The restrictions given in the early proclamations as to the flying of

the Union Jack at sea, and the official instructions as to its use as a

special distinction on shore, particularly for military garrisons and

official residences, have given rise to questionings as to the right of

its being used by all British private citizens on land. Their authority

to use it afloat has been clearly defined, but not so clearly that of

their right on shore, although such has been the usage and practice of

centuries.

The proclamation of Queen Anne declared the flag which conjoyning the

crosses of St. George and St. Andrew, had been approved to be "used

in all flags and ensigns both at sea and land," and then proceeded to

state restrictions only as to their particular using as insignia at

sea, where as signs of authority and signals on ships such restrictions

were unquestionably necessary.

No restrictions were placed upon their use on land, and thus all

citizens of the United Kingdom were given authority to use on land

"Our Jack, commonly called the Union Jack," the loyal usage which had

grown up under its predecessors being confirmed. This right was not in

any way changed at the time of the creation of the present Union Jack,

which, in 1801, succeeded it, and so to the first century of loyal and

common usage have been further added two centuries of loyal right.

In more recent times additional interesting evidence and authority have

been given, both as to the name of this flag and its use by private

citizens. In reply to an enquiry in 1902 by the Vicar of Folkestone,

England, as to the propriety of the display of the Royal Standard upon

his church at the time of the coronation of His Majesty Edward VII.,

Lord Knollys, Private Secretary to the King, in reply, informed him

that the Standard should not so be used, but "you can always fly the

Union Jack."[175] The name and the propriety of the use of the Jack by

private citizens in the United Kingdom was graciously confirmed.

[175] Lord Knollys, 4th June, 1902. Appendix B.

As there had been considerable discussion as to what flags were proper

to be used on land in Canada, the writer addressed Lord Knollys,

quoting the previous letter, and stating the particular attention given

to the flying of flags in this and the outer realms of the Empire, and

received in reply, that "the Union Jack, being the national flag, may

be flown by British subjects, private or official, on land."[176]

[176] Lord Knollys, 29th December, 1907. Appendix B.

The Colonial Secretary of the Imperial Cabinet, in reply to a question

in the House of Commons (1908), said that the Union Jack could be

flown by every citizen of the Empire, as well as on Government offices

and public buildings; that the Union Jack should be regarded as the

national flag, and undoubtedly might be hoisted on land by all His

Majesty's subjects.

Authority has also been since given by the "Home Office" in England,

stating "that the Union Jack is to be regarded as the national flag,

and may be used generally by British subjects on land".[177]

[177] Letter Under-Secretary of State, Home Office, Whitehall, June 19,

1908.

The three crosses of the three nations whose successive unions it first

typified, have since expanded far beyond the United Kingdom of the

parent isles.

The sons of the Kingdoms have in centuries of prowess carried it far

afield, and bringing distant continents beneath its realm, have built

up the Dominions beyond the seas in Australia, Canada, New Zealand,

India, South Africa, and the myriad islands of the oceans, so that it

has become the Union Jack of the British Empire.

A British subject, wherever he may be on British soil, may, therefore,

always use the Union Jack.

It has already been noted that when flags are to be employed for

official purposes it is desirable that definite regulations shall

be issued for their use. In Canada we raise the Union Jack on our

Parliament and Legislative Buildings, as indicating the presence of

Government under the British Constitution; by Parliaments derived from

and following the precedents of the original Union Parliaments, and on

our law courts, as sign of the administration of British law.

To emphasize and inculcate the world-wide duties that this flag

proclaims, the Union Jack is raised over the Public Schools, so that

the newcomers to our lands from other lands and other nationalities may

know that they and their children have come to enjoy with us allegiance

to King and country, the securities of British protection of person and

property, and the rights and privileges of British citizenship, which

loyal allegiance to it conveys.

Public education in Canada is under the charge of each of the

Provincial Governments, and in Manitoba, Ontario, British Columbia and

the Maritime Provinces the single Union Jack is the flag which has been

instructed to be officially raised daily over the Public Schools.

Whatever flags may be used for other purposes and on other occasions,

it is manifest that to be raised over schools this widely-spread

national Union Jack is the most fitting; telling the children, as

it does, the duties and relations they bear to the other members of

their Empire, and leading them to study, not only the history of the

continent in which they live, but to go far back into the centuries and

learn the growth of the glorious liberties which this flag has brought

them, and the unity which its colours proclaim.

The patriotic celebration of "Empire Bay," which first was originated

in the schools in Canada,[178] has extended through the schools of the

Empire. On this day, as well as on other notable days, appropriate

addresses are given, this Union Jack, the national flag, is reverently

raised and saluted, and the National Anthem and patriotic songs sung

by the scholars. It has been recorded that in the Public Schools in

Canada, Australasia, New Zealand and Great Britain over 8,000,000

children united in this celebration in 1908, and it is still fast

extending.

[178] Initiated by Mrs. Clementina Fessenden, of Hamilton, Canada, in

1898.

It is an inspiration for ourselves to have it thus brought to mind

that our Union flag floats on every sea, and that on one-fifth of the

earth's surface it is hailed as their union emblem by four hundred

millions of fellow-patriots, in every clime, of many languages, and all

religious faiths, each dearly loving their own native land and devoted

to its welfare, but united in loyal brotherhood with their fellow, yet

far-distant, Britons under One King, One Flag, One Empire.

CHAPTER XXVI.

_THE JACKS IN RED, WHITE AND BLUE ENSIGNS._

In its single form the Union Jack has these special duties, which

have been noted, but combined in the upper corner of a larger flag it

creates a general flag of the nation, and thus environed becomes a

Union Ensign.

Although usage has sometimes used the name, yet it is a misnomer to

call a flag of this larger combined form a Union Jack, this being

the proper name solely for the flag containing only the three island

crosses.

The distinction in the names arises from the early days when a smaller

flag--bearing a national emblem or the crest or coat-of-arms of a liege

lord--had been inserted in a larger flag. This larger flag, bearing the

emblem or insignia of its wearers, was termed an "Ensign."

Place our smaller union flag in the upper corner of a larger flag,

and it there becomes the sign of identity, of allegiance, and of the

union of British patriotism with the special story which is told by the

colourings and form of the other parts, or fly, of such Ensign.

[Illustration: PLATE VIII.

1

RED ENSIGN

2

WHITE ENSIGN

3

BLUE ENSIGN]

The Union Jack was first quartered in the upper canton of three flags,

the Red, White and Blue ensigns. These flags have arisen from the

flags which were used of old to distinguish the ships of the respective

squadrons into which British fleets were divided.

Lord Lisle, in the time of Henry VIII., divided his fleet at Shoreham

in 1545 into three squadrons, the _Vanwarde_, _Battle_ and _Wing_,

corresponding in their position to the _van_, _centre_ and _rear_.[179]

These were the germ of the _red_, _white_ and _blue_ squadrons of the

seventeenth century.

[179] Hakluyt.

There were at that time only two distinguishing flags used in the navy,

the Royal Standard and the St. George Jack.

The admirals hoisted their flags in accordance with their rank upon

their flagships, in 1545, in the following order:[180]

Squadron. Admirals.

1. BATTLE { Royal Standard at main.

{ St. George at fore.

2. VANWARDE { St. George at main.

{ St. George at fore.

3. WING St. George at mizzen.

The other ships of their respective squadrons displayed:

Squadron. Ships.

1. BATTLE St. George at main.

2. VANWARDE St. George at fore.

3. WING St. George at mizzen.

[180] Hannay: "Short History of the British Navy."

Eighty years afterwards, in the time of Charles I., we learn of

another change, when in 1627 the Duke of Buckingham divided his fleet

into squadrons at the Island of Rhe, each designated according to the

flag it carried:

"Himself ye admirall and general in chief and admirall particular of

the bloody colours," the "vice-admiral of ye fleete bearing a blew

flag in his main top and was admiral of the blew colours," and the

"rear admiral bearing a white flag in the main top and was admirall of

ye squadron of white colours."[181]

The admirals' flags were, in 1627:

ADMIRAL Red flag.

VICE-ADMIRAL Blue flag.

REAR-ADMIRAL White flag.

[181] Extract from Pepys' Diary.

It was into the upper corner of these red, blue and white flags of the

squadrons that the single-cross St. George's English Jack was placed,

in 1649, when the "Commonwealth Ensign" (Pl. IV., fig. 1) was

formed and the red, white and blue ensigns of the navy first appeared.

Difficulties must have been caused by the fact that from the

"Restoration," in 1660, the English merchantmen were, without

authority, using the Ensign Red at the stern in exactly the same form

as the flag of the red squadron, and still more when the general use

of the Red Ensign on all ships had been officially authorized by Queen

Anne in 1707.

At first the admirals holding the highest position had carried the red,

but afterwards the seniority had been changed.

A rank of admiral, vice-admiral and rear-admiral was appointed for

each colour. Promotion was made from the rank of captain to that of

rear-admiral of the blue, which was the lowest, and upward through the

red to admiral of the white, which had become the highest rank.

There were then nine ranks of admirals carrying the three ensigns:

ADMIRAL OF THE WHITE White ensign.

VICE-ADMIRAL OF THE WHITE White ensign.

REAR-ADMIRAL OF THE WHITE White ensign.

ADMIRAL OF THE RED Red ensign.

VICE-ADMIRAL OF THE RED Red ensign.

REAR-ADMIRAL OF THE RED Red ensign.

ADMIRAL OF THE BLUE Blue ensign.

VICE-ADMIRAL OF THE BLUE Blue ensign.

REAR-ADMIRAL OF THE BLUE Blue ensign.

As merchant ships, which were all flying the red ensign, increased in

size, it became increasingly difficult for foreigners to distinguish

these from the ships of the Royal Navy--a difficulty which was further

intensified for them by the fact that a squadron of the Royal Navy

might be sailing on one coast under the blue ensign, while another

squadron was sailing under the red, and yet another under the white,

according to the rank of the admirals of their respective squadrons.

Confusion and possibility of mistakes in identification in action was

sometimes caused by the ships of one squadron becoming intermingled

with those of another. Nelson solved this difficulty by directing that

only the white ensign, which was the ensign of his own squadron,[182]

should be used on the ships of all the squadrons at the battle of

Trafalgar.

[182] He was at the time a vice-admiral of the white and the senior

officer present.

The three ensigns, with their successive one, two and three-crossed

Jacks, had continued to be used in these varying ways during more than

two hundred years, until 1865, when the positions of the three ensigns

were separated and distinctive duties allotted to each.[183] The number

of the rank of admirals was at the same time reduced to three--admiral,

vice-admiral and rear-admiral. All of these were to fly, as they still

do, the white ensign at the stern, their seniority being indicated by

the position of the St. George Jack at the mast head.[184] These ranks

are in addition to the rank of Admiral of the fleet, which confers the

right to wear the Union Jack instead of the St. George.

[183] Order in Council, October 18th, 1865.

[184] In the present day, when ironclads have not more than two, and

often only one mast, vice-admirals wear the St. George with one red

ball in the upper corner, and rear-admirals with two red balls, to

indicate their respective rank.

The ensigns were described in the Order and directed to be used as

follows:

_The White Ensign_ (Pl. VIII., fig. 2).--A white flag, with

a St. George cross through the whole flag and the Union Jack in the

upper canton, to be used at sea only by ships of the Royal Navy or by

yacht clubs to which special license has been given.

_The Blue Ensign_ (Pl. VIII., fig. 3).--A blue flag, with the

Union Jack in the upper canton, to be used only by ships of the Royal

Naval Reserve, or by merchantmen which are commanded by officers of

the reserve, and have been duly licensed, or by yacht clubs to which

special commission has been granted.

_The Red Ensign_ (Pl. VIII., fig. 1).--A red flag, with a

Union Jack in the upper canton, to be used as a national ensign by all

British merchantmen.

By the Admiralty Regulations, afterwards issued, instructions are given

as to the relative proportions of the parts of these flags.

In the Red and Blue Ensigns the Union Flag in the upper quarter next

the staff is to be "in length half the length of the flag, and in width

half the width of the flag."

In the White Ensign the Red Cross of St. George, which runs through the

whole of the white field, is to be "2-15ths of the width of the flag."

The Union is to occupy the upper quarter next the staff, leaving the

whole Cross intact. This was virtually adding the Union Jack to the

original English Jack of Richard I.

By a special Act it was afterwards more particularly enacted in 1889:

"The Red Ensign, _usually worn_ by merchant ships without any

defacement or modification whatsoever, is hereby _declared to be the

proper national colour_ of all ships and boats belonging to any

subject of Her Majesty, except in the case of Her Majesty's ships, or

in the case of any other ships for the time being allowed to wear any

other national colours in pursuance of a warrant from Her Majesty or

from the Admiralty."[185]

[185] The Merchant Shipping (Colours) Act, 1889.

It may be that the Red Ensign, which was the common flag of all the

people ashore and afloat and the admiral's flag of highest rank and

worn by the merchant ships, in the time of the Dutch wars, was given

to the merchantmen in recognition of their great services in winning

the supremacy of the sea; that the White Ensign was given to the Royal

Navy in recognition and memory of Trafalgar; and the Blue Ensign to the

Royal Naval Reserve because they were the rear guard to Her Majesty's

ships; but the Union Jack was the binding link between them all, and

established their rank and designation as "Union Ensigns."

The Red Ensign, first with its St. George cross under Charles II.,

afterwards with its two-crossed Union Jack under Queen Anne, and then

with its three-crossed Jack, had thus become the national ensign on

all British ships at sea, and not being restricted to any particular

services, as are the white and blue ensigns, and in its red form,

authorized by Queen Anne for use on land, it increased in its usage,

and has become the Ensign of the British people on shore as well as

afloat.

"Where is the Briton's land?

Where'er the blood-red ensign flies,

There is the Briton's land."

Whether it be in the "right little, tight little islands" of the old

land, or in the greater area of the colonies which stud the globe, the

presence of this Union Ensign proclaims the sovereignty of the united

nations and the presence and protection of the British Empire.

Thus the three crosses in the Union Jack have ceased to have solely

their local meanings, for their story has become merged in the larger

significance which their presence now imparts to the several Dominion

Union Ensigns as being the sign of this greater British Union.

CHAPTER XXVII.

_THE UNION ENSIGNS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE._

A further evolution in the Union flag has come step after step, by

which the distinguishing emblems of the colonies have become part,

first of the Union Jack, afterwards of the Union ensigns, and then

through the red ensign to unite home and colony in one Imperial Union

ensign.

In the century of the expansion of Raleigh's "trade command," the

governors of the English colonies, principally of those in America,

began giving commissions to their local colonial ships, authorizing

them to engage in the various free and ready methods by which that

trade was being obtained from foreign sources. Some inconvenience seems

to have resulted from this practice, as the colonial ships carrying

the two-crossed Jack were making prizes and taking trade under the

flag which the Old Country merchant ships were directed not to use.

Objection was made by the ships sailing from the home ports, and under

William III. the matter was taken up.

[Illustration: PLATE IX.

1

CANADIAN UNION ENSIGN

2

AUSTRALIAN UNION ENSIGN

3

NEW ZEALAND UNION ENSIGN]

The English Lords Justices in Council considered the question and

reported:

"_At the Council Chamber, Whitehall, the

31st day of July, 1701._

"_Present_--Their Excellencies the Lords Justices in Council.

"Upon reading this day at the Board a report from the Lords

Commissioners of the Admiralty in the words following, viz.:

"Their Excellencies the Lords Justices having been pleased to refer to

us a Report of the Lords Commissioners of Trade, upon a Memorial from

this Board, representing the Inconveniences that do attend Merchant

ships wearing the _King's Colours_, in and among the Plantations

abroad, under Colour of the Commissions given them by His Majesty's

Governours of the said Plantations. We do most humbly report to their

Excellencies that we do agree with the said Lords Commissioners for

Trade that all such ships to whom the aforesaid Governours shall,

by the Authority Lodged in them, grant Commissions, ought to wear

_colours that may distinguish them from private ships_, as is done by

those employed by the Officers of the Navy, Ordnance Victualling, and

others, and therefore do humbly propose that all the said Governours

may be directed to oblige the Commanders of such Merchant ships,

to which they grant Commissions, to wear no other Jack than that

hereafter mentioned, namely, that worne by His Majesty's ships with

the Distinction of a _White Escutcheon_ in the middle thereof, and

that said mark of Distinction may extend itself to one-half of the

depth of the Jack, and one-third part of the Fly thereof, according to

the _sample hereunto annexed_.

"PEMBROKE.

"HAVERSHAM.

"D. MITCHELL."

Directions were accordingly so issued, and of the instructions

transmitted to the governors of the colonies in America originals are

extant of those sent to Massachusetts, in 1701, and New York, in 1709.

Fig. 56 is from an actual tracing from the drawing of the flag on the

margin of the instructions sent to the Governor at Boston.[186] It will

be noted that the white escutcheon on the Jack is perfectly plain and

without any special distinctive emblem, such as those worn on the

escutcheons on the ordnance and other departmental flags.

[186] Massachusetts Archives, Vol. 62, p. 449.

The white escutcheon of the home departmental flags was thus extended

to the Union Jacks used in the colonies, and formed the new and first

"colonial flag" (Pl. III., fig. 3).

The Governors, High Commissioners or Administrators of British colonies

and dependencies were afterwards authorized to place upon this white

escutcheon on the Union Jack the arms or emblem of the colony in which

they served. In this way it has come that the arms of _Canada_, the

southern cross constellation of _Victoria_, the red cross and British

lion of _New South Wales_, the black swan of _Western Australia_ (67),

and the other special distinctive emblems in each of the British

colonies are now displayed upon the centre of the Union Jacks which

form the _Governor's flag_ in each.

[Illustration: 67. AUSTRALIAN EMBLEMS.

_Victoria._ _New South Wales._ _Western Australia._]

In 1865, when Colonial Navies were first established, the vessels of

war maintained by the local governments in Australia were authorized

to use the blue ensign, with the seal or badge of the colony in the

centre of the fly,[187] and thus the escutcheon being transferred from

the centre of the Jack to the centre of the "fly," was given another

position, and the local stories of the Australian colonies, which

established these fleets, became embodied in the British blue ensign.[188]

[187] Colonial Defences Act, 28 Victoria, Cap. 14.

[188] Warrant of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

A similar privilege, although they are not commissioned as vessels of

war, was afterwards extended to the "fishery protection" cruisers of

Canada, so that these and all other vessels which are owned by the

Government of the Dominion carry the blue ensign with the arms of

Canada in the centre of the fly.

Authority was also given to all these vessels owned and commissioned

by the colonial governments to fly a blue pennant of the same shape as

that of the British navy (Fig. 22, page 108), with the white ground and

red cross of St. George at the head, but having the fly blue instead of

red.[189]

[189] Pennants having this blue fly were worn by the English navy

almost two hundred years previously, as shown in a picture, painted by

Vandervelt, of the action off the coast of Holland on August 11, 1673,

between the English, French and Dutch, now the property of His Majesty

the King.

By such successive steps the Imperial idea became attached to one of

the ensigns of the British navy.

From the plain white escutcheon in the centre of the colonial Union

Jack, 1701, to the special emblem in the fly of the colonial blue

ensign, 1865, was a long way, but other steps were yet to be taken.

The vessels owned by the governments of the colonies had thus been

given their special British Union flags, but provision had not been

made for those owned by private citizens. The plain red ensign

has, by authority of Queen Anne, become the national right of all

British subjects on all lands as well as on all seas. As the colonies

developed in native energy so their merchant shipping increased, and in

recognition of this advance, and in order that their ports of origin

might be made known, all colonial-owned merchant vessels were accorded,

in 1889,[190] the right of wearing, _together_ with the red ensign, an

_additional_ flag on which might be shown the distinguishing badge

or insignia of their colony, similarly as under James I. direction

had been given to raise the separate national Jack of England or of

Scotland at the same time as the King's Union Jack. In order to

prevent the possibility of mistakes in identification, it was further

directed that any flags of this character were to be made in such a way

as not to resemble any of the existing flags of the Royal Navy.

[190] Merchant Shipping (Colours) Act, 1889.

In some of the Australian colonies local flags of excellent design had

been devised, but these _additional_ flags of entirely separate design

were not all that could be desired, for while the special local flag

might give expression to the local patriotism represented, there might

come with it also an idea of separation, and it did not succeed in

expressing the dominant and prevailing sentiment of allegiance to "One

Empire, One Flag."

It fell to the lot of the statesmen of Canada, who do not seem to be

behindhand in developing new and imperial ideas, to suggest (1890)

another step in the history of the ensign.

The merchant shipping of Canada stands fifth in rank in merchant

shipping among the nations of the world.[191]

[191] The order is British (Home Kingdom), United States, German,

French, Canadian.

The government ships were authorized to use the blue ensign with the

Dominion arms as their distinguishing flag, but as no distinctive

flag had been adopted for Canada, her merchant marine used the same

plain red ensign as worn by the merchant marine of Great Britain, and

Canadian merchant ships were unable to be recognized amidst those of

the Mother Country.

In 1892, to meet this requirement, the Lords Commissioners of the

Admiralty, on the suggestion of the Canadian Department of Marine,

issued a warrant permitting the badge of the arms of Canada to be

inserted in the flag of the red ensign as well as in the blue, and

this new combined red ensign was by this empowered to be used on board

vessels registered in the Dominion of Canada.[192]

[192] Admiralty Warrant, February 2, 1892.

Thus was formed the union ensign of Canada. This Canadian ensign (Pl.

IX., fig. 1) is the British red ensign, having the Union Jack

in the upper corner and the arms of Canada in the fly.[193]

[193] The arms of the four provinces which first united are the

only ones which, up to 1909, have been officially authorized to be

inserted, although the arms of the whole nine provinces, now comprising

the Dominion, are often to be seen. A simple maple leaf on a white

escutcheon would be infinitely preferable, for which see Appendix A and

fig. 69.

This restriction to its being used only afloat has, like the ancient

restriction of the Union Jack, been modified by usage and authorized

by permission. Yet it is also to be remembered that the right of the

red ensign had been conferred by Queen Anne upon all British citizens

whether at sea or on land in all British Dominions, and is rightfully

to be raised by all Canadians. The "Dominion Ensign" is the red ensign

of the Empire with the insignia of Canada on the broad red of the fly,

and, being accorded to Canadians as an evidence of the ownership of

their ships, has passed onward to be an evidence of their country over

their own homes. As they have the right to use the plain red ensign

everywhere, so now they may use its daughter, the Canadian ensign, and

although there was at first a restriction as to its use at sea, this

has been merged in the more widely extended and general usage on land.

[Illustration: 68. AUSTRALIAN FEDERATION BADGE.]

The raising of this ensign does not, any more than the raising

elsewhere of a red ensign in addition to the single Union Jack, suggest

any idea of separation; on the contrary it was designed by the Canadian

statesmen to avoid any such idea which, perhaps, might be attached

to an entirely different flag. The presence of the Union Jack in the

upper corner declares inviolate fidelity to King and Empire, while the

Canadian emblem on its folds gives a recognition of native home. When

an Englishman raises his St. George, the Scotsman his St. Andrew, or

the Irish the St. Patrick or their crown and harp on a blue ground,

it is not taken as a sign of separation, but only as a recognition

and reminiscence of their old homes and ancestry; so, too, with the

Canadian in his special ensign, with its Canadian emblem. All raise

both their native and the Union Empire flags in united fervour.

The federation badge with the stars of the Southern Constellation, worn

during the plebiscite of 1899 in Australia (68), suggested that the

union of the Parliaments of the colonies on that continent might be

followed by the creation of a Union ensign for the new Commonwealth of

Australia.

The union came in 1901, and following on the line of the Canadian

ensign, the Australian ensign was created. This is the British red

ensign with the Union Jack in the upper corner, under this Jack

a six-pointed star signifying the six Provinces or States of the

Australian union, and in the fly the five stars of the constellation

of the Southern Cross,[194] the leading constellation of the Southern

Hemisphere.

[194] Admiralty Order, 11th September, 1902.

By a subsequent enactment another point was added to the star, making a

star of seven points,[195] one for each of the States, New South Wales,

Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, and

one for the Territories of Papua and Norfolk Island; but the rest of

the ensign remained the same as previously.

[195] Admiralty Warrant, 3rd October, 1908. Colonial Office despatch,

27th October, 1908.

Thus was formed the Australian ensign (Pl. IX., fig. 2).

The Union Ensign of the Dominion of New Zealand contains in the same

way the Union Jack in the upper corner, and a southern constellation of

four stars in the middle of the red fly (Pl. IX., fig. 3).

As the separated colonies of South Africa are now joining together in

a union Parliament under the Union Jack, we may expect another Union

Ensign to be added to the galaxy of these loyal union and native

ensigns.

Like the expansion of the British Constitution to patriot governments

beyond the seas, so has come the extension, step by step, of the old

union flag to the newly-created Dominions. As the spirit of that

constitution has been adapted to the local circumstances in each, so

the red ensign with its Union Jack, which is the embodiment of the

power and glory of the British nation, has been emblazoned with the

local fervour of each young and growing people, who, ardently loving

their new land, yet stand unconquerably in union with the Motherland,

and rejoice at seeing their own emblem set upon the mother flag. Each

such flag tells us its grand story in a way that a national flag ought

to do; for the red ensign of the homeland, with the sign of the colony

added to its folds in these far-off lands, signals to the beholder that

it is an _Imperial Union Ensign of the British Empire_.

These are the union ensigns of the self-governing Dominions of the

outer Empire, which have been adopted in succession in each, as a Union

Parliament for their Dominion has been created, to embrace the several

Provinces or States of their continent, and endowed with powers from

the Union Parliament of the Parent Realm.

As in the sixteenth century the forces of the Percys raised the cross

of St. George in their ensign (Pl. III., fig. 1), to show that

of whatever district they might be they were all _Englishmen_, so the

younger nations of the Britains over the seas raise the Union Jack in

the upper corner of their _Dominion Union Ensigns_ to tell that their

bearers are all _Britons_, sons and daughters of the Family, loyal to

the British Crown.

When the Canadian sees the union crosses displayed on his Canadian

ensign, or the distant brother colonist on that of his colony, it

speaks to each, not only as his own native flag, but yet more as his

sign of brotherhood in an empire wider than his own home, broader than

the continent on which he lives, for it is the visible evidence of his

citizenship in the Empire of Great and Greater Britain.

The fervid eloquence of Daniel Webster, in 1834, described that empire

as "a power dotted over the surface of the whole globe with her

possessions and military posts, whose morning drum-beat, following the

sun and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one

continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England."[196]

[196] Speech, May 7, 1834.

If this heart-rousing testimony of the majesty of the empire, of

which the dominions and colonies form a part, had been given by

one of ourselves, it might have been tinged with the suspicion of

self-glorious boasting; but springing from the lips of so distinguished

a citizen of the United States, its fervid utterance is the candid

acknowledgment of a nation wider than his own, whose grandeur compelled

his admiration.

If over half a century ago this ascription was true, how much more so

is it in these later days when the ideal of the "morning drum-beat"

has been transmuted into actual fact in the "continuous and unbroken

strain" of the "_Diamond Anthem_" of the rejoicings at the Jubilee of

Queen Victoria,[197] when, commencing at Suva at 4 p.m. on that Sunday

afternoon, the National Anthem was taken up in the assemblies in almost

every place in the outer British Dominions as the sun came over them in

succession around the world, until it had come back again to Fiji on

the following day.

[197] Appendix D.--The "Diamond Jubilee Anthem" of 1897.

Those "possessions" which fired the statesman's imagination have

marvellously increased; that "power" has expanded beyond his utmost

dreams. Since that time no nation, not even his own, has progressed

like has the British nation. Canada, then lost to view in a solitude of

far-off forests or of pathless plains, has arisen like a young lion,

and carrying the Union Jack in continuous line of government from the

Atlantic to the Pacific, has gripped the American continent from sea

to sea. Australasia and New Zealand have risen beneath the southern

star, India in itself has become an empire, and Africa, youngest born

of all the lion's brood, is welding fast another continent beneath the

imperial sway.

These are the nations of the Union Jack, the galaxy of parliaments of

free men, which have arisen round the centre isles and the throne of

Her who, with Her statesmen,

"Knew the seasons when to take

Occasion by the hand and make

The bounds of freedom wider yet."

In this Nation of nations, brothers join hands with their brothers

around the world, and raise aloft the Union Jack of itself, and in

their ensigns as the glad emblem of their united allegiance, a union

for which the Britains beyond the seas have proved their faith, and

ever stand in foremost rank ready and willing to defend.

There is something marvellous in the world-wide influence of this

three-crossed flag of the parent nation, whose sons have followed its

ideals through all the centuries. Sometimes they have made mistakes, or

blundered into difficulties, but undaunted, masterful and confident,

have profited by the hard-won experience, and progressing with the

march of time, find at the beginning of this twentieth century that

they "have builded better than they knew."

Thus, when in the opening month of 1890 Britain stood alone, as said

a Canadian statesman,[198] in "_splendid isolation_," there was heard

coming, not only from Canada, but from every daughter nation around the

seas, the same brave refrain which had been sung by a Canadian poet in

1861, when the sanctity of the flag had been violated in the stirring

times of the "_Trent_ affair":

"When recent danger threatened near,

We nerved our hearts to play our part,

Not making boast, nor feeling fear;

But as the news of insult spread,

Were none to dally or to lag;

For all the grand old Island spirit

Which Britain's chivalrous sons inherit

Was roused, and as one heart, one hand,

We rallied round our flag."

[198] Hon. G. B. Foster, Minister of Finance of Canada, in a speech in

the House of Commons, Ottawa.

And yet again in 1899, when brother Britons in Africa were suffering

injustice, when our British colonies were being invaded and the Union

Jack attacked by a mistaken foe, the Empire arose, and the bold refrain

passed into chivalrous action.

In ships that ploughed furrows around the world the sons of the Empire

came--colonists, yeomen and imperial forces--"in one united armament

blent," to give their glad devotion in life or death for Queen and

Union Ensign on the South African hills and veldt.

Such, then, is the story, such is the meaning of our Union Jack;

the emblem of combined constitutional government, the proclaimer of

British liberty, the Union sign of British rule, the signal of the

Realm of "_Great Britain and Ireland and of all the Britains beyond the

seas_."[199]

[199] His Majesty King Edward VII. caused himself to be so proclaimed

at his coronation, when he added this recognition of the Britains over

the seas to his title, being the first of our kings to so include them.

Mindful of its story, happy in their lot, facing the World, its sons

and their sons' sons stand up to their Union Colours and encircle the

earth with their glad anthem,

"_Send him victorious,

Happy and glorious,

Long to reign over us_,

GOD SAVE THE KING."

"_Qu'il soit victorieux,

Et que son peuple heureux,

Le comble de ses v[oe]ux_:

VIVE LE ROI."

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX A.

_THE MAPLE LEAF EMBLEM._

The maple leaf emblem of Canada, as compared with the rose, shamrock

and thistle of the British Isles, has but so recently entered into the

realm of national emblems that some of the reasons for its adoption may

well be given.

The maple tree is found in luxuriance in every province of the

Dominion. Varieties of it grow, it is true, in other parts of America,

but the tree is in its greatest glory in the northern zones, where

throughout Canada, extended along her line of similar latitude, it

attains to its greatest and most robust development. It flourishes

in Newfoundland, in the Maritime Provinces, and in Quebec. It is the

finest forest tree in Ontario. Manitoba maples form the foliage of the

North-West, and anyone who has seen the giant maple leaves of British

Columbia will say the maple leaf is the natural emblem of Canada.

As well as being the natural emblem, it is also the typical emblem.

It was held in high esteem by the early settlers of Quebec, and was

adopted, in 1836, as the French Canadian emblem for the festival of

St. Jean Baptiste. It was placed on the coinage of New Brunswick early

in the century; a whole maple tree was shown on the coinage of Prince

Edward Island before the time of Confederation, after which event maple

leaves have been used on all coinage issued by the Dominion. At the

creation of the union in Confederation it was placed in the arms of

Quebec and of Ontario, and was heraldically recognized as the "emblem

of Canada."

Maple leaves form the wreaths on the flag of the Governor-General of

the Dominion and on the flags of the Lieutenant-Governors of all the

provinces. The maple leaf was the emblem placed by His Royal Highness

the Prince of Wales on the Colours of the "Royal Canadians," the

100th Regiment, raised in Canada in 1865, and it is still worn as the

regimental badge of their successors, the Royal Leinster Regiment.

It has been worn on the breasts of all the representative champions of

Canada--at the oar, on the yachts, on the athletic fields, in military

contests, and at the rifle ranges--as the emblem of their country.

It is on the "Canada Service" and "North-West" medals, and on the

uniforms and accoutrements of the Canadian Militia, of the North-West

Mounted Police and all official Services.

It was the distinguishing emblem on the uniforms and helmets of the

lusty and loyal sons of the Canadian contingents who served in South

Africa in 1900, where the presence of that emblem reminded them of

their far-off home and nerved their hearts for deeds of duty and

devotion to Canada and their Queen. The wounded Canadian who, lying

wounded on the veldt at Paardeberg, touched the maple leaf upon his

helmet and said to his companion, "_If I die, it may help this to

live_," spoke that which burns within the heart of every Canadian lad

and fires the inborn energy of his race.

It has been extolled in poetry and prose; it is the theme of the songs

of our children; and the stirring strains of "The Maple Leaf" form an

accompaniment to our British national anthem.

Everywhere throughout the world the maple leaf has won recognition as

the emblem of the Canadians, and surely might well be displayed upon

their national flag.

If, instead of the Dominion coat-of-arms, a green maple leaf were

placed on the shield in the Canadian ensign, the flag would be fairer

to see and more easily distinguished. Green is the emblem of youth and

vigour, or, if the colour used were scarlet, the colour of courage,

then in either case the natural and emblematic attributes of the leaf

would be represented.

It was suggested[200] that in that year of the Diamond Jubilee a white

diamond of one-third the size of the "union" should be substituted for

the present shield and coat-of-arms, making a flag (69) which would

signalize an historic epoch. The single maple leaf on the white diamond

in the fly of the red ensign would tell as bravely and more clearly

the story of the "coat-of-arms" on the shield, and it would also be

a national tribute to that Queen under whose commanding influence the

colonies have arisen around the empire, and be a record of that Diamond

Jubilee of Victoria which was the revelation of their union and the

united testimony to their affection and allegiance.

[200] First edition, 1897.

If for similarity with the flags of other branches of the Empire a

white escutcheon or circle should be preferred to the diamond, the

maple leaf upon it would be equally well displayed and the sign of

Canada on the red fly of the ensign be clearly distinguished.

[Illustration: 69. SUGGESTED CANADIAN UNION ENSIGN.]

Flags are signals to be used for conveying information to persons at

a distance; their details should, therefore, be simple in form and be

displayed in simple colours. The multi-coloured quarterings of the

Dominion arms, as shown on the shield upon the Canadian ensign (Pl.

IX., fig. 1), have not been found entirely efficient, for they

fail in being easily recognizable.

Whatever the colour may be or the shape of the escutcheon, the single

maple leaf on a white ground would tell at a glance that the emblem was

the emblem of its people, and that the flag was the Canadian ensign.

APPENDIX B.

_LETTERS FROM THE PRIVATE SECRETARY OF HIS MAJESTY KING EDWARD VII._

Buckingham Palace, June 4th, 1902.

Dear Sir: In reply to your letter, I am afraid that the Royal

Standard, which is the King's personal flag, can only be hoisted on

the Coronation. If permission were given in one case, it would be

impossible to refuse it in any other. I must remind you that you can

always fly the Union Jack.

Yours faithfully,

F. KNOLLYS.

The Vicar of St. Michael's, Folkestone.

Sandringham, Norfolk, Dec. 29th, 1907.

Sir: In reply to your letter of the 9th inst., I beg to inform you

that the "Union Jack" being the national flag may be flown by British

subjects, private or official, on land.

Yours faithfully,

KNOLLYS.

Barlow Cumberland, Esq.

Port Hope.

APPENDIX C.

_CANADIAN WAR MEDALS._

The _War Medal_ (62) was granted in 1848, to be worn by the men of the

British forces who had served in the fleets and armies during the wars

from 1793 to 1814. Among these the Canadian militia was included.

Clasps were granted to those men who had been present at the actions

of St. Sebastian, Vittoria, Salamanca, Talavera and Vimiera, in the

Peninsular campaign; and in the Canadian campaign, for the actions at

Fort Detroit, August 16th, 1812; Chateauguay, October 26th, 1813; and

Chrystler's Farm, November 11th, 1813. The medal from which the drawing

is made is engraved, "A. Wilcox, Canadian Militia," and bears the clasp

"Fort Detroit."

The _Canada General Service Medal_ (63) was granted in 1898 to the

survivors of the Canadian militia and Imperial troops who had been out

in active service in Canada in repelling the Fenian Raids of 1866 and

1870, or in the Red River Expedition under Wolseley in 1870. There are

three clasps--"Fenian Raid, 1866," "Fenian Raid, 1870," "Red River,

1870." Upon the reverse side is the Canadian ensign surrounded by a

wreath of maple leaves. The drawing is made from the medal of the

writer, as engraved, "F. B. Cumberland, Ensign, 10th Royal Reg't."

The _North-West Canada Medal_ (64) was granted in 1886 to all who had

served in the Canadian North-West in 1885. The clasp "Saskatchewan" was

accorded to all who were present at the actions of Fish Creek, April

24th; Batoche, May 12th; and Frenchman's Butte, May 27th, 1885.

The force serving in the operations of 1885 was drawn entirely from the

Canadian militia and the North-West Mounted Police, with the addition

of the Imperial officers on the staff.

APPENDIX D.

_A RECORD OF THE "DIAMOND ANTHEM."_

20TH JUNE, 1897.

_From Sons of England Record._

The imaginative description given by Daniel Webster in 1834 of the

"_Morning drumbeat which, following the sun and keeping company with

the hours, circles the earth with one continuous strain of the martial

airs of England_" has been for many years the ideal example for

estimating the world-spread area of the British Empire. It seemed at

the time, and was, a poetic fancy, but since that time the domiciles

of the British peoples have been more amply developed and more closely

spread so that the world is now encircled not simply with isolated

military posts, but by a continuous line of happy British homes.

The time for the celebration of the 60th year of the accession of Her

Majesty Queen Victoria, so aptly named, by His Royal Highness Prince of

Wales (now Edward VII), the _Diamond Jubilee_, was approaching and many

projects were rife to give expression to the loyalty and affection of

Her Majesty's subjects.

The official day set for the celebration was Tuesday, June 22nd, 1897,

a date which was preceded by Sunday, June 20th, the actual anniversary

of Her Majesty's accession.

Mr. Barlow Cumberland was then the President, and Mr. Jno. W. Carter

the Secretary, of the Supreme Lodge of the "_Sons of England Benevolent

Society_." This is an organization which had been initiated in Canada

in 1874 for the purpose of joining together colonists who had emigrated

from England, or their descendants, for patriotic, benevolent and

social purposes; to welcome new-comers and be of fraternal assistance

to one another. The Society had flourished and Lodges had been formed

in all parts of Canada. A branch organization had been established

in the Colonies of South Africa and connections had been opened in

Australia. A compact and energetic organization therefore was ready

to hand in the larger parts of the Colonial Empire. The members of

the Society were actively joining in the arrangements for all the

local celebrations for the 22nd, in which they afterwards took fullest

share. Mr. Cumberland made the proposal that they should do something

more and should in addition, organize a world-wide incident which

their far-spread organization would enable them to do, and which would

be the further tribute of the Sons of England to their Queen and a

testimony of the fidelity which they had carried to their new homes

beyond the seas. Besides being President of this, and of other National

Societies, Mr. Cumberland had for many years been actively engaged in

steamship and railway operations, so was peculiarly qualified for the

requirements for completing such an enterprise.

His conception and proposal was the "_Diamond Jubilee Anthem_," to be

sung around the world, following the sun, on Sunday, June 20th, the

actual anniversary day.

His project was that, commencing at the time of the earliest hour in

the morning on the 20th at Windsor Castle, where Her Majesty would be

in residence, the sons and daughters in the Colonies should encircle

their Queen with the never ceasing upraisal of their loyal acclaim and

prayer by taking up the singing of the National Anthem _in succession_

at their far distant homes throughout all the hours of that great day

of her life. It was to be as though deputation after deputation from

the Colonies, each carrying the Union Jack, were presenting themselves

minute after minute and singing below the Castle walls.

On the opposite side of the world from the _Heart of the Empire_ at

Windsor Castle are the _Fiji Islands_, the Colony situate nearest to

longitude 180°, which is 180°, or 12 hours, from the centre of time

at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, and is the dividing line of

the days of the world's time--where day begins and midnight ends. At

these Islands, being on the opposite side of the world, it is 4 o'clock

in the afternoon at the same moment at which it is 4 o'clock in the

morning of _the same day_ in England. The problem was therefore to have

the National Anthem commenced in Fiji at the beginning of Her Majesty's

day, and arranging to have it sung thereafter precisely at 4 p.m., _as

the sun arrived_ at that moment in succession over each place in the

Colonies and passed onward around the world.

A form of service was devised, suitable for any Sunday afternoon

service to be held in any church, open air service or assembly hall, in

which the National Anthem should be arranged to be sung at the exact

moment of 4 o'clock.

A time-table of longitudes, prepared by the Meteorological Department

of Canada, showing the meridian or _sun time_ at each place, and full

descriptive circulars with forms of service and a time-table showing

the hour at Windsor Castle and the corresponding hour at each place,

were sent in multitude to friends and correspondents in these Colonies

and Dependencies owning allegiance to the Union Jack.

With the co-operation of the Right Rev. the Bishop of Toronto, who was

a member of the Order, and the Heads in Canada of all religious bodies,

communication was opened up with the Colonial bishops and clergy, and

their services were enlisted. Patriotic societies and the secretaries

of the Royal Colonial Institute were asked to assist, and letters were

also sent to the captains of every British passenger ship which would

be at sea on the 20th of June, asking them to sing the Anthem, fire a

gun, and note the position of their ship at 4 p.m. on that day.

The brethren of the Society in Newfoundland and Canada took the service

up with energy and enthusiasm. The Sons of England in South Africa

answered with alacrity, Australia and New Zealand joined in heartily,

and thus, by prompt and efficient action, the organization was

completed and ready for the eventful day.

Copies of the services and time-table beautifully illuminated, were

sent to Her Majesty, by reference to which it could be seen at any hour

how far the Anthem had proceeded on its way and in what Colony it was

at any moment being sung.

In acknowledging receipt the Colonial Secretary, the Right Hon. Joseph

Chamberlain, said to His Excellency Lord Aberdeen: "I have the honour

to acknowledge the receipt of your dispatch of the 24th April, with

its enclosures on the subject of the Continuous Service around the

World which is being arranged by the Sons of England in commemoration

of the 60th Anniversary of the Queen's Accession to the Throne. I have

to inform you that, in accordance with your request, the matter has

been brought before the notice of the Queen, and that Her Majesty was

graciously pleased to express her sincere appreciation of the loyal

feelings that have prompted this interesting method of Commemoration."

Two thousand six hundred personal letters were written, 60,000 copies

of the service sent out, and after months of work the 20th of June

came and the Anthem passed around the world.

Each one knew that they had done their duty, but had others far away

done theirs so that the links might be complete?

The idea when first made met with immediate acceptance as a happy

conception, but many doubts were expressed as to the possibility of

its being actually accomplished, for it seemed to the faint-hearted

almost an impossibility to arrange for a connecting line of services,

which should take place in succession around the whole circle of the

earth for the space of twenty-four hours. Yet the President was able to

inform the Grand Lodge that the Jubilee service had been carried out in

actual fact and in completest detail.

Of this record it is not possible within the limits of this notice to

give more than a sketch.

Reports and letters kept coming in for month after month from the far

distant continents in reply to the request, and giving an account of

the proceedings. A few extracts only can be given here as samples

of many hundreds of similar character which were received from

the continuous line now recorded around the world, telling of how

the Diamond Jubilee Anthem was sung at each place as shown in the

time-table attached.

The service commenced on Sunday afternoon, 20th June, in _Levuka_, Fiji

Islands. Dr. Garner Jones, headmaster of the Levuka Public Schools,

writes: "Owing to geographical position--viz., 178° 51' e. long.--the

inhabitants of Levuka, Fiji Islands, enjoyed the unique honour of

initiating 'The Wave of Song' that hailed the Diamond Jubilee of Her

Majesty's Ascension. The service was an open air one, being held in

the Government school grounds, Rev. W. Floyd, of the English Church,

officiating. The attendance was large and included representatives

of various races who claim Her Majesty as their Sovereign. English,

Scotch, Irish, Australian and New Zealand Colonials, Chinese, Germans,

Swedes, and among them the characteristic bushy hair of the Fijian

and other South Sea Islanders was prominent, there found themselves

shoulder to shoulder in the antipodes of the British Empire earnestly

rolling forth our grand old National Anthem, thus giving the keynote of

thanksgiving to the entire world. The Masons and Oddfellows appeared

in regalia and the Levuka brass band was in attendance. Surrounding

the main body of the assembly were the Levuka school boys, drawn up

with their wooden rifles. Punctually at five minutes to 4 o'clock

the procession of choristers left their temporary vestry and slowly

approached their stand. At 4 o'clock precisely, meridian time, the

British Ensign was hoisted, which was the prearranged signal, the band

immediately struck up, and every throat commenced 'God Save the Queen,'

while the public school guard stood at the 'Present.' Undoubtedly the

occasion was unique, and Levuka never forgot for a moment that her

geographical position was unique also, in so far as she enjoyed the

proud distinction of being allowed to start the wave of song which in

its course would pass over in rotation all the British possessions on

the face of the globe."

At this same moment at which it was _4 p.m. Sunday_ in the Fiji

Islands, and _4 a.m. Sunday_ at Windsor Castle, where Her Majesty was

in residence, the Executive of the Sons of England met at Shaftesbury

Hall, Toronto, it being then precisely _10.55 p.m. on Saturday, June

19th_, and sang the National Anthem, commenced that same minute in

Levuka on Sunday afternoon, and which for the next seventeen and a

quarter hours was to be coming steadily nearer with the sun as it

passed in succession over each of the loyal gatherings in other lands

until it was over Toronto at 4 o'clock (4.18 Standard time) on Sunday

afternoon, when the Sons of England and Britons in Toronto again joined

in the loyal strain as it passed by them onward toward the West.

Three minutes after Levuka had commenced, _Suva_, the Fiji capital,

took up the strain. Mr. Hamilton Hunter says: "I am glad to report that

the Special Jubilee Service was a great success in this Colony. It was

not merely confined to the English Church, but was heartily taken up by

the Roman Catholic, Presbyterian and Wesleyan Churches. The National

Anthem was sung on the stroke of four. I have to thank you for having

enabled us to set 'The Wave of Song' in motion by your timely warning."

Seventeen minutes later, or before the services in the Fijis had

closed, the Anthem was taken up in _Napier, New Zealand_. The

report says: "The Jubilee services at the cathedral yesterday will

be remembered by the Napier people for many a long year, and it is

questionable whether a more imposing ecclesiastical spectacle was ever

witnessed in New Zealand. The cathedral was crowded to excess, all

the friendly societies of Napier being present." The Dean writes: "As

Dean of the easternmost cathedral in the British Empire, the cathedral

upon which the rays of the rising sun first fall, I have to report

that, in accordance with your wishes, we joined in the great circle of

Anthem singing, as arranged for by the Sons of England, at 4 o'clock on

the afternoon of Sunday last. The service was a very magnificent and

enthusiastic one. I convey my most hearty good wishes to you and to the

members of the great organization you represent."

The wave swept across Australia. At _Melbourne, Victoria_, B. Cowderoy,

Esq., Secretary R.C.I., reports: "Both cathedrals (Anglican and Roman

Catholic) were crushingly full. In the Exhibition building several

thousands, after addresses by leading Wesleyans, took up the National

Anthem at our Standard time. In the Town Hall the Anthem was sung

with fervour at 4 p.m. by 4,000 with most impressive effect. I am an

octogenarian, but in this matter I am as young as my eight grandsons,

and thank you, Mr. Cumberland, for your happy suggestion which has

given added interest to all that is being done." _Adelaide, South

Australia_, reports: "The Bishops of the Diocese entered heartily into

the scheme. The Governor and his staff were present. The National

Anthem was sung with intense fervour and most thrilling effect." So it

passed through the other cities and over the continent of Australia.

Across the Indian Ocean.--S.S. _Empress of India_ marked the latitude

26° 6' n.; long. 120° 26' e.: "Rockets fired and National Anthem sung

at 4 p.m. off Alligator Rock."

It first touched Africa and was hailed by the lodge of the Sons of

England at _Durban, Natal_, and then in continuing line across South

Africa, in all the principal cities, and at _Cape Town_ the record was

maintained.

On the Atlantic Ocean it was taken up on many British ships at sea,

among which a few only may be mentioned. R.M.S. _Tantallon Castle_,

lat. 7° 17' n.: long. 14° 33' w., off west coast of Africa: "Guns

fired and Anthem sung at 4 p.m." S.S. _Greek_, lat. 18° 10' n.; long.

17° 38' w.: "Fired rocket and sang National Anthem." S.S. _Numidian_:

"'God Save the Queen' sung precisely at 4 p.m." Ship's position, lat.

54° 42' n.; long. 20° 43' w. S.S. _Catalonia_: "At 4 p.m. I had two

explosive gun signals fired on my ship in lat. 50° 12' n.; long. 22° 6'

w. It was blowing a south-west gale with high seas, and it was a great

disappointment to me that we could not hold the service I had intended,

but all classes of passengers were so seasick."

By the equivalent time of 7.31 o'clock in the evening at Windsor Castle

the Anthem had crossed the Atlantic, and first touched the shores

of America at _St. John's, Newfoundland_, when it was met by Lodge

Dudley S.O.E. assembled, together with the Governor-General and all the

friendly societies in the cathedral. "The service was impressive in

the extreme." From here westward through _Canada_ the records of the

reports in the time-table appended show how that as the sun crossed the

continent the line through the villages, towns and cities of Canada was

so complete that the singing of the Anthem in one place had not ceased

before it was taken up in the next. Brief extracts from the reports of

a few only can be given. _Charlottetown, P.E.I._: "The First Methodist

Church was crowded to the doors with members of the Orangemen, Good

Templars, Oddfellows, Masons and the Mayor and City Officials. At

the proper moment the church rang with the grand old strains of the

National Anthem." _Halifax, N.S._: "St. Paul's Church was filled to its

utmost. Among those present were Countess Aberdeen, General Montgomery

Moore and Admiral Erskine with their staffs. At 4.14 o'clock the Anthem

was sung right loyally." _Montreal, Que._ "Services were held in four

churches and all well attended. At Christ Church Cathedral a large

military church parade was held and as in the others the Anthem sung

at the appointed time." Ottawa: "All the local societies joined in a

church parade to Christ Church Cathedral. At 4.03 o'clock the Guards

Band struck up the National Anthem, which was heartily joined in by

all." _Pembroke_: "The form of union service was held in the Town Hall,

all societies joining. In order to join in the Anthem at the right

moment the Mayor cut down his remarks." _Brockville_: "Every corner

of the church was occupied. As the Town clock struck four the entire

congregation rose and sang. An indefinable emotion passed over the

people as they joined in the continuous hymn of loyalty as it circled

with the sun around the world. Surely in the history of the world no

monarch ever received such a glorious tribute of hearty affection and

respect from her subjects." _Orillia_: "As the familiar words were sung

with lusty fervour by nearly a thousand voices, until the volume almost

raised the roof, the sun passed the hour of four. In imagination the

congregation could hear the strains as they rolled up from the east

and died away into the west." At _Toronto_: "3,000 people were packed

into the cathedral. After completion of the prayers there remained

four minutes before it was our turn to take our place in the circle of

song. By direction of His Lordship the Bishop the congregation knelt

in silent prayer for Her Majesty and the welfare of the Empire. An

immense throng of 6,000 to 7,000 people filled the churchyard and the

adjacent streets outside, and a regimental band had been stationed

outside on the cathedral steps to lead their singing. At the first

stroke of the cathedral bell, which had been arranged to strike at

4.18 p.m., being the real meridian time for 4 p.m. at Toronto, the

congregation rose to their feet and at the second joined with those

outside in uplifting with heart and voice their loyal prayer, '_God

save our gracious Queen_.' Those were moments of a life-time while

we waited in silence for the coming of the Anthem." _Hamilton_: "The

biggest hall in Hamilton is the Armory, but it wasn't big enough to

hold every one who wished to take part, although 5,000 did manage to

pack inside. Precisely at 4.20 o'clock the opening strains of 'God save

the Queen' came from the band and the immense gathering rose and sang

the Anthem with a vigour and earnestness never before heard. It was

a time for everyone's heart to swell with pride that he or she was a

Britisher, although thousands of miles distant from the Mother Land."

_Collingwood_: "When at 4.21 the united choir and congregation joined

in singing the National Anthem every heart responded to the noble

thought that a link was being formed in the chain of prayer for the

Queen that passed round the world that day from sunrise to sunset."

_Owen Sound_: "It was a happy thought that suggested the gathering of

the Fraternal Societies in the Queen's Park. Every face in the great

throng beamed with pleasure as the grand chorus swelled upon the air

from many throats." _London_: "The service was a memorable one, in

every feature it was remarkable. The singing of the National Anthem

which took place exactly at the appointed hour, 4.26 p.m., will not

readily be forgotten by those present." _Winnipeg, Man._: "The Sunday

service surpassed anything ever known here before." _Chilliwack, B.C._:

"The great company joined enthusiastically in singing the National

Anthem, which took place at 4 o'clock, astronomical time."

The utmost enthusiasm was everywhere displayed, the churches were

crowded, and the details of the service faithfully carried out, immense

interest being taken in singing the anthem exactly at the correct

moment.

Thus actually minute after minute the Anthem strain followed the hours

across this continent to the shores of the Pacific at _Victoria,

British Columbia_, where an open-air service was held in the Public

Park at the equivalent of 12.13 midnight at Windsor Castle. "Among

those present at Beacon Hill Park were the Lieutenant-Governor, the

Mayor, the Admiral and crews of the ships in harbour. At 4 o'clock the

bugles rang out, the royal standard was run up to the masthead, and the

National Anthem was sung with full force by an assemblage of 12,000

people."

From here, leaving the land, the Anthem wafted its way back to the

place of beginning, being joined as it passed by the R.M.S. _Aorangi_,

in lat. 32° 25' n., long. 147° 49' w., and by the R.M.S. _Empress of

China_, lat. 41° 16' n., long. 152° 30' w. until at length it came

to the little island which is as far on one side of long. 180°, the

central degree of longitude, as Levuka, from where it had started, is

on the other. Here the West met the East. As it is so typical, and as

the closing report, it may be well to give in full the letter received

from the lighthouse keeper on the island:

"WAILANGILALA LIGHTHOUSE, FIJI,

"17° South, 179° 6' West Long.,

"26th September, 1897.

"_To Barlow Cumberland, Esq., Toronto._

"MY DEAR SIR,--As you expressed a wish in your circular

to hear how the anniversary of the day on which Her Majesty began

her happy reign was observed in each locality, and also on board

passenger ships at sea, I hope you will be pleased to hear that all

your instructions were carried out here, as fully as circumstances

permitted, my situation here being unique. As this is the connecting

link between the western and eastern hemispheres it may happen

that you will find by overlooking the places where the ceremony

was observed, that my endeavours were successful in commencing or

finishing the general celebration of the world. Being only 54 minutes

west of the meridian, all ships passing either way ought to change

the name of the day on their reckoning while within sight of this

island. I obtained the correct astronomical time from the captain and

officers of the steamer that calls here every three months. A doubt

being expressed about the proper day, and as a good action could not

be performed too often, I observed both the 20th and 21st June in

the same way. I also had a bonfire lit on both nights, so that ships

passing either eastward or westward could see that the anniversary

was being kept to suit either contingency. I would have written you

earlier but there has been no means of communication between this

island since the 16th of June last until to-day.

"ALFRED FRENCH, _Lighthouse-keeper_."

Here the circle of the world was completed and the Anthem had come back

to the place of beginning.

Thus were the fellow-colonists, hand in hand and voice to voice, linked

in one continuous line around the world, and the historic but ideal

"drumbeat" of the "Martial Airs of England" changed into the absolute

fact of the "_Diamond Anthem_" with which they encircled the earth and

accompanied the hours throughout the Diamond Jubilee Accession Day of

their beloved Queen.

One of the great records of Her Majesty's reign was the marvellous

increase of her colonial kingdom. It was largely through her own

personal influence that during those sixty years it had been extended

and cared for. Gladly has this tribute of affection been given by her

grateful colonists to their Queen by thus joining "_Hands all Round_"

in their rejoicings, in a way which was impossible at the beginning of

her reign, but which, by her broad-minded advance, she had herself made

practicable, and which therefore marks a record of her great life-work.

Thus was completed in every particular the _Diamond Anthem_ of the

Sons of England. A "Service" which was so universally and ardently

adopted, is absolutely unique in history, and one which is capable of

being carried out only by our British Nation, upon whose Sovereign's

Dominions the sun never sets.

A diamond star was added to Mr. Cumberland's Past President's Jewel

as a token of appreciation, and every commendation must be given to

the officers of the Lodges and kindred associations, to the clergy and

municipal, and to the naval and military authorities who so earnestly

co-operated in carrying out the celebrations which will long last in

the thoughts of those who had the happiness of sharing in them. It was

a memorable event.

DIAMOND JUBILEE

OF

HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA,

SUNDAY, JUNE 20th, 1897.

[Illustration]

DIRECTIONS FOR THE SONS OF ENGLAND JUBILEE SERVICE AROUND THE WORLD.

1. Members of Societies will meet at their lodge rooms, or some

convenient place, and, clad in their regalia, march in procession,

_carrying the Union Jack at their head_, to the church selected.

2. Where there are two or more lodges in the locality they will attend

one combined service, which shall be held in a church or place selected

by the joint committee.

3. The President shall, on arrival, deliver the Union Jack to the

minister, to be draped upon the pulpit or upon the reading desk.

4. The service shall commence at 3.30 p.m.

5. The opening hymn shall be the "Old Hundredth"--"All people that on

earth do dwell."

6. At 4 p.m. precisely, according to astronomical time, being the time

at which the sun passes over each locality, the congregation will stand

and sing the three verses of the National Anthem, "God Save the Queen,"

to be immediately followed by (1) The collect of thanksgiving for Her

Majesty's accession to the throne; (2) The prayer for the Queen and

Royal Family, as formerly used in the thanksgiving service on 20th June.

7. The rest of the service to be a usual Sunday afternoon service, but

with an interval to permit of the National Anthem being sung as above,

at the proper time, according to the time-table herewith.

8. The collection shall be given, as has been desired by Her Majesty,

to some charitable purpose.

9. The closing hymn shall be, "The day thou gavest, Lord, is ended."

No. 477, A. & M.

10. The lodges will invite the colonial and municipal authorities and

all sister societies to attend the service.

By request,

BARLOW CUMBERLAND,

_President Sons of England in Canada_.

TIME-TABLE COMPILED FROM THE REPORTS RECEIVED

OF THE

DIAMOND JUBILEE SERVICES

WHICH WERE HELD AT THE FOLLOWING PLACES IN SUCCESSION

AT 4 P.M. ON SUNDAY, JUNE 20, 1897.

The National Anthem was sung at 4 p.m., local time, or, in Australia

and Canada, where "Standard Time" is used, at the equivalent local

minute as shown, being the time at which the sun passed over each place

at 4 p.m., "Sun Time."

The day commenced at Longitude 180°. The second column gives the

equivalent time at Windsor Castle throughout the twenty-four hours.

===================================================

| |Time at

PLACE. |Local Time.|Windsor

| |Castle.

-------------------------------+-----------+-------

| P.M. | A.M.

FIJI ISLANDS: | 20th. | 20th.

Levuka (Long. 178° 56' E.) | 4.00 | 4.05

Suva | 4.00 | 4.08

| |

NEW ZEALAND: | |

Napier | 4.00 | 4.20

Auckland | 4.00 | 4.21

| |

AUSTRALIA: | |

Brisbane | 3.50 | 5.50

Sydney | 3.55 | 5.55

Hobart | 4.11 | 6.11

Melbourne | 4.20 | 6.20

Adelaide | 3.46 | 6.46

Perth | 4.16 | 8.16

| |

| LONGITUDE |

_Empress of India_ |120° 26' E.| 7.58

| |

SOUTH AFRICA: | P.M. | P.M.

Durban (Port Natal) | 4.00 | 1.56

Addington | 4.00 | 1.57

East London | 4.00 | 2.08

King William's Town | 4.00 | 2.11

Graham's Town | 4.00 | 2.14

Port Elizabeth | 4.00 | 2.18

Cape Town | 4.00 | 2.46

| |

ATLANTIC OCEAN: | |

SHIPS AT SEA-- | LONGITUDE |

_Teutonic_ | 9° 27' W.| 4.37

_State of Nebraska_ | 11° 18' W.| 4.45

_Tantallon Castle_ | 14° 33' W.| 4.58

_Greek_ | 17° 38' W.| 5.11

_Lake Huron_ | 20° W.| 5.20

_Numidian_ | 20° 43' W.| 5.23

_Pavonia_ | 21° 30' W.| 5.26

_Catalonia_ | 22° 6' W.| 5.28

_Mohawk_ | 22° 40' W.| 5.31

_Magdalena_ | 27° 22' W.| 5.49

_St. Paul_ (U.S.M.) | 33° 12' W.| 6.13

_Konigen Luise_ | 49° 13' W.| 7.12

_Berlin_ (U.S.M.) | 65° 32' W.| 8.22

| |

NEWFOUNDLAND: | P.M. |

St. John's | 4.00 | 7.31

| |

CANADA: | |

CAPE BRETON-- | |

Sydney | 4.01 | 8.01

| |

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND-- | |

Charlotte town | 4.12 | 8.12

| |

NOVA SCOTIA-- | |

New Glasgow | 4.10 | 8.10

Truro | 4.13 | 8.13

Halifax | 4.14 | 8.14

Springhill | 4.17 | 8.17

Stellarton | 4.17 | 8.17

Windsor | 4.17 | 8.17

Digby | 4.23 | 8.23

Yarmouth | 4.24 | 8.24

| |

NEW BRUNSWICK-- | |

Moncton | 3.20 | 8.20

St. John | 3.24 | 8.24

Fredericton | 3.27 | 8.27

Woodstock | 3.30 | 8.30

| |

QUEBEC-- | |

Sherbrooke | 3.48 | 8.48

Lennoxville | 3.48 | 8.48

Richmond | 3.49 | 8.49

Quebec | 3.50 | 8.56

St. Lambert's | 3.54 | 8.54

Montreal | 3.54 | 8.54

| |

ONTARIO-- | |

Cornwall | 3.59 | 8.59

Ottawa | 4.03 | 9.03

Brockville | 4.03 | 9.03

Carleton Place | 4.04 | 9.04

Smith's Falls | 4.04 | 9.04

Almonte | 4.05 | 9.05

Arnprior | 4.05 | 9.05

Kingston | 4.07 | 9.07

Pembroke | 4.08 | 9.08

Deseronto | 4.09 | 9.09

Belleville | 4.10 | 9.10

Campbellford | 4.11 | 9.11

Peterborough | 4.13 | 9.13

Port Hope | 4.13 | 9.13

Bowmanville | 4.14 | 9.14

Burke's Falls | 4.15 | 9.15

Lindsay | 4.15 | 9.15

Oshawa | 4.15 | 9.15

Cannington | 4.16 | 9.16

Whitby | 4.16 | 9.16

Huntsville | 4.17 | 9.17

Bracebridge | 4.17 | 9.17

Orillia | 4.18 | 9.18

Aurora | 4.18 | 9.18

Toronto | 4.18 | 9.18

St. Catharines | 4.18 | 9.18

Welland | 4.18 | 9.18

Niagara Falls | 4.18 | 9.18

Barrie and Allandale | 4.19 | 9.19

Grimsby | 4.19 | 9.19

Hamilton | 4.20 | 9.20

Orangeville | 4.20 | 9.20

Collingwood | 4.21 | 9.21

Guelph | 4.21 | 9.21

Galt | 4.21 | 9.21

Brantford | 4.21 | 9.21

Simcoe | 4.21 | 9.21

Paris | 4.22 | 9.22

Woodstock | 4.23 | 9.23

Sudbury | 4.24 | 9.24

Stratford | 4.24 | 9.24

Ingersoll | 4.24 | 9.24

Owen Sound | 4.24 | 9.24

St. Thomas | 4.25 | 9.25

London | 4.26 | 9.26

Goderich | 4.27 | 9.27

Petrolea | 4.28 | 9.28

Chatham | 4.29 | 9.29

Sarnia | 4.30 | 9.30

Windsor | 4.32 | 9.32

Port Arthur | 3.57 | 9.57

Fort William | 3.57 | 9.57

Rat Portage | 4.18 | 10.18

| |

MANITOBA AND NORTHWEST | |

TERRITORIES-- | |

Winnipeg | 4.28 | 10.28

Carman | 4.32 | 10.32

Brandon | 3.40 | 10.40

Russell | 3.45 | 10.45

Regina | 3.58 | 10.58

Medicine Hat | 4.22 | 11.32

Calgary | 4.36 | 11.36

| |

BRITISH COLUMBIA-- | |

Donald | 3.40 | 11.49

Revelstoke | 3.53 | 11.53

Chilliwack | 3.58 | 11.58

| |

| | A.M.

| | 21st.

Vancouver | 4.12 | 12.12

Victoria | 4.13 | 12.13

| |

PACIFIC OCEAN: | |

| |

SHIPS AT SEA-- | LONGITUDE |

_Aorangi_ |147° 49´ W.| 1.51

_Empress of China_ |152° 39´ W.| 2.11

| |

WAILANGILALA ISLAND |179° 6´ W. | 3.56

INDEX.

A

Achaius adopts St. Andrew Cross, 65.

Acre, Richard I. at siege of, 45.

Admirals, titles under Commonwealth, 95;

three ranks, 274;

nine ranks, 275;

reduced to three, 276.

Admiral of Narrow Seas, 60, 104.

Admiral of fleet, rank and flag, 264.

Admirals' flags under Henry VIII., 273;

Commonwealth, 93;

Charles II., 274;

subsequent centuries, 274;

present day, 50, 70, 91, 108;

on ironclads, 276.

Admiralty badge on epaulettes, 48.

Admiralty Regulations, penalty for infraction, 52;

proportions in Union Jack, 208.

Alfred the Great collects first navy, 54;

sea maxim, 54.

Allan Line House flag, 27.

Ambassador's flag, Russian, 43;

British, 265.

Armada defeated under Cross of St. George, 51, 61, 102.

Arms, Savoy, 23;

Earl of Elgin, 65;

Washington, 177;

Fitzgeralds, 151;

Ancient of Ireland, 145;

Henry V. to Elizabeth, 71;

James I., 72;

Anne, 123;

George II., 190;

George III., first, 196;

altered, 202;

Victoria, 148.

Assyrian emblems, 15.

Athelstane, first merchant navy, 55.

Australian emblems, 283;

ensign, 288.

Austria, eagle, 16, 144;

white cross, 44.

Aztecs, eagle emblem, 17.

B

Banner, feudal period, 38;

Percy, 39;

English Sovereigns, 71;

Commonwealth, 93;

Joan of Arc, 25;

St. Martin, 25;

St. Denis, 25;

St. George, 41;

St. Andrew, 64, 70;

Robert Bruce, 65;

St. Patrick, 141;

personal of Sovereign, 92, 99.

Barbarossa, Emperor, standard, 22.

Barton, Sir Andrew, 69.

Bavaria, national colours, 24.

Beyrut, grotto of St. George, 42.

Blake carries whip-lash, 108.

Blazon, heraldic, a description, 204;

Union Jack, George III., 203;

controversies, 204, 206, 232;

design preceded, 205;

Jack made as ordered, 234.

Blue ensign, who entitled to use, 277;

on colonial ships, 277.

Border to St. George, narrow under James I., 77;

enlarged, 127;

represents white ground, 127;

justified, 210.

Broad white St. George, in 1707, 127;

in 1801, 205;

same size St. Andrew, 210, 226.

Broad white St. Andrew, 209, 217.

Bourbon standard, 25, 126.

Brian Boru, legend, 146;

harp, 148.

British Constitution, expansion told by Jack, 186;

in Canada, 189, 196;

government under, 253;

other colonies, 262.

Broom carried by Tromp, 108.

Bruce, Robert, banner, 65.

Bunker Hill, flag raised at, 174.

C

Cabot, 51, 58, 153.

Cambridge, grand union, 97.

Canada comes under British flag, 25, 132;

reconciliation, 133;

invaded, 135;

evolution of inhabitants, 189;

wars, 136, 235, 240, 293.

Canadian Ensign, created, 283;

full meaning, 287.

Cantons, quarters of flag, 12.

Cape of Good Hope, Dutch, 103;

British, 131.

Cappadocia, birthplace St. George, 41.

Champlain, 25, 154.

Chapleau, Sir Adolphe, 137.

Chateauguay, battle of, 214, 237.

Charles I., proclamation, 82.

Charles II., proclamation, 89;

flags changed, 95;

fresco, 97.

Cockade, origin tricolour, 26.

College of Arms, draft Queen Anne, 120;

draft George III., 200.

Colonial contingents, Havana, 168;

South Africa, 242.

Colonial flags, Union Jack, 121;

first authorized, 280;

white escutcheon on, 281;

blue ensign, 283;

broader significance, 289.

Colours, British regiments, 40;

French, 25;

New England companies, 160.

Commonwealth Ensign, 93, 101;

salute claimed, 107;

in America, 161.

Constantine the Great, 42, 144.

Constantius Chlorus, harp on labarum, 143.

Constitution of United States, adopted, 247;

government under, 254.

Consuls' flags, 265.

Cornette blanche, Joan of Arc, 25.

Counterchanged Scottish and Irish crosses, 217;

controversy, 203.

Cromwell's Jack, 88;

in America, 161.

Cross, red, St. George, 34, 41, 44;

red, France, 34;

white, France, 223;

white, Austria, 44;

white, Greece, 24, 44;

white, St. John, 23, 45;

yellow Italy, 34;

black, Germany, 34;

yellow, Sweden, 44;

green, Flanders, 34;

blue, Norway, 44;

white saltire, St. Andrew, 64;

blue saltire, Russia, 70;

red saltire, St. Patrick, 141.

Crosses, objections to use in flag, 158, 164;

requirements for entry in Union Jack, 186;

proportions in, 127, 205, 232;

wrongly made, 218;

how correctly made, 219.

Crusaders' crosses, 84;

of nations engaged, 44.

D

Declaration of Independence, United States, 177, 246.

De Salaberry, 237.

Designers' Union Jack of 1707, 119;

of 1800, 200.

Diamond Jubilee Anthem, accompanying the sun, 300;

places sung at, 311.

Dominion Ensigns, additional, 284;

Canadian, 286;

Australian, 288;

New Zealand, 288;

added meanings, 289.

Douglas, Fredk., contrasts liberty, 251.

Dragon, legend St. George, 42, 48, 49.

Drumbeat following the hours, 290;

ideal changed to fact, 309.

Dufferin, Lord, 19, 261.

Dutch, sea rivalry, 58, 105, 111.

Dutch flag, 58;

in America, 155.

E

Eagle emblems, 15, 43.

East India Company flag, 174.

Edgar, Lord of Ocean, 55.

Edward I. adopts St. George emblem, 45;

sea titles, 50, 57.

Edward II., Lord of the Seas, 57.

Edward III., sea maxim, 57;

fleur-de-lis in arms, 202.

Egyptian standards, 14.

Elizabeth, shipping extended, 61;

Alfred maxim maintained, 102;

harp and crown, 145.

Emancipation slaves in England, 244;

British colonies, 245;

United States, 247;

Canada, 250.

Emblems, instinct for, 19;

evidences of patriotism, 19;

Israelites, 14;

Christians, 16, 144;

Assyrians, 15;

Romans, 15;

Peruvians, 17;

Indians, 18, 21;

English, 159;

Scottish, 66;

Irish, 142, 145, 149;

colonies, 283;

Australian, 288;

Canada, 295.

Empire Day, Union Jack raised, 271.

Endicott, John, defaces flag, 158.

England, dominant partner, 41;

meteor flag, 52.

English Cross, white changed, 34.

English Jack, heraldic description, 41;

groundwork Union Jack, 42;

Glory Roll, 51;

established claims in America, 59;

Armada defeated, 61;

rivalries with Scotch, 75;

joined in additional Jack, 77;

taken from navy, 81;

restored by Commonwealth, 88;

succeeded by His Majesty's Jack, 89;

Admiral's flag, 91;

succeeds James I. Jack in America, 161;

inserted in Commonwealth Ensign, 86;

red ensign, 90, 100, 109;

prowess recognized, 109;

term in ensign closed, 126;

white ground restored, 127.

Ensigns, Percy, 39;

first English national, 90, 92;

ensign, red, 96;

first British union, land and sea, 119, 126;

union of 13 colonies, 174;

United States, 180;

colonial, 280;

Imperial union, 289;

Red, 92, 96, 98, 101, 116, 126;

White, 265, 276;

Blue, 95, 277.

Ensign staff, reason for name, 37.

Errors in painting flags, 96, 97.

Escutcheon in Commonwealth flags, 88;

Union Jack, 225;

colonial flags, 282;

transferred to fly, 283.

F

Facings, British uniforms, 40.

Field, portion of flag, 12.

Fimbriation, heraldic description, 77;

in Union Jack controversies, 206;

rules satisfied, 232.

Flags (_symbolical_), study of educational value, 14;

tell history, 14, 21, 31, 32, 217;

valued when meanings known, 20;

voices in, 22;

not haphazard, 32;

followed for conscience' sake, 137, 193;

sought by Puritans, 156;

religious objections to cross, 158;

meanings of colours in Union Jack, 216;

ideals expressed, 215;

speak in colours, 221;

freedom to slave, 243;

liberty to people, 253;

raised as sign of taking possession, 51, 59, 129, 153, 264.

Flags (_actual_), technical divisions, 12;

measurements, Jacks, 208;

ensigns, 277;

meanings of movements on flag staff, 12;

how use arose on land, 53;

importance at sea, 53;

penalty for infraction, 52;

effect of omission on shore, 160;

ships confiscated if not shown, 163;

wars caused by, 104, 108, 113.

Flag salute, John, 56;

Edward I., 57;

Mary, 60;

James I., 104;

Charles I., 105;

Commonwealth, 107;

George III., 110;

accorded by Dutch, 109, 112, 114.

Flag-ships, why so called, 91.

Fleur-de-lis, emblem of ancient France, 25;

Canada colonized under, 25;

Frontenac defends, 166;

succeeded by Union Jack, 28, 133;

introduced by Edward III., 202;

on arms Henry V., 71;

George II., 190;

removed, 202;

why in royal arms, 190, 224;

on seal, 196;

on arms Quebec, 260.

Fly, portion of flag, 12.

Forecastle, derivation of name, 59.

Fort Detroit taken by British, 237.

France, fleur-de-lis in America, 25, 153, 166;

tri-colour, 24;

in Canada, 27;

white cross, 223.

Franklin, Benjamin, drumbeat, 290.

French Canadians never raised tri-colour, 25;

national flag, 29;

descendants of Normans, 89;

evolution of government, 190;

accept changed rule, 192;

defend Union Jack, 135, 214, 237;

British in patriotism, 137.

French language in English Parliament, 190;

in Canadian, 191.

Frontenac, 25, 166.

G

Generals at Sea, title of Admirals, 94.

George III., three Parliaments united, 199;

three-crossed Union Jack, 199.

Germany, standard of, 22.

Glory Roll, English Jack, 51;

Jack James I., 79;

second Union Jack, 129;

third Union Jack, 211.

Governors' flags, 163, 259, 260, 282.

Governors of colonies, position, 252.

Grand union ensign, 13 colonies, 173;

carried after Independence, 177.

Great seal, Elizabeth, 145;

Upper Canada, 195.

Great union, Cromwell, 93.

Greek national ensign, 24;

church reverences St. George, 42.

Greek Cross, 43;

carried by eight nations, 44.

Guiana exchanged for New York, 114;

retaken, 114.

H

Harold loses control of seas, 55.

Harp in royal arms, 72, 146;

on shillings, 85;

in flags, 88, 93;

taken out of flags, 96;

usage by sovereigns, 145;

change under Victoria, 148.

Havana, colonials at capture, 168.

Hawaii, national ensign, 29.

_Henri Grace à Dieu_, parent ship of navy, 60.

Heralds devised Jack of James, 77;

committee Queen Anne, 119;

George III., 200;

objections to Union Jack, 204, 207, 231;

requirements met, 233.

Heraldry, rules for fimbriations, 77;

for crosses, 232.

Hibernian Harp in labarum, 143;

changed to cross, 144;

in royal arms, 146;

changed to Irish harp, 149.

Hoist, part of flag, 12.

I

Ireland not sea-going nation, 140;

becomes kingdom, 151, 184.

Irish harp, Brian Boru, 147.

Irish Jack, heraldic description, 141;

not joined with St. George, 151, 184;

when joined, 186, 199;

white ground recognized, 206.

Israelites, standard, 14.

Italy, national ensign, 23.

J

Jacks, erroneous explanation name, 33;

origin of name, 37, 40;

why two used under James I., 75;

regulations James I., 76;

Charles I., 82;

Commonwealth, 88;

Charles II., 89;

Anne, 118;

present day, 264.

Jack at bow, 37, 59, 85, 88, 89, 115.

Jack of James I., created by rivalries, 70, 75;

an "additional" Jack, 74, 80;

proclamation, 75;

Scots object, 78;

used on all ships, 77;

restricted to King's ships, 82;

abolished, 86;

restored, 89;

not a national Jack, 76, 183;

not a Union Jack, 76, 80, 183;

never placed in ensign, 100, 126;

Glory Roll, 79;

carried on _Mayflower_, 158;

abolished in New England, 161.

Jack staff, reason for name, 37.

Jacques, surcoats, 33;

by whom worn, 34, 36.

James I. changes royal standard, 72;

creates Jack, 74;

urges union, 73;

consents to repatriation of Puritans, 156.

Joan of Arc, banner, 25.

K

King of Seas, Edward III., 58.

King's colours, 38, 160.

Knights, jacques worn, 34.

L

Labarum, Roman emperors, 142.

Lake George, name changed, 170.

Le Moine, Sir James, 28.

Lion of Scotland in royal arms, 72.

Lord High Admiral, flag of, 99.

Lord of Oceans, title, 57;

of Seas, 58.

Louisbourg medal, Jack on, 165.

M

Mackinac, fort taken, 237.

Maltese Cross, 45.

Mansfield, decision slavery, 244.

Maple leaf in governors' flags, 260;

emblem of Canada, 295.

Massachusetts ensign, 166;

Jack authorized, 226, 280.

_Mayflower_, flags carried by Pilgrims, 157.

Medals, 98, 168, 299.

Merchant navy, first developed, 55;

distant voyages, 58, 103;

uses King's Jack, 89;

wins trade, 114;

accorded red ensign, 116, 123, 278.

Monson, Sir William, 78, 104, 105.

N

Nantucket, Gosnold at, 153.

Napoleon I., flag, 22, 26.

_Naseby_, 88, 98, 115.

National flags, origins, 21;

signal changes, 31;

Germany, 22;

Italy, 23;

Greece, 24;

France, 24, 29;

Hawaii, 29;

Russia, 70;

Thirteen Colonies, 174;

United States, 97, 180;

evolution British, 100, 182, 188, 269, 280;

colonies, 280;

Dominions, 289.

Navigation Act, Commonwealth, 107.

Navy, English, first collected, 54;

constructed, 59;

weakened, 105;

defeated, 106;

wins command, 115;

Scottish, always small, 66;

defies English, 68.

Nelson, 131;

signal, 212;

white ensign, 276.

New England, controversies respecting cross, 162;

ensign, 166;

at Quebec, 166;

Lake George, 170;

Bunker Hill, 174.

New South Wales, emblem, 283.

New York taken, 112;

exchanged, 113;

retaken, 113.

Nineveh, emblems found, 15.

Normans, ancestors Canadians, 189.

O

Orders of Knighthood, 43, 50, 70, 77, 149.

Oriflamme, St. Denis, 25.

P

Parliaments, not united, 76;

separate flags, 77, 183;

Irish, 184;

Union Jack tells union of Scottish, 118;

of Irish, 186;

precedence of Union acknowledged, 218;

Colonial, 194, 261.

Patron Saints, England, 41;

Scotland, 64;

Ireland, 141.

Pennants, command flags, 51;

Henry VIII., 59;

Royal navy, 108;

Colonial navy, 284.

Paardeberg, Canadian at, 296.

Pennsylvania ensign, 176.

Percy Ensign, 39.

Peruvians' emblem, 17.

Philip II. salutes Union Jack, 60.

Pilgrim Fathers migrate to Holland, 155;

land in America, 157;

loyal subjects King James, 157;

flags carried, 158.

Pilot Jack, flag, 267.

Pine tree flag, 162, 166.

Poland, white eagle, 15.

President United States, position, 255.

Prussian, black eagle, 16.

Puritans, flag carried by, 158;

object to crosses, 160, 162.

Q

Quarters, flags, 12;

Union Jack, 217.

Quebec, defended under fleur-de-lis, 25, 166;

Wolfe and Montcalm, 133;

under Union Jack, 29, 136, 192.

Quebec Act, effect of, 135, 192.

Queen Anne creates Union Jack, 118;

authority of Parliament, 119;

designers, 120;

authorized by Privy Council, 121;

Draft C, 121;

promulgated in colonies, 121;

restricted to navy, 124;

border St. George enlarged, 127;

establishes Red Ensign, 122;

to be used on land and sea, 126, 268.

Queen Victoria uses Irish harp, 146;

Diamond Jubilee, 290.

Queenston Heights, 237.

R

Raleigh, sea maxim, 103, 116.

Red Ensign, see Ensign.

Red fighting flag of navy, 113.

Regulations for making Union Jack, 208.

Responsible government contrasted, 254, 257, 261.

_Revenge_, glorious contest, 61.

Richard I. adopts St. George, 44;

star and crescent badge, 48.

Rivalries create Jack of James, 70, 74, 80.

Roman eagle, 15;

labarum, 143.

Royal arms standard, 72;

removed from ships, 96;

fleur-de-lis, 71, 282;

harp inserted, 72;

origin Irish blue, 146, see Arms.

Royal Standard, flag of sovereign, 71, 92, 202;

present regulations, 99.

Royal Standard at main, 98, 99.

Royal Standard at stern, 37, 92, 99;

replaced by ensigns, 98;

meanings of change, 101.

Royal yacht squadron flag, 52.

Russian eagle, 16;

flags, 43, 70.

S

Saints, reverenced, not canonized, 42.

Shackleton, Union Jack, 213.

St. Andrew, banner and legend, 64;

why adopted by Scotland, 65;

Russia, 70.

St. Andrew Cross, white of Scotland, 38;

blue of Russia, 70;

united in James Jack, 77;

objections to position, 78;

in great union, 93;

in Union Jack, 119;

same size St. George, 205, 224;

same size St. Patrick, 206;

counterchanged with, 217;

why higher position, 218;

same size border St. George, 210, 225;

examples narrow form, 225.

St. Denis, red banner, 25.

St. George banner and legend, 41;

adopted by England, 44;

Christian attributes, 47;

knightly attributes, 48.

St. George Cross in crusades, 34;

in Greek ensign, 24;

in nobles' standards, 39;

in white ensign, 51;

in Great Union, 93;

receives homage of Dutch, 109;

united in James Jack, 77;

in Union Jack, 119;

surmounts other crosses, 216;

why surmounts, 216;

carried on _Mayflower_, 159;

controversies in New England, 158;

left out of colonist colours, 160, 162;

restored, 166;

taken at Quebec, 166.

St. George Jack, see English Jack.

St. George and dragon, early instances, 46, 49.

St. George's Day, origin, 41;

in England, 45.

St. John, Knights of, 23, 45.

St. Martin, blue banner, 25.

St. Patrick, banner and legends, 141;

adopted by Irish, 144;

emblems of, 142, 145, 149.

St. Patrick Cross, red of Ireland, 141;

origin, 141;

first used as banner, 151;

not sign of fealty, 151;

when placed in Union Jack, 199;

same size as St. Andrew, 206;

why counterchanged, 218.

Saltire Cross, shape, 64;

origin, 142;

errors in Union Jack, 218.

Sardinia royal arms, 23.

Scottish Jack, heraldic description, 64;

flag of Bruce, 65;

forays, 66;

national flag, 75;

united in James Jack, 76;

in Union Jacks, 119, 185.

Sea maxims, Alfred, 54;

Edward III., 57;

Raleigh, 103.

Sewall, Samuel, troubles over cross, 164.

Shamrock Emblem, 149.

Slavery under various flags, 243.

Sluys, naval victory, 50, 57.

South Africa deeds, 213;

contingents, 262.

Sovereign of Britain, position of, 257.

Spanish flag, 133, 153, 169.

Stars, Washington, 178;

Orion, 179;

in United States Ensign, 180.

Stars and Stripes, United States, 31;

form in successive periods, 77;

stripes, 174;

origin, 177;

heritage, 180.

Stern, place of honour, 94, 99;

marks constitutional change, 101.

Supremacy of Seas, 53, 63, 111, 116.

Surcoats, 33, 34, 36.

Switzerland, white cross, 44.

T

Thane, reward of merchants, 55.

Thirteen American Colonies, flags

raised, 153;

troubles, 171;

fight under Union Jack, 169;

Union Flag, 170;

Grand Union, 174;

heritage in U. S. ensign, 180, 253.

Trafalgar, white ensign, 212, 278.

Tri-colour, origin, 24;

English introduce to Canada, 27;

why displayed, 28;

carries no allegiance, 29.

Tromp, Admiral, 108.

U

Union Jack, First, 74;

Glory Roll, 79;

Second, 118;

Glory Roll, 129;

Present day, 199;

Glory Roll, 211.

Union Jack (_form_), tells history of nations, 32;

origin of name, 33;

combinations, 40, 74, 126, 205;

designers, 119, 200;

designs precede blazon, 205;

regulations for making, 208;

fimbriations, 77, 206;

errors, 218;

how to make correctly, 220;

proportions, 220;

reasons for proportions, 231;

heraldic requirements met, 232.

Union Jack (_significance_), displaces national Jacks, 118;

requirements entry of cross, 76, 151, 186;

more than union of thrones, 185;

emblem of Parliamentary union, 76, 188, 194;

lessons taught, 215;

democratic expansion, 253;

freedom, 243;

liberty, 253;

equal rights, 262;

on schools, 270;

in Dominion ensigns, 287.

Union Jack (_progress design_), two crosses, James I. heralds, 75;

two crosses, Anne, committee, 119;

Draft C approved, 120;

white border enlarged, 127, 205;

three crosses, George III., committee, 199;

draft approved, 200;

white border maintained, 205;

crosses counterchanged, 217;

blazon, 203, 205;

regulations issued, 208;

change declined, 211;

made as ordered, 234.

Union Jack (_variations use_), James, 1606, on all ships, 74;

Charles I., restricted to navy, 82;

abolished by Commonwealth, 87;

Charles II. restored restricted to navy, 89;

William III. restricts, 90;

Anne, 1707, on land, all subjects, 119, 268;

at sea, navy, 124;

George III., 1801, all subjects, 268;

Edward VII., all subjects, land or sea, 268;

successive names, 264.

Union Jack (_in other flags_), King's colours, 40;

Hawaii, 29;

Thirteen Colonies Ensign, 174;

raised by Washington, 175;

Pennsylvania Ensign, 176;

Red, White and Blue Ensigns, 272;

Dominion Ensigns, 286.

United Empire Loyalists, 137, 193.

United States Ensign, 77, 177.

V

Venezuela, 114.

Victoria Colony Emblem, 283.

Virginia defends English Jack, 170.

W

War of 1812, 214, 235.

Washington, ancestry, 178;

stars, 179;

Ensign, 180.

Webster, Daniel, 290.

Western Australia Emblem, 283.

White Ensign, see Ensign.

Whip-lash flag, 108.

Y

Yard-arm, origin of name, 59.