altogether insignificant if it were not for the overland commerce
carried on with Spain. Crato, which is the most considerable station
on the railway which joins the Tejo to the Guadiana, and its neighbour
Portalegre, were formerly important stages on the great overland
route. Elvas, farther to the south, is surrounded by orchards, and
defended by forts which were looked upon in the last century as
masterpieces of military architecture. It faces the Spanish fortress
of Badajoz, as well as Olivença, which was assigned to Portugal by
the treaty of Vienna, but never surrendered by Spain. Estremoz, on
a spur of the Serra de Ossa, is famous throughout Portugal for its
_búcaros_—elegantly modelled earthen jars which diffuse a sweet odour.
Montemor looks down from its hill upon vast landes and monotonous
woods. Evora, likewise built on a hill, commands an extensive plain.
It was a populous place during the dominion of the Romans, and in the
Middle Ages became the second residence of the Kings of Portugal.
There exist now only a Roman aqueduct, the ruins of a temple of Venus,
Corinthian columns, and the remains of mediæval castles to remind us of
its ancient splendours.
Beja, the ancient _Pax Julia_ or _Colonia Pacensis_ of the Romans, has
likewise lost its former importance, but Minas de São Domingos, on the
peninsula formed by the confluence of the Guadiana and the Chanza,
is rapidly increasing, thanks to its mines of pyrites of copper and
other minerals, which are being worked by an English company. The ore
is conveyed by rail to Pomarão, on the Guadiana, and thence on barges
to Villa Real de Santo Antonio, at its mouth, formerly a mere fishing
village, but now a busy port. Castro Marim, where the expeditions
against the Moors used to be fitted out, is close to it.
Silves, the ancient Moorish capital of Algarve, lies in the interior
of the country, far removed from the present highways of commerce.
Faro, the modern capital, has the advantage of lying on the seashore,
and of possessing a secure harbour, whence small coasters are able to
export fruit, tunny-fish, sardines, and oysters. Tavira possesses the
same advantages, and exports the same articles: it is said to be the
prettiest town of Algarve. Loulé, in a delightful inland valley, is a
pretty place, and, when invalids have learnt the road to Algarve, may
obtain some importance as a winter resort. The Caldas (warm baths) de
Monchique (600 feet) enjoy a world-wide reputation even now, not only
because of their efficacy, but also on account of the delicious climate
and charming environs. This district is said to produce the best
oranges in Portugal.[181] {496}
V.—THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF PORTUGAL.
[Illustration: Fig. 207.—FARO AND TAVIRA.
Scale 1 : 500,000.]
Little Portugal no longer shares with her neighbour, Spain, in the
dominion of the world, as in the fifteenth century. The secrecy
observed with a view to the retention of the monopoly of trade with
countries newly discovered proved in the end most injurious to
Portugal. Other nations appeared upon the stage which the Portuguese
had dreamt of occupying for ever, and though the latter still hold
colonies vastly superior in area to the mother country, this is nothing
in comparison with what has been irretrievably lost. Vasco da Gama
discovered the ocean high-road to India, but the few settlements which
Portugal still holds there she owes to the favour of England. In the
Malay Archipelago Portugal has been supplanted almost completely by
the Dutch, and Macao, at the entrance of the Canton River, was hardly
more than a slave market until quite recently, from which Chinese
“emigrants” were exported to Peru. In Africa Portugal holds vast
possessions, if we are to believe in official documents and maps, but
in reality only a very small tract of territory is under the dominion
of the Portuguese, and most of the commerce is carried on through Dutch
and other foreign houses. As to Brazil, it now surpasses the mother
country in population and wealth. Madeira and the {497} Azores, the
first conquests made by Lisbon navigators, are looked upon as integral
portions of Portugal; they enjoy the same rights, and are quite equal
to it in wealth.[182]
[Illustration: Fig. 208.—GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT OF THE PORTUGUESE
LANGUAGE.]
When Brazil was lost to Portugal that small country found itself
in a position of lamentable prostration. Exhausted by foreign and
internecine wars, its finances utterly ruined, and without roads to
enable it to export its produce, it might have disappeared from our
maps without any interests, except those of a few English vine-growers
and Spanish smugglers, being affected. Even in 1851 there only existed
a single carriage road in the country, namely, that which connected
Lisbon with the royal palace at Cintra. No attention whatever was paid
to education, and about a generation ago a girl able to read was a
phenomenon. At the same time we must not forget that these illiterate
Portuguese knew how to discuss a subject without quarrelling, had great
command of their language, and were able even to improvise verses
of great poetical merit, in all of which respects they contrasted
favourably with the peasantry of Northern Europe.
In the course of the last generation education has made much progress
in Portugal;[183] and in other respects, too, the country has gradually
assimilated with the rest of Europe. Roads and railways have been
constructed,[184] and the latter connect Lisbon not only with the
leading provincial towns, but also with Spain. The commerce with the
latter country increases regularly with the occurrence of civil war,
when Portugal profits at the expense of the Spanish ports of the
Mediterranean. {498} Much of the ordinary commerce with Spain never
appears in the customs registries, for it is carried on by smugglers,
who glory in evading the vigilance of the frontier police.
[Illustration: Fig. 209.—TELEGRAPH FROM LISBON TO RIO DE JANEIRO.]
The commerce of Portugal has increased very much in the course of the
last thirty years. More than half of it falls to the share of Great
Britain, a circumstance not to be wondered at when we bear in mind
the relative geographical position of the two countries, for Portugal
lies upon the direct route followed by English steamers proceeding to
the Mediterranean, Western Africa, or Brazil. The assistance which
England rendered Portugal during the peninsular war has cemented these
commercial bonds.
The commercial relations with Brazil, now joined to Lisbon by a
submarine cable, are likewise the natural result of the relative
positions of the two countries and of the common origin of their
populations. Portugal, in fact, participates in every progress made by
its old colony, and its commerce will assume immense proportions when
slavery is abolished in Brazil, when the solitudes of the Amazonas
resound with the stir of industrious populations, and the coasts of the
Pacific are joined to the Atlantic by means of railways crossing the
Andes.[185]
But, after all, it will be Spain with which the most intimate
commercial relations must finally be established, in spite of national
prejudices and dynastic interests. The two nations will in the end
become one, as the Aragonese and Castilians, the Andalusians and
Manchegos, have become one. It is merely a question of time; but who
can doubt that community of industrial and social relations will lead
to a political union. We only trust that this union may be brought
about without a resort to brute force, and with due regard to special
interests.
VI.—GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION.
Portugal is an hereditary and constitutional monarchy. In accordance
with the Carta de Ley of 1826, as revised in 1852, the King is charged
with the executive, {499} and shares the power of making laws with two
chambers. He receives a civil list of £144,000, enjoys the income from
certain Crown lands, and possesses magnificent Crown jewels, amongst
which the “diamond of Bragança” is the most famous. In default of
male heirs the crown descends in the female line. “His most faithful
Majesty” still claims to be “King of the two Algarves, Lord of Guinea
and of the Conquests.” The seven ministers of the Crown are responsible
for the King’s actions; they may be impeached by the Chamber of
Deputies, and are judged by the Chamber of Peers. A Privy Council of an
indefinite number of members, appointed for life, advises the King in
all questions of administration. The heir presumptive takes part in its
deliberations on attaining his eighteenth year.
The Chamber of Peers consists of about a hundred members, some of
them hereditary and others appointed by the King. Its meetings are
presided over by the Patriarch of Lisbon. The Chamber of Deputies is
elective, and the discussion of the budget and granting of supplies
are specially reserved to it. All males more than twenty-five years
of age are entitled to the franchise if they pay 4s. 6d. in direct
taxes, or 22s. from real estate. Graduates of universities, certified
teachers, officers, and priests are not required to possess any
property qualification, and they, as well as all married men, become
enfranchised on completing their twenty-first year. All electors are
eligible as deputies if they pay 18s. in direct taxes, or 90s. from
real estate. Every 25,000 inhabitants are represented by a deputy. The
President of the Chamber is selected by the King from five candidates
presented by the deputies. The latter are entitled to remuneration.
For judicial purposes the country is divided into twenty-six districts,
or _comarcas_, with eighty-five courts. There are courts of appeal at
Lisbon and Oporto, and a supreme court at Lisbon. Parish judges (_juiz
eleito_), elected by the people, exercise the inferior jurisdiction.
Juries give their verdict on questions of fact in civil as well as in
criminal cases. The principal codes still in force are the “Codigo
Alfonsino” of the fifteenth century, the “Codigo Manoelino” (1513), and
the “Codigo Filippino,” introduced by Philip IV. of Spain. A Commercial
Code was published in 1833.
The Roman Catholic religion is that of the State, but Protestant places
of ship are suffered to exist in the seaports. The hierarchy includes
a patriarch residing at Lisbon, two archbishops at Braga and Evora,
and fourteen bishops. The Inquisition was abolished in 1821, and the
monasteries, 750 in number, as well as most of the convents, were
suppressed in 1834, and their revenues confiscated for the benefit of
the State.
The army numbers 1,650 officers and 38,000 men, of whom about
two-thirds are under colours during peace. On a war footing it is
to be raised to 2,418 officers and 70,687 men. All men are obliged
to serve either in the army or in the reserve, and exemption can no
longer be purchased. The fortresses are numerous, but only a few of
them are capable of being defended against modern artillery. The most
important are Elvas, Abrantes, and Valença, near the Spanish frontier,
the fort of São Julião and the citadel of Peniche on the coast.
The navy no longer numbers a thousand vessels, as it did when King
Sebastian started for {500} the invasion of Morocco. It consists now
of twenty-seven steamers, including an ironclad corvette, and eleven
sailing vessels, manned by 3,000 men and armed with 171 guns.
The public revenue approaches £6,000,000 sterling, and ever since 1834
there has been annually a deficit, which has resulted in a national
debt of more than £80,000,000, a burden almost too heavy for a small
country like Portugal. The revenue is, however, increasing, a balance
between income and expenditure has been established within the last
year or two, and the wretched expedient of deducting from 5 to 30 per
cent. of the salaries of Government officials could be dispensed with
for the first time in 1875.
POLITICAL DIVISIONS, AREA, AND POPULATION.
Provinces. Districts. Area, Sq. Population, Density.
Miles. 1874.
Entre Douro e Minho Vianna 864 221,049 256
Braga 1,054 346,429 329
Porto 903 451,212 500
Traz os Montes Villa Real 1,718 239,591 140
Bragança 2,573 177,170 ――
Beira Alta Aveiro 1,216 272,763 69
Vizeu 1,922 398,477 207
Coimbra 1,500 305,237 203
Beira Baixa Guarda 2,148 234,912 109
Castello Branco 2,559 178,703 69
Estremadura Leiria 1,348 194,944 145
Santarem 2,651 217,316 82
Lisbon 2,936 491,205 168
Alemtejo Portalegre 2,497 109,192 44
Évora 2,740 112,477 41
Beja 4,198 154,327 37
Algarve Faro 1,875 193,877 104
―――――― ――――――――― ―――
Continental Europe 34,702 4,298,881 124
══════ ═════════ ═══
COLONIAL POSSESSIONS.
Area, Sq. Miles. Population. Density.
Azores 921 60,072 65
AFRICA:―
Madeira 310 118,609 383
Cape Verde Island 1,487 90,704 61
Senegambia 27 9,282 344
St. Thome and Principe 417 31,692 75
Fort Ajuda 13 700 54
Angola, Benguela, and Mossamedes 312,000 2,000,000 6
Moçambique and Sofala 40,000 300,000 8
ASIA:―
Goa, &c. 1,395 474,234 339
Damão 30 40,980 1336
Diu 12 12,303 1025
Timor and Kambing 5,527 250,000 45
Macao 1½ 71,834 47·223
――――――― ――――――――― ――――――
Colonies 362,140 3,460,410 10
――――――― ――――――――― ――――――
Total, Portugal and Colonies 396,842 7,759,291 20
[Illustration]
NOTES:
[1] Houzeau, “Histoire du Sol de l’Europe.”—Carl Ritter,
“Europa.”—Kohl, “Die Geographische Lage der Haupstadte Europa’s.”
[2] Modern Sea of Azof and River Don.
[3] Latham, Benfey, Cuno, Spiegel, and others.
[4] Population of Europe, about 305,000,000:―
Greco-Latin.
Greeks 2,600,000
Albanians 1,250,000
Italians 27,700,000
French 39,700,000
Spaniards and Portuguese 20,210,000
Rumanians 8,400,000
Rhætians (“Romans”) 42,000
――――――――――
99,902,000
══════════
Germanic.
Germans 53,400,000
Dutch and Flemish 6,720,000
Scandinavians 5,640,000
Anglo-Saxons 30,600,000
――――――――――
96,360,000
══════════
Slavonic.
Russians 59,000,000
Poles 11,800,000
Chechians, &c. 6,750,000
Servians 5,750,000
Slovenes 1,200,000
Bulgarians 3,100,000
――――――――――
87,600,000
══════════
Finns 4,700,000
Osmanli 1,300,000
Magyars 5,770,000
Tartars 2,500,000
Calmucks 100,000
Celts 1,600,000
Basks 700,000
Letts, &c. 2,900,000
Armenians 280,000
Gipsies 590,000
Circassians 400,000
Included above are 4,500,000 Jews.
[5] W. H. Smith, “The Mediterranean.”—Dureau de la Malle, “Géographie
Physique de la Mer Noire et de la Mediterranée.”—Böttger, “Das
Mittelmeer.”
[6] Area of the Mediterranean basin:―
Europe 683,500 square miles.
Asia 232,000 square miles.
Drainage of Africa 1,737,500 square miles.
Mediterranean Sea 1,153,300 square miles.
―――――――――
3,806,300
═════════
[7]
Western Eastern Archi- Black Mediter-
basin. basin. Adriatic. pelago. Sea. ranean.
Area 355,200 502,000 50,200 60,600 185,300 1,153,300
Greatest depth, fathoms 1,640 2,170 565 540 1,070 2,170
Average depth, fathoms 640 960 110 320 320 640
[8] Quantity of salt held in solution in the Atlantic, 36 parts in
1,000; in the Mediterranean (mean), 38 parts; in the Black Sea, 16
parts.
[9] There are found in the Mediterranean 444 species of fish (Goodwin
Austen), 850 species of molluscs (Jeffreys), and about 200 species of
foraminiferæ.
[10] The production of salt on the coasts of the Mediterranean is thus
distributed among its coast-lands:—Spain, 200,000 tons; France, 250,000
tons; Italy, 300,000 tons; Austria, 70,000 tons; Russia, 120,000; other
countries, 200,000 tons. Total, 1,140,000 tons, valued at £480,000.
[11] The annual produce of the fisheries has been estimated at
£3,000,000, of the coral fisheries at £640,000, of the sponge fisheries
at £40,000. Total, £3,680,000.
[12] Shipping and commerce of the Mediterranean (estimated):―
ENTERED AND VALUE OF EXPORTS
COMMERCIAL MARINE. CLEARED. AND IMPORTS.
Sail-vessels. Steamers. Tonnage. Tons. £
Spain (Mediterranean) 2,500 100 250,000 5,000,000 24,000,000
France (Mediterranean) 4,000 230 300,000 6,000,000 80,000,000
Italy 18,800 140 1,030,000 21,000,000 104,000,000
Austria 3,000 92 380,000 8,000,000 18,000,000
Greece 5,400 20 502,000 8,500,000 8,000,000
Turkey in Europe and Asia 2,200 10 210,000 25,000,000 24,000,000
Rumania ――――― ―― ――――――― 1,300,000 8,000,000
Russia (Mediterranean) 500 50 50,000 2,000,000 24,000,000
Egypt (Mediterranean) 100 25 15,000 4,000,000 20,000,000
Malta and Gibraltar 200 13 39,000 12,000,000 23,000,000
Algeria 170 ―― 10,000 2,000,000 16,000,000
Tunis, Tripoli, &c. 500 ―― 10,000 500,000 4,000,000
―――――― ――― ――――――――― ―――――――――― ―――――――――――
37,370 680 2,796,000 95,300,000 353,000,000
══════ ═══ ═════════ ══════════ ═══════════
[13] Greece within its political limits:―
Area. Population
Sq. m. (1870). Density.
Continental Greece 7,558 466,918 62
Peloponnesus 8,288 545,389 66
Ægean Islands 2,500 205,840 82
Ionian Islands 1,007 218,879 217
Army, navy, and sailors ───── 20,868 ───
────── ───────── ────
Total 19,353 1,457,894 75
══════ ═════════ ════
[14] Altitudes of mountains in continental Greece (in feet):―
Gerakavuni (Othrys) 5,673
Velukhi (Tymphrestus) 7,610
Khonia 8,186
Vardusia 8,242
Katavothra (Œta) 6,560
Mountains of Acarnania 5,216
Varassova 3,010
Liakura (Parnassus) 8,068
Palæovouni (Helicon) 5,738
Elatea (Cithæron) 4,630
Parnes 4,645
Pentelicus 3,693
Hymetius 3,400
Gerania (Pera Khora) 4,482
[15] Orchomenus, a town on the Cephissus, the capital of Northern
Bœotia, destroyed by the Thebans 371 B.C.
[16] Heights of the principal mountains in the Peloponnesus (in English
feet):―
Cyllene (Zyria) 8,940
Aroanian Mountain (Khelmos) 7,726
Erymanthus (Olonos) 7,297
Artemisium (Malevo) 5,814
Parnon (Hagios Petros) 6,355
Lycæus (Diaforti) 4,660
Ithome 2,630
Taygetus 7,904
Arachnæus (Argolis) 3,935
Mean height of peninsula 2,000
[17] The isthmus is 6,496 yards wide, and rises to a height of 250 feet
where it is narrowest, its mean height being 130 feet.
[18] Principal altitudes of the islands of Greece:―
Feet.
Mount Delphi, on Eubœa 5,730
Mount St. Elias, on Eubœa 4,840
Mount Kokhilas, on Scyros 2,565
Mount Kovari, on Andros 3,200
Mount Oxia, on Naxos 3,290
Mount St. Elias, on Siphnos 2,280
Mount St. Elias, on Nios 2,410
Mount St. Elias, on Santorin 1,887
[19] Ionian Islands:―
Area. Inhabitants.
Sq. m. Highest Mountains. Feet. (1870.)
Corfu 224 Pantokratoros 3,280 72,450
Paxos and Antipaxos 27 3,600
Leucadia 183 Nomali 3,870 21,000
Cephalonia 292 Elato 5,310 67,500
Ithaca 42 Neriton 2,640 10,000
Zante 162 Skopos 1,300 44,500
[20] Population of the principal towns of Greece (1870):―
Towns. Population.
Athens and Piræus 59,000
Patras 26,000
Corfu 24,000
Hermopolis, or Syra 21,000
Zante 20,500
Lixuri (Cephalonia) 14,000
Pyrgos, or Letrini 13,600
Tripolis, or Tripolitza 11,500
Chalcis, in Eubœa 11,000
Sparta 10,700
Argos 10,600
Argostoli (Cephalonia) 9,500
Calamata 9,400
Histiæa, in Eubœa 8,900
Karystos, in Eubœa 8,800
Ægion, or Vostitza 8,800
Nauplia 8,500
Spezzia 8,400
Kranidhi, in Argolis 8,400
Lamia 8,300
Missolonghi 7,500
Andros 9,300
[21] Commerce of Greece (1873):—Mercantile marine: 6,135 vessels of
419,350 tons; entered, 112,814 vessels of 6,336,487 tons; imports,
£4,166,239; exports, £2,721,877.
[22] Public income (1875), £1,404,053; expenditure, £1,409,288; debt,
£15,232,202.
[23] Authorities:—R. Pashley, “Travels in Crete;” Raulin, “Description
Physique de l’Ile de Crète;” G. Perrot, “L’Ile de Crète;” Viquesnel,
“Voyage dans la Turquie d’Europe;” Ami Boué, “La Turquie d’Europe;”
A. Dumont, “Le Balkan et l’Adriatique;” Lejean, “Ethnographie de la
Turquie d’Europe;” Von Hammer, “Konstantinopel und der Bosporus;”
P. de Tchihatchef, “Le Bosphore;” Heuzey, “Voyage archéologique en
Macédoine;” Fanshawe Tozer, “Researches in the Highlands of Turkey;”
Barth, “Reisen in der europäischen Türkei;” Von Hahn, “Albanesische
Studien;” Hecquard, “Histoire et Description de la Haute-Albanie;” Dora
d’Istria, “Nationalité albanaise;” F. Maurer, “Reise durch Bosnien;”
F. de Sainte-Marie, “L’Herzégovine;” Kanitz, “Donau-Bulgarien und der
Balkan;” H. Kiepert, Map of Turkey in Europe.
For changes made by the Berlin treaty, see page 153.
[24] We mention Palma, Vaudoncourt, Lapic, Boué, Viquesnel, Lejean,
Kanitz, Barth, Hochstetter, and Abdullah Bey.
[25] Heights of principal mountains:—Aspra Vuna (White Mountain of
Leuca-Ori), 8,100 feet; Psiloriti, or Ida, 8,000 feet; Lasithi, or
Dicte, 7,100 feet. Towns:—Canea, 12,000 inhabitants; Megalokastron,
12,000; Retimo, 9,000. Total population of the island, 210,000.
[26] The islands of Thracia:―
Sq. m. Inhabitants. Highest Mountains. Feet.
Thasos 74 10,000 Mount Ipsario 3,000
Samothrace 66 200 Mount Phengari 5,240
Imbro 85 4,000 Mount St. Elias 1,950
Lemnos 170 22,000 Mount Skopia 1,410
[27] Consul Sax (1873) estimates the population as follows:—Stamboul,
210,000; Pera, 130,000; European suburbs, 150,000; Asiatic suburbs,
110,000; total, 600,000 souls, including 200,000 Mohammedans. Dr.
Yakshity, on the other hand, estimates the population of Constantinople
(exclusive of its Asiatic suburbs) at 358,000 souls, of whom 193,540
are Mohammedans, 144,210 oriental Christians, and 30,000 Franks.
[28] Length of the Bosphorus, 98,500 feet, or 18·6 miles; average
width, 5,250 feet; average depth, 90 feet; greatest depth, 170 feet.
[29] Dimensions of the Dardanelles:—Length, 42·3 miles; average width,
2·7 miles, or 13,100 feet; minimum width, 6,400 feet; average depth,
180 feet; greatest depth, 320 feet.
[30] Altitudes:—Mount Pilav Tepe, 6,183 feet; Kortach, 3,893 feet;
Athos, 6,786 feet.
[31] Mount Olympus, 9,750 feet; Mount Ossa, 5,250 feet; Mount Pelion,
5,130 feet.
[32] The following are the principal towns of the Greek provinces of
Turkey, together with the number of their inhabitants:―
Adrianople (Edirneh) 110,000
Saloniki (Salonica) 80,000
Seres 30,000
Larissa 25,000
Rodosto 20,000
Gallipoli (Geliboli) 20,000
Trikala (Tirhala) 11,000
Demotika 10,000
Verria 10,000
Enos 7,000
[33] Altitudes in Albania:―
Feet.
Skhar 8,200
Tomor 5,413
Zygos (Lachmon) 5,500
Smolika 5,970
Kundusi 6,270
Acroceraunian Mountain 6,700
Lake Okhrida 2,270
Lake of Yanina 1,700
[34] Population of the principal cities of Albania:—Prisrend, 35,000;
Soutari (Shkodra), 35,000; Yanina, 25,000; Jakovitza (Yakova), 17,000;
Ipek (Pech), 16,000; Elbasan, 12,000; Berat, 11,000; Prishtina, 11,000;
Tirana, 10,000; Koritza, 10,000; Argyrokastro, 8,000; Prevesa, 7,000
Dulcigno, 7,000; Durazzo, 5,000.
[35] Altitudes:—Mount Kom, 9,350 feet; Mount Durmitor, 8,860 feet;
Glieb, 5,775 feet.
[36] According to Blau (1872), Bosnia, including the Herzegovina and
Rascia, has 1,150,000 inhabitants, comprising 590,000 Greek Catholics,
164,000 Roman Catholics, 378,000 Mussulmans, 12,300 gipsies, and 5,700
Jews. The same author states the population for 1855 to have amounted
to 893,384 souls, including 286,000 Mussulmans. According to an English
Consular Report (1873), the population is 1,084,162, including 461,048
Mussulmans; and according to Professor Yakshity, 1,357,984 souls,
including 474,000 Mussulmans.
[37] Principal towns of Bosnia:—Sarayevo, 50,000 inhabitants;
Banyaluka, 18,000 inhabitants; Zvornik, 14,000 inhabitants; Travnik,
12,000 inhabitants; Novibazar, 9,000 inhabitants; Trebinye, 9,000
inhabitants; Mostar, 9,000 inhabitants; Tuzla, 7,000 inhabitants.
[38] Altitudes in Bulgaria, according to Hochstetter, Viquesnel, Boué,
Barth, and others:—Vitosh, 8,080 feet; Balkan, mean height, 5,600 feet;
Chatal, 3,600 feet; hills of the Dobruja, 1,650 feet; Trajan’s Gate,
2,625 feet; Pass of Dubnitza, 3,560 feet; Rilo Dagh, 9,500 feet; Perim
Dagh, 7,875 feet; Gornichova, or Nije, 6,560 feet; Peristeri, 7,700
feet; basin of Sofia, 1,710 feet; basin of Monastir, 1,820 feet; Lake
of Ostrovo, 1,680 feet; Lake of Kastoria, 2,050 feet.
[39] Cleared from Sulina (1873), 1,870 vessels of 532,000 tons. Value
of cereals exported, £6,000,000.
[40] The following are the principal towns of Bulgaria, with the number
of their inhabitants:―