THE LAST PERIOD OF THE SWEDISH SETTLEMENTS
UNDER THE DUTCH, 1656–1664.
As the Swedes and the Finns gave no trouble, Fort Christina was allowed
to decay, and Papegoja says that it “was robbed of gates, windows
and chimneys.” Elias Gyllengren, Sven Skute and Gregorius van Dyck
(who remained) naturally became the leaders of their countrymen. They
were farmers like the rest, and seem to have prospered. Disturbances
of a milder kind arose from time to time, and sometimes murders and
graver misdemeanors were committed (“the sister of Elias Gyllengren’s
wife” being shot in the autumn of 1656). Madam Papegoja remained at
New Gothenborg, and also retained Printztorp by consent of the Dutch;
but she experienced some difficulty in finding people, willing to
cultivate her land on the terms she offered. The grants of many of
the other Swedes, some of whom had “deeds from Queen Christina,”[44]
were confirmed by the New Amsterdam authorities. The Dutch achieved
various improvements, which bettered the condition of “their subjects”;
they caused bricks to be made, roads to be improved, bridges to be
built, fences to be constructed, overseers and tobacco inspectors to be
appointed, etc.
In the summer of 1656 the Dutch West India Company, for financial
reasons, was compelled to surrender part of the South River to the
City of Amsterdam.[45] The seat of government of the city’s colony was
to be Fort Casimir, the name of which was changed to New Amstel,[46]
while Christina (changed to Altena) was to be the center of power for
the company’s colony, and Stuyvesant was ordered to garrison the latter
place as well as Fort New Gothenborg with eight or ten soldiers.
Jacob Alrichs was appointed director of New Amstel and the Amsterdam
colony in December; but, being delayed by a shipwreck and other
misfortunes, he did not reach his destination before the spring of
1657. A considerable number of colonists arrived with him.
In the meantime complaints had been made against Jacquet, who was
removed from office, and put under arrest, leaving the place open for
Alrichs. With the latter’s arrival Fort Christina was restored to a
state of defense, as the Swedes were still mistrusted, and the new
director was commanded to watch them closely.
In the spring of 1658 Governor Stuyvesant went in person to arrange
matters at the Delaware. The Swedes were required to swear a new oath
of allegiance, but at their request they were exempt from taking sides,
if trouble should arise between their respective nations in Europe.
Under the supervision of certain officers, the country was divided into
court jurisdictions. They were given a sort of self-government with
headquarters at Tinicum Island, and Sven Skute was elected captain;
Anders Dalbo, lieutenant; Jacob Svensson, ensign; Gregorius van Dyck,
sheriff; and Olof Stille, Matts Hansson, Peter Rambo and Peter Cock
magistrates. On May 8, (1658) these officers appeared before Stuyvesant
with a petition for certain privileges. They requested instructions for
their guidance, and they desired a court messenger; they asked for free
access to Fort Altena, so that they could get assistance in case of
necessity, and they petitioned that nobody should be allowed to leave
the colony without the knowledge of the magistrates.
The Swedes and Finns gradually gained the confidence of the Dutch
authorities and performed many valuable services for them as
interpreters and guides. They cut masts and other timber and furnished
bricks for buildings; and by their thrift were able to supply much of
the provisions for the soldiers.
The crops were poor in 1658, due to an over-abundance of rain, butter,
cheese and salt were scarce; and sickness was general. The total
number of inhabitants was now about 600 souls, but it is not possible
to say how many of these were Swedes and Finns. The cattle and horses
belonging to the Dutch West India Company were given out for half of
the increase to settlers, a custom employed by Rising as we have seen,
but complaints were made that the horses were ill-treated.
On July 20 (30), 1658, Willem Beeckman was appointed commissary and
vice-director for the West India Company at Fort Altena with highest
authority over the company’s officers, “except in the district ... of
New Amstel,” and his instruction in eight articles was given to him
on October 18 (28). He was to have special oversight and supervision
of the Swedes; he was to be the custom officer and the auditor in the
country, and obliged to be present at New Amstel, when ships arrived
there or whenever his duties so required.
Beeckman proposed a tax on the Swedes and Finns to the amount of 400
guilders a year, thus providing for the current expenses, and the
directors of the Dutch West India Company disapproved of giving them
officers of their own. Stuyvesant, however, replied to their orders for
discharging these officers and appointing Hollanders in their stead,
that he thought the hearts of the Swedes could best be won by methods
of lenient government. They were also called upon to do military duty,
but objected strongly, and the Dutch had no power to force them, while
Beeckman reported that in an emergency “they would be more cumbersome
than useful.” Troubles arose with the English as well as the savages,
keeping the Dutch in constant alarm, who, as a consequence were forced
to treat “their foreign subjects” with more respect and consideration
than would otherwise have been the case.
Attempts were made from time to time to settle them in villages, so as
to simplify the jurisdiction over them; and in the spring of 1660 the
fiscal, De Sille, was instructed to engage some of them as soldiers,
or to persuade them to settle near New Amsterdam as freemen, asking,
“with all imaginable and kindly persuasive reasons,” the “help and
intercessions” of the Swedish sheriff and commissaries. But the Swedes
were opposed to removal, and De Sille was unsuccessful in his mission.
Jacob Alrichs died December 20 (30), 1659, and Alexander d’Hinoyossa
was made provisory director in his stead. The Swedes and Finns who
could bear arms now numbered about 130, according to the report of
Van Dyck. Disputes as to the distribution of land arose among them
about this time, perhaps largely occasioned by the fact that many
of the Finns understood neither Swedish nor Dutch, making business
transactions difficult. In the spring of 1660 some twenty Swedish and
Finnish families desired to remove to the neighborhood of New Amstel,
but it appears that they were forbidden to do so. Later, however,
D’Hinoyossa invited others to settle there.
The Swedes and Finns contrived throughout this period of trade with
the savages, but they were somewhat restricted in their freedom by
D’Hinoyossa, giving rise to complaints and dissatisfactions. They were
particularly successful farmers, and many of them attained prosperity.
Hence they were very desirable colonists, and when requests for
additional agriculturists were sent to Amsterdam, the comment was
appended, “not Hollanders, however, but other nations and especially
Finns and Swedes, who are good farmers.” A grist mill was built by
Johan Stålkofta (Stalcop), L. Petersson and Hans Block in the summer of
1662 at the Falls of Turtle Kill, and the old mill erected by Printz
was kept in repair.
In the autumn of 1663 the entire Delaware population[47] had erected
about 110 good boweries, stocked with some 200 cows and oxen, 20
horses, 80 sheep and several thousand swine. Some of the Swedes as we
have seen, wrote to relatives and friends in the old country, praising
the land and inviting them over, and the Dutch authorities encouraged
such migrations, often with good results. About thirty Swedes arrived
with the skipper, Peter Lukassen in the summer of 1663, and thirty-two
or more Finns and probably some Swedes came with Alexander d’Hinoyossa
in December.
The settlers were peaceful, as a rule, also during this period. A few
minor disturbances arose, however, and Evert Hindricksson, the Finn,
was accused of maltreating Jöran Kyn, and other grave complaints were
made against him. He was brought into court, tried and banished from
the colony as a dangerous character. Peter Meyer was also accused of
disturbance and assaults, and several other cases of like nature were
taken into court. The Swedes and Finns continued to have their own
officers and a few were even employed in the forts. Timon Stidden,
who remained in the country, continued to act as barber-surgeon, and
he treated the ill and wounded as far as he was able. Witchcraft also
played its part, and Margareta Matsson was said to be a witch, as Henry
Drystreet was told about this time. The fish in the river continued
to be plentiful, and the settlers obtained some provisions from this
source as well as from hunting. Many deserted the colony on account
of debts or for other reasons and a number went to settle among the
English in Maryland;[48] but a few returned from time to time.
Little is known about the religious history of the Swedes at this
time. According to the articles of surrender they were allowed to
retain a minister of the Gospel of their own confession and were to be
undisturbed in their services, a concession which was later regretted
by some of the Dutch. Rev. Lars Lock remained among them, and he
seems to have conducted regular services in the church at Tinicum.
He was given a salary by the Swedish commissaries, probably raised
by voluntary collections. He had more than his share of troubles,
and in 1661 his wife eloped with another man, causing inconvenience
and law suits. Having obtained a divorce, he married again, but the
marriage was declared null and void by the Dutch authorities, because
he performed the ceremony himself. Later he was fined 50 florins for
marrying a young couple without proclamation in the church and against
the will of the parents. He as well as Olof Stille objected to the
interference of the Dutch court, saying that the consistory of Sweden
alone had jurisdiction over the case. At another time he was “fearfully
beaten and marked in his face” by Peter Meyer, who was summoned to
appear in court, but the affair was settled between the parties
privately. Acrelius asserts that a priest by the name of Matthias
came out here on the ship _Mercurius_, but he returned to Sweden
with the vessel, according to the same authority. The many Lutherans
residing at New Amstel engaged a young man by the name of Abelius
Zetskorn or Setskorn to serve them. The Swedish commissaries at Tinicum
desired him to preach in their church, but Rev. Lock objected “to it
with all his influence.” Setskorn preached there on the second day of
Pentecost, however, and received a call as schoolmaster with the same
salary as the preacher enjoyed; but the people “of New Amstel would
not let him go,”[49] and Rev. Lock remained the only Lutheran preacher
north of New Amstel. The population, however, was now too large for one
pastor and the language question complicated matters. Many of the Finns
could not understand the Swedish language during the first years, and
these were without religious instruction. As time went on, however,
Swedish became predominant, the Finns and Dutch gradually acquiring it.
In the autumn of 1663 the entire Delaware district was transferred to
the city of Amsterdam, and D’Hinoyossa was made commander. The Swedes
and Finns were absolved from their former oaths and required to swear
new allegiance. This they refused to do, unless they were granted “the
same privileges in trading and other matters as they had had under the
government of the Honorable Company,” being inclined rather to remove
than to submit to the conditions offered them.
The customs and manners remained the same as in the former period, the
bath-house, the Finnish and Swedish log-cabins, the splinter-sticks,
and all other utensils and implements we have learned to know in
previous chapters, continued to be used. The domestic animals had
greatly increased, the fields were comparatively numerous and in many
cases large, and the settlement had acquired a certain stability and
form. The colony had not been a financial success from the Dutch point
of view, however. Thousands of florins were borrowed and expended, and
thousands more were needed.
In 1664 rumors of a Swedish attempt at recapturing the river were
afloat in Holland, as we have seen, causing some uneasiness, until it
was reported that the expedition had been wrecked. A large number
of Finns had been “enticed” to migrate to the colony in the spring,
and other measures were taken to build up the settlement. But Dutch
rule, except for a short interval, was drawing to a close on the
Delaware and in America. The English forces, sailing up the Hudson in
the autumn, compelled Stuyvesant to surrender on September 3. On the
same day Sir Robert Carre was commissioned to proceed to the Delaware
for the purpose of bringing that colony under the power and authority
of the English crown. Carre arrived in the river on September 30 and
on October 1 (11), the articles of capitulation were signed. The
inhabitants were to be protected in their estates under the authority
of the English King; the old magistrates were to continue in their
jurisdiction as formerly, and “the sheriff and other inferior” officers
should remain in power for six months, until other steps could be
taken; all the people were to enjoy religious liberty and be free “as
any Englishman” upon the taking “of the oath,” and any one was allowed
to depart from the settlement within six months after the date of the
articles. We are now at the beginning of a new era and the following
years belong to another treatise.
INDEX.
Names of ships are printed in italics. The letters å, ä, ö and ü are
treated like a, o and u and follow the English order.
For a detailed index and full bibliography see the author’s “_The
Swedish Settlements_,” II, 767ff, 815ff.
A
Acrelius, 242
Africa, 21, 23, 47, 68
African Company, Swedish, 345
Agriculture, 182ff, 190ff, 200ff, 299ff
Aldrichs, J., 371
Allerton, I., 208ff, 301
Altmark, 14
America, 47, 53, 68, 252
Amundsson, H., 156, 164ff, 252ff, 267ff
Amsterdam, 68, 77, etc.
Anckerhjelm, 268ff, 348
Animals, domestic, 121, 129, 191ff, 193, 220ff, 372
Antigua, 145, 157
Appelbom, H., 352ff
Artenzen, 149
Asia, 53
Atlantic, 36
Austria, 19
Aquilera, Gov. de, 270ff
Azores, 269ff
B
Barbadoes, 233, 309, etc.
Barben, J., 78
Barns, 193, etc.
_Beaver_, 210
Beeckman, 370ff
Beier, J., 46, 92, 143
Bergkvarna, 41
Berkeley, 131
_Bern_, 337
Bernhard, Duke, 62
Beversreede (Fort), 229ff
Bicker, 265ff, 274ff
Black Minquas, 115, etc.
Blockhouses, 223
Blommaert, S., 69, 71ff
Bockhorn, 156, 250ff
Bogaert, J. van, 93ff, 125, 133
Boender, 164
Boije, C., 143, 180
Bonde, C., 21, 335
Bonnell, B., 41, 57, 90, 100, 173
_Bontekoe_, 310
Boston, 301
Boyer, A., 225ff, 275ff
Brahe, 31, 205, 232
Bricks, 213ff, etc.
Brömsebro, 17
Bruggen, P. van, 118
Bureus, 29
C
Calais, 259
Campanius, J. 143ff, 227ff
Canaan, 242
Canaries, 47, 262, 302
Caribbees, 79, 147ff, 262
Carl IX., 11
Carl X., 18, 352
Carre, R., 377
Casimir, 236ff, 274ff, 319
_Charitas_, 98ff
Charter of South Co., 54ff
Chesapeake, 283
Christian II., 49
Christian IV., 14, 16
Christina (Queen), 15, 17, 18n., 20, etc.
Christina (Fort), 88ff, 98ff, 110ff, 148, 175ff, 179ff
Christina (Island), 79
Christina Kill, 298, etc.
Christinehamn, 291
Christopher, the Rev., 134
Churches, 134ff, 212
Clausen, A., 163ff
Clausen, J., 163ff
Clemet, 241
Clerk, J., 209ff
Cock, 187
Coeninck, F. de, 309ff
College of the Exchequer, 23
College of Mines, 23
College of War, 23
Cominius (Komensky), 31
Commercial College, 24, 169, etc.
Companies, 49ff
Copenhagen, 150, 251
Copper Company, 67
Corn fields, 116, etc.
Corsen, A., 107
Courts, 196ff, etc.
Cox, W., 187ff
Coyet, 20
Cromwell, 19, 21
Cuba, 79
D
Dalarna, 32n.
Delaware, 22, 29, 32, 35, 39, 42, 103ff, 175, etc.
Delaware Bay, 145
Danzig, 52
Deal, 259
Denmark, 11, 13, 16, 20, 39, 151
Diedricksen, D., 160
_Deimen_, 270
Dincklage, van, 230ff
Dirschau, 57
Disalago, Gov., 260ff
Dorpat, 30
Douwes, Capt., 310
_Dove_, 84
Dover, 258ff
Dufva, J., 161ff
Dutch, 21, 93ff, 125, 133, 169ff, 213ff, 233ff, 307ff
Dutch West India Company, 51, 70ff, 75, 82, 93, 149, 215
Dyck, G. van, 88ff, 143
E
Eaton, Gov., 287
Education in Sweden, 26ff
Elbe, 110
Elfsborg (Fort), 153, 179, 185, 202ff, etc.
Elk River, 283
Elsingburg Fort Point, 179
Elswick, H. von, 165ff, 268ff, 293ff
Endicott, Gov., 287
England, 14, 20ff, 40, 47, 68, 79
English, 21, 46, 185ff, 194ff
English trade, 126ff, 130ff, 199ff, 208ff
Europe, 11, 13, 34, 40, 61
Everet, Gov., 262
F
Falkenburg, von, 56, 68
_Fama_, 144ff, 176ff, 183ff, 198
Fehmern, 149
Finland, 12, 35, 36, 44, 45, 60, etc.
Finns, 144, 241ff
Fish Kill, 176
Fleetwood, 21
Fleming, 16, 49, 76ff, 139ff, 150
Florida, 80
_Flying Deer_, 82
_Fogel Grip_, 78ff
Forsman, 316
France, 14, 19ff, 39, 68
Frankfurt, 62
Fur trade, 84, 171
G
Gangunkel, 41
Geer, L. de, 40
Germany, 14, 61
Gold Coast, 75
Gothenburg, 27, 44, 52, 55, 77ff, 144ff, 254ff
Gothland, 17
_Grip_, see _Fogel Grip_, 78ff
_Groote Christoffel_, 307ff
Guinea, 69
Guinean Company, 74
Gustavus Adolphus, 11, 12, 13, 14, 27ff, 40, 52, 55, 59, 61, etc.
_Gyllene Haj_, 152ff, 167ff, 169ff, 218, 250ff, 267ff, 292
Gyllengren, E., 233, 254, 315, 367ff
H
Hague, the, 68
_Haj_, see _Gyllene Haj_, 152ff, 167ff, 169ff, 218, 250ff, 267ff,
292
Hamburg, 46
Härjedalen, 17
Harmer, G., 187ff, 273
Hartford, 292
Heckemak, 186
Heilbronn, 62
Helsingör, 251
Hendricksen, C., 105
Henlopen, Cape, 153, 178
Henry, Cape, 186, 264
Henry, Prince, 59
_Hercules_, 267
Herrman, A., 231ff
Hinoyossa, de, 371ff
Hjort, Rev., 296ff
Holland, 13, 14, 20ff, 40ff, 47, 56, 61, 68ff
_Hollanse Tuin_, 311
Höök, 267ff, 312
Horn, 106ff
Horn, Fieldmarshal, 62
Horn Kill, 279, etc.
Houses, 133, etc.
Hudde, A., 216ff
Hudson, H., 104
Huygen, H., 70, 78, 88ff, 184ff, 191ff, 229ff, 273ff
I
Iceland, 258
Indians, 108ff, 114ff, 126, 183, 206ff
Indian chiefs, 108, 126ff, 224, 235ff, 279ff, 291ff, 303ff
Indian trade, 115ff, 122ff, 183ff, 192ff, 204ff, 208, 219ff, 224ff
Ingermanland, 11
Innsbruck, 18n.
J
Jacquet, J. P., 360ff
Jamestown, 113
Jämtland, 17
Jansen, J., 112ff
Jansen, P., 89
Jönsson, A., 240
Jöransson, 78
Judicial system, 25, 26
Jutland, 154
K
Kagg, 156
Kalevala, 299
Kalm, 133
_Kalmar Nyckel_, 60, 77ff, 147ff
Kämpe, 315, 317ff
_Katt_ (the Cat), 32, 155ff, 250
Kexholm, 12
Kieft, W., 214ff
Kikitan, 186
Kingsessing, 241
King, W., 301
Kling, M. N., 78, 223
Korsholm, 200, 237
Kramer, 92, 146, 343ff
Krober, N. A., 78
L
Lamberton, 126ff, 187ff
Land purchases, 108ff, 124, 126, 127, 303ff
Langdonk, J. van, 89ff
Leksand, 32
Lenâpe, 114ff
Liljehök, 147
Lindeström, 115, 254ff, 316ff
Lloyd, 287
Lock, L., 225ff, 286ff, 297
London, 21, 252
Loof, 86
Lord, R., 187ff, 279ff, 292, 300ff
Lucifer, C., 156
Lützen, 15, 61
Lycke, 164
M
Macklier, H., 153ff
Magellanica, 53
Malmö, 150
Manathans, 205
Månsson, M., 294
Maryland, 286
Manufactories, 202
Marsh, G., 263
_Marie_, 252
Matsson, J., 147
Matthias, Rev., 350
May, C., of Horn, 106
May, P., 112ff
Melancthon, 31
Menius, 31
_Mercurius_, 348ff, 352ff
Mill Creek, 179
Mills, 209ff, 217ff, 295, 372
Minquas Country, 116
Minquas (Indians), 114ff
Minquas Kill, 79, 97
Minuit, P., 70ff, 107ff
Mölndal, 218ff
Money, 48
Moses, 26
N
Naaman’s Kill, 295
Nacka, 68
Nassau (Fort), 106ff, 194ff, 229ff
Nederhorst, H. van der, 93
Nelsson, M., 143
Nertunius, M., 156, 159
Netherlands, 19, 214
New Albion, 133
New Amsterdam, 80, 208, etc.
New Castle, 236
New Elfsborg, 237, etc.
New England, 287, etc.
Newfoundland, 113
New Gothenborg, 180ff
New Haven, 125ff, 194ff, 288
New Korsholm (Fort), 223, etc.
New Netherland, 70, 93ff, etc.
New South Company, 71ff
New Stockholm, 80
New Sweden, 21, 32, 41, 49, 63, 73, 79ff, 88ff, etc.
New Sweden Company, 61, 69, 139ff
New Vasa, 218ff
North America, 63, 71
O
_Old King David_, 61
Old South Company, 347
Öresund, 16
_Örn_, 250ff, 274ff, 284ff, 344
Oxenstierna, A., 16, 31, 56, 61, 68ff, 150, 294
Oxenstierna, E., 24, 249ff, 343
P
Palbitsky, M., 164ff
Papegoja, J., 143, 146, 184, 225ff, 273ff, 350ff, 362ff
Papegoja, Madam, 285, 324, 367ff
Paris, 68
Patronat, 93ff
Paulinus, 30
Penn, W., 284
Persia, 20
Philadelphia, 222
Plowden, Sir Ed., 131ff, 185ff
Plymouth, 154
Poland, 11, 12, 18, 52
Porto Rico, 158ff, 268
Portugal, 40, 47
_Prinses Royael_, 311
Printz Hall, 211ff, 324
Printz, J., 26, 35, 98, 132ff, 135, 142ff, 149, 169, 178, 194ff,
239, 273ff
Prussia, 57
R
Räf, 335
Raritan Kill, 270
Reed, G. van, 93
Reformation, 26
Religious life, 134ff, 227ff, 374ff
Rensselaer, K. van, 81
Rhine, 70
Richelieu, 68
Ridder, P. H., 88ff, 142, 146, 175
Riga, 13
Ringold, 292, 303
Rising, J., 26, 37, 253ff, 276ff
Roads, 306
Rome, 18n.
Rotterdam, 82, 163
Rudbeck, 33
Rudbeckius, 30
Rudberus, J., 156, 161ff
Russia, 19ff, 47, 50, 76
Ruttens, P., 83
S
Sable Island, 79
St. Christopher, 82, 157, 161
St. Cruz, 161ff, 263
St. Martin, 157ff, 267
St. Peer, 150
Sandhook, 314
Sanford, T., 301
Sankikan Kill, 79, 178
Scarborough, 311
Schotting (en), T. van, 85ff
Schuylkill, 107, 215, 222ff
Scotland, 79
Settlements, 181ff, 282ff
Settlers, 241ff, 275, 286, 297, 316, 320, 335, 369, 372
Ship Company, 59ff
Sigismund, 12
Skute, S., 168, 179, 232, 255ff, 276ff
Sjöhjelm, 353ff
Skytte, J., 31
Smith, 314, 349ff
Smith’s Island, 186
Smythe, R., 92
South Company, 51ff, 59ff
South River, 79, 105, 178, 195ff
Spaniola, 79
Spain, 20, 47, 60
Spens, 20
Spindle, 209
Spiring, P., 40, 72ff, 141ff
Stäk, 41
Stålkofta, J., 283
Staten Island, 312
Stettin, 61
Stidden, T., 156, 164
Stiernhjelm, 29
Stockholm, 12, 19, 20, 40, 42ff, 45, 47, 84, 252
Stolbova, 12
Stralsund, 61, 74
Strängnäs, 41
Strömsköld, 346ff
Stuyvesant, P., 167, 228ff
Symonsen, 78
_Swan_, 144ff, 153ff, 183ff, 205, 225, 238
_Swarte Arent_, 308
Sweden, 11, 16, 20ff, 31, 33, 35, 39ff, 44ff, 60ff, 194ff
T
Tentor, M., 301
Terserius, 32
Thickpenny, 195ff
Tienhoven, A., 264ff
Tinicum Island, 180, 211ff
Tobacco trade, 171ff
Torkillus, R., 134
Torstensson, 16
Trinity (Fort), 288, 312, 319
Trotzig, P., 146, 167ff, 232, 302
Turkey, 20
Turner, N., 196
Tyresö, 41
U
Up(p)sala, 30, 33, 41, 42, etc.
Usselinx, W., 51ff, 56ff, 61ff, 84ff, 106ff
Utrecht Colony, 93ff
V
Varkens Kill, 178ff
Värmland, 143
Vass, S., 210ff
Västerås, 251
Västervik, 43
Venice, 58
Viborg, 344
Viborg Castle, 148
Villa Franca, 269ff
Virginia, 20, 113, 187
Vischer (?), 20
Vlie, 82
Vliet, Cornelis, van, 86ff
W
Waag, De, 309ff
Water, J. H. van der, 78
Weis, Hans, 85
Welshuisen, 58
Wendel, P., 283
Wesel, 70
West Indies, 94ff
Westphalian Treaty, 17
Weymouth, 260
White Minquas, 115
Whitelocke, 20, 45
Wicacoa, 222
Wilcox, J., 209ff
Wilmington, 290
Winthrop, 126, 195ff
Wismar, 250
Wivallius, 29
Woollen, J., 188ff
Wrangel, H., 143
Y
Young, M., 41
Z
Zuyder Zee, 52
[Map of New Sweden]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] These campaigns, however, did more than bring about a truce and
place several important cities under Swedish sovereignty; they prepared
Gustavus Adolphus and his soldiers for the greater struggle about to
begin, and furnished means for its prosecution.
[2] The motives of Gustavus Adolphus for taking part in the Thirty
Years’ War are clearly stated in the minutes--they were religious,
political and commercial. Cf. Fries, _Svenska Kulturbilder_, p. 19
ff.
[3] Christina was born at Stockholm on December 8, 1626. Her education
was thorough and extensive. At the age of 16 she could write and speak
German and Latin fluently and had a good knowledge of Greek.
In Innsbruck she formally accepted the Catholic faith in 1655 and
settled in Rome for the rest of her days except at short intervals.
She revisited her native land in 1660 and again in 1667 and made
pretentions to the throne. She died at Rome in April, 1689.
[4] For a more complete account of the _Commercial College_, see
the author’s _Swedish Settlements on the Delaware_, I, 15 ff.
[5] For a more complete account of the language, see the author’s
_Swedish Settlements on the Delaware_, I, 23–25.
[6] A district in Dalarna, northern Sweden (see map.)
[7] For a more complete statement about Swedish money, weights and
measures, see the author’s _Swedish Settlements on the Delaware_,
I, 41–42.
[8] For a more complete list and account of the trading companies in
Sweden before 1664, see the author’s _Swedish Settlements on the
Delaware_, I, 44–51.
[9] See below, p. 92ff.
[10] Cp. also p. 109ff., below.
[11] The Swedes claimed some time later that they bought the land “from
the rightful owner three days before” the English purchase.
[12] The principles followed were that persons, “who had not committed
such crimes that other people shunned their company”, could be sent to
New Sweden.
[13] See the author’s _Swedish Settlements_, I, 313.
[14] For a detailed account see the author’s _Swedish Settlements_, I,
382 ff.
[15] Iron cannon throwing stone bullets.
[16] For an account of the services of Rev. Fluviander, see the
author’s _Swedish Settlements_, I, 371–72.
[17] For a more complete account of Holm., see the author’s _Swedish
Settlements_, I, 372–73; II, 560–61, 678–79.
[18] Tradition of the tyranny of Printz lived on among the settlers for
generations. In 1759 Acrelius writes: “Some blame was put on Printz
that he was too strict with the people, made slaves of the Swedes, kept
them to work on the fort and his Tinakongh estate. And although this
gossip is still circulated, it can nevertheless not be looked upon
otherwise than as groundless.” _Beskrif._, p. 82; the author’s
_Swedish Settlements_, I, 465.
[19] See above, p. 33ff.
[20] “About 22 Dutch miles in length and 12 (Dutch) miles in breadth.”
[21] According to Rising the force consisted of about 600 to 700
men (in another place he says from 400 to 500, _Journal_), and
this number (600 to 700) has been accepted as the correct one by the
writers. Lindeström goes further. He says: “Anno 1655 den 30 Aug.
kom General Stuyvessandh medh en armé á 1,500 _man_ stack.”
_Geogr._, p. 223. Stuyvesant said in 1664 that there were forty
soldiers and 150 to 160 militia, in all about 200 men. _Doc._, II,
223; 442.
[22] “The general’s [Stuyvesant’s] company, of which Lieut. Nuijtingh
was captain, and Jan Hagel ensign-bearer, was ninety strong. The
general’s second company, of which Dirck Smit was captain, and Don
Pouwel ensign-bearer, was sixty strong. Nicolaes de Silla, the
marshal’s company, of which Lieut. Pieter Ebel was captain and William
van Reijnevelt ensign-bearer, was fifty-five strong. Frederick de
Koningh, the major’s company, of which Pieter de Coningckx was
ensign-bearer, was sixty-two strong. The major’s second company,
which was composed of seamen and pilots, with Dirck Jansz Verstraten
of Ossanen as their captain, boatswain’s mate Dirck Claesz [en], of
Mannikendam as ensign-bearer, and the sail-maker, Jan Illisz of Honsum
as lieutenant, consisted of fifty men, making altogether 317 men.”
[23] “Soldaterne ... som dock på sistone alle giorde sigh Rebellyske
och goffwe sigh alle dhe 1,000 dieflar, som i Helwete bor, at dhee
icke skulle ståå, fast dhee wille partera dhem i 1,000 styken.” Signed
statement of Gyllengren, Rev. Hiort, Peter Lindeström and others,
August 31, 1655, enclosed with letter to E. Oxenstierna. The document
was discovered by Dr. Malmsten in _Kammararkivet_ during the
author’s visit to Stockholm in 1909. It is now preserved in _Ox.
Saml._ (R.A.)
[24] Lindeström accuses Skute of capitulating without consulting the
other officers and relates how he and Gyllengren gave the soldiers a
barrel of beer and put them to work on the fortifications, while Skute
was conferring with Stuyvesant. At four in the afternoon the work on
the fort was ready to withstand an attack of the enemy, but then Skute
had already surrendered and all was lost. _Geogr._, pp. 225–30.
[25] Lindeström says: “Gafs Hollenskt lösen på Fort Treefaldigheet,
sedan swarades uthi lägret, och på Skieppen, thereafter strax låssades
heela umgången på Fort Treeefaldigheet samt uthanwärket, suarades
så åter medh alle styckene I lägret och omgång (erne) på Skippen.”
_Geogr._, p. 231.
[26] Upland, Finland and Tinicum.
[27] Elswick was compelled to wait for two hours before the interview
was granted as Skute was on board discussing the terms of capitulation.
[28] It is probable that he offended the Dutch in some way. Lindeström
says: “And what words he spoke against the Dutch (för nähr talat och
fäldt hafwer), one cannot really know, [but] he was seized and brought
on board the ship _Amsterdams Waag_ and there locked into heavy
chains.” Bogaert says: “The 13th was taken prisoner the Lieutenant of
Fort Crist[ina], with a drummer, it being supposed that he had come as
a spy upon the army, in consequence of the drummer’s having no drum.”
[29] The batteries, according to Lindeström, were made from sod and
protected by gabions and breastworks. They were called “Slangenborg.”
[30] These batteries were built out of logs, protected by breast works
and gabions. This battery which was nearest the fort (see the map
in the author’s _Swedish Settlements_, II, 602–603) was called
“Myggenborgh,” because there was “such a fearful amount of mosquitoes
there.”
[31] The batteries were built of logs, filled in with earth and covered
with sod. On account of the large number of rats there, it was called
“Rottenbourgh.”
[32] The kitchen (see map) was enclosed in a fortified square.
[33] “Hausset nu die Hollender sehr übell mit Todtschlagung des Vihes,
und plündrung der Heüsser aussen fünr dieser Fortresse.” Elswich’s
_Relation_.
[34] Rising was accompanied by Von Elswick and Stuyvesant by the
Vice-Governor of New Netherland, De Sille. Elswick’s _Relation_.
There is no mention of this meeting in Rising’s _Journal_.
[35] Elswick says: “Dreij Uhr nachmittag zogen die Hollander ein und
unsere Völker mit fligender Fahne, slagende Trummell, rürende Pfeiffe,
brandende Leüte sampt Ober- und Unter-gewehr, etc., auss dieser
Fortresse Christina.” _Relation._
[36] The council reported to Stuyvesant that one Mr. Willet believed
that the Swedes had bribed these savages and that through Swedish
influence these troubles had fallen upon them, _Doc._, XII. 99.
The report was, of course, without foundation. Lindeström states
that the Indians had a conference, when they found the Dutch were
attacking New Sweden, and decided to attack New Netherland in revenge.
_Geogr._
[37] Lindeström says: “Den 18 September on mårgonen kom eneral
Styfvessandh inn till oss på Fort Christina medh sitt Trääben
styltandes rächte oss handen, till bödh oss wårt landh igen och all
giord skada wedhergiälla willia.”
[38] Elswick says: “35 personen von uns Volk.” He evidently excludes
himself and Director Rising. Pufendorf says: “Eodem anno id quoque
insensi a Belgis Sveciae illatum, quod hujus Colonos Nova Svecia plane
ejecerint, cujus Gubernator Risinguis cum _triginta sex hominibus_
mense Decembri Pleimuthensi in portu Angliae Adpellebat.” _De Rebus a
Carolo Gustavo_, etc., Liber II, §85 (p. 120).
[39] The _N[ew] Bern_, the _Spotted Cow_ (_Bonte Koe_), and the _White
Horse_.
[40] For an account of Director Rising and the other officers see the
author’s _Swedish Settlements_, II, 616, notes; 673ff.
[41] See above, p. 43ff.
[42] Perhaps the same as the Swedish _Endräkt_ (harmony).
[43] Papegoja met his wife there and probably remained in Printz Hall
during his stay in the country.
[44] As for instance Gyllengren (through Amundsson) and Sven Skute.
[45] The States General ratified the transfer in August and
arrangements for the organization of the city’s colony were soon
thereafter made. The company retained the land above Ft. Christina
along the Delaware. It has been stated by some that the “city’s colony”
was above Ft. Christina. Ferris, p. 106, etc.
[46] Nieuer-Amstel after one of the suburbs of Amsterdam.
[47] Swedes, Finns, Dutch and a few Germans and Danes.
[48] For a list of these see the author’s _Swedish Settlements_,
II, 667–68.
[49] There is no direct evidence that the Swedes tried to get rid of
Lock as is stated by Norberg, p. 6; Smith, _Hist. of Del. Co._, p.
90.
Transcriber’s Notes:
1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been
corrected silently.
2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have
been retained as in the original.
3. Italics are shown as _xxx_.