Montejo, F. de, gov. of Hond., 1537-9, ii. 289-99;
negotiations with Alvarado, 296-9.
Monterroso, F. de H., acting gov. of Pan., 1708, ii. 583.
Montes, F., arrest, etc., of, 1810, iii. 493.
Montes, J. F., president of Hond., 1863, iii. 324-5.
Montfraisier, Du P. de, 'Histoire Universelle,' ii. 748.
Montiano, M. de, gov. of Pan., 1749-55, ii. 584.
Montúfar, Col M., surrender of, iii. 95.
Mora, F., invasion of C. R., iii. 387.
Mora, J., jefe of C. R., 1822-33, iii. 179-81;
biog., iii. 180.
Mora, J. F., president of C. R., 1849-53, iii. 236-7.
Mora, Gen. J. J., operations of, 1856, iii. 358.
Mora, J. R., president of C. R., 1859, iii. 372;
revolt against, iii. 372-3;
exile, iii. 373; revolt of, iii. 374-5;
execution, 1860, iii. 375-6.
Morales, Capt. G. de, joins Pedrarias' exped., 1514, i. 390;
exped. to the Pearl Islands, 1515, i. 408-11;
atrocities of, i. 411.
Morales, M. R., director of Nic., 1847, iii. 243.
Morazan, Gen., victory at Gualcho, 1828, iii. 95;
campaign in Guat., 1828-9, iii. 96-100;
harsh measures of, iii. 100-3;
operations in Hond., iii. 111;
president, 1830, iii. 112;
rule, iii. 112-42;
departure, 1840, iii. 142-3;
invasion of C. R., 1842, iii. 216-17;
measures, iii. 217-18;
provis. jefe, iii. 218;
capture of, iii. 219-20;
execution, iii. 221-2.
Moreno, Fiscal P., exped. to Hond., 1525, i. 535-6.
Morgan, H., early career of, ii. 482-3;
plunders Puerto Príncipe, ii. 483;
captures Portobello, 1668, ii. 483-9;
atrocities of, ii. 484-7, 510-12;
encounters gov. of Pan., ii. 488-9;
forces, etc., of, ii. 491-2;
captures Santa Catarina, ii. 493;
lands at Chagre, ii. 496-7;
march across the Isthmus, ii. 497-502;
captures Panamá, 1671, ii. 504-7;
plot against, ii. 512;
return to San Lorenzo, ii. 512-13;
division of spoils, ii. 514;
knighted, etc., ii. 515;
imprisonment of, ii. 515.
Morillo, Mariscal P., exped. of, 1815, iii. 496.
Moscoso, L., exped. of, 1530, ii. 121.
Mosquitia, description of, ii. 595-8, 600-1;
buccaneers in, ii. 598;
British rights in, ii. 598-9;
British aggression in, ii. 601-2;
maps of, ii. 603; iii. 246;
Galvez' exped. to, 1782, ii. 604-5;
Despard's exped. to, 1782, ii. 605-6;
British protectorate over, iii. 244-52;
kings of, iii. 245-8;
attempts at colonization, iii. 248-9.
Motolinia, Fray T. de, labors in Nic., 1528, ii. 184;
in Guat., ii. 345-7.
Mourgeon, Mariscal J. de la C., capt.-gen. of New Granada, 1821,
iii. 503;
exped. of, iii. 504.
Moya, R., jefe of C. R., 1844, iii. 227.
Muñoz, F., execution of, 1517, i. 457-9.
Muñoz, J. B., 'Historia del Nuevo Mondo,' i. 197-8.
Muñoz, Gen. J. T., siege of Leon, 1844, iii. 197;
promotion of, iii. 240;
operations, etc., of, 1845, iii. 241-3;
revolt of, 1851, iii. 256;
negotiations, iii. 260;
death, 1855, iii. 330.
Murillo, Lieut-col A., victory at Tecuaname, 1855, iii. 261.
N
Nacaome, diet of, 1848, iii. 208.
Naco Valley, exped. to, ii. 145, 147, 156-7.
Nancintlan, burning of, 1524, i. 668.
Napoleon I., usurpation of, iii. 2.
Naranjo, battle of, 1876, iii. 462.
Narragansett Bay, settlement founded at, 1000, i. 76.
Narvaez y la Torre, Brigadier A., gov. of Pan., 1801, iii. 489.
Natá, surprised by Espinosa, 1516, i. 423;
settlement founded at, i. 505-9.
Natá, Cacique, capture of, 1515, i. 414;
surrender of, 1516, i. 423-4;
exped. against, i. 424-5;
revolt of, 1517, i. 431.
Nava, J. de, gov. of C. R., 1773, ii. 622.
Navarrete, M. F. de, works of, i. 69, 198-200;
biog., 198.
Navas y Quevada, A. de las, bishop of Nic., 1667, ii. 443-4.
Navigation, internal, iii. 667-8.
Navío, picture of, i. 189.
Nebah, capture of, 1530, ii. 111-12.
Negroes, importation of, ii. 386-7;
regulations concerning, ii. 389-90.
Neira, G., president of Pan., 1872-3, iii. 538-41.
Nelson, H., exped. to Nic., 1780, ii. 609-11.
'New Collection of Voyages,' ii. 750.
Newfoundland, Leif lands at, 1000, i. 76.
New Granada, rebellion in, 1810-13, iii. 493-6;
state of, organized, 1831, iii. 513;
revolution in, 1840, iii. 515-16;
difficulty with England, 1836, iii. 518;
with U. S., 1855, iii. 519;
1856-7, iii. 520-2;
mining in, iii. 659-60;
treaty with U. S., 1846, iii. 700-1.
New laws, publication of the, 1543, ii. 240;
provisions, ii. 240-1;
opposition to the, ii. 242-3, 301-2, 323;
repealed, 1545, ii. 325;
opposition to, ii. 334-5, 338.
New St Andrew, founding of, 1698, ii. 576.
Newspapers, iii. 27-8, 273, 288, 290, 559, 584, 622, 627.
'New Universal Collection,' ii. 750.
'New Voyages and Travels,' ii. 751.
Nicaragua, Dávila's exped. to, 1522-3, i. 483-94;
maps of, i. 513; ii. 175; iii. 258;
church affairs in, ii. 168-9, 443-4, 612-17; iii. 632-3;
revolts in, ii. 274-8; iii. 240-2, 259-61;
settlements, etc., of, ii. 434, 437-8;
Dominicans in, ii. 436-7;
commerce of, ii. 438;
piratical raids in, 1685-6, ii. 553-62;
diputacion provincial in, iii. 47;
annexation to Mex., 1821, iii. 47-8;
internal strife in, 1833-7, iii. 170-7;
juntas gubernativas, iii. 170-2;
assembly, iii. 172-3, 243, 257-60, 367, 475-8;
earthquake, etc., in, 1835, iii. 176-7;
secession, 1838, iii. 178;
British mediation requested, 1839-40, iii. 186-7;
war with Hond., 1844, iii. 194-200;
union with Salv. and Hond., iii. 209-11;
C. R. boundary question, iii. 231-3;
British claims, iii. 239-40;
British aggressions in Mosquitia, iii. 244-51;
hostilities with England, 1848, iii. 251-2;
Zeledon-Wyke treaty, 1860, iii. 252-3;
treaty with Spain, 1850, iii. 253;
concordat, iii. 253;
foreign relations, iii. 254;
difficulty with U. S., 1854, iii. 254-5;
with Germany, 1876, iii. 256;
declared a republic, 1852-4, iii. 257;
war with Guat., 1850-3, iii. 279-80;
Walker's campaign in, 1855-6, iii. 328-46;
cholera in, 1855, iii. 330;
war with C. R., 1857, iii. 362;
junta de gobierno in, 1857, iii. 365;
revenue, iii. 366-7;
constitution, iii. 367;
rebellion in, 1869, iii. 471-4;
difficulty with C. R., 1873-5, iii. 479-82;
jesuitic seditions, iii. 484-5;
opposition to Barrios, 1885, iii. 486;
boundaries, iii. 567;
departments, etc., iii. 567-8;
cities, iii. 568-9;
population, 1883, iii. 588;
colonization in, iii. 591-2;
character of population, iii. 599-601;
dress, etc., iii. 601-2;
dwellings, iii. 602;
mode of life, iii. 603;
amusements, iii. 603-4;
education, iii. 622-4;
administr. of justice, iii. 641-3;
army, iii. 646-7;
agric., iii. 652-3;
mining, iii. 657-8;
manufact., iii. 661;
revenue, etc., iii. 683;
debt, iii. 483, 683;
railroads, iii. 708.
Nicaragua, Cacique, Dávila's visit to, 1522, i. 486-9;
attacks the Spaniards, iii. 493.
Nicaragua, isthmus, project for canal, iii. 694-8.
Nicaragua, Lake, discovery of, 1522, i. 489.
Nicoya, Cacique, Dávila's meeting with, 1522, i. 485-6.
Nicoya, province, incorporated with C. R., 1825, iii. 179.
Nicoya, town, the Contreras revolt, 1550, ii. 277-8.
Nicuesa, D. de, biog., etc., of, i. 292-4;
gov. of Castilla del Oro, i. 294-6;
quarrel with Ojeda, i. 296-7;
exped. to Veragua, 1509, i. 296-308;
relieved by Colmenares, i. 331-2;
reception at Antigua, i. 334-5;
deposal, i. 335;
fate of, i. 335-6.
'Niña,' voyage of the, 1492-3, i. 159-64.
Nindiri, volcano, eruption of, 1775, ii. 608.
Niño, Pilot A., exped., etc., of, 1522-3, i. 478-93.
Niño, P. A., voyage of, 1499, i. 186.
Nito, Cortés' arrival at, 1525, i. 565-7;
sickness, etc., at, i. 567-8;
site of, abandoned, i. 568, 570.
Niza, Friar M. de, exped. of, 1539, i. 151-2;
rept of, ii. 205.
Nombre de Dios, name, i. 307;
Nicuesa at, i. 307-8;
fort of, built, 1510, i. 307-8;
departure of garrison, i. 337-8;
abandoned, i. 331-3; 412-13;
refounded, 1519, i. 471;
trade, etc., of, ii. 248-9;
Nombre de Dios, Verdugo's invasion of, ii. 263-4;
Gasca at, 1546, ii. 267-9;
1550, ii. 282-3;
the Contreras revolt, 1550, ii. 278, 281-3;
removal of site, etc., ii. 396-9;
Drake's attack on, 1572, ii. 405-6;
destroyed by Drake, 1595, ii. 422.
Norí, Cacique, execution of, ii. 55-6.
North-west passage, discov. of, iii. 689-91.
'Notes de Voyage en Centre Amérique,' iii. 676-7.
'Nouvelle Bibliothèque des Voyages,' ii. 757.
Nueva Andalucía, name, i. 294;
Ojeda's exped. to, 1509-10, i. 294-301.
Nueva Jaen, founding of, ii. 186.
Nueva Segovia, freebooters at, 1687, ii. 563-4.
Nueva Valladolid, growth, etc., of, 1557-74, ii. 640-1;
earthquake in, 1774, ii. 640.
'Nuevo Viajero Universal,' ii. 758.
Nuñez, A., Nicuesa's exped., 1509-10, i. 307-8.
Nuñez, J., vice-jefe of Nic., 1835, iii. 177.
Nuñez, Capt. V., capture, etc., of, ii. 257-8.
Nutibara, Cacique, defeat of, ii. 54.
O
Oajaca, city, capture, etc., of, iii. 6.
Obaldía, J. de, gov. of Pan., 1858, iii. 528.
Obaldía, Col A., revolt of, 1868, iii. 537-8.
Occhuc, Tzendales repulsed at, 1712, ii. 703-4.
Ococingo, massacre at, 1712, ii. 699.
Ojeda, A. de, voyage of, 1499-1500, i. 111, 186;
1502, i. 118-19;
early career, etc., of, i. 292-4;
gov. of Nueva Andalucía, i. 294-6;
quarrel with Nicuesa, i. 296-7;
exped. of, 1509, i. 296-301;
death, i. 301.
Olancho, sedition in, 1829, iii. 109-11;
revolt at, 1844, iii. 310.
Olancho Valley, occupation of, 1526, i. 589-90.
Olano, L. de, Nicuesa's exped., 1509-10, i. 301-7;
ill treatment of, i. 332-3;
death, i. 441.
Olarte, V., see Galindo, V. O.
Olaziregui, V., gov. of Pan., 1769, ii. 584.
Olid, C. de, exped. to Hond., 1524, i. 524;
character, i. 525;
treachery of, i. 526-7;
meeting with Gonzalez, i. 527-8;
fight with Casas, etc., i. 529-30;
assassination, i. 531-3.
Olmos, P. de, defeat of, ii. 109-10.
Omoa, bombardment of, 1873, iii. 320.
O'Neill, Gen., exped. to Belize, 1798, iii. 314.
Orbita, Friar J. de, mission to Itza, 1618, ii. 673-5.
Ordoñez, Col C., commandant at Granada, iii. 59;
revolt of, 1824, iii. 171-2.
Orduña, F. de, juez de residencia, 1529, ii. 105-6;
exped. of, ii. 110-11;
prosecution, etc., of, 1530, ii. 117-18.
Oreamuno, F. M., jefe of C. R., 1844, iii. 226-7;
vice-president, 1853, iii. 237.
Orosco, Presbyter L. de, assassination of, ii. 709.
Ortega, J., president of Pan., 1878, iii. 543-4.
Ortiz, A., exped. of, ii. 148.
Orueta y Irusta, J. B. de, gov. of Pan., 1709, ii. 583.
Osorio, D. A., bishop of Nic., 1531, ii. 168-9.
Ostuncalco, Indian outbreak at, iii. 123.
Osuña, J. V. de, capture of Copan, 1530, ii. 115.
Ovalle, Missionary P. de, labors of, ii. 644.
Ovando, N. de, gov. of Española, 1502, i. 249;
instructions to, i. 249-50;
exped. of, i. 250;
administr. i. 250-2, 256, 259-61, 266-8.
Oviedo, G. F. de, biog., i. 310;
works of, i. 150, 310-12;
veedor at Antigua, 1514, i. 390;
efforts in Spain, 1515, i. 463-4;
1523, i. 511-12;
regidor perpetuo de Antigua, i. 473;
rule, i. 474-5;
deposed, i. 476;
departure, etc., 1528, i. 477;
capt.-gen. of Cartagena, i. 593.
Oxenham, J., exped. to Pan., 1575, ii. 418.
Oxib Quieh, King, accession of, 1524, i. 645;
plot of, i. 646;
capture, etc., of, 648.
Orozco y Berra, 'Cartografía Mexicana,' i. 70.
P
Pacheco, Gen., defeat of, 1829, iii. 97.
Pacific Ocean, see South Sea.
Paiz, Brigadier G., cabinet-minister, 1845, iii. 268-9.
Palahunoh Pass, Alvarado's victory at, 1524, i. 634-6.
Palomar, J. M., in command at Trujillo, 1820, iii. 24.
Palomino, J. A., exped. to Nic., ii. 262.
Panaguali, Cacique, execution of, ii. 91.
Panamá (see also Castilla del Oro), audiencias of, ii. 57-8,
370-1, 585;
slavery, etc., in, ii. 232-3;
commerce, etc., in, ii. 390-3, 587, 594; iii. 672-5;
shipping, ii. 392;
pearl fisheries, ii. 394-5, 585;
mining, ii. 395-6, 585-6; iii. 659-60;
Drake's raids in, 1572, ii. 405-17;
Oxenham's exped., 1575, ii. 418;
officials of, ii. 471;
smuggling in, ii. 473-4; iii. 491-2;
church affairs, i. 500-1, ii. 474-80; iii. 635-7;
Morgan's raids in, 1668-71, ii. 483-515;
Indian raids in, 1745-74, ii. 581-2;
incorporated with New Gran., 1718, ii. 584;
revenue, iii. 490, 686-7;
industrial depression in, iii. 490;
population, etc., iii. 490-2, 580-1;
viceregal seat at, 1812, iii. 494;
Macgregor's invasion of, 1818-19, iii. 498-501;
revolution in, 1821, iii. 602-7;
1831, iii. 514;
1840, iii. 514-15;
1868, iii. 536-7;
annexed to Colombia, 1821, iii. 506-8;
slavery abolished in, iii. 509;
subjugation of, iii. 515-16;
declared a state, 1855, iii. 525, 529;
constitution of, iii. 526, 540, 542, 544;
disturbances in, 1883-4, iii. 546-8;
a national department, iii. 559;
boundaries, etc., iii. 577-8;
departments, iii. 578;
cities, iii. 578-9;
women of, iii. 581-2;
education in, iii. 583-4;
literature, iii. 584;
amusements, iii. 584-5;
epidemics, etc., iii. 585-6;
administration of justice, iii. 644-5;
army, iii. 645-6;
agric., iii. 654-5;
currency, iii. 675-6;
telegraphs, iii. 708-9.
Panamá, city, name, i. 404;
post established on site of, 1517, i. 429;
founding of, 1519, i. 468;
progress, etc., of, i. 495-500;
arms of, i. 500;
slave market at, i. 608-9;
Pizarro's exped., ii. 1-15;
proposed removal of site, 1531, ii. 247;
prosperity, etc., of, ii. 249-50;
pillage of, ii. 255;
Hinojosa's conquest of, 1545, ii. 255-61;
Gasca at, 1546-7, ii. 269-72;
captured by Contreras, 1550, ii. 279-81;
Bermejo's defeat at, ii. 284-6;
sickness at, ii. 399-400;
official embezzlement at, ii. 401-2;
defences of, ii. 402-3;
decadence of, 1610, ii. 470;
convent establd. at, 1592-8, ii. 475-6;
fires at, 1644, ii. 479;
1737-71, ii. 582;
prosperity of, 1645-70, ii. 480-1;
descriptions of, ii. 502-3; iii. 578-9;
captured by Morgan, ii. 504-7;
destruction of, 1671, ii. 507-8;
site of, removed, ii. 517-18;
rebuilding of, ii. 517-19;
naval combat off, 1680, ii. 534-7;
freebooters defeated off, 1685, ii. 552-3;
revolution at, 1821, iii. 504-8;
gen. congress at, 1826, iii. 510-12;
disturbances at, 1856, iii. 520-1;
1859-60, iii. 528-30.
Panamá Isthmus, infested with criminals, iii. 518-19;
guard of the, 1854, iii. 519;
transit refused, iii. 522-3;
order restored at, iii. 524;
protection of the, iii. 539-40, 551-8;
disturbances at, 1885, iii. 550-7;
canal, iii. 698-700, 703-6;
railroad, iii. 700-2.
Panciaco, story of the South Sea, i. 348;
kindness to the Spaniards, i. 383.
Parada, J. G. de, bishop of Guat., 1729-36, ii. 710-11.
Paredes, A. G. de, exped., etc., of, 1695, ii. 687-90.
Paredes, M., president of Guat., 1849, iii. 277;
treachery of, iii. 277-8.
Paris, Cacique, defeats Badajoz, 1515, i. 415-17;
tomb of, plundered, i. 468.
Parker, Capt. W., exped. of, 1602-3, ii. 465-8.
Pasamonte, M. de, treasurer-general at Santo Domingo, 1508, i. 266-7.
Pasaquina, battle of, 1876, iii. 404.
Pastora, F. F. de la, gov. of C. R., 1746, ii. 622.
Paterson, W., the Scots' colony, 1695-9, ii. 570-7.
Patinamit, description of, i. 655-6;
Alvarado's reception at, 1524, i. 656-7;
abandoned by natives, 1524, i. 683-4;
sack, etc., of, 1525, ii. 77;
battle of, 1526, ii. 84.
Patzicia, pronunciamiento at, 1871, iii. 420-1.
Paul III., bull of, 1531, ii. 239.
Pavon, M. F., minister of relations, etc., 1844, iii. 192;
death of, 1855, iii. 283.
Paz, M. J., jefe of Guat., 1838, iii. 159.
Paz, R., president of Guat., 1840-4, iii. 266-7.
Pazaco, Alvarado attacked at, 1524, i. 669.
Pearl fisheries, of Pan., ii. 394-5, 585;
condition of, iii. 676.
Pearl Islands, named, 1513, i. 377-8;
Morales' exped. to, 1515, i. 408-11;
Balboa at, 1517, i. 445-52;
yield, etc., of, iii. 676.
Pedrarias, D., character, etc., i. 387, 615-16;
capt.-gen. of Castilla del Oro, 1514, i. 387;
armament, i. 389;
retinue, etc., i. 389-91;
instructions to, i. 391-2, 397-9;
voyage, i. 392;
landing at Antigua, i. 393-4;
exped. to Cenú, 1515, i. 417;
founds Acla, i. 418;
feud with Balboa, i. 432-3;
fraud of, i. 435-6;
duplicity, i. 452, 455;
Balboa's trial and execution, 1517, i. 456-9;
founds Panamá, 1519, i. 468;
residencia of, i. 474, 594-6;
resignation, i. 474;
dispute with Gonzalez, i. 481-3;
exped. against Urracá, i. 507-8;
exped. to Nic., 1526, i. 587-92;
1528, i. 605;
Pizarro's exped., i. 612-13;
death, 1530, i. 614.
Pedraza, Licentiate C. de, arrival in Hond., 1538, ii. 292;
intercession of, ii. 298;
bishop, ii. 299;
administr., ii. 299-308.
Peinado, J. M., intendente of San Salv., ii., 13-14.
Pelaez, F. de P. G., 'Memorias,' ii. 732-3, 737;
archbishop of Guat., iii. 630.
Pelham, C., 'The World,' ii. 751.
Peñalver y Cardenas, L., archbishop of Guat., iii. 29.
Peralta, F. de, naval combat off Pan., 1680, ii. 535-7.
Peraza, Friar V. de, bishop of Pan., i. 501; ii. 59.
Perez, A., insurrection of, 1512, i. 355-6;
captures Natá, 1515, i. 414.
Perez, B., viceroy of New Gran., 1812, iii. 494-5.
Perez, J., works of, iii. 345-6.
Perez, M., director of Nic., 1843, iii. 239.
Perie, J., gov. of C. R., 1779, ii. 622.
Perks, W., command, etc., of, iii. 93-4.
Peru, Pizarro's conquest of, ii. 1-42;
map, ii. 9;
traditions, ii. 16-17;
annals, ii. 17-18;
Alvarado's exped. to, ii. 38-9, 122-30;
rebellion in, 1544-7, ii. 252-73.
Peten, capture of, 1697, ii. 692-3.
Peten, lake, Cortés at, i. 559-61.
Piedrahita, Bishop L. F., works of, ii. 62.
Pierzon, Col J., operations of, 1826, iii. 148-9;
execution, iii. 150.
Pineda, D. de, juez de comision, ii. 178.
Pineda, Gen. J. L., director of Nic., 1851-3, iii. 256;
revolt against, iii. 256;
defeat of, 1855, iii. 332.
Piñeda y Zaldaña, T. M., bishop of Salv., iii. 632.
Pinelo, A. de L., works of, i. 287-8; ii. 762.
Pinkerton, J., works of, ii. 755-6.
Piñol y Aycinena, B., archbishop of Guat., 1868, iii. 630.
'Pinta,' voyage of the, 1492-3, i. 159-64.
Pinta, A., capture of San José, 1842, iii. 219-20;
biog., iii. 219;
execution of Morazan, iii. 222;
comand.-gen., iii. 224;
dismissal, iii. 225-6.
Pinto, J. A., vice-president of C. R., 1872, iii. 381-2.
Pinzon, M. A., voyage, etc., of, 1492-3, i. 158-63.
Pinzon, V. Y., voyage of, 1492-3, i. 112, 158-63;
1499, i. 186;
1506, i. 122, 289.
Pisa, A. de, captures Dururua, ii. 68;
exped. to C. R., ii. 192-9.
Pizarro, F., joins Ojeda's exped., 1509, i. 298;
at San Sebastian, i. 321-3;
defeats Cemaco, i. 344;
Balboa's exped., 1514, i. 376;
Tabira's, i. 407;
exped. to the Pearl Islands, 1515, i. 408-11;
arrests Balboa, 1517, i. 452-3;
exped. against Urracá, i. 504-5;
character, etc., ii. 1-3;
conquest of Peru, ii. 3-38;
commission, ii. 13;
assassination of, ii. 40-2.
Pizarro, G., conquest of Peru, ii. 13;
gov. of Quito, ii. 251;
revolt of, 1544, ii. 252-4;
conquest of Pan., ii. 254-61;
defeat of, ii. 272;
execution, ii. 273.
Pizarro, H., conquest of Peru, ii. 22-40;
death, ii. 40.
Pizarro, J., conquest of Peru, ii. 13.
Pizarro, Friar J., martyrdom of, 1586, ii. 433.
Pizarro y Orellana, F., works of, ii. 273.
Pocoa, Cacique, attack on Natá, etc., 1527, i. 510.
Pocorosa, Cacique, meeting with Balboa, etc., 1513, i. 381-2;
captures Santa Cruz, 1515, i. 403;
attacks Guzman, i. 405-6.
Ponca, Cacique, exped. against, 1512, i. 346;
welcomes Balboa, i. 361-3.
Ponce, Gen. F., president of Pan., 1868, iii. 536.
Poncra, Cacique, Balboa's cruelty to, i. 379-80.
Pontaz, Friar, labors of, ii. 133.
Pontaza, Friar F. M. de, hermitage establ. by, 1524, i. 638.
Porque, Cacique, defeat of, 1513, i. 363-4.
Portobello, Columbus at, 1502, i. 216;
Nicuesa at, 1510, i. 307;
fair, etc., at, ii. 48-9;
site of Nombre de Dios removed to, 1597, ii. 399;
captured by Parker, 1602, ii. 466-8;
description of, ii. 468-70;
treasure fleet at, ii. 468-9;
captured by Morgan, 1668, ii. 483-9;
sacked by pirates, 1679, ii. 519;
captured by Vernon, 1739, ii. 588-91;
by MacGregor, 1819, iii. 498-9;
recaptured, iii. 501.
Poveda, A., gov. of Nic., 1722, ii. 607.
Prado, M., vice-president, Cent. Amer. republic, 1830, iii. 112-13;
jefe of Salv., 1832-4, iii. 122, 167;
rule, iii. 167-8.
Prescott, W. H., works of, i. 242-6.
Press, freedom of, established, iii. 44-5.
Prestan, P., outrages of, 1885, iii. 551-3.
Prévost, Abbé A. F., works of, ii. 746-8.
Prior, P., 'Informe,' ii. 762.
'Provincias Unidas del Centro de América,' established, 1823, iii. 68;
debt of, iii. 667-8.
Ptolemy, maps of, i. 130, 147.
Pueblo Nuevo, pirates defeated at, 1680, ii. 539;
1686, ii. 557.
Pueblo Viejo, captured by freebooters, 1686, ii. 556.
Puente, A. de la, treasurer at Antigua, 1514, i. 390.
Puerta, C. M. de la, labors of, in Tegucigalpa, ii. 642;
martyrdom of, ii. 643.
Puerto de Caballos, Alvarado at, 1539, ii. 204;
raids on, 1595-6, ii. 639;
1603, ii. 650;
site of, removed, ii. 650.
Puerto Dulce, founding of, ii. 651.
Puerto Príncipe, captured by Morgan, ii. 483.
Puertocarrero, P., battle of Xelahuh, 1524, i. 639;
character, ii. 87-8;
exped. to Zacatepec, ii. 88-91;
capture of Sinacam's stronghold, ii. 93-5;
invasion of Chiap., 1526, ii. 227-8.
Purchas, S., works of, ii. 742-4.
Q
Qat, King, Alvarado's embassy to, i. 622-3.
Quadra, V., president of Nic., 1871-5, iii. 475-81.
Quarequá, Balboa at, 1513, i. 363-4.
Quauhtemotzin, King, execution of, 1524, i. 551-4.
Quema, Cacique, capture, etc., of, 1516, i. 426.
Quesada, Dr A. R. de, president of the audiencia of the Confines,
1555, ii. 358;
administr., ii. 358-60.
Quevedo, J. de, bishop of Darien, 1514, i. 390;
mediation, etc., of, i. 436-9;
departure for Spain, i. 461;
dispute with Las Casas, i. 462-3;
memorials of, i. 463;
death, i. 463.
Quezada, convention of, 1844, iii. 193.
Quezaltenango, founding of, 1524, i. 638;
riot at, iii. 88-9;
state congress at, 1826, iii. 148;
captured by Pierzon, iii. 149;
revolt at, iii. 283;
affair at, 1871, iii. 422.
Quiché, power, etc., of, i. 620-2;
map of, i. 629;
conquest of, i. 634-6, 643-51.
Quijano, Lieut-col, protest, etc., of, iii. 250.
Quiñones, F., revolt at Leon, 1812, iii. 14.
Quintana, works, etc., of, ii. 42.
Quiroga, M. de, gov. of Nic., 1780, ii. 608.
R
Rábago, J. de E., exped. of, ii. 425-6.
Rada, J. de, assassination of Pizarro, ii. 40-1.
Railroads in Cent. Amer., iii. 700-2, 706-8.
Ramirez, D., mission to Chiap., 1543, ii. 338.
Ramirez, Friar H., bishop of Pan., 1644, ii. 479.
Ramirez, J., bishop of Guat., 1600, ii. 381.
Ramirez, M., director of Nic., 1849, iii. 256.
Ramirez, N., jefe of Salv., 1841, iii. 286.
Ramirez, P., exped. to Lacandon, 1559, ii. 363-5.
Raon, J., gov. of Pan., 1762, ii. 584.
Raoul, N., commander of artillery, etc., 1825, iii. 83;
arrest, iii. 85-6.
Reactionists, Guat., choice of president, 1848, iii. 274;
efforts of, 1872, iii. 427-9;
1873, iii. 433.
Realejo, the Contreras revolt, 1550, ii. 277;
piratical raid on, 1684, ii. 548;
1685, ii. 555;
1686, ii. 560;
blockade of, 1846, iii. 240.
'Recopilacion de Leyes de las Indias,' i. 257-8.
'Recueil de Voiages au Nord,' ii. 749-50.
Regent of Audiencias, office of, created, 1776, ii. 714-15.
Remesal, Friar A. de, works of, ii. 339-40, 736-7.
Repartimiento, system, description of, i. 262-6.
'República de Colombia,' name adopted, iii. 558.
Residencia, explanation of term, i. 250.
Revenue, of Cent. Amer. states, iii. 677-87.
Revolutions, Carrera's Guat., 1837-40, iii. 127-44;
Alfaro's C. R., iii. 219-22;
against Carrera, 1847-8, iii. 271-3;
Menendez', 1885, iii. 411;
Granados-Barrios, 1871, iii. 419-24;
in Pan., 1821, iii. 502-7;
1840, iii. 515-16;
1868, iii. 536-7;
1875, iii. 541-2.
Ribera, Dr, defeats Verdugo, ii. 263-4.
Ribera, Duque de, bishop of Pan., 1594, ii. 475.
Ribera, P. E. de, bishop of Guat., 1659-68, ii. 667-8.
Ribero, D. de, Nicuesa's exped., 1509-10, i. 302-4.
Richardson, J., 'Polar Regions,' iii. 709.
Rincon, Gen. B. T. M. del, president of Guat., 1789-94, ii. 728.
Ringrose, B., adventure of, 1680, ii. 530-2;
naval combat off Pan., ii. 535-7;
works, etc., of, ii. 568.
Rios, P. de los, gov. of Castilla del Oro, 1526, i. 592-3;
rule, i. 593-4;
exped. to Nic., i. 602-4;
Pizarro's conquest, ii. 6-8, 12;
character, etc., ii. 44-5;
usurpation of, ii. 177-8.
Riotte, Gen. C. N., intervention of, 1869, iii. 474.
Rivas, Friar, mission to Lacandon, 1685, ii. 680-1.
Rivas, F. R. de, president of Guat., 1716-24, ii. 706.
Rivas, President P., denounces Walker, iii. 349;
govt of recognized, iii. 350;
colonization decree of, 1855, iii. 592.
Rivas, city, Walker's defeat at, 1856, iii. 344-5;
siege of, 1857, iii. 358-60.
Roads, in Pan., 1541-56, ii. 247-8;
in Hond., 1539-47, ii. 293-4;
of Cent. Amer., iii. 669.
Roatan, island, captured by pirates, etc., ii. 647-8;
restored, iii. 113;
British seizure of, iii. 319.
Roberts, O. W., 'Narrative of Voyages,' iii. 247-8.
Robertson, W., works of, i. 196-7.
Robles, Dr, exped. to El Desaguadero, ii. 176;
gov. of Castilla del Oro, ii. 245;
oidor, 1538, ii. 245;
residencia of, ii. 245-6.
Rodriguez, J. M., revolt of, 1811, iii. 13.
Rojas, D. de, capture, etc., of, 1530, ii. 113.
Rojas, G. de, in charge at Acla, 1515, i. 418;
exped. of, 1525, i. 577-8;
1526, i. 589-92.
Ruano, Capt. J., mention of, i. 536.
Rueda, P. M. de, president of Guat., 1589-93, ii. 382.
Ruiz, Pilot B., exped. to Peru, ii. 5-8.
Runnels, R., chief of isthmus guard, iii. 519.
Ruscelli, map of, 1544, i. 148.
Ruysch, J., map of, 1508, i. 126.
S
Saavedra, H., capt.-gen. of Hond., 1525, i. 574, 582;
Pedrarias' exped. against, 1526, i. 589-92.
Sacasa, Col C., general order of, iii. 47;
comand.-gen. of Nic., iii. 48;
measures, iii. 48-9.
Sacasa, J., deputy to córtes, iii. 26.
Sahquiab, Cacique, defeat of, 1525, i. 699-700.
Salaya, H. de, death of, i. 501.
Salaya, Licentiate S. de, alcalde mayor of Antigua, 1522, i. 475.
Salazar, A. de, the Zacatepec revolt, 1525, i. 694.
Salazar, Gen. C., revolt at Leon, 1812, iii. 14;
biog. iii. 131-2;
victory at Villanueva, 1838, iii. 135-6.
Salazar, Factor G. de, proceedings of, 1530, ii. 16;
usurpation, etc., of, ii. 75-6.
Salazar, L., pronunciamiento of, 1868, iii. 378.
Salcedo, D. L. de, gov. of Hond., 1525, i. 598;
rule, i. 599-600;
exped. to Nic., i. 600-5;
imprisonment, etc., of, i. 605-7;
return to Trujillo, 1529, ii. 145;
death, ii. 146.
Salguero, R., the Contreras revolt, 1550, ii. 274-86;
death, ii. 286.
Salinas, Minister, suggestions to Nic. assembly, 1847, iii. 243-4.
Salvador, Alvarado's invasion of, i. 669-76;
independence proclaimed in, 1821, iii. 45;
protest of, 1822, iii. 57;
war with Guat., iii. 57-8, 90-100, 278-80, 401-5, 409-10;
with Mex., 1822-3, iii. 62-4;
secession of, iii. 116-17, 168;
departments, iii. 165;
state govt organized, 1824, iii. 165-6;
church affairs in, iii. 166, 632;
maps of, iii. 191, 205;
war with Nic., 1844, iii. 196-200;
with Hond., iii. 202-6, 393-9, 428, 455-62;
union with Nic. and Hond., iii. 209-11;
assembly, iii. 285-7, 397-8, 407;
constitution, iii. 286, 308, 397-8, 407-9;
invasion of, iii. 295;
difficulty with England, 1849, iii. 297-8;
declared a republic, iii. 300-1;
seal of, iii. 301;
Walker's exped., iii. 350-61;
earthquake in, 1873, iii. 399-400;
prosperity of, 1874, iii. 400;
disturbances in, 1875, iii. 400-1;
revolution in, 1885, iii. 411-12;
boundaries, etc., iii. 571-2;
polit. divisions, iii. 572;
govt, iii. 572-3;
cities, iii. 573-4;
population, etc., iii. 588, 604-6;
immigration, iii. 591;
dress, iii. 606;
mode of life, iii. 606-7;
education in, iii. 624;
administr. of justice, iii. 641;
army, iii. 647-8;
agric., iii. 652;
mining, iii. 658;
manufact., iii. 661;
revenue, etc., iii. 681;
debt, iii. 681-2;
railroads, iii. 707-8.
'Salvador,' ship, case of the, 1864, iii. 522.
Sámano, viceroy of New Gran., 1821-2, iii. 503.
Samayoa, J. M., minister of war, Guat., 1876, iii. 402;
exile of, iii. 419.
San Bartolomé Island, capture of, 1780, ii. 609-10.
San Buenaventura, Father J. de, mission of, 1695, ii. 690.
San Cárlos, fort, capture of, 1665, ii. 441;
1812, iii. 14;
attack on, 1769, ii. 608-9.
San Cristóbal, freebooters at, 1625, ii. 453-4.
San Fernando, seat of Nic. govt at, iii. 240.
San Fernando de Omoa, fort, building of, ii. 645;
captured by English, 1779, ii. 646;
recaptured, ii. 647.
San Gil de Buenavista, site of, transferred, i. 565.
San Jorge de Olancho, founding of, 1530, ii. 121.
San José, Morazan besieged at, 1842, iii. 219-20;
treaty of, 1858, iii. 232-3;
pronunciamiento at, 1868, iii. 378;
émeute at, 1870, iii. 379.
San Juan, J. N., deputy to córtes, iii. 26.
San Juan de Puerto Rico, Drake defeated at, 1595, ii. 422.
San Juan del Norte, British aggression at, iii. 249-52;
bombardment of, 1854, iii. 254-5.
San Juan, fort, capture of, 1780, ii. 611.
San Juan River, exploration of, 1528, i. 607-8.
San Lorenzo, fortifications of, ii. 494;
captured by Bradley, 1670, ii. 494-6;
castle, etc., of, destroyed, ii. 514;
captured by Vernon, 1740, ii. 59.
San Lúcas, affair at, 1871, iii. 423.
San Miguel, federal defeat at, 1828, iii. 95;
sack, etc., of, 1875, iii. 400-1;
occupied by Solares, 1876, iii. 404;
description of, iii. 574.
San Miguel, gulf of, named by Balboa, 1513, i. 373.
San Martin, J. M. de, president of Salv., iii. 299.
San Pedro, L'Olonnois' raid on, ii. 458-9.
San Salvador, revolt at, 1811, iii. 13-14;
1814, iii. 20;
1844-5, iii. 200-1;
junta at, 1821, iii. 45;
Arzú's attack on, 1822, iii. 60-1;
1828, iii. 94;
Filisola's exped. against, iii. 62-4;
aid sought from U. S., iii. 64;
Arce's repulse at, 1827, iii. 91;
captured by Morazan, 1832, iii. 117-18;
a federal district, 1835, iii. 120;
convention at, 1840, iii. 143-4;
seat of federal govt, iii. 152, 168-9;
earthquake at, 1854, iii. 300;
siege of, 1863, iii. 306;
description of, iii. 573-4.
San Sebastian, founding of, 1510, i. 299-300;
abandoned, i. 321-5;
rebuilt, ii. 50.
Sanabria, Alcalde, mention of, ii. 71-2.
Sanchez, Pilot B., in Verag., 1503, i. 225-6.
Sandé, Dr F., president of Guat., 1593-6, ii. 382;
gov. of Nueva Galicia, 1596, ii. 382-3.
Sandoval, J. L., director of Nic., 1845-7, iii. 240-2.
Santa Ana, captured by Arce, 1826, iii. 92;
affair at, 1827, iii. 93;
battle of, 1871, iii. 395-6;
treaty of, 1876, iii. 406.
Santa Catarina, buccaneer colony at, i. 461-3;
captured by Morgan, 1670, ii. 493, 496.
Santa Clara, B. de, treasurer at Santo Domingo, i. 267.
Santa Coloma, Gen. P., president of Pan., 1863, iii. 533.
Santa Cruz, settlement of, founded, 1514, i. 400;
destroyed, 1515, i. 403.
Santa Fé de Bogotá, revolt at, 1810, iii. 493.
Santa María, piratical raid on, 1680, ii. 520-8.
'Santa María,' voyage of the, 1492, i. 159-62.
Santa Marta, viceregal seat at, 1813, iii. 495.
Santa Rosa, insurrection in, 1871, iii. 424-5.
Santa Tecla, insurrection at, 1883, iii. 408.
Santiago, city (see also Guatemala, city), founding of, 1524,
i. 678-81;
site of, removed, 1527-8, ii. 96-9;
1542, ii. 321-2;
disorders in, 1530, ii. 118-19;
distress at, ii. 120;
church affairs at, ii. 136;
cathedral of, ii. 137-8, 341-2, 668;
flood, etc., at, 1541, ii. 314-18;
decree of cabildo, 1543, ii. 323;
prosperity of, 1650-1700, ii. 653;
Gage's sketch of, ii. 654-5;
office-holding in, ii. 655-6;
ayuntamiento of, ii. 657;
convents, etc., of, ii. 645;
earthquakes at, 1702-17, ii. 707-8.
Santiago del Príncipe, founding of, 1570, ii. 388.
Santillan, Fiscal P. de M., imprisonment, etc., of, 1669, ii. 658.
Santo Domingo, founding of, i. 179;
gold-hunting near, i. 252;
sovereign tribunal at, 1511, i. 269;
audiencia of, establd., 1526, i. 269-70;
captured by Drake, 1586, ii. 420.
Santo Tomás, colonization at, iii. 589-90.
Serna, Capt. H. de la, explorations of, ii. 246.
Serviles, Guat., party, iii. 69;
attitude of, iii. 85;
downfall of, iii. 100;
plot of, 1831, iii. 113-14;
disturbances created by, iii. 123-4;
league with Carrera, iii. 140-1;
elections, iii. 150-1;
persecution of, iii. 152-3.
Sharp, Capt. B., raid on Santa María, 1680, ii. 520-8;
further operations, ii. 533, 541-2;
trial of, ii. 542.
Silva, Doña B. de, mention of, ii. 344.
Simon, P., works of, ii. 61.
Sinacam, King, Alvarado's meeting with, 1524, i. 652-3;
capture, etc., of, i. 661-2; ii. 92-5.
Sinibaldi, A., provis. president of Guat., 1885, iii. 449-50.
Santo Tomás de Castilla, founding of, ii. 650;
Dutch raid on, 1607, ii. 651;
abandoned, ii. 651.
Saravia, J. M., minister of state, 1842, iii. 217;
capture of, iii. 219-20;
death, iii. 220-1;
biog., iii. 221.
Sawkins, Capt., raid on Santa María, 1680, ii. 523-5;
naval combat off Pan., ii. 535-7;
reply to gov., ii. 538-9;
death of, ii. 539.
Schlessinger, L., envoy to C. R., 1855, iii. 342;
defeat of, 1856, iii. 343-4.
Schöner, J., map of, 1520, i. 137.
Scots' Colony, the, 1695-1700, ii. 570-9.
Seals, Cent. Amer., iii. 71;
Salv., iii. 301.
Segovia, N. de, campaign of, 1712, ii. 703-4.
Sensenti, treaty of, 1845, iii. 206.
Slavery, Indian and African, i. 253-66;
in Pan., ii. 232-3;
in Hond., ii. 233-4, 302;
in Guat., ii. 234-6;
in Vera Paz, ii. 355.
Soberanis, R. de, gov. of Yuc., etc., 1695, ii. 688, 691.
Society, mediæval, in Spain, i. 15-57.
Soconuscans, subjugation of, 1524, i. 628.
Soconusco, church affairs in, ii. 335, 372.
Solares, Gen. G., invasion of Salv., 1876, iii. 403-4;
coöperation with Granados, iii. 420-2.
Solis, J. D. de, voyages of, i. 131, 289.
Soltero, B. G., bishop of Guat., 1650, ii. 664-5.
Sosa, J. de, exped. to Veragua, 1535-6, ii. 65-73.
Sosa, Lope de, capt.-gen. of Castilla del Oro, 1517, i. 460;
arrival at Antigua, i. 472;
death, 1520, i. 472-3.
Soto, B., president of C. R., 1885, iii. 390-1;
biog., iii. 390.
Soto, F. de, exped. of, 1538, i. 151.
Soto, H. de, joins Pedrarias' exped., 1514, i. 391;
exped. against Urracá, i. 504;
encounter with Gonzalez, i. 519-20;
dispute with Córdoba, i. 586;
journey to Natá, i. 586-7;
conquest of Peru, ii. 20-5.
Soto, M. A., president of Hond., 1876-83, iii. 463-8;
quarrel with Barrios, 1883, iii. 467-8.
Sotomayor, A. de, gov. of Pan., 1601, ii. 464.
Soto-Mayor, V., works of, ii. 761.
South Sea, discov. of, 1513, i. 364-8;
Balboa takes possession of, i. 370-3.
Spain, origin of inhabitants, i. 5-7;
the Iberian element in, i. 5-6, 15-16;
the Celtic, i. 5-6, 15-17;
the Phœnician, i. 5-6, 16-17;
the Roman, i. 6-7, 15-16;
the Gothic, etc., i. 6-7, 16-18;
the Moorish, i. 7-10, 16-19;
language of, i. 7-9;
greatness of, 1474-1516, i. 11;
decadence, i. 11-12;
climate, i. 14-15;
inquisition in, i. 32;
slavery in, i. 33;
sumptuary laws, i. 55-7;
voyages of Columbus, i. 157-82;
title to new world, i. 166-8;
extension of new world privileges, i. 183-4;
currency of, 1475-1525, i. 192-3;
administr. of the Indies, 1492-1526, i. 247-85;
colonization of Tierra Firme, i. 290-2;
effect of Balboa's discov., i. 386;
colonial policy, i. 514-15, 597-8; ii. 251-2;
commercial policy, ii. 391-3;
war with England, 1739-44, ii. 588-93;
1769-80, ii. 608-11;
treaties with England, 1670-1721, ii. 598-600;
1783, ii. 606;
affairs in, iii. 1-4;
measures for protection against, iii. 105-6;
C. R. boundary question, iii. 235-6;
treaty with Nic., iii. 253;
exped. of, 1815, iii. 496-7.
Spaniards, race elements and evolution, i. 15-19;
character, i. 12-24, 29-32, 57-8;
castes, etc., i. 25-6;
occupations, i. 26-7;
pastimes, i. 34-5, 49-50;
dwellings, i. 35-9;
markets, etc., i. 37;
women, i. 39, 51-4;
dress, i. 39-45;
religion, i. 45;
food, etc., i. 45-8;
hospitality, i. 49;
treatment, etc., of women, i. 51-4.
Squier, E. G., biog., iii. 261-2;
works of, iii. 262-3.
Sterling, Vice-admiral C., mention of, iii. 494-5.
Stevens, H., 'Historical and Geographical Notes,' i. 70.
Stout, P. F., 'Nicaragua,' iii. 247.
Strangeways, T., 'Sketch of the Mosquito Shore,' iii. 247.
Swan, Capt., raids off coast of South Amer., 1684-5, ii. 549-50;
capture of Leon, ii. 554.
T
Tabira, J. de, factor at Antigua, 1514, i. 390;
exped. of, 1515, i. 407.
Tobaga, island, Pedrarias at, 1519, i. 467;
pirates at, 1680, ii. 538.
Tacuxcalco, battle of, 1524, i. 673-4.
Tacuylula, Alvarado at, 1524, i. 667.
Tafur, Licentiate, mention of, ii. 7.
Talamanca, revolt in, 1610, ii. 445-6;
Maldonado's exped. to, 1660, ii. 446;
Franciscans in, ii. 447;
attempted subjugation of, ii. 617-20.
Talavera, B. de, piracy of, i. 300;
execution, 1510, i. 301.
Tapia, G. de, capture, etc., of, 1550, ii. 282.
Tarragona, Maestre de Campo, execution of, 1554, ii. 425.
Tatahuitlapan, Cortés at, 1524, i. 544-5.
Tataracherubi, Cacique, Badajoz' dealings with, 1515, i. 413-14.
Tayasal, pueblo, Cortés at, i. 559-61.
Tecum Umam, King, defeat of, 1524, i. 639-41.
Tegucigalpa, missionary labors in, ii. 642-3.
Tegucigalpa, city, capital of Hond., 1880, iii. 465;
description of, iii. 571.
Tehuantepec, city, Alvarado's reception at, 1524, i. 627.
Tehuantepec, isthmus, project for canal, iii. 693-4.
Telegraphs, in Cent. Amer., iii. 708-9.
Tenango, captured by Tzendales, 1712, ii. 698.
Tenciz, pueblo, Cortés at, 1525, i. 564.
Teoca, Cacique, encounter with Balboa, 1513, i. 378.
Teotilac, Cortés at, 1524, i. 550-7.
Terci, J., gov. of C. R., 1785, ii. 622.
Terminos, bay of, buccaneer settlement at, ii. 623.
Ternaux-Compans, H., works of, i. 200; ii. 759.
Tetlepanquetzal, execution of, 1524, i. 551-4.
Thévenot, M., 'Relation de Divers Voyages,' ii. 744.
Thevet, A., works of, ii. 233.
Thiel, Bishop, mention of, iii. 389;
expulsion, etc., of, iii. 635.
Tiac, Cortés at, 1524, i. 558.
Tierra Firme, name, i. 290-1;
proposed colonization of, i. 290-2;
partition of, i. 294;
subject to viceroy of Peru, 1571, ii. 400-1.
Tiger Island, British seizure of, 1849, iii. 318.
Tizapetlan, Cortés at, 1524, i. 549-50.
Tlascaltecs, enslavement of, ii. 234.
Toledo, M. de, claim of, ii. 64.
Tologalpa, missionary labors in, ii. 447-50.
Tolosa, Father D. de, martyrdom of, 1549, ii. 356.
Tonalá, battle of, 1524, i. 628.
Torre, Friar T. de la, mention of, ii. 345;
provincial, ii. 376.
Torres, Friar J. de, mention of, ii. 133.
Tortuga, freebooters at, ii. 453-4.
Totonagua, Cacique, surprised by Badajoz, 1515, i. 413.
Totonicapan, natives muster at, 1524, i. 633.
Townley, Capt., joins Davis' freebooters, 1685, ii. 550-1;
capture of Leon, ii. 554;
of Granada, 1686, ii. 557-9;
surprise of Los Santos, ii. 561;
defeat of, ii. 561;
death, ii. 561.
Treasure fleet, regulations, etc., for, ii. 468-9, 473.
Treaties, Anglo-Spanish, 1670-1721, ii. 598-600;
1783, ii. 606;
1786, ii. 632-4;
of Zatoca, 1844, iii. 196-7;
Chinameca, 1845, iii. 203-4;
Sensenti, 1845, iii. 206;
San Jose, 1858, iii. 232-3;
Clayton-Bulwer, 1850, iii. 252;
Zeledon-Wyke, 1860, iii. 253;
of Santa Ana, 1876, iii. 406.
Triana, R. de, mention of, i. 160.
Triunfo de la Cruz, founding of, 1524, i. 520, 527.
Trota, Cacique, exped. against, 1527, i. 509-10.
Trujillo, founding of, 1525, i. 535;
Cortés at, 1525-6, i. 571-82;
Mendez' revolt at, 1531, ii. 150-3;
destitution at, ii. 155-6;
partial abandonment of, ii. 156, 289;
demands of colonists, ii. 159-60;
raid on, 1596, ii. 639;
1643, 1797, ii. 645;
description of, ii. 639;
capture of, 1820, iii. 24-5;
British occupation of, 1849, iii. 317.
Tubanamá, Cacique, captured by Balboa, 1513, i. 381-2.
Tuero, J. N., deputy to córtes, iii. 26.
Tumaco, Cacique, meeting with Balboa, 1513, i. 375-7.
Tumbez, Pizarro at, 1532, ii. 18.
Tuxpan, Cortés at, 1522, i. 624.
Tuzulutlan, see Vera Paz.
Tzendales, revolt of the, 1712-13, ii. 696-705.
U
Ubilla, Don F. A. de, bishop of Chiap., 1592, ii. 373.
Ugarte y Saravia, A. de, bishop of Guat., 1630-41, ii. 664.
Ulloa, A. de, 'Noticias Americanas,' ii. 760-1.
Ulloa, F. de, exped. of, 1539, i. 152.
United States, Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 1850, iii. 252;
difficulty with Nic., iii. 254-5;
with New Gran., 1855, iii. 519;
1856-7, iii. 520-2;
treaty with New Gran., 1846, iii. 700-1.
United States of Colombia, organized, 1860, iii. 529;
govt of, centralized, 1885, iii. 558.
Uraga, Gen. L., operations of, 1876, iii. 403.
Urbina, Col J. de M., gov. of Pan., 1803, iii. 489.
Urracá, Cacique, exped. against, i. 504-5;
attack on Natá, i. 506;
conflict with Pedrarias, i. 507-8;
capture, etc., of, 509;
death, 510.
Urrutia, C., capt.-gen., 1818, iii. 23;
rule, iii. 23-32.
Ursua, M., enterprise of, 1692, ii. 681-2;
Soberanis' opposition to, ii. 688, 691;
campaigns of, 1697-9, ii. 691-5.
Ursua, P. de, campaign of, ii. 387-8.
Uspantan, exped. against, 1529, ii. 108-10;
capture of, 1530, ii. 112-30.
Utatlan, description of, i. 643-5;
burning of, 1524, i. 649-50.
V
Vaena, J., labors of, in Tegucigalpa, ii. 642-3;
martyrdom of, ii. 643.
Vallarino, J., biog., iii. 513.
Valderas, Friar, mission to Spain, ii. 346.
Valderrábano, A. de, execution of, 1517, i. 457-9.
Valderrama, F. de, gov. of C. R., ii. 621.
Valdivia, Regidor, mission to Española, 1511, i. 342;
fate of, i. 349-50.
Valdivieso, A. de, bishop of Nic., 1544, ii. 179-80;
biog., ii. 179;
feud with Contreras, ii. 180-3;
dispute with the audiencia of the Confines, 1545, ii. 303-7;
assassination of, 1550, ii. 276.
Valencia, Capt.-gen. P. de O., campaign of, ii. 388.
Valenzuela, joins Espinosa, i. 425;
exped. of, 1516, i. 426.
Valladolid, junta at, 1541, ii. 239-40.
Valle, J. del, leader of gazistas, iii. 26;
biog., iii. 26-7;
death of, iii. 121.
Valtonado, B., bishop of Nic., 1621, ii. 443.
Valverde, G. de, president of Guat., 1578-89, ii. 380-1.
Valverde, V. de, conquest of Peru, ii. 27-9, 37-8.
Vara, R. de la, archbishop of Guat., iii. 29.
Vargas, Capt. A de, exped. of, 1527, i. 509-10.
Varnhagen, F. A. de, 'Le Premier Voyage de Amerigo Vespucci,' i. 70.
Vasco y Orosco, J., gov. of Pan., 1764, ii. 584.
Vasconcelos, D., defeat of, 1850, iii. 279-80;
president of Salv., iii. 294-9.
Vazquez, F., works of, ii. 142-3, 736-7.
Vela, Viceroy V. N., measures of, in Pan., 1544, ii. 242-3;
arrival in Peru, 1544, ii. 252;
revolt against, ii. 252-3;
death of, 1546, ii. 254.
Velasco, D. F. de, gov. of Castilla del Oro, 1616, ii. 471.
Velasco, J. D. de, exped. of, 1695, ii. 682-5;
1696, ii. 686.
Vera Paz, pacification of, ii. 348-54;
slavery, etc., in, ii. 355;
church affairs in, ii. 374;
colonization in, iii. 122-3, 589.
Vera y Villaquiran, D. O. de, exped. of, 1646-8, ii. 677-9.
Veragua, Columbus' explorations, etc., in, 1503, i. 218-31;
quibian of, i. 219-28;
colony founded in, i. 221-2;
abandoned, i. 229-30;
Nicuesa's exped. to, 1509-10, i. 302-8;
description of, ii. 63;
Gutierrez' exped. to, 1535-6, ii. 65-73;
secession of, 1840, iii. 515.
Verdelete, E., labors in Tologalpa, ii. 448-50;
martyrdom, 1612, ii. 450.
Verdugo, M., arrest, etc., of, ii. 261-2;
invasion of Pan., 1545, ii. 262-3;
defeat of, ii. 263-4;
rebuked by Gasca, ii. 269.
Vernon, Capt. E., exped. of, 1739-42, ii. 588-93.
Verrazano, G., exped. of, 1524, i. 140-1.
Verveer, Gen., mediation of, iii. 98.
Vespucci, A., voyages of, i. 99-107, 112-13, 117-18.
Vetancur, Don R. V., gov. of Yuc., ii. 631;
exped. to Belize, ii. 631-2.
Vetancur, Father de S. J., founds Bethlehemite order in Guat.,
ii. 666.
Vila, Gen. R. S., president of Pan., 1885, iii. 549-50, 559.
Villa Hermosa, Marqués de, gov. of Pan., 1730-5, ii. 583-4.
Villa de Nicaragua, revolt at, 1812, iii. 14.
Villa Real, see Ciudad Real.
Villa Rocha, Marqués de, gov. of Pan., 1708, ii. 582.
Villacorta, J. V., jefe of Salv., 1824, iii. 166-7.
Villalpando, B. de, bishop of Guat., 1564, ii. 375-8.
Villanueva, battle of, 1838, iii. 135-6.
Villar, A. del, prosecution of conspirators, iii. 18-19.
Villaseñor, Col V., defection of, 1842, iii. 216-17;
execution, iii. 221-2.
Villasis, Friar S. de, mission of, 1646, ii. 677-8.
Viteri, Bishop, mention of, iii. 190, 193, 202;
revolution of, 1842, iii. 289;
intrigues of, iii. 291-3.
Vivero, R. de, gov. of Castilla del Oro, ii. 472.
Votan, tradition of, ii. 213.
'Voyage Pittoresque,' ii. 754-5.
'Voyages round the World,' ii. 752.
'Voyages and Adventures of Capt. Barth. Sharp,' ii. 568.
Voyages of discovery, early, i. 68-154.
W
Wafer, 'A New Voyage,' ii. 569.
Walckenaer, C. A., works of, ii. 749.
Walker, W., campaign in Nic., 1855-6, iii. 328-46;
biog., iii. 329;
plan of exped., iii. 343;
president of Nic., iii. 350;
surrender, iii. 360-1;
second exped. to Nic., iii. 363;
exped. to Hond., iii. 363;
execution, 1860, iii. 364.
Wappäus, J. G., 'Geographie und Statestif,' iii. 709.
Warner, T., exped. of, 1625, ii. 453.
Weatherhead, W. D., works of, iii. 502.
Wells, W. V., works of, iii. 323.
Wheeler, Amer. minister, relations with, discontinued, 1855, iii. 340.
'World Displayed,' ii. 250.
X
Xalpatlahua, Peñol, capture, ii. 82-3.
Xatruch, Gen., invasion of Hond., 1871, iii. 455-6.
Xelahuh, city, Alvarado's occupation of, 1524, i. 638;
battle of, i. 639-41.
Xequiqel, river, named, 1524, i. 636.
Xicaques, missionary labors among the, 1667-98, ii. 643-4.
Xumay, outbreak at, 1529, ii. 107-8.
Y
Yucatan, Valdivia's shipwreck, etc., off, 1512, i. 350;
buccaneers in, ii. 622-3;
British usurpation in, iii. 315;
population, iii. 316;
products, iii. 316-17.
Z
Zacaha, fortifications of, i. 633.
Zacatepecs, revolt of the, 152, i. 692-5;
1527, ii. 88-91.
Zacatula, ship-building at, 1522, i. 623.
Zaclunes, revolt of the, 1624, ii. 676.
Zatoca, treaty of, 1844, iii. 196-7.
Zakuléu, capture of, 1525, i. 700-2.
Zaldívar, R., president of Salv., 1876-84, iii. 406-11;
biog., iii. 406-7;
negotiations with Barrios, iii. 446-7.
Zamora, A. C., bishop of C. R., 1884, iii. 635.
Zamora, J., revolt of, 1826, iii. 179-80.
Zamudio, M., gov. of Castilla del Oro, 1511, i. 335;
cruelty to Nicuesa, i. 335-6;
outdone by Balboa, i. 339-40.
Zapata y Sandoval, J., bishop of Guat., 1621-30, ii. 664.
Zapotitlan, capture of, 1524, i. 629-31.
Zavala, Gen. J., president of Nic., 1879-83, iii. 482-5.
Zavala, Gen. V., operations of, 1856, iii. 353-6;
disturbances caused by, iii. 361-2;
revolt in favor of, 1869, iii. 416-17.
Zelaya, G., jefe of Hond., 1827, iii. 162.
Zeledon-Wyke treaty, 1860, iii. 253.
Zeno, chart of, 1390, i. 82.
Zepeda, Father, explorations of, 1750-1, ii. 613-14.
Zepeda, J., jefe of Nic., 1835, iii. 177.
Zipangu, fabled realm of, i. 160-1.
Zorita, Oidor, measures of, in Guat., 1555, ii. 359.
Zuazo, Licentiate, despatch to Cortés, i. 572-3.
Zubiaur, P. de, exped. of, 1695, ii. 690.
Zutugils, subjugation, 1524, i. 657-60.
FOOTNOTES
[I-1] See _History of Mexico_, this series. The masses
of the people were kept in utter ignorance, to be used,
if necessary, as the blind tools of the ruling oligarchy.
_Montúfar_, _Reseña Hist._, i. 6.
[I-2] I have told in my _History of Mexico_ how Cárlos IV.
was forced to abdicate, and his son Fernando raised to the
throne.
[I-3] There were the governor, archbishop, oidores of the
real audiencia, Marqués de Aycinena, high officials of the
treasury, dean and chapter of the archdiocese, alcaldes and
regidores of the 'muy noble ayuntamiento,' officers of the
university, prelates of the religious orders, prior and
consuls of the real consulado, intendente of Comayagua,
temporarily sojourning in the city, secretary of the
audiencia, commandant of the artillery, and colonels of the
militia regiments. _Diario Méx._, ix. 316-18; _Guat. por
Fern. VII._, 2-6, 83-94; _Saravia_, _Manif._
[I-4] His last position in Europe had been that of teniente
de rey of Palma, in the island of Majorca. _Juarros_,
_Guat._, i. 273.
[I-5] _Guat. por Fern. VII._, 50. In 1866 their descendants
were living in Guatemala.
[I-6] Dec. 13, 1808.
[I-7] The acts were performed with great solemnity and
magnificence, the people manifesting much joy. This evidence
of loyalty was warmly acknowledged, May 27, 1809, by the
Junta Suprema Gubernativa of Spain, sitting at Seville and
acting for the imprisoned king. Most glowing descriptions of
the ceremonies appear in _Diario Méx._, xi. 279-80; _Guat.
por Fern. VII._, 7-82, 94-101, 158-9.
[I-8] 'No son propiamente colonias, ó factorías, como los de
otras naciones, sino una parte esencial é integrante de la
Monarquía Española.' _Guat. por Fern. VII._, 163-6; _Dublan_
and _Lozano_, _Leg. Mex._, i. 326-7.
[I-9] Ayuntamientos of head towns were to choose three
honorable and competent men, from among whom each
ayuntamiento had to draw by lot one elector, whose
name, country, age, profession, and political and moral
qualifications must be at once made known to the president
of the audiencia. After the names of all the nominees were in
his possession, he, jointly with the electors, had to select
by secret ballot three candidates of the highest recognized
character and ability, out of which three the audiencia,
presided over by the governor-general, was to choose the
deputy, to whom all the ayuntamientos must forthwith send
their powers and instructions. The deputy, duly provided
with means to journey decorously, was required to embark for
Spain, his yearly pay being fixed at $6,000. _Alaman_, _Hist.
Méj._, i. 291-2. A later order of Oct. 6, 1809, required the
deputy to be a native of Spanish America and a resident of
the province choosing him; he was not to be the holder of any
of the chief offices therein, such as governor, intendente,
oidor, etc., nor a debtor to the royal treasury. The right
of election was also given to minor ayuntamientos; and for
the choice by plurality from among the candidates of cities a
board was constituted, with two members of the audiencia, two
canons, and two citizens named by the ayuntamiento. _Guat.
por Fern. VII._, 165-6.
[I-10] His competitors were José de Aycinena and Lieut-col
Antonio Juarros.
[I-11] He was not to give assent to the transfer of the
Spanish dominions to any foreign power; the nation's rights
must be upheld at all hazards; and the last drop of blood
shed for the catholic religion, and for king and country.
[I-12] Feb. 14 and June 26, 1810. _Diario Méx._, xiii.
549-51.
[I-13] The American suplentes were lawyers or ecclesiastics
seeking preferment at court, or military officers with a
long residence there. _Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._, iii., ap. 4;
_Bustamante_, _Defensa_, 16; _Dispos. Varias_, ii. fol. 10;
_Zamacois_, _Hist. Méj._, viii. 450-1. The second named proxy
in Nov. 1811 gave up his seat to the regularly chosen deputy.
_Córtes_, _Diario_, 1811, 93.
[I-14] October 15, 1810. _Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._, iii. 10;
_Zamacois_, _Hist. Méj._, viii. 458-9.
[I-15] Installed June 9, 1810. Its first members were the
Spaniards José Mendez, an artillery officer, Oidor Joaquin
Bernardo Campuzano, and Auditor de Guerra Joaquin Ibañez.
_Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, 5.
[I-16] Saravia died like a soldier, and his fate was deplored
even by the enemies of his cause. _Hist. Mex._, iv. 486,
this series. The Mexican writer Bustamante, who was not
prone to praise Spanish officers, said of Saravia, 'hombre de
bien, humano, religioso, de un corazon recto, digno de mejor
fortuna.' _Cuadro Hist._, ii. 217; _Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._,
iii. 325. He was accused, however, though it is believed the
charge was slanderous, of having connived at smuggling by the
treasury officials. The charge appears in _Cancelada_, _Tel.
Mex._, 107-9.
[I-17] One was a cruise round the world under Malaspina,
being the next in rank and commanding the corvette
_Atrevida_. _Juarros_, _Guat._, ii., adv. ix.; _Marure_,
_Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 6; _Zamacois_, _Hist. Méj._,
vi. 134; viii. 569; _Los Anales_, Sept. 1872, 30; _Salv._,
_Diario Ofic._, 1874, ap. 1.
[I-18] These were restrictions enforced by the crown
against agriculture, mining, fisheries, manufactures, and
commerce, despotism of rulers, and disregard of the merits of
Americans, in keeping them out of public offices. See _Hist.
Mex._, iv. 441-67, this series.
[I-19] In the first half of the 18th century.
[I-20] In the matter of appointments to office, an early
royal order prescribed that American descendants of
Spaniards should have the preference for the position of
curate; and yet, during the last thirty years, the most
lucrative curacies were given to European Spaniards. Of
the 170 viceroys that ruled in America, four only were of
American birth, and those were reared or educated in Spain.
Out of 602 captain-generals, governors, and presidents,
only 14 were Americans. Of 982 bishops and archbishops, 703
were Europeans, and 279 Creoles. Most of the latter were
nominated in early times, when Europeans were few, navigation
difficult, and mitres afforded more work than money.
_Guerra_, _Rev. N. Esp._, i. 278-85.
[I-21] We are assured that Antonio Larrazábal, a clergyman,
Antonio Juarros, and José M. Peinado were the chief authors
of the instructions for Central American deputies in Spain.
The Central American deputies whose names were appended to
the constitution were: Larrazábal for Guatemala; José Ignacio
Ávila for Salvador; José Francisco Morejon for Honduras;
José Antonio Lopez de la Plata for Nicaragua; and Florencio
Castillo for Costa Rica. _Córtes_, _Col. Dec._, ii. 158-62;
iii. 201-2; _Córtes_, _Diario_, 1813, xvii. 240; _Pap.
Var._, ccx. no. 1, 109-17; _Const. Polít. Monarq._, 1-134.
Larrazábal ably defended in the córtes the rights of the
Americans, specially of the aborigines, and above all, the
national sovereignty. For this, after Fernando VII. returned
to Spain in 1814, he was denounced by the absolutists, Conde
de Torre Muzquiz and Marqués de Mata Florida, and confined
in a fort in Spain. Pineda de Mont, in _Guat. Recop. Leyes_,
iii. 348.
[I-22] _Méx._, _Col. Ley. Fund._, 34-91.
[I-23] The junta preparatoria, Nov. 12, 1812, designated
only 12 deputies to the Spanish córtes from Central America
(Chiapas included), based on the inaccurate census of 1778,
which gave the whole country—with 101,506 for Chiapas—949,015
inhabitants in 881 towns. It was fixed that the 12 provinces
of Guatemala, Chimaltenango, Quezaltenango, Ciudad Real de
Chiapas, Vera Paz, San Salvador, San Miguel, Chiquimula,
Sonsonate, Leon, Costa Rica, and Comayagua should each choose
one deputy; and Guatemala, Ciudad Real, Leon, and Comayagua
the four suplentes. Only two diputaciones provinciales were
at first established, one in Guatemala and one in Leon.
_Córtes_, _Act. ord._, i. 1813, Oct. 12, 62; _Mendez_,
_Mem. in Pap. Var._, ccxv. no. 17, 16-17; _Conder's Mex.
and Guat._, ii. 310; _Modern Traveller's Mex. and Guat._,
ii. 309-10. Later, under the constitutional régime, Chiapas
was represented in the Spanish córtes, and had a diputacion
provincial. _Larrainzar_, _Discurso_, 12. In 1812 a census
was formed to ascertain how many deputies Chiapas should have
in the córtes. Pineda, in _Soc. Mex. Geog. Boletin_, iii.
400.
[I-24] Quezaltenango had already, by its ayuntamiento of
Aug. 12, 1812, expressed approval of the provisions of the
instrument, promising loyal obedience to it. In Honduras
Gov. Juan Antonio Tornos granted leave for the erection of
a monument in the plaza of Comayagua, which was carried out.
_Córtes_, _Diario_, ii., March 17, 18, 1822.
[I-25] Some authors give the 19th as the date of this defeat.
_Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._, iii. 343-4; _Bustamante_, _Cuad.
Hist._, ii. 269-73; _Zamacois_, _Hist. Méj._, ix. 9-10,
110-11. The last-named authority asserts that Dambrini again
invaded and took the town of Tehuantepec, February 1814.
During the revolutionary wars of Mexico, Chiapas, owing to
her isolated position, was not a seat of war; and even when
Morelos' troops from Oajaca visited Tonalá, as above stated,
there was no resistance. This country enjoyed peace during
the struggle in New Spain. _Larrainzar_, _Chiapas_, in _Soc.
Mex. Geog. Boletin_, iii. 100.
[I-26] Letters were constantly sent to the Spanish
government, and to private persons, which were published in
the newspapers friendly to the Spanish cause, representing
the independents as banditti and murderers, and the Spaniards
as exemplars of moderation. It was the emissaries of
Bonaparte who had induced the Americans to rebel, they said.
Trumped-up miracles and punishments from heaven, anathemas,
and every means suggested by foul fanaticism were used to
make the friends of freedom odious. Archbishop Casaus granted
80 days' indulgences to Guatemalans not participating in the
revolutionary movements of Mexico. _Puerto_, _Convite_, pt
iii., 2-3.
[I-27] The invitations sent the people of San Miguel to
coöperate were burned in the plaza by the hands of the public
executioner. Nor were these towns left without the usual
cheap reward of monarchs. San Miguel received the title
of 'muy noble y leal;' San Vicente was made a city, which
title was confirmed Jan. 15, 1812. According to Juarros,
_Guat._ (Lond. ed., 1823), 257, many noble families dwelt in
the place, and among its founders were some descendants of
Gonzalo and Jorge Alvarado, brothers of Pedro, the conqueror.
Santa Ana was raised to the rank of villa. The parish priests
of the several places were promoted to be canons of the
chapter of Guatemala. _Córtes_, _Diario_, 1812, xiv. 38, 167;
_Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 8.
[I-28] The archbishop sent priests to preach against
the insurgents. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 9.
Bustamante, _Cuadro Hist._, ii. 270, says that the whole
country would have been driven into rebellion but for
the advice of the able secretary of government, Alejandro
Ramirez.
[I-29] Aycinena was, on the 7th of Feb., 1812, made by the
Spanish córtes a councillor of state, and in Aug. 1813,
entered upon his duties at Cádiz. _Córtes_, _Diario_,
1812, xvi. 16; 1813, xxii. 216. According to Zamacois,
the appointment was made only after the adoption of the
constitution; it is possible that the appointment was then
renewed or confirmed. _Hist. Méj._, viii. 557; _Ayon_,
_Apuntes_, 15-16; _Rev. Cent. Am._, 2-3; _Salv._, _Diario
Ofic._, Feb. 11, 1875; _Valois_, _Mex._, 213-16.
[I-30] In 1813 he was elected a deputy to the Spanish córtes,
but declined the position on account of ill health. _Córtes_,
_Diario_, 1813, xxii. 216.
[I-31] A person writing from Guatemala, and referring to a
document issued August 1811, in secret session held in London
by 33 Spanish Americans, after registering his disapproval
of its purpose, positively asserted that the masses were well
disposed, fond of peace, and respectful to authority, if some
agent of Satan did not turn their heads and make them believe
they were superior beings, who needed no ruler over them.
_Cancelada_, _Tel. Mex._, 438.
[I-32] Before the attack the city was visited by Father
Benito Soto, as pacificator and commissioner from the bishop
governor. He tried to fulfil his mission without degrading
his countrymen; but seeing the object of the war was to crush
liberal Americans, he made common cause with the Granadinos.
_Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 11-12. Ayon, _Apuntes_,
17, gives the attack as occurring in August, which is an
error.
[I-33] Miguel Lacayo, Telésforo and Juan Argüello, Manuel
Antonio de la Cerda, Joaquin Chamorro, Juan Cerda, Francisco
Cordero, José D. Espinosa, Leon Molina, Cleto Bendaña,
Vicente Castillo, Gregorio Robledo, Gregorio Bracamonte,
Juan D. Robledo, Francisco Gomez, and Manuel Parrilla were
to suffer death. Among those sentenced to hard labor for
life were Juan Espinosa, the adelantado of Costa Rica,
Diego Montiel, and Pio Argüello. _Ayon_, _Apuntes_, 17-18;
_Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 12-14; _Rev. Cent.
Am._, 3.
[I-34] One of them, Manuel Antonio de la Cerda, refused
to accept the pardon unless coupled with leave to prefer
charges against Bustamante. But an influential friend of
the general's prevented its being granted, and Cerda, to
get out of the country, escaped on a vessel bound to Sweden;
thence he went to Cuba, and lived there several years under
an assumed name. _Los Anales_, Sept. 1, 1872, 30. The noted
Nicaraguan statesman, Tomás Ayon, justly bewails the seeming
ingratitude of some of his country's writers in saying that
Nicaragua's independence had cost nothing. The history of
that period, 1811-21, it is true, records no bloody fields,
no brilliant feats of arms; but it presents an array of
victims to the cause, of men who sacrificed their lives,
liberty, and fortunes to secure their country's freedom; and
these sacrifices, Ayon claims, should be remembered, and the
sufferers' memory held in reverence. _Apuntes_, 18. Squier,
in _Travels_, ii. 378, speaks of a suppressed revolution in
Leon in 1815, giving that city the whole credit of the first
impulse to liberal sentiment in Central America. There was no
such movement in that year, and he probably had reference to
that of 1811, though to Salvador certainly belongs the honor
of the first attempt for independence. _Pim's Gate of the
Pac._, 38, prints the same error.
[I-35] More empty rewards for Leon. In 1812 the córtes
acceded to the bishop's petition for the creation of a
university in this town. It was long delayed, however. The
ayuntamiento had conferred on it the title of 'muy noble
y leal;' and that of Nueva Segovia was similarly honored.
The dean of Nicaragua was much commended in the córtes,
Aug. 1813, for his loyal and judicious conduct. _Córtes_,
_Diario_, 1811-12, xi. 198; 1813, xvii. 247, xxi. 45-6;
_Córtes_, _Col. Dec._, ii. 47-8, iii. 177; _Juarros_,
_Guat._ (Lond. ed., 1823), 335-8; _Belly_, _Nic._, i. 227;
_Conder's Mex. and Guat._, ii. 309. Bishop Jerez had written
the captain-general a warm letter on behalf of the Leonese,
for whom he had a special predilection, and said, 'Si me
desterrasen un Leones dejo de ser obispo.' _Perez_, _Biog.
Sacasa_, 7.
[I-36] This bitterness originated bloody wars, and did much
harm to Nicaragua. _Rev. Cent. Am._, 3; _Ayon_, _Apuntes_,
15, 18-19; _Registro Ofic._, Nov. 21, 1846, 381.
[I-37] The $43,538 went on the ship _Venganza_ to Cádiz, and
the arrival was announced, Feb. 15, 1813, to the córtes by
the deputies of Guatemala. _Córtes_, _Diario_, 1813, xvii.
239-40.
[I-38] Marure, on the authority of the _Gaceta de Guatemala_,
xiii. no. 112, and xiv. no. 191, assures us that nearly
one and a half million dollars had been remitted by Central
America to Spain, from donations and other sources, to cancel
royal warrants. _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 18. This work,
that I have occasion to quote so often, bears the title
_Bosquejo Histórico de las Revoluciones de Centro América
desde 1811 hasta 1834_. Its author, Alejandro Marure, who
was a professor of history and geography in the university
of Guatemala, and otherwise a prominent citizen, issued in
Guatemala his 1st volume, sm. 4to, 295 pp., with designs on
the frontispiece, in 1837; containing events to 1826 only.
The publication of the other two volumes, it is understood,
he was obliged to withhold by order of his government.
Montúfar, _Reseña, Hist. Cent. Am._, i., preface pp. iii. and
iv., tells us the circulation of the 2d vol. was not allowed;
'un solemne auto de fé devoró la edicion entera.' One copy
escaped, however, from which another edition was printed in
later years. It scathes the so-called conservative party,
more properly entitled to the appellations of fanatical
and servile, for the infamous acts of its men that for many
years misgoverned the country. Its contents have been fully
used by Montúfar. The 3d volume has not been published,
and the author's heirs long refused to allow any one to
see the manuscript. This work furnishes an interesting
account of political affairs in Guatemala from the first
attempt at separation from the mother country in 1811 to
its accomplishment in 1821, from an American standpoint; the
intrigues by which Central America was yoked to Iturbide's
Mexican empire, and subsequent events culminating in the
second and final enforcement of independence, followed by
the organization of the federal government; rupture between
Guatemala and the general government, and victory of the
latter; church and military affairs; intrigues of parties;
authorities being freely quoted to sustain statements.
The author does not enter into much detail on military
operations, but is quite full in his description of party
workings, which affords a clear understanding of their
antagonistic interests. Under the title of _Efemérides de
los hechos notables ... de Centro América_, the same writer
gave to the press at Guatemala, in 1844, a 12mo of 77 pp.,
furnishing a very brief synopsis of the chief events that
occurred from 1821 to 1842, with tabular lists; quite useful
as a chronology.
[I-39] Among the implicated were a number of military
officers whose role was to win over the troops, and gain
possession of their arms.
[I-40] The plan was to seize Bustamante, Auditor de Guerra
Ibañez, Archbishop Casaus, and all the high military
officers; after which the Granadan prisoners were to be
liberated, and the country's independence proclaimed. The
royal officials chose to add that the parties had harbored
'incendiary and horrible schemes of plunder and devastation.'
[I-41] _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 16; _Romero_,
_Bosq. Hist._, 42; _Mem. Hist. Cent. Am._, 2, 3.
[I-42] Julian Ibarra, Andrés Dardon, Manuel de San José,
Manuel Yot. The names of the other six do not appear.
_Pineda de Mont_, in _Guat._, _Recop. Leyes_, iii. 347-8;
_Rodriguez_, _Problema Hist._, in _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._,
1875, Apr. 1 and May 23. The author of _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._,
7, who was evidently blinded by prejudice against Barrundia
and against the cause, says that the latter lost credit for
being mixed up in the Betlen affair with 'hombres sin luces,
sin crédito, y sin costumbres;' and forfeited the character
for firmness he had held in public estimation by needlessly
petitioning for a pardon when he had not been imprisoned, and
could at any time have left the country without risk. Lorenzo
Montúfar, a statesman and writer, tells us, in rebuttal,
that these men were of good intelligence and position;
that Barrundia's peril was imminent all the time of his
concealment, and as only Spanish vessels visited the ports,
it would have been risky to attempt escape upon one of them.
Moreover, it was impossible to foresee when independence
would be attained. Under the circumstances, Barrundia
had to ask for pardon when he could get it. _Costa R._,
_Gaceta_, Sept. 2, 1854. Villar, the prosecuting officer,
became notorious in 1817 for cruelties and wanton murders of
unfortunate inhabitants of Petén-Itzá, when he was commandant
there. _Fajardo_, _Inf. al Min. de Rel._, Campeche, 1828, sm.
4to, 17 pp.
[I-43] He was the father of Alejandro Marure, born in
Guatemala, and one who had attained a respectable rank in
letters, at a very early age, in his country. At the time he
began to figure in its political affairs he was a master of
philosophy. _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 14-15.
[I-44] Arce began to figure in the rebellion of 1811. After
the organization of the federal régime he was the first
constitutional president of the republic. _Rev. Cent. Am._,
3; _Salv._, _Diario Ofic._, 1875, Feb. 13.
[I-45] In disregard of the rank and standing of the
'excelentísima diputacion,' he would append only his media
firma, or surname, to its decrees and documents, when he
should have used his name and surname—a serious breach of
etiquette in those times.
[I-46] The chamber now had but a short time to live. Manuel
Micheo had presented his credentials in Jan. 1814, and been
admitted to his seat as deputy from Chimaltenango, Guatemala.
Luis Aguirre's claim to admission was referred back on the
petition of citizens of Chiquimula for his election to be
declared null. _Córtes_, _Act. ord._, 1814, Jan. 21, i. 487,
March 20, ii. 121.
[I-47] Several accusations had been preferred hitherto
against Bustamante; all remained unheeded, so far as it ever
became known. One more was that of Juan Argüello of Granada,
in Nicaragua, who charged the governor with unjust treatment
of him in 1814, and demanded his trial and punishment. This
case was before the córtes Oct. 20, 1820. But as the second
constitutional epoch was so short-lived, Argüello's demand
for justice had no better result than preceding ones. A
memorial of the ayuntamiento of Guatemala, on the political
condition of the province, expressing fear that the harshness
extended to men for political opinions might lead to evil
consequences, and asking for the pardon of prisoners, was
presented March 24, 1814, to the córtes. It was referred to
a committee, and that was all the action taken, till the king
in 1817 granted an amnesty. _Córtes_, _Act. ord._, March 24,
1814, ii. 152; _Id._, _Diario_, Oct. 20, 1820, ix. 4.
[I-48] Concluded Dec. 11, 1813.
[I-49] Upon the news of the king's acts becoming known in
Guatemala, the archbishop and his clergy, and the other
authorities, offered thanks to God for his release and
restoration to the throne. _Juarros_, _Guat._, ii., adv. xii.
[I-50] The pope lent his support with an encyclical letter
of Aug. 15, 1814, against freemasonry and other secret
societies, which was published June 2, 1815. All persons
affiliating in such organizations were required to sever
their connection with them. _Fern. VII._, _Decretos_, 27-32.
[II-1] A native of Habana, Cuba. He had filled several high
offices, the last being that of governor of Santo Domingo.
_Juarros_, _Guat._, ii., adv. ix.-x.; _Salv._, _Diario
Ofic._, Apr. 1, 1875, 4.
[II-2] Convulsions of nature had been constantly occurring in
Quezaltenango during two months, which greatly alarmed the
population. On the 17th of Jan., 1818, a hill on the south
of the town burst open and threw out enormous quantities of
ashes, covering the whole country, even to the distance of 35
leagues, and flames were occasionally seen. _Cózar_, _Carta_,
in _Noticioso Gen._, March 16, 1818, 4.
[II-3] The Spanish official account published by the
government of Guatemala, May 1 and 13, 1820, and copied in
the _Gaceta_ of Mex. of June 17th, same year, has it that the
attempt resulted in the discomfiture of the assailants.
[II-4] The commander's ship hoisted a flag with two blue bars
and a white one between them showing an escutcheon.
[II-5] The Spanish official account sets the enemy's
casualties at 40 killed and wounded on shore; those on board
could not be ascertained. The Spanish loss is given at one
killed and two wounded.
[II-6] _Córtes_, _Diario_, 1820, ii. 19; Apr. 30, 1821,
extra, xvi. 15-16; _Id._, _Act. Púb._, i., June 26, 1820, 6;
Aug. 2, 1820, 2.
[II-7] A congratulatory address from the newly created
corporation was received with marks of satisfaction.
_Córtes_, _Diario_, June 17, 1821, xxii. 6.
[II-8] From the ecclesiastic state, Juan José Batres and
José María Álvarez, with Pedro Ruiz de Bustamante for a
substitute. From the secular class, Pedro Molina, José
Barrundia, and Lic. Venancio Lopez. Secular substitutes,
licenciados Francisco Javier Barrutia, Felipe Neri del
Barrio. _Córtes_, _Diario_, 1820, ii. 228-9.
[II-9] A native of Choluteca, in Honduras. _Rev. Cent. Am._,
1. He was auditor de guerra. Valle was undoubtedly an able
man; a speech of his on equality before the law is spoken of
with high commendation. _Observ. de la Rep. Mex._, ii., Oct.
3, 1827, 128-33. Subsequently was a deputy to the imperial
congress of Mexico, and when Iturbide was on the eve of
succumbing under the blows of the republicans, he appointed
Valle his minister of state, which office ceased with the
fall of the empire. Valle returned to Guatemala and figured
prominently in the government. In 1826-29 he was a federal
deputy, and died on the 2d of March, 1834, soon after being
elected president of the republic. The assembly on the 21st
of March of the same year decreed honors to his memory.
_Guat._, _Recop. Ley._, iii. 338-9, 348. Salvador did the
same in April. A likeness of Valle is given in _Montúfar_,
_Reseña Hist. Cent. Am._, ii. 160. Valle had been honored
with the friendship of Bentham and other European savans; and
he was a member of the French Academy of Sciences. _Marure_,
_Efemérides_, 35.
[II-10] The same man who afterward appointed himself bishop
of Salvador. _Suarez y Navarro_, _Hist. Méj._, 386.
[II-11] They cajoled the artisans with the promise of
checking the trade with Belize, and of prohibiting the
importation of foreign manufactures.
[II-12] He was born in Guatemala on the 29th of Apr., 1777;
studied humanities under Father Goicoechea, one of the lights
of his time, and received his diploma of a licentiate of
medicine and surgery at the age of 22; served in Nicaragua
as surgeon of the batallon fijo early in the century, and
returned with it to his native city in 1811. He afterward
filled the position of professor of medicine in the
university. The degree of doctor was given him in 1817, and
the office of protomédico, or head physician of the province
of Guatemala. _Salv._, _Gaceta_, Oct. 12, 1854.
[II-13] He adjured all to free themselves from party
influences, and to give their suffrages only to men who
had their country's interests at heart. He demanded of
all citizens to love their country, to be true to the
constitution, and to respect the legitimate authorities.
[II-14] _Urrutia_, _Modelo_, 2-3. Constant complaints had
been made to the national government since 1813 against
the foreign trade. The regulations of 1778 had been made
to appear advantageous to Spain and her American colonies.
Foreign trade was declared a means of corruption which placed
arms in the hands of Spain's foes. In the report now before
me, the mechanics of the country are represented as hostile
to the foreign trade. _Arrillaga_, _Informe_, in _Cedulario_,
66-7.
[II-15] The latter had three suffragans—Leon, Comayagua, and
Ciudad Real de Chiapas. It had also 20 vicars, 161 curacies
in 424 towns, 85 valleys, 23 doctrinas under missionaries, of
which 16 were in charge of Dominicans, 4 of Franciscans, and
3 of the order of Mercy.
[II-16] Deputy José Mariano Mendez, from Sonsonate, gave
the province of Guatemala 116 leagues from the Pacific to
Santo Tomás, and a width of 100 leagues in some parts, and
less in others, with two cities and about 294 towns. _Mem._,
12-13, 20; _Memoria del estado político y eclesiástico de la
capitanía general de Guatemala_, Mad., 1821, sm. 4to, 30 pp.,
gives data on the economical, political, and ecclesiastical
condition of Central America in general, and of each of the
divisions or provinces, including Chiapas in particular, and
proposing to the Spanish government reforms deemed advisable.
[II-17] A native of Habana, at which university he received
the degree of doctor. _Juarros_, _Guat._, i. 296-7.
[II-18] He consecrated in his cathedral, on the 12th of
Sept., 1802, the treasurer of the diocese, the licentiate
of theology, Ambrosio Llano, as bishop of Ciudad Real de
Chiapas.
[II-19] He had been bishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in
Peru. At the time of his death he was 55 years old. The
remains were interred in the cathedral. _Juarros_, _Guat._,
i. 297; _Diario Méx._, xii., Jan. 26, 1810, 104.
[II-20] He was a native of Jaca, in Aragon; took the
Dominican habit in Zaragoza, and completed there his
education; joined the province of Santiago in Mexico at the
age of 23; became a lecturer in Porta Cœli college, and a
professor in the university of Mexico, by which he was made
a doctor, and by his order a maestro. On the 9th of Nov.,
1806, as bishop of Rosen in partibus infidelium, he was
made bishop-coadjutor of Oajaca, and consecrated on the 2d
of Aug., 1807. _Juarros_, _Guat._, ii., adv. p. xi.-xii.;
_Córtes_, _Diario_, xviii. 395; _Puerto_, _Convite_, p. iii.
1.
[II-21] The payments were to begin no later than one year
after the installation of the autonomic government. The
allowance was to be increased when the condition of the two
countries should become improved.
[II-22] Positive news of Iturbide's defection had not yet
reached Guatemala. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 2.
[II-23] He is represented as a fickle man, one easily
influenced, and likely to act under the impressions of the
moment. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 21; _Salv._,
_Diario Ofic._, 1875, Apr. 1, 4. Events showed he was a man
of no settled principles or character, who proved himself,
first a traitor to his king and country, and next, for
self-aggrandizement, betrayed the men that in an evil hour
placed their trust in him.
[II-24] This plan is described in _Hist. Mex._, iv. 709-10,
this series.
[II-25] The order was a dead letter, however. Gainza
evidently issued it to cover his responsibility in Madrid;
at any rate, no one was arrested, and the manifesto was soon
after retired, public affairs being allowed to take their
course. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 4; _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist.
Cent. Am._, i. 21-2.
[II-26] Gainza on the 13th had exacted of all the superior
military officers a renewal of their oath of fidelity to the
king. _Id._, i. 23.
[II-27] The diputacion, on motion of Simeon Cañas, had acted
at the instance of the ayuntamiento, whose síndico, Mariano
de Aycinena, had called for an extra session to petition for
immediate independence. Gainza, with the view of averting
such a declaration, attended personally to preside over
the meeting; but he finally submitted to the inevitable,
and weakly assented to the convocation of the authorities,
without first obtaining Urrutia's approbation. He thus
ignored the real chief authority in the country. _Mem. Rev.
Cent. Am._, 4-5; _Ayon_, _Apuntes_, 21.
[II-28] Archbishop Casaus, oidores Miguel Moreno and José
Valdez, Luis Escoto, prelate of the Dominicans, Félix
Lagrava, Juan Bautista Jáuregui, José Villafañe, and others
of less note. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent. Am._, i. 23-7.
[II-29] The supporters of this resolution were: Canon Doctor
José María Castilla, Dean Doctor Antonio García Redondo;
Regente of the audiencia Francisco Vilches, oidores Miguel
Larreinaga and Tomás O'Horan; deputies from the university,
doctors Mariano Galvez and Serapio Sanchez; deputies from
the college of lawyers, José Francisco Córdoba and Santiago
Milla; Antonio Rivera Cabezas, Mariano Beltranena, J.
Mariano Calderon, Rev. Doctor J. Matías Delgado, M. A.
Molina, members of the diputacion provincial; Mariano and J.
Antonio Larrave, Isidoro Castriciones, Pedro Arroyave, and
Mariano de Aycinena, members of the ayuntamiento; Lorenzo
Romaña, government secretary; Domingo Dieguez, secretary of
the meeting; Friars Mariano Perez and José Antonio Taboada,
prelates respectively of the Recollects and Franciscans. Some
Spaniards also recorded their names in favor of such action.
_Id._ The _Memorias de las Revoluciones de Centro América_
give among the members of the diputacion José Valdés, and
leave out M. A. Molina, 5.
[II-30] 297 years, 3 months, and 19 days from June 24, 1524,
when Pedro de Alvarado arrived with his 300 conquistadores.
[II-31] Article 2d, speaking of the congress, says: It is to
decide upon the point of 'independencia general y absoluta,
y fijar, en caso de acordarla, la forma de gobierno y ley
fundamental que deba regir.' Marure, who gives the text
of the acta, asserts that the declaration actually was for
an 'independencia absoluta de Méjico y de cualquiera otra
nacion;' and that Gainza, who favored annexation to Mexico,
had beforehand prepared an oath to support it. _Bosq. Hist.
Cent. Am._, i. 27, and ap. ii., iii.; _Alaman_, _Hist. Méj._,
v. 346-8; _Ayon_, _Apuntes_, 21; _Squier's Trav._, ii. 378;
_Squier's Cent. Am._, 67; _Cuevas_, _Porvenir de Méx._, 252.
Another vital clause in the instrument was that the Roman
catholic religion which the Central Americans had professed
in past centuries, 'y profesaremos en los siglos venideros,'
must be preserved 'pura é inalterable,' its ministers
respected, and protected in their persons and property. The
prelates of the various religious communities were invited to
coöperate in behalf of peace and harmony, endeavoring to do
away with personal passions. The whole proceeding was novel,
this of Spanish officials, presided over by the chief agent
of the king, meeting with natives of the country to decide
whether Guatemala should cast off the old mother country
or not. Several other things worthy of notice happened
then among them. Canon Castilla, though a friend of the
archbishop, his prelate, who had advocated anti-independence,
favored the separation. Many of the officials declared for
secession, chief among their number the gazista leader José
del Valle, who held the high office of auditor de guerra.
_Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 5-6.
[II-32] The following names appear in the acta: Gavino
Gainza, Mariano de Beltranena, José Mariano Calderon, José
Matías Delgado, Manuel Antonio Molina, Mariano de Larrave,
Antonio de Rivera, José Antonio de Larrave, Isidoro de Valle
y Castriciones, Pedro de Arroyave, Mariano de Aycinena.
Secretaries, Lorenzo de Romaña, Domingo Dieguez. _Pineda
de Mont_, _Recop. Ley. Guat._, i. 1-14. The news of this
declaration reached Spain, and mention was made of it in the
córtes Dec. 15, 1821, by Deputy Navarrete. _Córtes_, _Diario
extraord._, vi., 1821, Dec. 15, 34; _Córtes_, _Diario_,
viii., 1822, Feb. 12, 5; _Romero_, _Bosq. Hist._, 43-4,
66-130; _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 6-9.
[II-33] This clause gave rise to much trouble afterward.
[II-34] The authorities were to be apprised of any plots
against the new régime by persons becoming aware of them, or
the latter would be held as aiders and abettors of treason.
Carrying concealed weapons, ringing of bells other than
for religious service, and injuring or destroying public
or private property, under any pretext, would be severely
punished. _Méx._, _Gac. Imp._, Dec. 1, 1821, 260-3.
[II-35] The additional members were Miguel de Larreinaga,
José del Valle, J. Antonio Alvarado, Marqués de Aycinena,
José Valdés, José M. Candina, and Antonio Robles. Domingo
Dieguez and Mariano Galvez were made the secretaries.
_Marure_, _Efemérides_, 59.
[II-36] The acta was signed at Gainza's house on the 16th,
and the extra members were appointed. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._,
6.
[II-37] Ciudad Real, the capital, had in the city proper
6,000, chiefly Spaniards; the outside districts and suburbs
swelled the population to 14,000. _Mazariegos_, _Mem.
Hist. Chiapa_, 51. The canon of Chiapas, Mariano Robles
Dominguez de Mazariegos, being the deputy from his province
in the Spanish córtes in 1813, laid before the chamber
an interesting memorial, which was afterward given to the
press at Cádiz, in one volume, 18mo, of 71 pages, under the
title of _Memoria Histórica de la Provincia de Chiapa_. He
suggested means to develop the commerce of the province on
its navigable rivers, and particularly with Guatemala and
Vera Cruz. His recommendations were heeded, and several ports
and rivers were opened to trade. _Id._, 33-4, 54-9; _Córtes_,
_Diario_, 1813, xix. 392; _Noticioso Gen._, Aug. 30, 1816.
Mazariegos' successor was also a clergyman, Fernando Antonio
Dávila, who took his seat in November, 1813. _Córtes_, _Act.
ord._, i. 275.
[II-38] From the time of the conquest there existed in all
Indian towns ayuntamientos called cabildos, and composed as
follows: a gobernador, who was a cacique or noble Indian,
generally for life, though 'sin jurisdiccion,' appointed
formally in writing by the principal executive of the
province; two alcaldes; four, six, or eight regidores,
according to population; and some officers called in some
places mayores, and in others alguaciles, who aided the
regidores, took care of the cabildos' houses, and furnished
supplies to travellers going through their towns. They were
elected on the first day of January of each year, and were
subject to the alcalde mayor and the teniente of each town,
by whom they were too frequently badly treated. _Mazariegos_,
_Mem. Hist. Chiapa_, 28-29.
[II-39] In some Indian towns, so-called maestros were
salaried from the community funds of the inhabitants. Such
maestros could scarcely read and write, and most of them
were immoral and given to drunkenness. Of course no good
results could be obtained from such teachers. The Spanish
córtes in 1813 decreed the adoption of measures for promoting
public instruction, and on the 24th of October enacted the
establishment of a university in the province. _Mazariegos_,
_Mem. Hist. Chiapa_, 51-53; _Córtes_, _Diario_, 1813, xix.
392; _Id._, _Act. ord._, 1813, i. 113, 141.
[II-40] The cathedral chapter was composed of four
dignitaries, one simple canon, six choir chaplains.
The revenue of the diocese was limited. The number of
its parishes was forty-seven, which included the eleven
of the capital and suburbs. _Mazariegos_, _Mem. Hist.
Chiapa_, 48. From 1819 to 1836, according to Larrainzar,
religious, educational, and general affairs had attained
much improvement. In the diocese there were, besides the
cathedral, three convents of friars and one of nuns; a
hospital, founded by Bishop Juan Álvarez de Toledo; an
ecclesiastic college, founded by Bishop Bravo de la Serna;
primary schools and a university. Since 1819 existed
the Sociedad de Amigos del País, to develop agriculture,
industry, and learning. The inhabitants of the capital were
quite cultured. _Discurso_, 17-18. In 1813 the Spanish
córtes, among other measures for the benefit of Chiapas,
decreed that the friars of Guatemala should undertake the
conversion of the Indians of Palenque. _Córtes_, _Diario_,
1813, xix. 392.
[II-41] Soconusco cacao being considered the best of America,
some loads of it were sent every year to Spain for the use of
the royal family.
[II-42] On the 20th of Dec., 1817, he congratulated the
viceroy of Mexico on the triumphs of the royal arms. The
capture of Mina and other successes were enthusiastically
celebrated in Ciudad Real. _Noticioso Gen._, Feb. 14, 1818,
4; _Gaz. de Méx._, 1818, ix. 141-2.
[II-43] The bishop of Chiapas, Salvador San Martin, incurred
the wrath of the córtes, when he was acting as deputy from
Porto Rico, for his support of the royal decree of 1814, that
overthrew the national constitution. San Martin was dead when
Chiapas followed the example of Mexico in 1821. _Alaman_,
_Hist. Méj._, v. 344; _Méx._, _Gaceta Imp._, i. 11, 173.
[II-44] In Ciudad Real, Iturbide was called 'padre salvador
de la religion y de la patria.' _Id._, 10-12.
[II-45] The act of independence was signed by Juan N. Batres,
José Ignacio Larrainzar, José Diego Lara, Julio José Flores,
José Nicolás Osuna, Estévan Gordillo, and Lic. José Vives.
[II-46] Soon after this act that desire began to assume
proportions. _Larrainzar_, _Notic. Hist. Soconusco_, 28.
[II-47] For particulars on the final separation of Chiapas,
and incorporation as a state of the Mexican confederation,
see _Hist. Mex._, v. 22-4, this series. The clergyman Pedro
Solórzano was the agent appointed under the resolution
referred to in the text, and he accordingly repaired to the
city of Mexico. _Larrainzar_, _Notic. Hist. Soconusco_, 29;
_Méx._, _Gaceta Imp._, i. 169-73, 270-1, 319-23, 337-9.
[III-1] They were Lorenzo Romaña, who was made colonel of
the battalion of regulars, superseding the Spaniard Félix
Lagrava, and Manuel Arzú, who obtained the command of the
artillery, with the same rank. _Marure_, _Bosq. Hist. Cent.
Am._, i. 28.
[III-2] A writer of the opposite party asserts that the
practice caused much confusion, arising from ignorance. The
populace abused the privilege, and had finally to be excluded
from the chamber. The same author speaks disparagingly of the
three leaders. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 7. It is said of them
that they often addressed from the gallery petitions to the
junta, demanded removals of officials, and had disputes with
its members or with Gainza. I have already given some account
of Barrundia and Molina. Córdoba had suffered imprisonment
and prosecution for being concerned in the revolutionary
movements of 1811.
[III-3] 'Acorde al fin en sus sentimientos, se reunió
últimamente en la opinion que debió siempre ser el vínculo
estrecho de su voluntad. Así consta del testimonio que
acompaño á V. E.' The last sentence must refer to a copy
of the acta de independencia. _Mex._, _Gaceta Imp._, i.
60-2. And yet, another journal of Mexico, alluding to that
letter, after erroneously giving the writer's name as Gabriel
Quinia, actually asserted its contents to be that Guatemala,
like Chiapas, had submitted to Mexico, party spirit having
been powerless to disturb the peace or general will of the
inhabitants! _Méx._, _Noticioso Gen._, Oct. 19, 1821.
[III-4] Decree of Sept 20, 1821.
[III-5] Decrees of Sept. 26 and 27, 1821. They were given two
months' extra pay. _Mem. Rev. Cent. Am._, 6-7.