chains to Constantinople where he is beheaded.
” 1805-1820—British suppress piracy in Persian Gulf.
” 1820—Son of Amir, Turki, proclaimed Sultan of Nejd and Oman
coast.
” 1821—British make treaty with tribes on Oman coast called the
“Trucial League.”
” 1820-1847—British treaties with Bahrein chiefs to suppress
slave-trade and piracy.
” 1831—Turki, ruler of Nejd, murdered.
” 1832—Feysul bin Turki, succeeds him.
” l835—Abdullah bin Rashid becomes a powerful chief in Jebel
Shammar.
” 1835—Aden again visited by British to avenge cruelty to sailors
shipwrecked off its coast.
” 1839—Aden bombarded by British fleet and taken. Treaties made
with surrounding tribes.
” 1840-1847—Aden attacked by Arabs.
” 1846—Tilal bin Abdullah bin Rashid succeeds to rulership of
Jebel Shammar and becomes independent of Wahabi power.
” 1851-1856—Abdullah bin Mutalib Sherif of Mecca.
” 1854—Sultan of Oman makes treaty with England and cedes Kuria
Muria Islands.
” 1856—Thuwani bin Said ruler of Oman.
” 1857—Perim occupied by British.
” 1858-1877—Abdullah bin Mohammed Sherif of Mecca.
” 1858—Cable laid in Red Sea from Suez to Aden, but proved
defective (cost £800,000).
” 1858—Bombardment of Jiddah by British.
” 1865-1886—Abdullah bin Feysul ruler of Nejd with capital at Riad.
” 1867—Mitaab bin Abdullah succeeds Tilal.
” 1867—Menamah (Bahrein) bombarded by British because of broken
treaty. Isa bin Ali made ruler.
” 1866—Sultan bin Thuwani ruler of Oman.
” 1868—Mohammed bin Rashid assumes power and rule at Hail as Amir
of Nejd.
” 1869—Cable laid from Bombay to Aden and Suez.
” 1870—Turkish invasion of Yemen.
” 1871—Turkish invasion of Hassa and occupation of Katif.
” 1871—Seyyid Turki ruler of Oman (Muscat).
” 1875—Busrah made a separate vilayet.
” 1877—Beginning of Turkish bureaucracy at Mecca.
” 1878—Treaty of Berlin. Reforms promised in Turkish Provinces.
” 1880—Hasein, Sherif of Mecca, is murdered.
” 1881-82—Abd el Mutalib again Sherif of Mecca.
” 1882—Aun er Rafik made Sherif of Mecca.
” 1886—Mohammed Ibn Rashid takes Riad overturning Saud government
and becomes ruler of all Central Arabia.
[NOTE.—To find the equivalent date A. H. of any year A. D.:—From the
year A. D. deduct 621.54 and to the remainder add 3 per cent. A. H.
1 = July 16th, 622 A. D., and the Moslem year consists of 12 lunar
months. To find the equivalent date A. D. of a year A. H. multiply it
by .970225 and to the remainder add 621.54. The sum gives the date A.
D. of the _end_ of the year A. H.]
Appendix II
TABLE OF THE ARAB TRIBES OF NORTHERN ARABIA
{El Meshadaka.
{El Meshatta.
{_Walid Ali_ {El Hammamede.
{ {El Jedaleme.
{ {El Toluh.
{
{_El-Hessene_ {El Hessene (proper).
{ {Messalih.
{
I. The Anaeze: {_Er-Ruwalla_ {El Ruwalla (proper).
{ (or Jilas) {Um Halif.
{
{ {Fedan.
{ {Tana Majid {Sebaa.
{ {
{_El-Beshr_ { {Medeyan.
{ {Selga {Metarafe.
{ { {Aulad Sulei
{El Mowaly.
{El Howeytat.
II. AHL ES-SHEMMAL: {El Hadedin.
(Northern tribes) {Es-Soleyb.
{ (also) {El Feheily.
{Arabs of the Hauran {Es-Serdye.
{Bni Sokhr.
{Bni Heteym.
{Arabs of Kerak.
{Esh-Sherarat.
{ {El Temeyat.
{ {El Menjat.
{Bni-Shammar {Ibn Ghazy.
III. AHL EL-KIBLY: { {Bayr.
(Southernly { {El-Fesyani.
tribes) {El-Jerba.
{El Jofeir.
{El Akeydat
{Bni Sayd.
{El-Wouled.
{El-Bakara.
I. THE ANAEZE:
_Walid Ali_
El Meshadaka.
El Meshatta.
El Hammamede.
El Jedaleme.
El Toluh.
_El-Hessene_
El Hessene (proper).
Messalih.
_Er-Ruwalla_ (or Jilas)
El Ruwalla (proper).
Um Halif.
_El-Beshr_
Tana Majid
Fedan.
Sebaa.
Selga
Medeyan.
Metarafe.
Aulad Suleiman.
II. AHL ES-SHEMMAL: (Northern tribes)
El Mowaly.
El Howeytat.
El Hadedin.
Es-Soleyb.
(also)
Arabs of the Hauran
El Feheily.
Es-Serdye.
Bni Sokhr.
Bni Heteym.
III. AHL EL-KIBLY: (Southernly tribes)
Arabs of Kerak.
Esh-Sherarat.
Bni-Shammar
El Temeyat.
El Menjat.
Ibn Ghazy.
Bayr.
El-Fesyani.
El-Jerba.
El Jofeir.
El Akeydat
Bni Sayd.
El-Wouled.
El-Bakara.
Appendix III
KAAT AND COFFEE CULTURE IN ARABIA
Kaat (_Celastrus eatha edulis_) is a shrub or small tree which grows
at an altitude of about five thousand feet in the lower mountains
of Yemen, especially on the slopes of Jebel Sohr near Taiz. It is
uncertain whether the plant is indigenous, but if introduced into Yemen
from Africa, it came very early, with coffee, when the Abyssinian
conquest caused the fall of the Himyarite empire.
Kaat is planted from shoots which are left to grow for three years,
then all the leaves and buds are pulled off except on a few twigs;
these develop the following year into juicy shoots which are cut off,
tied in bundles, wrapped in grass to preserve their moisture, and sold
under the name of _moubarreh_. The second crop is of better quality,
and is called _mouthanee_. A small bundle, _kilwet_, sells at Taiz
for about five cents, and a larger quantity, yet scarcely a handful,
called _zirbet_, for ten cents. Only the leaves and young twigs are
masticated, but I have seen the poor glad to pick up even the castaway
dry leaves and branches to get what comfort they could out of them.
The taste of the leaves is slightly bitter and astringent, very like
that of the peach leaf. It has stimulative properties, produces
wakefulness, and in large quantities hallucination; it is said to
preserve the teeth, and some use it as an aphrodisac. All Arabs claim
that it gives wonderful power of endurance, and that with their kaat
and tobacco they can do without food on long journeys. Every one, young
and old, Arab, Jew or Turk, uses it, and many use it in incredible
quantities. One soldier told me that he spent a rupee (33 cents) a day
for his kaat, and the Cadi of Taiz pays twenty dollars a day for this
luxury,—his household, however, is as large as the koran and divorce
can make it.
The Ottoman government receives twenty-five per cent customs on the
market price of the plant in addition to the land tax on kaat culture.
The total revenue from this source is considerable as can be judged
from the fact that at Taiz, a town of perhaps five thousand population,
all the other taxes are farmed for ten thousand dollars per annum,
while the daily sale of kaat amounts to over three hundred dollars!
The kaat market is open from early morning, when the fresh bundles
came on donkeys and camels, but the busiest time is in the afternoon;
for the proper thing is to eat kaat just before sunset, and to invite
guests to chew leaves an hour or two before dinner. The sellers sit
in the open air, and are mostly women. In their rather picturesque
costumes, unveiled, they sit the long day, with a basket of the green
luxury before them; sprinkling their ware from time to time to keep it
moist; untying a score of bundles to satisfy some proud epicure who
tastes before he takes; haggling over the price of a damaged bundle
with some soldier; and again swearing, as only Arabs can, to the
genuineness of the kind in question—for kaat has six distinct flavors
and varieties, each with a special name, and alas for the slave who
was sent for one and returns with another. Sometimes there is close
dealing, or on a rainy day “a corner” in the market, or some wicked
urchin runs off with a stolen bundle, and at such times all the women
talk at once, and their uproar is only rivalled in Yemen by the Jews’
synagogue service. The kaat market at 4 P. M. is indeed a picture, full
of color and pose and motion worthy the brush of an artist; its like
can only be seen in the villages of lower Yemen, and among the many
surprises to the traveller in this Switzerland of Arabia nothing is at
first sight stranger and more ludicrous than to see sober Arabs sit
down in groups at the close of day and, as Nebuchadnezzar of old, “eat
grass like oxen.”
According to an Arab history _kaat_ was used by the Arabs before the
coffee-plant became naturalized in the highlands of Yemen. At present
coffee and kaat grow together. Both are considered lawful to Moslems,
and Yemen’s chief source of wealth is its coffee export. The principal
districts for coffee-culture stretch north of Taiz to Lohaia and
Kankaban and Sana, and the variety of the product depends mostly on the
elevation of the plantation. There are three distinct stages in its
culture. First the seed is prepared by removing the shell or pericarp;
it is then mingled with wood ashes and dried in the shade. Then the
seed is planted in prepared beds of rich soil, mingled with manure; the
beds are covered with branches of trees to protect the young plants
from the heat of the sun and they are watered every six or seven days.
Lastly after six weeks the plants are carefully removed from the ground
and planted in rows at a distance of two or three feet from each other.
After two or three years the coffee-tree begins to yield.
The gardens in Yemen are all constructed in terraces along the
mountain-side and are exceedingly beautiful when the plant is in full
bloom. When the berries are ripe they are plucked from the tree and
dried in the sun; afterwards packed in gunnybags they are sent to the
coast. The Arabs of Yemen seldom use the bean in making coffee but
utilize the shell or husk; the beverage is less strong, more sweet and
of course cheaper. Coffee is sown in March, budding begins in May, and
the crop is gathered in September. A great deal of Yemen coffee finds
its way overland to the interior of Arabia in addition to the export
to Aden and Hodeida; Mokha was once the great emporium but has utterly
decayed and now consists of only a few houses in ruined condition and a
dilapidated Mosque.
Appendix IV
AN ARABIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Buist, (Dr.)—Physical Geography of the Red Sea (no date).
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