THE SHAVING OF THE TOP-KNOT.
Of all the ceremonies that attend the lives of Siamese children none
are so important as those connected with the shaving of the top-knot.
From their earliest days the whole of the hair is shaved off the
top of the head, with the exception of one small tuft that is never
touched until it is finally removed with great pomp and ritual. This
single lock is daily combed, twisted, oiled, and tied in a little
knot. A jewelled pin stuck through it, or a small wreath of tiny
flowers encircling it, are its usual adornments. The head, as being
the crown and summit of the human body is held in extreme reverence,
and it is considered the height of impertinence for one person to
touch another's head except when necessity demands. Under the tuft
there lies, according to the Hindoo legend, a microscopic aperture
through which the human spirit finds a means of entrance at birth and
departure at death, and when Ravana, one of the giant kings of Ceylon,
once carelessly or caressingly laid the tip of his finger upon the
hair of the beautiful Vedavatti, she turned to him in direst anger,
declaring that after such an unwarrantable insult, life was no longer
possible to her, and that she would speedily cut off her abundant and
outraged locks and then perish in flames before his eyes.
The ceremony of tonsure is a very ancient one, and is found existing
in many countries separated from each other not only by miles of land
and sea, but far more widely divided by different religious and social
customs. The priests of Isis, the Hindoo Siva, the Roman Catholic
monks, the candidates for admission to the religious brotherhood of
Peru--are all examples of the extent to which this ceremony has been
practised in many lands, through many years. It figures as a religious
observance symbolical of a change of life and purpose; it occurred
amongst the Chinese originally as a sign of subjection consequent upon
a change of masters; and it exists in Siam as a civil rite terminating
the period of childhood. In all cases it typifies a complete change
of condition or purpose--it marks a re-birth. In the case of Siamese
boys, who must shave the whole of the head before entering the
priesthood, the ceremony takes place a year or so before the time when
they must each, according to their national custom, don the yellow
robe. Girls lose their top-knot when they are about eleven or thirteen
years of age. In any case it must be removed before they reach the age
of puberty, and as many of them reach this condition before or near
the thirteenth year, their parents generally keep on the safe side by
performing the operation when they are eleven years old. The twelfth
year is inadmissible, as twelve, being an even number, is unlucky.
When the year has arrived in which it is deemed expedient to cut off
the carefully tended lock, the astrologers are consulted as to the
appointment of a propitious day. Now this is an extremely difficult
task, for the day chosen must be one free from any of the numerous
evil influences that affect the lives of men. These evil influences
have been duly studied and catalogued, and include the powers of
innumerable demons and of death. The day must not be one on which
sickness is liable to appear; in the heavens above, no constellation
bearing a female name must be visible; it must not be a day marked
in the calendar as being likely to be visited by thunderbolts,
conflagrations, wrecks or loss of life by drowning. Then also it must
be free from dangers from enemies or wild beasts; or yet again, it
must not be a day on which a man may expect severe punishment from his
earthly rulers, or death by falling off a tree.
Even when the auspicious day has been decided after long and laborious
calculations, and earnest consultations of old calendars, there yet
remains the necessity of choosing a particularly lucky moment on the
particularly lucky day.
When all these preliminary details have been satisfactorily settled,
the date is announced and preparations are made for the celebration
of the event with an elaborate and mystic ritual. The house of the
parents of the child is cleaned and adorned, a process it never
undergoes except on those occasions when it is the scene of the
performance of religious ceremonies. A table is placed to receive the
numerous offerings which will be freely made on the auspicious day,
and a gilded image of Buddha is placed reverentially on an altar and
surrounded with candelabra bearing waxen tapers, with incense sticks
in china vases, with wax flowers and the sacred vessels used during
the celebration. Around this decorated altar a hallowed circle is
formed with certain utensils deemed especially important and holy.
It includes within its circumference, a bench or table on which are
placed several vessels of gold and silver, and the bowls of water
which will be afterwards consecrated by means of a number of formulæ
recited by the priests from the sacred Buddhist or Brahminical texts.
The mystic conch-shell, and the shears and razors complete the holy
ring. There are three pairs of scissors, the handles of one pair being
of gold, of another of silver, and of the third of an alloy of copper
and gold. On another stand about as high as the level of the eye of a
man of average height, are placed several offerings of dainty food in
small saucers made of plaited leaves. These are for the refreshment
and propitiation of the tutelary deities of the place, to whom, and
to the shades of the dead, the Brahminical astrologers make oblations
and prayers at the rate of about two shillings and four pence per day.
A curiously-shaped throne is next erected. It is a raised square dais
with four slender posts, one at each corner, which lean towards each
other at the top, and support a frail canopy. The whole structure
is first covered with white cloth, and then draped with curtains of
white gauze and cloth of gold. It is on this throne that the candidate
sits to be bathed with consecrated water when the top-knot has been
removed. During the initial stages of the proceedings it bears a
nine-storied pagoda. The pagoda tapers towards the summit and is of
very frail material. The corner stays are made of the mid-ribs of the
plantain leaves, and each story is formed of strong fibrous leaves. On
each stage there are nine square dishes also constructed of leaves.
They hold a number of sweetmeats and foods that are supposed to be
particularly palatable to the god Ketu. This deity is of a kindly
and beneficent disposition, and, if properly worshipped, rewards his
devotees by endowing them with long life and prosperity. Hence all
these preliminary preparations in order to entreat his presence on
this important occasion. Along the corner stays are stuck incense
sticks, tapers, and flags of a peculiar pattern. The preparations
are completed by surrounding the whole house with a protective cord
or thread made of unspun cotton. The thread is attached at one end
to the dais erected for the monks, passes over the altar, is twined
round the bowls containing the water to be consecrated, is carried
round the exterior of the house, and is then brought back to the hall,
where it ends in a small ball, ready to be tied to the top-knot of
the child. It is supposed to be efficacious in keeping out all evil
spirits or other influences that would in the absence of any such
consecrated barrier, force an entrance to the hall of ceremonies and
render nugatory the performance of the various rites. A similar cord
may be seen at times round the palace or city walls, serving a similar
purpose.
On the appointed day, the floor of the house is covered with mats or
carpets, and a dais is prepared for the monks who are to be present.
It is raised above the level on which all ordinary mortals will
sit, and is covered with fine white cloth. Pillows with embroidered
triangular ends are prepared for the monks to lean against, and
spittoons, bowls of water, and trays of tea-cups and betel-nut are
placed before each pillow. There are usually seven or nine monks, but
even when their number is more or less than this, it is never by any
chance an even one. At the side of the platform a gong is hung from
a tripod stand. This gong plays an important part in the subsequent
proceedings, for it is used to mark the end of each successive stage
of the ritual. Every relative and friend is invited, and each of
the guests is expected to bring a present either of food or money.
The more people are invited, the more profitable does the ceremony
become to the candidate and his parents. If the people are poor, they
can always borrow the gold and silver utensils that are required
from some wealthy friend or relative, for it is the custom on these
occasions for help to be freely requested and as freely rendered.
About three or four in the afternoon of the first day the monks and
friends arrive. As the first monk enters the house, one stroke is
given to the gong. The arrival of the second monk is announced by two
strokes, the third by three, and so on. It is customary amongst the
lower classes to wash the feet of each priest on his entrance into the
house. A basin of water is thrown over his feet, after which they are
dried with a towel. When the priests are all seated, tea is poured
out for each of them. While they are refreshing themselves the band
in attendance strikes up a lively tune, the visitors at the same time
seating themselves upon the floor in readiness for the first item
on the official programme. In the meantime the child is being robed
and otherwise adorned. He wears a full gala dress and is loaded with
costly ornaments. The skirt is of rich brocade, and the cape round the
shoulders is of gold filigree set with precious stones. Heavy gold and
jewelled bangles are placed upon the wrists and ankles, and armlets of
similar value encircle the arms. In certain cases a triple gold chain
is placed over the left shoulder and under the right arm. Sometimes
the child is so heavily weighted with these valuable ornaments that he
is unable to walk without support. A coronet or wreath surrounds the
top-knot. He bears in his hands a charm on which are written several
sentences of protective import. In this way a further precaution
is taken against the intrusions of undesirable visitors from the
supernatural world.
Two household priests of the Brahmin faith precede the child as he
comes forth from the inner apartments to meet the assembled guests.
They scatter in front of them flowers and parched rice as an offering
to those celestial beings whose favours and influence they desire.
Behind these, comes another couple, one blowing the conch trumpet and
the other vigorously agitating the hour-glass-shaped tabor. A musical
outburst greets their appearance, while the smiling faces of every one
present afford encouragement and sympathy to the nervous subject of
the trying ordeal. The child proceeds to the dais, raises his hands,
palm to palm, to his forehead and bows his head to the ground in
obeisance to the monks. He repeats his salutations three times; at the
third time, placing his head on a cushion on the floor of the dais. He
remains in this prostrate condition until the end of that portion of
the ritual which is celebrated on the first day. The priests now take
the protective cord in their hands, and the monk of highest rank ties
the loose end of the thread to the top-knot.
Then a member of the family crawls on hands and knees to the raised
platform, and with bent head and uplifted hands, beseeches the monks
to recite the five daily precepts of abstinence. In a monotonous
Gregorian kind of chant, the assembled priests then intone these five
precepts, asking Buddha to keep them that day from all destruction of
life, from thieving, from impurity, from lying, and from intoxicating
liquors. The guests repeat them solemnly after the priests, and by so
doing bind themselves to a faithful observance of them for that day
at least. A number of texts are next recited by the priests in the
same monotonous kind of chant. At the end of each text, three strokes
are given to the gong. When the recital is finished, the candidate
rises from his prostrate position and leaves the room in the same
way that he entered it, the Brahmins scattering offerings in front of
him, the gongs, conch trumpets and band combining in one deafening
burst of sound to indicate that that day's portion of the ceremonial
is over. The texts that are recited are regarded by the people as so
many exorcisms against malignant influences, but their real purpose,
which has long been forgotten, is more of an instructive character, as
they were intended by Buddha to teach the people what were the evils
against which they were to strive.
The day closes with great merriment. Old friends tell their own
experiences or those of their children on similar occasions;
invitations to forthcoming ceremonies are given and accepted; every
one feasts and smokes, and then a theatrical performance takes place
that lasts long into the small hours of the morning.
The whole ceremony is now a complex mixture of both Buddhist and
Brahminical rites, but there is very little difference between
the parts enacted by the priests of Buddha and those of Brahma.
The Brahminical priests, however, have a special set of chants of
their own, and these they repeat during the first day's ceremonies.
The object of their prayers is to entreat a number of their own
supernatural beings to grant their approval of all that is being done.
They appeal to the Devas, and to Siva sitting on his porpoise. They
cry to Vishnu as he rides on the back of the serpent king in an ocean
of milk; to the four-armed Brahma on his golden swan; to the god of
the winds riding swiftly in his chariot of clouds; and to Indra on
his wonderful elephant with the three and thirty heads. They recall
to the minds of these deities the past existences of the tonsorial
candidate. They remind them of the good actions he has previously
performed, and wind up with a powerful and poetic appeal that they
will combine to endow the subject of their prayers with a long and
prosperous existence.
On the morning of the third day, when the actual cutting will take
place, the monks arrive at a very early hour, before the sun has
risen, but no gong tells of their arrival, nor is any noise of any
description permitted, as the spirits of ill must not be awakened
or allowed to know that this is the day of the great event. The
priests take their breakfast in silence, no band accompanying their
repast, with its joyful strains. As the hour of dawn approaches,
the Brahmins lead in the child. As the particular moment, foretold
by the astrologers, draws near, the Buddhist priests sing songs to
Buddha, using the Pali, a language which is not understood by the
people, relating his many triumphs, and by judicious praise securing
his approval. These songs are thought to be extremely efficacious
in procuring for the child an abundance of good luck in the future.
While the singing is taking place, the top-knot is divided into three
locks, each lock being then fastened at the ends. Amulets are placed
in them, and every precaution is taken to carry out the final act
of this, the most important, stage of this important rite, with the
strict observance of the minutest detail. Any deviation from the
prescribed mode of procedure would be fatal to its success. The
chanting continues until the actual moment has arrived when the hair
must be severed from the head. At the very moment the chants end,
the gongs are beaten, and the guest of highest rank takes up the
gold-encrusted scissors and quickly snips off one of the three locks.
Then the two most aged relatives of the child present, take the other
scissors, and cut off the remaining tufts. Each of the three in turn
pretends to shave off the short hairs that are left, after which a
skilled barber, with a genuine razor, speedily removes the last trace
of the long-cherished appendage, leaving the head perfectly bald. The
long hairs are placed in one basin, and the short hairs in another.
They are afterwards dealt with in a manner to be presently described.
More chanting and gong-beating announce that the performance has been
successfully accomplished.
There are still other forms to be gone through, the first of which
immediately follows the operation of shaving. The offering to Ketu is
removed from the throne that it has occupied up to the present time,
and the shaven-headed child is seated under the canopy on the exact
spot previously occupied by the offering to the god. In his hand he
holds a powerful charm, which he presses tightly to his breast. The
eldest monk, or else the one of the highest rank, takes a portion of
the consecrated water and pours it over the head of the child. All
the other priests follow suit, and then comes the turn, first, of the
relatives, and lastly, of the most distinguished visitors. As the
bathing takes place in early morning, the air is generally rather
cold, and the candidate is doubtless very much relieved when the last
drop of holy water has been thrown over him.
When the bathing is over, he retires and changes his costume for the
most gorgeous apparel that his friends possess or can borrow. He is
dressed in the brightest of colours, adorned with jewels, and then
returns to his friends. His first duty is to feed the officiating
priests. This he does by first taking to each of them a silver bowl
filled with rice, from which he helps each monk to a liberal portion,
with a carved wooden ladle inlaid with mother of pearl. Having served
out the rice, he takes trays of sweetmeats and fruit, going and
returning on his knees, and prostrating himself before each monk in
turn. Music again accompanies the feast, and at its conclusion the
priests chant a song of thanksgiving, and give their blessing to the
child.
In the afternoon another feast is held, followed by a purely
Brahminical ceremony of peculiar interest. Each person, so say these
priests, possesses a "kwun." It is difficult to translate this word
into English, and it has been variously rendered as "soul," "spirit,"
"good-luck," and "guardian-angel." It is supposed to enter and leave
the body at different times, and its absence is always indicated
by the troubles that immediately visit the person whose corporeal
frame it has vacated. Now at the time of the tonsure ceremony, great
anxiety is felt, as at this time there is great probability that the
"kwun" may depart, and so leave the unfortunate child a hopeless
wreck in after life. The purpose of the subsequent ceremonies is to
recall this mysterious being, should he by any chance have departed,
and then to fix him so securely in the body of the child that ever
afterwards he may be sure of possessing the subtle, fickle phantom.
No time is wasted before making the attempt to induce the "kwun" to
take up a permanent abode. A pagoda is erected, and on it are placed
several kinds of food known to be favoured by the spirit. This pagoda,
several mystic candle-holders, boxes of perfumed unguents, offerings
of cocoa-nuts, and an auspicious torch are arranged in a holy circle.
In the afternoon, after the "kwun" has had time to enter the charmed
ring and satisfy his spiritual appetite with the perfumes of the
unguents and the foods, the candidate is led into the centre of the
hall and placed near the pagoda. A cloth is thrown over the food in
order to confine the spirit and prevent him getting away. All the
people present, sit down on the floor, forming a circle, with the
child, the captured "kwun" and the priests in the middle. The Brahmins
now address the spirit, and in a very earnest fashion ask him to come
into the child. They tell tales to him, and so try to amuse him, and
they entreat him with flattery, joke, and song. The gongs ring out
their loudest notes, the people cheer, and the priests pray, and only
a "kwun" of the most unamiable disposition could resist the combined
appeal. The last sentences of the formal invocation run thus:--
"Benignant Kwun![A] Thou fickle being who art wont to
wander and dally about! From the moment that the child wast
conceived in the womb, thou hast enjoyed every pleasure,
until ten (lunar) months having elapsed and the time of
delivery arrived, thou hast suffered and run the risk of
perishing by being born alive into the world. Gracious
Kwun, thou wast at that time so tender, delicate, and
wavering as to cause great anxiety regarding thy fate;
thou wast exactly like a child, youthful, innocent, and
inexperienced. The least trifle frightened thee and made
thee shudder. In thy infantile playfulness thou wast wont
to frolic and wander to no purpose. As thou didst commence
to learn to sit, and, unassisted, to crawl totteringly on
all fours, thou wast ever falling flat on thy face or on
thy back. As thou didst grow up in years and couldest move
thy steps firmly, thou didst then begin to run and sport
thoughtlessly and rashly all round the rooms, the terrace,
and bridging planks of travelling boat or floating house,
and at times thou didst fall into the stream, creek, or
pond, among the floating water-weeds, to the utter dismay
of those to whom thy existence was most dear. O gentle
Kwun, come into thy corporeal abode; do not delay this
auspicious rite. Thou art now full-grown and dost form
everybody's delight and admiration.
"Let all the tiny particles of Kwun that have fallen on
land or water, assemble and take permanent abode in this
darling little child. Let them all hurry to the site of
this auspicious ceremony and admire the magnificent
preparations made for them in this hall."
The brocaded cloth from the central pagoda is now removed, rolled up
tightly and handed to the child, who is told to clasp it firmly to his
breast and not to let the "kwun" escape. Everyone stands up, still
forming a ring round the candidate. The mystical torch in the centre
is lit; the Brahmin takes three candlesticks, each containing three
tapers, and lights them at the central fire. With his palms together
he raises the nine lights above his head, describes with them a circle
in the air, and then with the back of his right hand, wafts the smoke
into the child's face. Each person in the surrounding group repeats
the same actions in turn, and when the last person has finished, the
officiating priest takes one betel leaf from the pagoda. A second and
a third time is the waving of fire performed, and each time a betel
leaf is removed from the stand. After the third time of waving, the
priest replaces the candlesticks, and daubs the three leaves with a
paste made of the sweet smelling oils and other substances on the
different stories of the pagoda. He extinguishes the nine candles
by pinching the wicks between the smeared leaves, after which he
takes them all in his hands, relights them, once more puts out the
flame and blows the smoke in the child's face. He repeats the same
mystical operations twice, and at last replaces all the candlesticks.
He now dips one finger into the dirty leaves, and with the paste
draws a scroll between the child's eyebrows. Milk is taken from the
cocoa-nuts in a small spoon, and the spoon is presented to each
successive layer of the pagoda, as though it were taking a portion
of each of the articles placed thereon. The child drinks the milk,
and having thus imbibed the food of the "kwun," ensures ultimately
the "kwun's" permanent residence in his body. Around his wrist is
fastened a charmed and magic cord to protect him from those infernal
spirits whose vocation it is to tempt the "kwun" to forsake its home.
For three nights he sleeps with the embroidered cloth that was taken
from the pagoda, fast clasped in his arms. If after three days nothing
unfortunate occurs to trouble him, his future welfare is definitely
established.
It now only remains to dispose of the hairs that were taken from the
head on the removal of the top-knot. The short hairs are put into a
little vessel made of plantain leaves, and sent adrift on the ebb tide
in the nearest canal or river. As they float away, there goes with
them also, all that was harmful or wrong in the previous disposition
of the owner. The long hairs are kept until such time as the child
shall make a pilgrimage to the holy Footprint of Buddha on the sacred
hill at Prabat. They will then be presented to the priests, who are
supposed to use them for the manufacture of brushes for the sweeping
of the Footprint; but in reality, so much hair is presented to the
priests each year, that they are unable to use it all, so they wait
till the pilgrims have departed, when they consume with fire all that
they do not require.
So important to the individual is this ceremony of shaving the
top-knot, that were it omitted in the case of any single person, the
unlucky one would believe himself ruled by evil influences for the
rest of his life, and would unfailingly attribute every disaster in
after-life to the fatal omission of the ceremony. Yet there are many
people who have neither money themselves, nor friends or relatives
from whom they can borrow it. Were it not for the kindness of the
Government, their unfortunate offspring would never be able to enjoy
the advantages conveyed to them by the celebration of the tonsorial
ritual. The Government, however, holds a public ceremony which is
less impressive and expensive than the private one, at which all
who are too poor to afford the cost of the ceremony at home, may
have their heads shaved by Brahmin priests gratuitously. Each child
receives also a present of a small silver coin worth about two-pence.
This public function is held immediately after the close of the
"Swinging Festival,"[B] and three or four hundred people annually
avail themselves of the opportunity thus afforded them to get their
children's top-knots removed.
[Illustration: MOUNT KAILASA, AS ERECTED FOR THE HAIR-CUTTING
CEREMONIES OF H. R. H. THE CROWN PRINCE OF SIAM.]
In the case of children of royal birth, the celebrations are of a
still more imposing character. The essential details are similar,
but various modifications are introduced in order to emphasise the
extra importance of the rite to those belonging to the royal family.
On these occasions the shaven candidate is not bathed upon a mere
canopied dais. In the courtyard in front of the Royal Palace, a
hillock is erected in imitation of Mount Kailasa, the abode
of Siva. It is a hollow structure, built up of plaited bamboo,
supported on poles, and covered with tinsel. Upon the summit of this
artificial hill is a central pavilion beautifully gilt, elaborately
decorated, and adorned with tapestry and cloth of gold. A fence of
prescribed pattern encloses the pavilion. It is an open framework with
small rhomboidal openings, in each of which is hung a small gilded
heart-shaped lozenge. Conical umbrellas with seven tiers occur at
every two or three yards. There are four pavilions, also lavishly
decorated, one at each corner of the hill. At one side, an artificial
grotto is constructed in which the bathing takes place. In the walls
of the grotto are representations of the heads of the horse, the
elephant, the lion and the bull. Over the entrance appears the head
of the hooded snake. These heads are connected with the water-main,
and are so placed that the five streams of water from the five mouths
all converge to the central spot which the candidate occupies when
he takes the bath. The floor of the grotto is a miniature lake in
which are placed golden models of water-beetles, fishes and other
aquatic creatures. Rare flowering plants and ferns complete the
internal decorations of the place. A little passage leads thence to
the pavilion where the young prince or princess will change his or
her attire on the completion of the ceremony. On the ground, four
lath and plaster elephants covered with tinsel of different colours,
face the four points of the compass. Here and there about the hill
is a multitude of mechanical toys, plaster casts, waxen flowers,
real plants and models of animals. The candidate is carried round the
Palace each day, with an imposing procession of priests, members of
the amazon guard, soldiers and attendants.
No other event in the life of any Siamese is celebrated with anything
like the expense that attends the top-knot cutting, except perhaps a
funeral.