burden of 1,031,889 tons; 37,560 vessels, of 7,580,317 tons, entered
from or cleared for foreign ports; 197,896 vessels, of 16,500,000 tons,
entered and cleared in the home trade. Of every 1,000 tons engaged
in the foreign commerce, 368 sailed under the Italian, 266 under the
English, and 173 under the French flag. The commerce with France
engaged 1,779,672 tons; that with England 1,388,300 tons; and that with
Austria 998,740 tons.
[124] In 1876 4,791 miles of railway had been opened for traffic, and
460 miles were building. There were also 1,858 miles of canals and
navigable rivers, and 77,140 miles of public roads.
[125] _Public Schools_ (1872):—58,322 elementary and evening
schools, 2,274,999 pupils; 1,082 superior schools, 64,044 pupils; 21
universities, 10,000 students; 651 professional, technical, and art
schools, 33,311 students. Total, 60,076 schools, &c., with 2,382,354
pupils and students.
[126]
1861. 1873. 1875.
Expenditure £24,206,920 £61,704,000 £56,618,600
Revenue £18,332,880 £52,384,000 £55,499,800
─────────── ─────────── ───────────
Deficit £5,874,040 £9,340,000 £1,118,800
National Debt £100,000,000 £402,400,000 £460,000,000
[127] _Authorities_:—Marmocchi, “Géographie de la Corse;” Gregorovius,
“Corsica;” Pr. Mérimée, “Voyage en Corse.”
[128] Area of Corsica, 3,378 square miles; length from north to south,
114 miles; width, 52 miles; development of coast-line, 300 miles.
[129] From north to south:—Monte Padro, 7,846 feet; Monte Cinto, 8,878
feet; Paglia Orba, 8,283 feet; Rotondo, 8,607 feet; Monte d’Oro, 7,890
feet; Incudine, 6,746 feet.
[130] Mean annual temperature at Bastia, 66·7° F.; rainfall, 23 inches.
[131] Area, 3,378 square miles; population in 1740, 120,380; in 1872,
259,861.
[132] _Average annual produce_:—Cereals, 2,613,000 bushels; oil,
3,300,000 gallons; wine, 6,600,000 gallons.
[133] Towns of Corsica (1872):—Bastia, 17,950; Ajaccio, 16,550; Corte,
5,450; Sartène, 4,150; Bonifacio, 3,600; Bastelica, 2,950; Calenzana,
2,600; Calvi, 2,175 inhabitants.
[134] Authorities:—Coello, F. de Luxan y A. Pascual, “Reseñas
Geográfica, Geológica y Agrícola de España;” Baron Davillier et
Gust. Doré, “Voyage en Espagne;” De Laborde, “Itinéraire Descriptif
de l’Espagne;” Bory de Saint-Vincent, “Résumé Géographique de la
Péninsule Ibérique;” De Verneuil et Collomb, “Mémoires Géologiques sur
l’Espagne;” Ford, “Handbook for Travellers in Spain;” Fern. Garrido,
“L’Espagne Contemporaine;” Cherbuliez, “L’Espagne Politique;” Ed.
Quinet, “Mes Vacances en Espagne;” Th. Gautier, “Tras los Montes,”
“Voyage en Espagne;” M. Willkomm, “Die Pyrenäische Halbinsel,”
“Strand- und Steppengebiete der iberischen Halbinsel;” George Sand,
“Un Hiver à Majorque;” Ludw. Salvator, “Balearen in Wort und Bild;”
Bladé, “Études Géographiques sur la Vallée d’Andorre;” W. von Humboldt,
“Urbewohner Spaniens;” Eug. Cordier, “Organisation de la Famille chez
les Basques;” Paul Broca, “Mémoires d’Anthropologie.”
[135] Area of the Iberian peninsula, exclusive of the Balearic Islands,
225,605 square miles; area of Spain, 191,104 square miles; of Portugal
(without the Azores), 34,501 square miles. Average height, according to
Leipoldt, 2,300 feet.
[136] Contour of peninsula, 2,015 miles, of which 1,301 are on the
Atlantic, and 714 on the Mediterranean. Width of the isthmus of the
Pyrenees, 260 miles.
[137]
Area. Population (1870). Density.
Basin of the Duero (Leon and Old
Castile, exclusive of Logroño
and Santander) 36,593 sq. m. 2,550,000 69
Basins of the Tajo and the
Guadiana 44,719 sq. m. 2,276,000 51
[138] Average rainfall at Madrid, 10·7 inches; evaporation, 72·6 inches.
[139] Mean annual temperature, 57·9°; extremes, 104° and 14° F.
[140] Population of the principal towns of the Castiles (1870):—_Old
Castile_: Valladolid, 60,000; Burgos, 14,000; Salamanca, 13,500;
Palencia, 13,000; Zamora, 9,000; Segovia, 7,000; Leon, 7,000; Ávila,
6,000. _New Castile_: Madrid, 332,000; Toledo, 17,500; Almagro, 14,000;
Daimiel, 13,000; Ciudad Real, 12,000; Val de Peñas, 11,000; Almaden,
9,000; Manzanares, 9,000; Cuenca, 7,000; Talavera de la Reyna, 7,500;
Guadalajara, 6,000. _Estremadura_: Badajoz, 22,000; Don Benito, 15,000;
Cáceres, 12,000; Villanueva de la Serena, 8,000; Plasencia, 6,000;
Mérida, 6,000.
[141] Area of the basin of the Guadalquivir, 21,000 square miles;
area of Andalusia, 28,370 square miles; population (1870), 2,749,629;
density, 91.
[142]
Mean Annual Rainfall. Rainfall. Rainfall.
Temp., °F. Year, in. Oct.–March, in. April–Sept., in.
Granada 66 48·5 40·3 8·2
Seville 68 26·1 23·1 3·0
Gibraltar 70 28·9 20·3 8·6
[143] Export of wine from Cádiz and Santa María:—1858, 3,597,000
gallons; 1862, 5,115,000 gallons; 1873, 10,446,480 gallons, valued at
£2,937,000.
[144] In 1873 600,000 tons of pyrites were exported from the district
of Huelva, of which 340,000 tons came from the mine of Tharsis.
[145] In 1874 3,639 vessels, of 616,060 tons burden, entered; the
imports had a value of £633,700, the exports (consisting for the most
part of wine) of £3,116,000.
[146] Approximate population of the principal towns of Andalusia:―
Cádiz, 62,000; Jerez, 35,000; Chiclana, 22,000; Puerto de Santa María,
18,000; San Fernando, 18,000; Sanlúcar de Barrameda, 17,000; Puerto
Real, 14,000; Arcos de la Frontera, 12,000; Algeciras, 18,000; Medina
Sidonia, 10,500.
Huelva, 10,000.
Seville (Sevilla), 80,000; Ecija, 24,000; Carmona, 18,000; Osuna,
16,000; Utrera, 14,000; Lebrija, 12,000; Marchena, 12,000.
Córdova, 45,000; Lucena, 16,000; Montilla, 15,500; Montoro, 12,000;
Aguilar, 12,000; Baena, 14,500; Cabra, 11,500.
Jaen, 18,000; Linares, 40,000; Ubeda, 15,000; Baeza, 15,000; Alcalá la
Real, 11,500; Andújar, 9,500.
Granada, 65,000; Loja, 15,000; Motril, 13,500; Baza, 13,500.
Málaga, 92,000; Antequera, 30,000; Velez Málaga, 15,000; Ronda, 14,000.
Almería, 27,000; Velez Rúbio, 13,000.
[147] Gibraltar in 1871 had 16,454 inhabitants, exclusive of the
military: its annual revenue exceeds £40,000, and the burden of the
vessels which enter and clear annually amounts to 3,500,000 tons.
[148]
Murcia 10,450 square miles. 660,040 inhabitants, or 63 to a sq. m.
Valencia 8,896 square miles. 1,401,833 inhabitants, or 158 to a sq. m.
[149] 82,000 tons of esparto grass are estimated to have been collected
in 1873, of which 67,000 tons were exported to England.
[150] Value of exports and imports in 1867, £2,707,000.
[151] Population of the principal towns of the Mediterranean slope
between Cabo de Gata and the Ebro:—Valencia, 108,000; Murcia, 55,000;
Lorca, 40,000; Alicante, 31,000; Cartagena, 25,000; Orihuela, 21,000;
Castellon de la Plana, 20,000; Alcoy, 16,000; Albacete, 15,000; Játiva,
13,000; Alcira, 13,000; Almansa, 9,000.
[152] Towns of Majorca:—Palma, 40,000; Manacor, 15,000; Felanitx,
10,500; Lluchmayor, 8,800; Pollenza, 8,000; Inca, 8,000; Soller, 8,000;
Santañia, 8,000.
[153] Catalonia, 12,483 square miles, 1,778,408 inhabitants; Aragon,
17,676 square miles, 928,718 inhabitants.
[154] Area of the basin of the Ebro, 25,100 square miles; discharge
during floods, 175,000 cubic feet, average, 7,100 cubic feet; during
summer, 1,750 cubic feet; annual rainfall, 18 inches; surface drainage,
1·4 inches; proportion between the two, 13 : 1.
[155] _Zaragoza_:—Mean temperature, 61°; extremes, 106° and 21°;
difference, 85°; rainfall, 13·6 inches. _Barcelona_:—Mean temperature,
63°; extremes, 88° and 32°; difference, 56°; rainfall, 15·7 inches.
[156] In 1873 there were 700 cotton-mills, with 104,000 hands and
1,400,000 spindles, consuming 67,200,000 lbs. of cotton.
[157] Value of exports and imports in 1867, £10,691,000.
[158] Population of the principal towns:—_Aragon_: Zaragoza, 56,000;
Calatayud, 12,000; Huesca, 10,000; Teruel, 7,000. _Catalonia_
(Cataluña): Barcelona, 180,000; Reus, 25,000; Tortosa, 22,000; Mataró,
17,000; Sabadell, 15,000; Manresa, 14,000; Tarragona, 13,000; Lérida,
12,000; Vich, 12,000; Badalona, 11,000; Igualada, 10,500; Olot, 10,000;
Tarrasa, 9,000; Gerona, 8,000; Figueras, 8,000.
[159] Navarra and Basque provinces, 6,828 square miles, 790,676
inhabitants; Logroño, 1,945 square miles, 182,941 inhabitants.
[160] In 1875 Basque was spoken by 556,000 individuals, viz. by 116,000
in France, by 340,000 in the three Basque provinces of Spain, and by
100,000 in Navarra.
[161] Population of principal towns (approximately):—Biscay (Vizcaya):
Bilbao, 30,000. _Guipúzcoa_ St. Sebastian, 15,000; Tolosa, 8,000.
_Alava_: Vitoria, 12,500. _Navarra_: Pamplona, 22,000; Estella, 6,000.
_Logroño_: Logroño, 12,000; Calahorra, 7,000.
[162]
Santander 2,113 sq. m. 241,581 inhabitants 114 to a sq. m.
Asturias 4,091 sq. m. 610,883 inhabitants 152 to a sq. m.
Galicia 11,344 sq. m. 1,989,281 inhabitants 176 to a sq. m.
[163] Climate in 1858:—_Oviedo_: 750 feet above the sea-level, mean
temperature, 49·46° F.; extremes, 23·9° and 82°; rainfall, 81·3 inches.
_Santiago_: 720 feet above sea-level, mean temperature, 59·07°;
extremes, 28° and 95°; rainfall, 42·7 inches.
[164] Area of Length of Average Average Surface Drainage Catchment Main
Rainfall. Discharge. in Proportion to Basin. Branch. Rainfall. Sq. m.
Miles. Inches. Cub. ft. Per cent. per sec.
Miño (and Sil) 9,650 190 47 17,700 50
Duero 38,610 507 20 22,950 40
Tajo (Tagus) 28,960 556 16 11,600 33
Guadiana (and Záncara) 23,170 553 14 5,680 25
Guadalquivir 21,240 348 19 9,220 30
Segura 8,500 217 12 710 10
Júcar 5,800 318 13 880 15
Ebro 25,100 466 18 7,100 20
――――――― ―― ―――――― ――
Total 161,030 16 75,810 33
[165] Imports (1873), £2,348,720; exports, £2,341,360.
[166] Imports (1873), £310,227; exports, £210,532.
[167] Imports (1873), £873,286; exports, £381,636.
[168] Population of towns:—Santander, 21,000; Oviedo, 9,000; Gijon,
6,000; Santiago de Compostela, 29,000; La Coruña, 20,000; Ferrol,
17,000; Lugo, 8,000; Vigo, 6,000; Orense, 5,000; Pontevedra, 4,200.
[169] Of the total area 26·1 per cent. consists of arable land, 2·8 of
vineyards, 1·7 of olive plantation, 13·7 of meadows and pasture, 16·3
per cent. of woods: 39·4 per cent. are uncultivated. The total value of
agricultural produce is estimated at £80,000,000.
The produce of the mines in 1871 represented a value of £6,271,000.
In 1865 there were enumerated 680,373 horses, 1,020,512 mules,
1,298,334 asses, 2,967,303 heads of horned cattle, 22,468,969 sheep,
4,531,736 goats, 4,531,228 pigs, and 3,104 camels.
The products of manufactures are estimated by Garrido at £63,480,000.
Imports (1871), £22,780,000, (1874) £15,280,000; exports (1871),
£17,688,000, (1874) £16,120,000.
Commercial marine (1874), 2,836 sea-going vessels (inclusive of 212
steamers), of 625,184 tons, besides 6,498 lighters (26,000 tons) and
12,000 fishing-boats.
Railways, 3,602 miles in 1876.
[170] Educational statistics (1870):―
Men. Women. Total.
Able to read and write 2,414,000 716,000 3,130,000
Able to read only 317,000 389,000 706,000
Illiterate 5,035,000 6,803,000 11,838,000
[171] Revenue (1876–7), £26,300,069; estimated expenditure,
£26,251,518, of which more than half is for army and navy; national
debt, £420,322,000.
[172] Link und Hoffmannsegg, “Voyage en Portugal;” Minutoli, “Portugal
und seine Kolonien;” Vogel, “Le Portugal et ses Colonies;” Lady
Jackson, “Fair Lusitania;” Latouche, “Travels in Portugal.”
[173] Temperature of Coimbra (according to Coello):—Year, 61·1°;
winter, 52·2; spring, 63; summer, 68·9, autumn, 62·3; coldest
month (January), 50·2; hottest month (July), 69·4; difference,
19·2 F. Temperature of Oporto (according to De Luiz, mean of eight
years):—Year, 60·2; winter, 51·1; spring, 58·6; summer, 69·8; autumn,
61·2; coldest month (January), 50·2; hottest month (August), 70·3;
difference, 20·1 F.
[174] Production of wine in Portugal before the appearance of oidium,
in 1853, 105,600,000 gallons. Average annual produce of the vineyards
of Alto-Douro (Oporto) in 1848, 11,726,000; in 1870, 11,374,000
gallons. Exports to England, 3,718,000 gallons; Brazil, 994,000
gallons. In 1874 Oporto alone exported 6,623,000 gallons, or more than
ever before.
[175] Imports and exports about £4,000,000.
[176] Towns of over 5,000 inhabitants in Northern Portugal
(1864):—_Entre Douro e Minho_: Oporto, 86,257; Braga, 19,512; Pavoa de
Varzim, 10,110; Guimarães, 7,865; Villanova de Gaia, 7,517; Vianna do
Castello, 6,049; Mattozinhos, 5,089. _Traz os Montes_: Chaves, 6,382;
Bragança, 5,111; Villa Real, 5,097. _Beira_: Coimbra, 18,147; Ovar,
10,374; Covilhã, 9,022; Lamego, 8,638; Ilhavo, 8,215; Murtoza, 7,666;
Vizeu, 6,815; Castello Branco, 6,583; Avéiro, 6,557; Mira, 6,014;
Soure, 5,855; Lavos, 5,837; Miranda do Corvo, 5,261; Paião, 5,097.
[177] In 1874 Lisbon exported 5,900 tons of potatoes, 447,450 gallons
of olive oil, 4,400,000 gallons of wine, 157,200 bushels of salt,
200,000 tons of copper ore, figs, almonds, oranges, &c.: 4,092 vessels
entered the harbour.
[178] Mean temperature of July, 90·6° F.; extremes of temperature,
27·5° and 102° F.; cloudless days, 150.
[179] In 1870 Portugal produced 320,000 tons of salt, of which 184,000
tons were from Setúbal.
[180] Towns of Estremadura having over 5,000 inhabitants
(1864):—Lisbon, 224,063; Setúbal, 13,134; Santarem, 7,820; Torres
Novas, 6,878; Caparica, 6,311; Palmella, 6,260; Cezimbra, 5,797;
Abrantes, 5,590; Cartaxo, 5,218; Louriçal, 5,182.
[181] Towns of Southern Portugal having over 5,000 inhabitants
(1864):—_Alemtejo_: Evora, 11,965; Elvas, 11,086; Estremoz, 7,274;
Beja, 7,060; Portalegre, 6,731; Serpa, 5,595; Móura, 5,489; Castello
de Vido, 5,285; Campo Maior, 5,277. _Algarve_: Loulé, 12,156; Tavira,
10,903; Faro, 8,361; Lagos, 7,771; Olhão, 7,025; Alportel, 6,043;
Villanova de Portimão, 5,531; São Bartholomeu de Messires, 5,318;
Monchique, 5,251; Silves, 5,103.
[182] For a list of Portuguese colonies see p. 500.
[183] In 1874 there were 2,649 elementary and middle-class schools,
attended by 122,004 pupils, besides a university and nine special
schools, with 4,300 students.
[184] In 1875, 2,237 miles of royal high-roads, 600 miles of railroads.
[185] Value of exports and imports in 1840, £4,016,320; in 1856,
£8,127,400; 1875, £12,916,020. The commercial marine consisted in 1875
of 433 vessels (inclusive of 23 steamers), measuring 111,260 tons.
INDEX.
Abrántes, 490
Abruzzos, 258
Achelous, 48
Adrianople, 106
Ægadian Islands, 334
Ægean Sea, 69, 95
Ægina, 56
Ægium, 67
Æolian Islands, 331
Ætolia, 53
Ætoliko, 49, 53
Aitone, 366
Ajaccio, 365, 369
Albacete, 420
Albania, 115
Albanians, 44, 119, 120; in Italy, 295
Albano, 260
Alcalá, 393
Alcántara, 391
Alcóy, 420
Alecsandria, 170
Alemtejo, 490
Algarve, 490
Alhama, 422
Alhambra, 407, 408
Alicante, 417, 422
Almaden, 392
Almagro, 391
Almeida, 481
Almería, 412
Alpheus, 61, 63
Alps, 10
Alpujarras, 397
Amarante, 479
Anadoli-kavak, 104
Ancona, 282
Andalusia, 394
Andorra, 438
Andros, 72
Anio, 273
Antequera, 412
Antimilos, 71
Antiparos, 71
Apennines, 257
Aquila, 284
Aragon, 427
Aragon Steppes, 436
Arán, 438
Aranjuez, 393, 394
Arcadia, 58, 65
Arezzo, 252
Argentaro, Monte, 243
Argolis, 59, 65
Argos, 68
Argostoli, 79
Ariano, 305
Armenians, 102
Arno, 240
Arosa, 459
Arta, Gulf of, 48, 53
Aspromonte, 288
Astorga, 387
Asturias, 448
Astypalæa, 94
Athens, 54
Athos, Mount, 108
Attica, 53
Avéiro, 476, 481
Ávila, 389
Azcoitia, 447
Azof, Sea of, 25
Badajoz, 391
Baéza, 407
Balagna, 365
Balearic Islands, 423–427
Balkans, 133
Baragan, 159
Barcellos, 479
Barcelona, 436
Bari, 306
Barletta, 306
Basque Provinces, 439
Basques, 372, 442
Bastelica, 366
Bastia, 368
Batalha, 489
Batuecas, 387
Bayona, 459
Beja, 495
Belem, 487
Belgrad, 174
Bellas, 488
Benevento, 305
Berda, 179
Berici, 193
Berlingas, 483
Bessarabia, 164
Bidassoa, 437
Bientina, 245
Biguglia, 368
Bilbao, 446
Biscay, Bay of, 441
Black Sea, 25
Bœotia, 53
Bologna, 228
Bolsena, 259
Bomfica, 488
Bonifacio, 369
Bosnia, 127
Bosphorus, 98
Botosani, 169
Braga, 479
Bragança, 481
Braila, 170
Brenner, 222
Brindisi, 306
Bucharest, 168
Bulgaria, 131
Bulgarians, 138
Búrgos, 388
Bussaco, 481
Butrinto, 76
Buyukdere, 103
Cabo da Roca, 488
Cáceres, 391
Cádiz, 401, 410
Calabria, 287, 295, 296, 308
Calahorra, 448
Calamata, 67
Calatayud, 434
Calvi, 369
Caminha, 479
Campania, 289
Campo dell’ Oro, 365
Campo de Ourique, 492
Candia, 90
Canea, 92
Cantabrian Pyrenees, 451
Capri, 302
Capua, 304
Carcavellos, 487
Cardona, 431
Carghese, 366
Casabianda, 365
Cascães, 487
Caserta, 304
Casino, 304
Castelfollit, 431
Castel-Gandolfo, 361
Castiles, 377
Castro Marim, 495
Catalonia, 427
Catania, 325
Catanzari, 309
Celtiberians, 372
Celts, 372
Cephalonia, 78
Cephissus, 51
Cerigo, 69
Cezimbra, 490
Chalcidice, 107
Chalcis, 70, 71
Chaves, 481
Chiana, 244
Cintra, 483
Circassians, 142
Cithæron, 47
Ciudad Real, 391
Civita Vecchia, 281
Coimbra, 481
Columbretes, 424
Comacchio, 220
Como, 198
Constantinople, 88, 98, 150
Copais, 51, 52
Corcubion, 459
Córdova, 406, 408
Corfu, 75
Corinth, 57, 66
Corsica, 363
Corte, 366, 369
Corunna, 459
Cosenza, 309
Cotrone, 309
Cranz, 65
Crato, 495
Crete, 90
Cuenca, 392
Cyclades, 70
Cyllene, 57
Cythera, 69
Cythnos, 71
Daimiel, 391
Danube, 136, 159
Dardanelles, 105
Dede Aghach, 107
Delos, 71, 74
Delphi, 47
Despeñaperros, 395, 396
Dobruja, 134, 142
Dodona, 118
Dolomites, 192
Dora Baltea, 197
Dóuro, 473
Drin, 115
Drina, 174
Duero, 383
Durango, 447
Durazzo, 125
Ebro, 427
Ebro Delta, 432
Ecija, 402
Elba, 255
Elche, 417–419
Eleusis, 55
Elis, 59
El Torcal, 398
Élvas, 495
Etna, 311
Epakto, 53
Epidaurus, 68
Epirus, 115, 117
Erasinus, 61
Erymanthus, 57
Escorial, 393
Espinho, 479
Espozende, 479
Estrella, 483
Estremadura, 377
Estremoz, 495
Etruscans, 248
Eubœa, 70, 71
Euganean Hills, 193
Euripus, 70
Eurotas, 62, 67
Euskarians, 442
Evora, 495
Falticeni, 169
Farilhãos, 483
Faro, 495
Ferdinandea, 316
Ferrara, 228
Ferrol, 459
Figuéira da Foz, 481
Fiumicino, 271, 273
Florence, 251
Foggia, 306
Fontibre, 432
Fucino, 262
Fuenterrabia, 447
Gaeta, 304
Gaia, 479
Galaxidi, 53
Galatz, 169
Galicia, 448
Gallipoli, 106, 308
Gastuni, 63, 64
Gata, Sierra de, 381
Gaytanos, 399
Genoa, 234
Gerania, 48
Gerona, 437
Gibraltar, 400, 413
Gibraltar, Strait of, 26
Gijon, 459
Gipsies, 373
Girgenti, 329
Giurgevo, 170
Giurgiu, 170
Golden Horn, 98
Golfolino of Arno, 240
Granada, 407
Grand Paradis, 191
Gráo de Valencia, 424
Grédos, Sierra de, 380
Greece, 36
Greeks in Turkey, 102, 114, 141, 153
Guadalajara, 393
Guadalaviar, 415, 417
Guadalquivir, 395, 399
Guadarrama, 378
Guadiana, 395, 383
Gubbio, 282
Guernica, 447, 453
Guetaria, 447, 452
Guimarães, 479, 480
Guipúzcoa, 446
Gythion, 65
Hagio Rumeli, 91
Helicon, 47
Hellenes, 41
Hellespont, 105
Hercules, Tower of, 459, 463
Hermopolis, 74
Herzegovina, 127
Huelva, 406
Hydra, 60
Hylice, 51
Hymettus, 48
Iberia, 369
Iberians, 372
Ibiza, 425, 427
Ile Rousse, 369
Illyria, 127
Imbro, 96
Insua, 479
Ionian Isles, 75
Iri, 62
Ischia, 291
Iseo, 200
Isker, 132
Ismail, 169
Italy, 183
Ithaca, 78
Iviza, 425, 427
Jarama, 394
Jaizquibel, 439, 445
Jerez, 405, 410
Júcar, 415, 417
Katavothras, 48
Kilia, 169
Kraguyevatz, 174
Kraina, 129
Krushevatz, 173
Kutzo-Wallachians, 44
Laconia, 69
La Coruña, 459
Lago Maggiore, 198
Lagoons of Venice, 202, 207
La Mancha, 378, 385, 391
Lamego, 478, 481
Lamia, 56
Larouco, 480
Laurium, 48
Lebrija, 409
Leça, 479
Lecco, 308
Leghorn, 255
Leiria, 489
Lemnos, 97
Lentini, 316
Leon, 377, 387
Lepanto, 53
Lerida, 435
Leucadia, 77
Lezirias, 482
Liébana, 450
Liguria, 230
Lima, 475
Limans, 161
Limia, 475
Lináres, 405, 407
Lipari, 331
Lisbon, 484
Livadia, 56
Logroño, 439, 448
Lorca, 417
Loreto, 283
Loulé, 495
Lucca, 253
Lugo, 459
Lycæus, 58
Maccalubas, 317
Macedonia, 98
Madrid, 392, 393
Maffia, 321
Mafra, 488
Magra, 254
Mainotes, 43
Majorca, 425
Málaga, 412
Malaria, 247
Malea, 57
Mallorca, 425
Malta, 335
Malvoisie, 67
Mancha Real, 402
Manfredonia, 306
Mantinea, 61, 62
Mantua, 227
Marathon, 56
Marathonisi, 65
Marchena, 409
Marches, 257
Maremma, 246
Mariana, 367, 368
Maritza, 136
Marmara, Sea of, 104
Marsala, 326
Matapan, 59
Mataró, 437
Mattozinhos, 479
Medina del Campo, 389
Mediterranean, 23
Megara, 56
Mega-Spileon, 57
Menorca, 426
Mérida, 391
Merinos, 385
Messenia, 65, 68
Messina, 325
Messina, Strait of, 309
Meteora, 113
Methone, 59
Milan, 225
Milos, 72
Minho, 455, 473
Miño, 455
Minorca, 426
Mirdits, 116, 123
Missolonghi, 49, 53
Mistra, 68
Moldavia, 157
Moncayo, 429
Monchique, 495
Mondego, 473
Monjuich, 436
Monserrat, 431
Monte Cinto, 363
Monte Gargano, 287
Montemor, 495
Montenegro, 179
Monte Pellegrino, 316
Montepulciano, 253
Monte Viso, 189
Montieri, 242
Montilla, 409
Moors in Spain, 372
Morava, 127, 173
Morea, 56
Múrcia, 413, 417–420
Mycenæ, 68
Naples, 286, 300
Narenta, 128
Naupactus, 53
Navarino, 67
Navarra, 439
Navas de Tolosa, 395
Naxos, 71, 74
Nea Kaimeni, 72
Negroponte, 71
Nemea, 68
Nicosia, 326
Nish, 143
Noya, 459
Numancia, 379
Numantia, 387
Oeiras, 487
Okhrida, 116
Olite, 448
Olivença, 495
Olot, 437
Olto, 158
Olympus, Mount, 110
Oporto, 478
Orense, 459
Orezza, 368
Orihuela, 417, 419
Orvieto, 282
Ostia, 271, 273
Osuna, 409
Otranto, 306
Ovar, 481
Oviedo, 459
Pæstum, 303
Paiz do Vinho, 477
Palatine Hill, 277
Palencia, 387
Palermo, 322
Palma, 429
Palmanova, 229
Pamisus, 63
Pantellaria, 334
Parnassus, 47
Parnes, 47
Parnon, 57
Paros, 71
Patones, 394
Patras, 66
Pelasgians, 41
Peloponnesus, 56
Pelorus, 315
Peñagache, 473
Peñas de Europa, 449
Peneus, 64, 113
Penha de Cintra, 489
Peniche, 483
Pentelicus, 47
Pergusa, 317
Perugia, 263, 282
Pesaro, 283
Pezo da Régoa, 477
Phanar, 102
Phenea, 63
Pheneus, 60
Phigalia, 68
Phlegrean Fields, 290
Phonia, 60
Piave, 191, 205
Pietra Mala, 194
Pindus, 45, 116
Pirnatza, 63
Pizzighettone, 360
Plasencia, 391
Po, River, 210
Po, Valley of, 189
Pomarão, 495
Pompeii, 301
Ponte de Lima, 479
Pontevedra, 459
Pontine Marshes, 267
Poros, 69
Portalegre, 495
Port Mahon, 427
Porto, 478
Portugal, 469
Potenza, 308
Pozzuoli, 290
Prato, 253
Prevesa, 125
Prisrend, 125
Procida, 291
Pruth, 159
Puigcerda, 435
Pylos, 66
Pyrenees, 429
Pyrgos, 67
Pytiuses, 424, 425
Queluz, 488
Rascia, 129
Ravenna, 228
Reggio, 294, 309
Reinosa Pass, 454
Reni, 169
Reno, 208
Rhium, 53
Rhodope, 135
Rias of Galicia, 454
Rimini, 222
Rioja, 448
Rio Tinto, 405
Riviera, 230
Rocca d’Anfo, 360
Rodosto, 108
Roman Campagna, 265
Rome, 274
Ronda, 413
Rosas, 437
Rota, 405
Rumania (Roumania), 155
Rumanians, 162
Rumili-kavak, 104
Ruphia, 63
Sado, 492
Sagres, 493
Saguntum, 423
Salamanca, 388, 389
Salamis, 56
Salerno, 302
Saloniki, 109
Salpi, 305
Salvaterra, 482
Samothrace, 96
San Fernando, 410
Sanlúcar, 400, 410
San Marino, 284
Santa Maura, 77
Santander, 448, 458
Santarem, 490
Santiago de Compostela, 460
Santoña, 458
Santorin, 72
São João da Foz, 479
Saragossa, 434
Sarayevo, 130
Sarno, 303
Sciacca, 330
Scutari, 115, 125, 180
Scyros, 70
Sebino, 200
Segovia, 389, 390
Segre, 431
Segura, 416, 417
Serbelloni, 201
Serchio, 242, 253
Serena, 391
Sereth, 159
Serra da Estrella, 474
Serra de Monchique, 492
Serra do Gerez, 474
Servia, 172
Servians, 119
Setúbal, 490
Seville, 409
Shil, 158
Sicily, 309
Sierra Morena, 395
Sierra Nevada, 396
Sil, 455
Silves, 495
Sobrarbe, 430
Sofia, 143
Soria, 387
Spain, 369
Spaniards, 373
Sparta, 68
Spartans, 65
Sperchius, 50
Spezia, 69, 237
Sphakiotes, 92
Spoleto, 282
Sporades, 70
St. Florent, 369
Stromboli, 333
Strymon, 136
St. Sebastian, 446
Stymphalus, 61
St. Yuste, 381
Styx, 57
Sulina, 138
Suliotes, 119
Sybaris, 308
Syra, 74
Syracuse, 327
Tafalla, 447
Tagliamento, 191, 205
Tagus, see Tajo and Tejo
Tajo, 383, 482
Talavera de la Reina, 391
Taranto, 307
Tarragona, 436
Tavira, 495
Tavogliere of Puglia, 286, 299
Taygetus, 58
Tejo, 482
Tempe, 111
Terni, 270, 282
Tharsis, 405
Thasos, 94
Thebes, 56
Thera, 72
Therapia, 103
Thermia, 71
Thermopylæ, 50
Thessaly, 98, 111
Thomar, 489
Thracia, 98
Tiber, 257, 268
Tierra de Campos, 385
Tirgovist, 170
Tirnova, 133
Tivoli, 271
Toledo, 390, 393
Tolosa, 447
Topino, 269
Torres Vedras, 483
Tortosa, 435
Trajan’s Wall, 161
Trani, 306
Transylvanian Alps, 157
Trapani, 326
Trasimeno, 264
Trichonis, 48
Tripolis, 66
Tripolitza, 66
Trujillo, 391
Tudela, 448
Turin, 224
Turkey in Europe, 87
Turkish Empire, 151
Turks, 147
Turnu Severinu, 170
Tuscans, 248