AFTER THE SENTENCE
Lord Buckhurst left Fotheringay on the 21st November, and the same
day brought a fresh trial to the Queen,--one which his presence would
probably have averted. Paulet, accompanied by Sir Drew Drury, who,
although, according to the Queen, "far more modest and gracious," did
not oppose his colleague's proceedings, waited on Mary, and Paulet
told her that as she had shown no signs of repentance for her faults,
their Queen had commanded that her dais with the royal arms, the
emblem of her sovereignty, should be taken down, "because," continued
he, "you are now only a dead woman, without the dignity or honours of
a queen."
"God of His grace called me to this dignity," replied Mary; "I have
been anointed and consecrated such. From Him alone I hold this rank,
and to Him alone I shall return it, with my soul. I do not recognise
your Queen as my superior, nor her heretical council and assembly
as my judges, and I shall die a queen in spite of them. They have
no more power over me than robbers at the corner of a wood might
have over the most just prince or judge in the world; but I hope
that God will manifest His justice in this kingdom after my death.
The kings of this country have often been murdered, and it will not
seem strange to me to be among them and those of their blood. It was
in this way that King Richard was treated to dispossess him of his
rights."[54]
[Footnote 54: See Labanoff, vi. 466. "When the So. Q.'s cloth of
Estate was plucked down by Sir A. Paulet and Sir D. Drury, after
signification given unto her to prepare herself to die by the L.
Buckhurst and R.B., she mentioned the murder of K. Richard II., but
Sir Drue answered that she needed not to fear it, for that she was in
the charge of a Christian gentleman."--Note by Beale, Yelverton MSS.,
p. 529.]
At these words Paulet ordered the Queen's attendants to remove the
dais, but they utterly refused to have any hand in the outrage
offered to their mistress, calling aloud for vengeance on him and
Drury. Paulet was obliged therefore to send for his soldiers,
and caused the dais to be thrown on the floor. He now sat down
in the Queen's presence with his head covered, and ordered the
billiard-table to be removed, saying to the Queen, "This is no time
for you to indulge in exercise or amusement."[55]
[Footnote 55: A sad office was reserved for the cover of this table;
it was afterwards used to enshroud the body of the Queen after her
execution, as we may see by the following passage from Brantôme:
"Immediately after the execution, when the headsman had despoiled
Mary's corpse, it was carried into a room adjoining that in which
her maids of honour were confined; and they, looking through a
crevice, saw the body of their mistress half covered by a piece
of rough woollen stuff, which had been hastily taken from the
billiard-table."]
"Thanks be to God, I have never made use of it since it was put up,"
replied Mary, "for you have kept me sufficiently employed in other
ways."
Paulet's account of this scene differs in some important particulars
from that of the Queen. In fact, he seems to have gone beyond his
instructions; and to explain and vindicate his conduct, he writes at
length to Secretary Davison to the following effect. "He had been
given to understand," he says, "by a late letter from some friend
about the court, of Her Majesty's mislike that this lady (Queen Mary)
did enjoy her cloth of estate." He adds that in ordering this removal
he used "all possible moderation," and declares, in contradiction to
Mary, that she sent for the yeoman of her wardrobe and asked him to
take down the dais. He maintains a discreet silence regarding his
own personal rudeness in covering himself and sitting down in Mary's
presence; nor does he allude to the removal of the billiard-table.[56]
[Footnote 56: _Letter Books_, p. 315.]
On the following day Mary received a fresh visit from Paulet and
Drury. Paulet, fearing, no doubt, the effects of his violence,
came to assure her that he had not taken down her dais by order
of Elizabeth, but by that of some members of the council; and he
offered to write to his mistress for leave to re-erect it. In reply
Mary contented herself with showing him a crucifix, which she had
placed in the spot formerly occupied by the dais and her arms. Paulet
then told her that the request which she had made through Lord
Buckhurst had been submitted to the Queen, and that she would receive
the answer in a day or two.
"My requests were not so numerous," rejoined the Queen, "and can be
speedily answered, and I presented them only in order that (after
settling the fate of my attendants) I might have more time to give to
God."
"Your object was praiseworthy, and you will have a prompt reply,"
said Paulet; "if you had been as well disposed to reveal certain
things to Her Majesty as you were to make requests, Lord Buckhurst
would have presented them much more willingly."
"This gentleman was a relative of your mistress, and sent by her on
that account," returned Mary, "and I confided to him what I thought
desirable."
Paulet remarked that he only spoke of this to remind her that she
might have sent a letter through Lord Buckhurst.
"Before things were so advanced," said Mary, "I should have wished
to write, but now being condemned, I have other subjects of greater
moment to think of; I have to prepare myself for a better life in
another world."[57]
[Footnote 57: Chantelauze, pp. 293-295.]
"And hereupon," records the pitiless jailer, "she fell into a large
discourse on the mercies of God towards her, and of her preparation
for death, and into many other impertinent speeches not worthy to be
recited. I omit some other talk which passed between her and me, upon
this ground tending only to the benefit of her soul and the discharge
of my conscience. And thus I departed from her, having endeavoured
myself, according to your direction, to solve the two faults
mentioned in your letters in as clear a manner as I could, without
giving her cause to think that I came to her to that purpose."[58]
[Footnote 58: Paulet to Mr. Secretary Davison, 28th November 1586.
See _Letter Books_, p. 319.]
The "second fault" alluded to by Paulet, and which had brought down
upon him Elizabeth's displeasure, lay in the fact that he had not
sufficiently "entertained" Mary "in the desire she had to write unto
Her Majesty." Paulet considered that he could not press the matter
without a special order to that effect; he was, we know by his own
words, "always very curious and precise to be warranted in all his
proceedings."
After Lord Buckhurst's departure Mary naturally concluded that her
hours were numbered, little thinking that two months of suspense lay
before her. On the day on which the foregoing interview took place
the noise of workmen in her dining-room led the Queen to think that
the scaffold for her execution was even then in process of erection.
Under this impression she called her attendants round her and made
a declaration that she died a faithful Catholic, and that she was
entirely innocent of the crimes of which she was accused. She made
them swear to bear witness for her to all the persons she mentioned
to them, and to each she assigned the mission he should fulfil after
her death.
Although her right hand was much crippled by rheumatism, Mary now
passed two days in writing farewell letters to her most faithful
friends, which she confided to her chaplain and servants, to be
delivered after her death.[59]
[Footnote 59: In consequence of the delays by which the members of
Mary's household were kept in a state of quasi-imprisonment for
months after their mistress's execution, these letters only reached
their destination in the course of the following autumn.]
There are in all four of these letters, including that to the
Archbishop of Glasgow already quoted, and we give the remaining three
in their integrity, in the certainty that no description of the
Queen's sentiments at this time can be as true or touching as her own
words.
LETTER TO POPE SIXTUS V.[60]
[Footnote 60: Labanoff, vi. 447.]
_Jesus Maria_
HOLY FATHER--As it has pleased God by His divine
providence so to ordain, that in His Church under His
Son Jesus Christ crucified, all those who should believe
in Him and be baptized in the name of the Holy Trinity,
should recognise one universal and Catholic Church as
Mother, whose commandments together with the ten of the Law
we should keep under pain of damnation, it is requisite
that each one who aspires to eternal life should fix his
eyes upon her. I, therefore, who am born of kings and
relatives all baptized in her, as I myself also was, and
what is more, from my infancy, unworthy as I am, have been
called to the royal dignity--anointed and consecrated by
the authority and by the ministers of the Church, under
whose wing and in whose bosom I have been nourished and
brought up--and by her instructed in the obedience due by
all Christians to him whom she, guided by the Holy Spirit,
has elected according to the ancient order and decrees of
the primitive Church, to the holy Apostolic See as our
head upon earth, to whom Jesus Christ in His last will has
given power (speaking to St. Peter of her foundation on
a living rock) of binding and loosing poor sinners from
the chains of Satan, absolving us by himself or by his
ministers for this purpose appointed, of all crimes and
sins committed or perpetrated by us, we being repentant,
and as far as in us lies, making satisfaction for them
after having confessed them according to the ordinance
of the Church. I call my Saviour Jesus Christ to be my
witness, the blessed Trinity, the glorious Virgin Mary,
all the angels and archangels, St. Peter, the pastor, my
special intercessor and advocate, St. Paul, Apostle of
the Gentiles, St. Andrew and all the holy apostles, St.
George, and in general all the saints of Paradise,--that
I have always lived in this faith, which is that of the
universal Church Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman, in which
being regenerated, I have always had the intention of doing
my duty to the holy Apostolic See. Of this, to my great
regret, I have not been able to render due testimony to
your Holiness, on account both of my detention in this
captivity and my long illness, but now that it has pleased
God, my Holy Father, to permit for my sins and those of
this unfortunate island, that I (the only one remaining
of the blood of England and Scotland who makes profession
of this faith) should, after twenty years of captivity,
shut up in a narrow prison and at last condemned to die
by the heretical States and Assembly of this country, as
it has been to-day signified to me by the mouth of Lord
Buckhurst, Amias Paulet my keeper, one Drew Drury, knight,
and a secretary named Beale, in the name of their Queen,
commanding me to prepare to receive death, offering me one
of their bishops and a dean for my consolation (a priest
that I had having been taken from me long before by them,
and held by them I know not where); I have thought it to
be my first duty to turn me to God, and then to relate
the whole to your Holiness in writing, to the end that
although I cannot let you hear it before my death, at least
afterwards, the cause of it should be made manifest to
you, which is, all things well considered and examined,
their dread of the subversion of their religion in this
island, which they say I plan, and which is attempted for
my sake, as well by those of their own subjects who obey
your laws and are their declared enemies [and who cause
me to be prayed for as their sovereign in their churches,
whose priests profess duty and subjection to me], as by
strangers, and specially by the Catholic princes and my
relations, who all (so they say) maintain my right to the
crown of England. I leave it to your Holiness to consider
the consequence of such a sentence, imploring you to have
prayers made for my poor soul--and for all those who have
died, or will die, in the same cause and the like sentence,
and even in honour of God. I beg you to give your alms and
incite the kings to do likewise to those who shall survive
this shipwreck. And my intention being, according to the
constitutions of the Church, to confess, do penance as far
as in me lies, and receive my Viaticum, if I can obtain my
chaplain, or some other legitimate minister, to administer
to me my said Sacraments; in default of this, with contrite
and repentant heart I prostrate myself at your Holiness'
feet, confessing myself to God and to His saints, and to
the same Your Paternity, as a very unworthy sinner and one
meriting eternal damnation, unless it pleases the good God
who died for sinners to receive me in His infinite mercy
among the number of poor penitent sinners trusting in His
mercy--imploring you to take this my general confession
in testimony of my intention to accomplish the remainder
in the form ordained and commanded in the Church, if it
is permitted me, and to give me your general absolution
according as you know and think to be requisite for the
glory of God, the honour of His Church, and the salvation
of my poor soul, between which and the justice of God I
interpose the blood of Jesus Christ, crucified for me
and all sinners, one of the most execrable among whom I
confess myself to be, seeing the infinite graces I have
received through Him, and which I have so little recognised
and employed; the which would render me unworthy of
forgiveness, if His promise made to all those who burdened
with sins and spiritual woes (coming to Him) to be assisted
by Him, and His mercy did not encourage me, following His
commandment to come to Him, bearing my burden in order to
be relieved by Him of it like the prodigal son, and, what
is more, offering my blood willingly at the foot of His
cross for the unwearied and faithful zeal which I bear to
His Church; without the restoration of which I desire never
to live in this unhappy world.
And further, Holy Father, having left myself no goods in
this world, I supplicate your Holiness to obtain from the
very Christian King that my dowry should be charged with
the payment of my debts, and the wages of my poor desolate
servants, and with an annual obit for my soul and those of
all our brothers departed in this just quarrel, having had
no other private intention, as my poor servants, present at
this my affliction, will testify to you; as likewise, how I
have willingly offered my life in their heretical Assembly
to maintain my Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion, and
to bring back those of this island who have ignorantly gone
astray (to wit, themselves); protesting that in this case I
would willingly deprive myself of all the title and dignity
of a queen, and do all honour and service to theirs, if she
would cease to persecute the Catholics; as I protest that
that is the end at which I have aimed since I have been in
this country, and I have no ambition nor desire to reign,
nor to dispossess any other for my own personal advantage,
as by illness and by long afflictions I am so weakened
that I have no longer any desire to trouble myself in this
world except with the service of His Church, and to gain
the souls of this island to God; in testimony of which, at
my end, I do not wish to falter in preferring the public
salvation to the personal interests of flesh and blood,
which cause me to pray you,--with a mortal regret for the
perdition of my poor child, after having tried by all means
to regain him,--to be a true father to him, as St. John
the Evangelist was to the youth whom he withdrew from the
company of robbers; to take, in short, all the authority
over him that I can give you to constrain him, and if it
please you to call upon the Catholic King to assist you
in what touches temporal matters, and especially that you
two may together try to ally him in marriage. And if God,
for my sins, permit that he should remain obstinate, I
knowing no Christian prince in these times who works so
much for the faith, or who has so many means to aid him in
the bringing back of this island, as the Catholic King, to
whom I am much indebted and obliged, being the only one who
aided me with his money and advice in my needs, I, subject
to your good pleasure, leave him all that I can have of
power or interest in the government of this kingdom if
my son obstinately remains outside the Church. But if he
finds he can bring him back, I desire he shall be aided,
supported, and advised by him (the King of Spain) and my
relations of Guise, enjoining him by my last will to hold
them, after you, as his fathers, and to ally himself by
their advice and consent, or in one of their two houses.
And if it pleased God, I would he were worthy to be a son
of the Catholic King. This is the secret of my heart and
the end of my desires in this world, tending as I mean
them, to the good of His Church and to the discharge of my
conscience, which I present at the feet of your Holiness,
which I may humbly kiss.
You shall have the true account of the manner of my last
taking, and all the proceedings against me, and by me, to
the end that, hearing the truth, the calumnies which the
enemies of the Church wish to lay upon me may be refuted
by you and the truth known, and to this effect I have sent
to you this bearer, requesting your holy blessing for the
end, and saying to you for the last time _à Dieu_.[61] Whom
I pray in His grace to preserve your person for long, for
the good of His Church and your sorrowful flock, especially
that of this island, which I leave very much astray,
without the mercy of God and without your paternal care.
FOTHERINGAY, _23rd November 1586_.
[Footnote 61: This passage, we believe, refers to
Bourgoing, as before stated.]
_From_ FOTHERINGAY _this 24th of November 1586._
Excuse my writing, caused by the weakness of my arm. I
hear, to my great regret, bad rumours of some persons near
to your Holiness who they say receive wages from this state
to betray the cause of God, and there are cardinals mixed
up in it. I leave it to your Holiness to make examination
and to have your eye on a certain Lord de Saint-Jean, much
suspected of being a spy of the High Treasurer.[62] These
are false brethren, and I will answer for it, that those
who have been recommended to you by me are quite otherwise.
Of your Holiness the very humble and devoted daughter,
MARIE,
QUEEN OF SCOTLAND, DOWAGER OF FRANCE.
[Footnote 62: Burleigh.]
TO DON BERNARD DE MENDOÇA.[63]
[Footnote 63: Labanoff, vi. 456.]
MY VERY DEAR FRIEND--As I have always known you
to be zealous in God's cause, and interested in my welfare
and my deliverance from captivity, I have likewise also
always made you a sharer in all my intentions for the same
cause, begging you to signify them to the King, Monsieur
my good brother, for which at present, according to the
little leisure I have, I have wished to send you this last
Adieu, being resolved to receive the death-stroke which was
announced to me last Saturday.
I know not when, nor in what manner, but at least you can
feel assured and praise God for me that, by His grace, I
had the _courage_ to receive this very unjust sentence
of the heretics with contentment for the honour which I
esteem it to be to me to shed my blood at the demand of the
enemies of His Church; whilst they honour me so much as
to say that theirs cannot exist if I live; and the other
point (they affirm to be) that their Queen cannot reign in
security--for the same reason. In both these "conditions"
I, without contradicting them, accepted the honour they
were so anxious to confer upon me, as very zealous in the
Catholic religion, for which I had publicly offered my
life; and as to the other matter, although I had made no
attempt nor taken any action to remove her who was in the
place, still as they reproached me with what is my right,
and is so considered by all Catholics, as they say, I did
not wish to contradict them, leaving it to them to judge.
But they, becoming angry in consequence of this, told me
that, do what I would, I should not die for religion, but
for having wished to have their Queen murdered, which I
denied to them as being very false, as I never attempted
anything of the kind--but left it to God and the Church to
settle everything for this island regarding religion and
what depends upon it.
This bearer[64] has promised me to relate to you how
rigorously I have been treated by this people, and ill
served by others, who I could wish had not so much shewn
their fear of death in so just a quarrel--or their
inordinate passions. Whereas from me they only obtained the
avowal that I was a free queen, Catholic, obedient to the
Church, and that for my deliverance I was obliged,--having
tried for it by good means, without being able to obtain
it--to procure it by the means which were offered to me,
without approving (to all the means employed).
[Footnote 64: The person referred to appears to have
been Pierre Gorion, who took the letter to Mendoça, and
presented him likewise with an interesting memoir of his
mistress. See Teulet, vi. 500.]
Nau has confessed all, Curle following his example; and all
is thrown upon me. They threaten me if I do not ask for
pardon, but I say, that as they have already destined me to
death, they may proceed in their injustice, hoping that God
will recompense me in the other world. And through spite,
because I will not thus confess, they came the day before
yesterday, Monday, to remove my dais, saying that I was no
longer anything but a dead woman without any dignity.
They are working in my hall; I think they are making a
scaffold to make me play the last scene of the Tragedy.
I die in a good quarrel, and happy at having given up my
rights to the King your Master. I have said that if my
son does not return to the bosom of the Church, I confess
I know no prince more worthy, or more suitable for the
protection of this island. I have written as much to His
Holiness, and I beg you to certify to him that I die in
this same wish, that I have written to you, and to him
(you) know who is his near relative and old friend, and to
a fourth, who above all others I leave under the protection
of the King, and require him, in the name of God, not to
abandon them; and I beg them to serve him in my place. I
cannot write to them. Salute them from me, and all of you
pray God for my soul.
I have asked for a priest, but do not know if I shall
have one; they offered me one of their bishops. I utterly
refused him. Believe what this bearer tells you, and these
two poor women who have been the nearest to me. They will
tell you the truth.[65] I beg of you to publish it, as
I fear others will make it sound quite differently. Give
orders that payment should be made where you know of, for
the discharge of my conscience; and may the churches of
Spain keep me in remembrance in their prayers. Keep this
bearer's secret; he has been a faithful valet to me.
[Footnote 65: Elizabeth Curle and Jane Kennedy.]
May God give you a long and happy life. You will receive a
token from me, of a diamond, which I valued as being that
with which the late Duke of Norfolk pledged me his faith,
and which I have nearly always worn. Keep it for love of
me. I do not know if I shall be allowed to make a will.
I have asked for leave, but they have all my money. God
be with you. Forgive me if I write with pain and trouble,
having not even one solitary person to aid me to make my
rough copies and to write from my dictation. If you cannot
read my handwriting this bearer will read it to you,
or my Ambassador, who is familiar with it. Among other
accusations Criton's is one about which I know nothing.
I fear much that Nau and Pasquier have much hastened my
death, for they had kept some papers, and also they are
people who wish to live in both worlds, if they can have
their commodities. I would to God that Fontenay had been
here; he is a young man of strong resolution and knowledge.
Adieu.
Once more I recommend to you my poor destitute servants,
and beg you to pray for my soul.
_From_ FOTHERINGAY _this Wednesday the 23rd of
November._
I recommend to you the poor Bishop of Ross, who will be
quite destitute.--Your much obliged and perfect friend,
MARIE R.
TO THE DUKE OF GUISE
_From_ FOTHERINGAY _the 24th of November._[66]
[Footnote 66: Labanoff, vol. vi. p. 461.]
MY GOOD COUSIN--You whom I hold as dearest to me
in the world, I bid you adieu, being ready, through unjust
judgment, to be put to a death, such as no one of our race,
(thanks) be to God, has ever suffered, still less one of my
quality; but, my good cousin, praise God for it, as I was
useless in the world for the cause of God and His Church
being in the state I was, and I hope my death will testify
to my constancy in the faith, and my readiness to die
for the upholding and restoration of the Catholic Church
in this unhappy island. And although no executioner has
ever before dipped his hand in our blood, be not ashamed
of it, my dear friend, for the condemnation of heretics
and enemies of the Church (and who have no jurisdiction
over me, a free queen) is profitable before God for the
children of His Church. If I would belong to them I should
not receive this blow. All those of our house have been
persecuted by this sect; for example, your good father,
with whom I hope to be received by the mercy of the just
Judge. I recommend to you then, my poor servants, the
discharge of my debts, and I beg you to have some annual
obit founded for my soul, not at your expense, but please
make the necessary solicitations and give the orders which
shall be required. And you shall understand my intention by
these, my poor desolate servants, eye-witnesses of this my
last tragedy.
May God prosper you, your wife, children, brothers, and
cousins, and above all our chief, my good brother and
cousin,[67] and all his. May the blessing of God and that
which I would give to children of my own, be on yours, whom
I recommend no less to God, than my own unfortunate and
ill-advised child.
[Footnote 67: The Duke of Lorraine.]
You will receive some tokens from me, to remind you to pray
for the soul of your poor cousin, destitute of all aid and
advice but that of God, which gives me strength and courage
to resist alone so many wolves howling after me.--To God be
the glory.
Believe, in particular, all that shall be said to you by a
person who will give you a ruby ring from me, for I take
it upon my conscience that the truth shall be told you of
what I have charged her with, especially of what touches my
poor servants, and regarding one of them in particular. I
recommend you this person on account of her straightforward
sincerity and goodness, and so that she may be placed
in some good situation. I have chosen her as being most
impartial and the one who will the most simply convey my
orders. I beg of you not to make it known that she has said
anything to you in private, as envy might harm her.
I have suffered much for two years and more, and could
not let you know it for important reasons. God be praised
for all, and may He give you the grace to persevere in
the service of His Church as long as you live, and may
this honour never leave our race; so that we, men as well
as women, may be ready to shed our blood to maintain the
quarrel of the faith, putting aside all worldly interests.
And as for me, I esteem myself born, both on the paternal
and maternal side, to offer my blood for it, and I have no
intention of degenerating. May Jesus--for us crucified--and
may all the holy martyrs, by their intercession, render us
worthy of willingly offering our bodies to His glory.
_From_ FOTHERINGAY _this Thursday 24th November._
Thinking to degrade me, they had my dais taken down, and
afterwards my guardian came to offer to write to their
Queen, saying he had not done this by her order, but by the
advice of some of the council. I showed them the cross of
my Saviour, in the place where my arms had been on the said
dais. You shall hear all our conversation. They have been
more gentle since.--Your affectionate cousin and perfect
friend,
MARIE,
QUEEN OF SCOTLAND, DOWAGER OF FRANCE.