in the hills south of the Yokwas.
Mr. D. Ross,[66] the Assistant Commissioner who had accompanied General
Symons's expedition, held Haka until March, 1891, when he had to leave
on account of his health. He was succeeded by Mr. D. J. C. Macnabb,[67]
Assistant Commissioner, a young soldier of a well-known stock. Friendly
relations with the Chins were maintained. The road from Kan, in the
Myittha Valley, to Haka, was kept open by Chin labour, and the regular
postal service was performed by Chins. The Myittha Valley was not
raided, and generally the Haka Yokwa tribes were well behaved. Trouble,
however, came from the independent Baungshès, with whom, owing to their
want of cohesion, it was difficult to deal.
General Symons had left one weak spot in his work. There was a
powerful village called Thetta, eight miles south of Yokwa. Of it he
wrote:--
"It has resisted all our efforts to bring it to complete submission,
although some captives have been given up and a fine paid.... It is a
blot on our work to have left this village unsettled, but it commands
the Kan to Yokwa road, and I considered it better to leave it to stew
in its obstinacy and isolation rather than resort to drastic measures
which would have had the effect of driving the inhabitants into the
jungles and making the road unsafe. The boon of convoys and traders
and others being able to use safely and freely the road between Kan
and Haka without escorts was too great to risk the loss of it for the
satisfaction of an exercise of our power which, at the best in my
opinion, would have had but little effect in bringing about the desired
result."
At the same time he recorded his opinion that unless the Thetta people
gave in, the political officer would have to visit and compel them.
It was the old story. The Thettas thought forbearance was the sign
of weakness and fear. In November, 1890, they became openly hostile.
They committed a series of outrages, and at last brought matters to a
head by killing Mr. Wetherell, a young police officer, and attempting
the life of the political officer, Mr. Macnabb. In January, 1891, a
force of one hundred and forty rifles started from Haka to punish
the village. They had no guns. The village was strongly stockaded.
Lieutenant James, R.E., and two Gurkha sepoys were killed, and the
officer commanding decided that he could not storm the defences
without heavy loss. The Chins were invited to a parley, and they agreed
to pay a small fine for their misconduct and to yield an annual tribute
in future.
Such an arrangement was for us equivalent to a defeat. It was decided
to take up the coercion of the Baungshès in a businesslike manner. Two
strong columns, with guns, were despatched, one from Haka with Mr. Ross
as political officer, the other from Gungaw with Mr. Macnabb. They met
at Thetta without opposition, and recovered the fine which the Thetta
villagers had promised to pay, and traversed the Baungshè country,
receiving the submission of the villagers.
Thetta, however, was not yet subdued. They had defied us, killed our
men, and escaped with a small fine. In 1894 they began to rob and
murder, and when they were called to account they behaved themselves
proudly. On the 1st of January, 1895, a force under Major Keary,
D.S.O., of the 6th Burma Rifles, with Mr. H. N. Tuck as political
officer, occupied the village, arrested the chiefs, and disarmed the
villagers. The chiefs were afterwards degraded in open Durbar.
But the year 1891 was not to close without further difficulty. General
Symons, reporting to the Chief Commissioner from Haka, dated the 1st of
May, 1890, wrote (para. 9):--
"The Klanklangs are almost a separate tribe, but they are Baungshès
and live on fairly good terms with the Hakas. The Yokwas do not march
with the Klanklangs, neither are they friendly with them. (10) The
Klanklangs, finding themselves at the beginning of the year between
the Burma and Chittagong Columns, made haste to submit to the troops
entering their country, and readily agreed to easy terms imposed. (11)
The settlement with the Klanklangs and their chief, Ya Hnit--whom, to
suit the convenience of the Chittagong officials, we are now agreed to
call 'Jahoota'--was very rightly left to me as the representative of
the local Government of Burma. The Klanklang Ywama (chief village) is
only sixteen miles from Haka, and Jahoota and other head chiefs live
there.... I do not think this tribe will give us any more trouble. The
meeting of the Eastern and Western Columns in their territory, and the
continual passing of troops backwards and forwards without committal of
harm or excess, has had the best effect."
In March, 1891, Mr. Macnabb, with Lieutenant Mocatta and one hundred
rifles, set out to visit the Klanklangs and to meet an official from
Port Tregear at Tao. The tribe, which had surrendered to General
Symons, was held to be friendly. The road passed through their hills,
and there was no thought of interfering with them. They had, however,
been raiding on the Lushai side, and it was intended to warn them to
abstain from this. On the outward march to Tao the Klanklang chiefs
did not appear. They were said to be occupied in propitiating their
_Nats_, or guardian spirits, and to be very drunk. Mr. Macnabb,
therefore, postponed his interview until he came back from Tao. On
the return march a large body of Chins, said to have been seven or
eight hundred, suddenly fell upon the small column, which fought its
way on to Klanklang with some difficulty, losing five men killed and
ten wounded, and one British officer (Lieutenant Forbes) wounded.
Reinforcements from Haka, under Colonel Mainwaring, met the returning
column at Klanklang and saved them from further loss. Officers and men
had behaved admirably. A fine of guns and money was imposed on the
tribe, and preparations were made for enforcing it.
Before the preparations were complete Jahoota came suing for peace. He
proved that he had been away and had had no concern in the treacherous
attack, which had been organized by two subordinate chiefs in his
absence. He brought in guns and other valuables in part payment of
the fine, and was ordered to produce the two offenders and to raze
their houses to the ground. As the culprits were not surrendered, the
political officer, with three hundred rifles, visited Klanklang in May.
He found that the houses had been destroyed, but the two men had fled.
Some of the villages paid their shares of the fines; but others held
out, and owing to the lateness of the season and want of transport, it
was impossible to coerce them. Jahoota, in proof of his good faith,
gave up his eldest son as a hostage, and he was left to re-establish
his authority. There has been no difficulty since in managing these
Baungshè tribes, and in the years 1894-5 they, as well as all the
southern tribes, were disarmed.
The control of the rude southernmost Chins, known as Chinbôks,
Chinbons, and Yendus, was exercised at first by a subdivisional
officer stationed at Yawdwin. From Lieutenant Rainey's expedition up
to January, 1891, no disturbance occurred. In that month a very daring
raid was made on Yawdwin itself, and the place looted under the eyes
of the police garrison. Further raids followed, and a strong force of
regular troops had to be sent to restore order. A military post was
established within the hills. In 1896 this post also was attacked. The
country was then placed under efficient administrative control. Posts
were established in suitable places. A civil officer with sufficient
powers was appointed to live in the hills and govern the people. His
headquarters are now at Kanpetlet, on the slopes of Mount Victoria,
some 6,000 feet above the sea-level. And a small force of Gurkha
military police under a British officer is maintained there. Raiding
has ceased, and the people have been disarmed. In other respects twenty
years have not changed them much. In the _Burma Gazetteer_ (of 1908,
vol. ii. p. 393) it is recorded:--
"The inhabitants of the tract are practically all animists. The Chinbok
men wear a very scanty loin-cloth, and are seldom seen without their
bows and arrows. The women's dress consists of a smock and a short
skirt. The females have their faces tattooed."
It may be doubted whether Western civilization will make them happier.
Tattooing is more lasting and more conducive to domestic peace than
paint and powder. It is cheaper in the long run.
FOOTNOTES:
[56]
1st Battalion King's Own, Scottish Borderers 500 rifles
No. 7 Mountain Battery 84 "
No. 6 Company Queen's Own, Sappers and Miners 151 "
2nd Battalion 4th Gurkhas 410 "
2nd Madras Infantry 630 "
Burma Company Queen's Own, Sappers and Miners 94 "
----------
Total 1,869 rifles
[57]
1st Battalion Cheshire Regiment 300 rifles
42nd Gurkha Light Infantry 477 "
No. 5 Company Queen's Own, Sappers and Miners 95 "
10th Bengal Infantry 460 "
28th Bengal Infantry 290 "
-----------
Total 1,622 rifles
[58] Now Major-General Sir Vincent William Tregear, K.C.B., Indian
Army, retired.
[59] It was understood at this time that the Siyins were quite
subordinate to the Tashons, whose control, however, proved to be
limited.
[60] Brigadier-General Symons's Despatch, dated the 1st of May, 1890,
from Haka.
[61] "The Chin Hills," vol. i., p. 89. Government Press, Rangoon, 1896.
[62] Brigadier-General Tregear's Despatch, May 31, 1890.
[63] Regarding Jahoota, or Ya Hnit, see pp. 334-335 _infra_.
[64] It may be questioned whether, in view of the obstinate resistance
shown by some tribes, they can be fairly charged with lack of
persistence.
[65] For accurate and most interesting information regarding the Chins,
their manners, customs, and history, I must refer the reader to the
"Chin Hills," by Bertram S. Carey, C.I.E., and H. N. Tuck (2 vols.,
Rangoon Government Press, 1896.), which can be seen at the India Office
Library.
[66] Mr. Ross, after excellent service, died at Rangoon in 1910.
[67] Mr. Macnabb is now Major Macnabb, Commissioner of the Sagaing
(formerly called Central) Division of Upper Burma.
CHAPTER XXIII
INTERNAL ADMINISTRATION OF BURMA
Of the many other parts which go to make up the working machinery of a
great province nothing has been said, as the object of this account is
to show how peace and order were restored, or rather given, to Burma.
Along and step by step with this rough work, however, every part of an
advanced administration began to take shape. There was none which was
not, at the very least, called into existence.
The revenue of Upper Burma increased from £222,000 in 1886-7 to
£1,120,000 in the year 1889-90. No new taxes were imposed. The revenue
grew by careful administration. From the year 1888 I had the assistance
of Mr. Fryer as Financial Commissioner in dealing with this branch of
the work, and the subject of the land revenue of the Upper Province
was examined more minutely than had been possible before. In 1889 a
regulation declaring the law relating to rights of land and formulating
a complete system of revenue law for Upper Burma was framed in Burma,
and passed by the Governor-General in Council. In it provision was
made for the gradual survey and assessment of the land; and before the
end of 1890 the cadastral survey had broken ground in two districts in
which the cultivated area was largest.
The Forest Department had been busy from the first, and progress had
been made in ascertaining the condition and resources of the great teak
forests of Upper Burma.
The Government of India had treated Burma with generosity in the
matter of money for public works. The extent of our undertakings was
limited by the difficulty of obtaining a competent staff, rather than
by a deficiency of funds. The expenditure on barracks and other
accommodation for troops at stations where garrisons were to be
permanently kept was necessarily large. At district headquarters in
civil stations, court-houses, and (where necessary) jails had been
built, and court-houses had also been provided in many subdivisions.
The irrigation works in Kyauksè were not neglected, and the Mu Canal
scheme in the Shwèbo district had been taken in hand. The railway to
Mandalay was opened in March, 1889, and the surveys for the Mu Valley
line, which was to take the rails up the right bank of the river
and through all the difficult country traversed by Major Adamson's
expedition in 1887-8, had been completed and construction had begun.
Great attention had been paid to the improvement of communications,
including several difficult hill-roads. A good cart-road had been made
from the river to the ruby mines. Another from Mandalay to Maymyo was
being taken on to Lashio; and, from Meiktila to Kalaw on the Shan
plateau, seventy-six miles, a road was well advanced. The land-locked
Yaw country had been opened up, and a mule-track from Kalewa on the
Chindwin to Fort White in the Chin Hills had been finished. Roads over
the Yomas, which had sheltered the Magwè dacoits, had been completed.
The money, poured into the country for roads and buildings, apart
from the railway expenditure, was nearly all spent on native labour
and on material produced in the country. In the aggregate it was more
than the sums received as revenue. That it, along with the railway
expenditure on labour, helped largely in settling the country directly
and indirectly, is certain. If Indian and Chinese Shan coolies were
employed, it was because Burman labour was not forthcoming.
Nor had some of the refinements of administration been neglected.
In the larger towns a simple system of municipal government was
introduced, care being taken not to hurry a somewhat primitive people
accustomed to corrupt methods and with little sense of responsibility
along the slippery paths of local self-government.
In the middle of 1890 a Judicial Commissioner was appointed for Upper
Burma. I accepted this refinement more reluctantly than I would have
welcomed a reduction of the garrison. But the character of the man
appointed to the post (the late Mr. Hodgkinson) was an assurance that
there would be no display of judicial pyrotechnics, such as lawyers
sometimes indulge in, and that some regard would be paid to the
conditions under which our officers were working.
The provision of medical aid for the people was taken in hand
energetically, under the guidance of Dr. Sinclair, who administered
the medical department of the whole of Burma. It was not possible to
provide substantial public hospitals, and at first only temporary
buildings were erected. Excellent permanent hospitals had been built
for the military police, and on their withdrawal it was intended that
these buildings should be converted into civil hospitals.
Vaccination was introduced also, and every district was furnished with
the means of protection against smallpox. The people came readily to be
vaccinated, and no Burman, so far as I know, expressed an objection,
conscientious or other, to being protected from the ravages of a
loathsome disease. But they are comparatively a backward race and still
have much to learn.
In the matter of education, it was not the time to do much, and I
was inclined to walk very warily in Upper Burma. The Director of
Public Instruction was sent round the province in 1889 to examine the
condition of the existing schools; and on his report a beginning was
made by appointing an inspector and some assistant inspectors, more to
ascertain and collate facts than with a view to active interference.
Later on the grant-in-aid rules in force in the lower province were
introduced. The author of the _Burma Gazetteer_ (vol. i., p. 132)
writes: "Missionary schools are now plentiful, and lay schools, both
public and private, abound; but the bed-rock of vernacular education in
Burma is still monastery teaching, and with it is intimately bound up
the educational welfare of the people."
I am inclined to agree with this statement. The system of monastic
schools has, I think, been an immense boon to the people of Burma, and
if only the monks could be roused to educate themselves more and to
cast off some of their old ideas I should like to see it maintained.
The danger is that the contact with Western knowledge and ascertained
fact may destroy the belief of the young Burmans in the monastic
teaching, and this danger is increased, if it is not caused, by the
superstitious ignorance of the monks and their inability to disentangle
the moral teaching of their great founder from the cobwebs of fairy
tales, about the form and nature of the earth and the like. With this
in mind, a beginning was made towards inducing the Pongyis to employ
certificated assistant teachers in the monastic schools.
Western teaching may, however, have less effect on Eastern faiths
than we think. I was visiting a lay school in Burma one day, I forget
where, but I was talking to one of the pupils, a very intelligent boy.
I asked him about the shape of the earth, and so on. He had it all
pat, the conventional proofs included. I said: "Now, you know what the
Pongyis teach, which do you believe--what you have learnt here, or in
the monastery?" He replied unhesitatingly, "What the Pongyis tell me,
of course." "Why then," I asked, "did you say the earth was round and
went round the sun?" "Oh," he said, "I must say that or I should not
pass the examinations; but I believe the other." There may be more
intelligent students, even at a riper age, of the same mind as this
boy. Sometimes, perhaps, in the West, it is the other way about.
On the 10th of December, 1890, I surrendered my charge to Sir Alexander
Mackenzie,[68] one of the ablest men of his time in India.
In his summary of the Administration Report of Burma, for the year
1890-1, dated December 21, 1891, is written: "Upper Burma being now
perfectly tranquil, it is not necessary to describe separately the
progress made in the pacification of each district. The fact that
there were fewer crimes in Upper than in Lower Burma during the year
is sufficient proof that except in certain frontier tracts the work is
complete."
It is pleasant to most of us to know that our work is appreciated by
others. It pleased me the other day, and it may please those for whom
I have put together this rough account of the pacification of Burma to
read this passage from the "Shans at Home," by Mrs. Leslie Milne and
the Rev. Wilbur Willis Cochrane (p. 29):--
"At the time of the annexation, every part of the Shan highlands west
of the Salween was ravaged with war, Shans against Shans and Burmans
against them all. To bring peace and an era of prosperity, put an end
to feuds, settle the disputes of princes, re-establish the people in
their homes, and organize out of chaos a helpful and strong government
was no easy task. That it was accomplished with so small a force, so
quickly and with so little opposition, was due to the energy, ability,
and tact of the British officials upon whom the Government had placed
responsibility.
"Immediately after the annexation, began the era of improvement.
Twenty-four years have passed since then. The British peace officers
have retired, or are retiring, but they leave behind them a prosperous
and peaceful people. The towns are growing towards their former
dimensions; wealth and trade are increasing beyond all expectations.
Population is rapidly increasing. A mother with her little child can
travel alone from Mogaung to the border of Siam, and from Kengtung to
Rangoon, with comfort and perfect safety."
FOOTNOTE:
[68] The late Sir Alexander Mackenzie, K.C.S.I., afterwards
Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal.
INDEX
A
Adamson, C.I.E., Major C. H. E., Deputy Commissioner of Bhamo, 76,
239-267, 338
Aitchison, Sir Charles, 20, 56
Akyab, 330
Alelet (central division of Hsenwi), 140, 160, 169, 173
Allahabad, 20
Alomphra, House of, 38, 227
Alôn, 88, 289
Amarapura, 39
Amats (ministers), 268
American Baptist Missionaries, work among the Karens, 51, 80
Amir Mahomed, death of, 87
Andamans, 112
Anderson, Brigadier-General, 29
Arakan Mountains, 62, 148, 293
Arbuthnot, Sir Charles, Commander-in-chief of the Madras Army, 29, 284
Arbuthnot, Gillanders, 45
Archer, Mr. W. J. (H.M. acting vice-consul at Chiengmai), 167, 168,
219, 220
Armstrong, Captain, 240
Assam, Valley of, 134, 311
Atkinson, Captain, killed, 28
Aung Bet, 112
Ava, Court of, 19;
training of police at, 64, 65, 99;
King of, 1;
kingdom of (subdivision of Sagaing), 8, 31, 118, 143, 270;
invaded, 65
B
Barron, Surgeon-Major, 250
Barrow, Major (now Sir Edmund Barrow), 219
Bassein, 40, 48
Balu stream, 195
Bangkok, 134, 167, 168, 191
Baungshè tribe (Tashons), 288, 332, 334, 336
Baw (or Maw) submitted to General East, 33, 49
Bawlaké, 191
Bawyethat Pagoda, 150
Bayfield, Lieutenant (explorer of Jade Mines, 1838), 238
Bayengan or Viceroy of Myingun Prince, 31, 84, 87-89
Bengal boundary, 130
Benson, Lieutenant, 264, 267
Bernard, Sir Charles, arrival, 7, 8;
code, 10;
roads, &c., 56, 66;
irrigation, 69;
village disarmament, 81;
meeting with Hkun Saing, 142, 146;
policy towards Shan States, 147
Bernard Myo, 46, 47, 271
Beville, Captain, 88, 295
Bhamo, 8, 30, 40, 44, 67, 74-79;
description of Bhamo, 234-241, 309
Bigandet, Bishop, 37
Binbong, 272
Blundell, Major, 277
Bo Cho, 83, 114
Bo-hmu, 144
Bo-hmumintha, 135
Bo Le, death of, 115, 116
Bombay, 20;
Burma Company working the teak forests, 116, 121;
sappers and miners, 148
Bo Nyo U, 88
Bo Saga, 291
Bo Saing, 154
Bo Sawbwa, 85
Bo Swè, story of, 26-28, 62, 82
Bo Ti, 250-264
Bo Tok, 65, 99
Brahmaputra, 134
Bridges, Mr. J. E., Deputy Commissioner, 146
Browning, Mr. Colin, 92, 104
Buddha, teaching of, 44;
Yaza, 117
Buddhists (Shan), 134
Burgess, C.S.I., Mr. G. D. (Judicial Commissioner, Upper Burma), 12,
29, 30, 92
Burma, boundaries of, 3
Burma, Upper, incorporated with India, 8;
scheme of government, 8;
scheduled district, 10;
divisions of provinces, 12;
description of districts, 30-36;
marches of, 130
Burma, Lower, village organization, 22, 53;
dacoity, 23;
defective police arrangements, 52;
evil of arming villages, 53;
evil of mixed police, Indian and Burman, 53, 54;
King of, 76, 125, 134-138, 144, 148, 169, 175
Burmans, country of the, 133;
military police, 64, 65;
special constables, 80
Buyers, Mr. G. D., chief engineer, Mandalay Railway, 61
Byaing Gyi, 109
C
Calcutta, 20, 24, 128
Cambodia, 134
Carey, Mr. Bertram, 314, 319-321, 326, 331
Carter, Mr. G. M. S., 47, 85, 89;
sent with Colonel Symons to Sagaing, 104, 295
Chaungwa, 86, 87;
Ava district, 146, 147;
Prince, 160
Chaungu, 297, 329
Chaungzon, 300, 329
Chefan, 278
Chieng Kong given to Siam, 232
Chiengmaai (or Zimme), 167-169
China, care in dealing with, 21;
and Upper Burma, 40;
opium traffic, 40-44;
rights over Kang Hung, 232
Chinbôks, 327-336
Chinbons, 327-336
Chinbyit, 88, 89
Chindwin, Lower, 8, 33, 64, 84, 99, 105;
river, 92, 120, 133, 288, 294, 311
Chinese in Bhamo, 74, 75;
Shans, 75;
threaten the frontier, 76, 77;
in Hsenwi, 138;
attitude to Trans-Salween States, 136
Chingaing, 290, 291
Chins, disarmament of, 81, 100, 101;
country, 131, 294;
Chin-Lushai, 308-336;
expedition against the, 287-307;
five tribes, 332
Chitpauk, 296
Chittagong Hills, 293;
column, 319-336
Clarke, Major O. L. I., 219
Clement, Colonel, assists in capture of Bo Swè, 82
Clements, Lieutenant, 264
Close, Surgeon J. K., 219
Cochrane, Rev. Wilbur Willis, 285
Cockran, Colonel, 272
Collett, C.B., Brigadier-General H., 192, 195
Collins, Mr. G. G., 108, 120, 121
Colquhoun, Mr. Archibald, 271
Cooke, Captain (of Burman Commission), 235, 236
Cox Brigadier-General, 30
Crimmin, Captain, Indian Medical Service (Surgeon-Lieut.-Col. John
Crimmin, V.C., C.I.E.), 195
Cronin, Colonel, senior medical officer, 264
Cross, Lord, 17
Crosthwaite, K.C.S.I., Sir Charles H. T., 3;
former service in British Burma, 19;
offered Chief Commissionership and summoned to Calcutta, 20, 21;
relieves Sir C. Bernard at Rangoon, 24;
arrival at Mandalay, 26;
return to Rangoon, 50;
leaves for Upper Burma, 62;
leaves Ava for Sagaing and meets Sir George White, 65;
examination of irrigation system, 69;
reduction of field force considered, 72;
arrangements for Durbar at Mandalay, 74;
visits Bhamo, 74;
speech at Mandalay Durbar, commendation by Lord Dufferin, 76;
on transferring men, 78, 79;
disarmament--letter to Lord Dufferin, 80-82;
visits Thayetmyo and district, 90;
letter to Viceroy on police posts, 97;
administration of Shan States, 100;
conferred with Lord Dufferin, 100, 102;
visit to Minbu, 108;
visit to Popa, 114;
meeting with General Symons at Magwè, 118;
consultations with men of the Magwè district, 119;
transfer of Mr. G. G. Collins to Magwè, 120;
return to Mandalay, 120;
on sick-leave to Nilgiri Hills, 120;
accompanies H.R.H. Prince Albert Victor of Wales, to Mandalay, 121;
action against dacoits, 123;
Durbar in the Shan States, 124, 125;
scheme for reduction of the military police, 129-130;
correspondence with the Viceroy, 128;
appointment of Colonel Cockran, 272;
appoints Maung Ket's nephew ruler over Kalè, 288;
decision not to absorb Kalè, 292;
establishes posts along the Chin frontier, 296;
proclamation to the Tashons, 312;
account of internal administration, 337-341;
visit to lay school, 340
Crowther, Mr., inspector of police, 264
Cumming, Colonel, 67
Cuppage, Mr., wounded while fighting against Set Kya, 70, 71
Custance, Mr., 83
D
Dabayen, 88
Dacoits, Mandalay, Ye-u, Mu, 71;
Sagaing, 72, 103;
Government, 112;
measures taken against, 123
Dalhousie, Lord, 1
Daly, C.S.I., C.I.E., Lieut.-Colonel Hugh, agent to the
Governor-General in Central India, 100; assisted Mr. Hildebrand
against the Shans (1887), 165, 170-178, 272-276, 278, 285
Daniell, Mr., 278-280
Darrah, Mr., Assistant Commissioner, killed by Set Kya's men, 70
Darwin, Dr., 219, 226
Davies, Major H. R., 134
Davis, Captain, principal medical officer of the Field Force, 58
Deccan, 20
Disarmament (village regulation), 80-89
Dufferin, Lord, minute by, 9, 11;
meeting with Sir Charles Crosthwaite, 24;
on surrender of Limbin Prince, 60;
aids Sir Charles Crosthwaite in obtaining funds for engineering
work, 70;
commendation on Sir Charles Crosthwaite's speech at the Durbar, 76;
with regard to the Shan Expedition, 77, 78;
writes on the action at Chinbyit, 89;
policy as to autonomous States, 92;
agreement with Sir Charles Crosthwaite's views as to police
posts, 98;
roads through the Chin country, 101;
on the work done in Burma, 102;
left India, 128
Dunsford, Captain, killed, 28
Durbar, Mandalay, 76;
Shan States, 124, 125;
Kengtung, 231
Dyson, Mr., Assistant Commissioner at Magwè, 117, 118
E
Ein-she-min, or War Prince, the Limbin Prince, 157
Elias, C.I.E., Mr. Ney, Chief of the Commission to survey the Frontier
and settle disputed points, 219, 220; decisions confirmed, 232
Eliott, Lieutenant L. E., 259-263, 264, 265
Expenditure and Revenue, Upper Burma, army, military police force,
incoming revenue, 69, 70
Eyre, Captain, 29, 290, 297
F
Falam, Tashon capital, 310, 312, 320;
headquarters of the Civil Administration, Chin Hills, 324
Faunce, General, 287;
Chin Expedition, 306;
Chin Lushai, 308, 313;
left Burma, 313
Feudatory States of India, 126, 127
Forbes, Lieutenant, 335
Forrest, Major, wounded, 278
Fort Stedman, 124, 126, 147, 151-156, 158, 160, 161, 164, 167, 186
Fort Tregear, 332, 335
Fort White, formerly Tôklaing, 304, 310, 324
Foster, Lieutenant, killed, 318
Fowler, Lieutenant (of the Beleuchis), 185, 188, 189
France, contact on the Siamese frontier to be avoided, 211
French, Indo-China, 130;
dominions in Tonquin China, 212;
secret treaty with the King of Burma, 214;
obtained the Treaty of Chantabun, 232
Frere, Sir Bartle, 99
Fryer, Mr. F. W. (now Sir Frederick Fryer), Commissioner of the
Central Division, 12, 29, 55, 104
Fuller, R.A., Captain, 264
G
Gangaw, 290, 293, 296, 297-328
Gantarawadi, 153, 183
Garfit, Major, 272, 273
Gastrell, Captain, Commandant of the Mandalay battalion, 99
Gatacre, Brigadier-General, 280
Gaudama, Legend of, 38
Gaungu, 300
Gleeson, Mr., 33
Gleig, Major, 290
Golightly, Captain (Colonel R. E. Golightly, D.S.O.), 32
Gordon, Major, arrives at Salin with reinforcements, 28
Gould, Mr., H.M. Representative at Bangkok, 203
Gracey, R.E., Major, chief engineer, Upper Burma, 67-68
Greenaway, Major, 278, 279
Gungaw, 334
H
Haitsi Lope tribe, 331
Haka, 316, 332-334
Hakas, 288, 309, 332
Hartnoll, Mr. H. S., Deputy Commissioner Minbu, 108, 109
Harvey, Colonel, 191;
arrival at Papun, 192
Hastings, Captain, Commandant of the military police at Myingyan
(Major-General Edward Spence Hastings, D.S.O.), 63, 64, 98, 113
Hawker, Lieutenant, 264-266
Hertz, Mr. H. F., 277, 279
Hertz, Mr. W. A., 108
Hext, R.N., Captain John, Director of the Indian Marine (now
Rear-Admiral Sir John Hext, K.C.I.E.), 48, 71
Heins (Karenni chiefs of divisions), 173
Hildebrand, Mr., 35;
accepts the surrender of the Limbin Prince, 60;
at Mandalay, to meet Sir Charles Crosthwaite, 74, 76, 77;
visit to Shan States, 100, 124;
made Civil head in the expedition against the Shans, 148-187;
connection with the Karennis, 188-208
Himalaya, Eastern, 133
Hkam Leng, 31, 47, 71;
dacoit leader, 269-281
Hkun Hmon, reinstated at Mawkmai, 184, 188
Hkun Kyi, 184
Hkun Nu, 162;
appointed Sawbwa of Lawksawk, 163
Hkun Sa, 169
Hkun Saing, first Shan chief to submit to the British Government,
137, 138, 140, 141, 160, 170, 172;
concessions made to, 179
Hkun Sang Möng Chen, 185, 186
Hkun Ti, 155
Hlaingdet, 148, 149
Hla U, Sagaing District dacoit leader, 49
Hlawga, 85-87
Hlegyomaw, 263, 266
Hlutlaw (or cabinet), 213
Hmawwaing jungles, 33;
gang surrenders, 60
Hmethaya Prince, 270
Hodgkinson, Mr., of the Special Commission, Lower Burma, 25;
transferred to Tennasserim, 56;
appointed Judicial Commissioner for Upper Burma, 338, 339
Holland, Commander, of the Royal Indian Marine Service, 311
Homalin, 296
Hopong, 151, 152, 154, 169
Hoswata Shendoos, 319
Hpon Kan, 274, 282;
Kachins, 283
Hpunkan, 44
Hsahtung, 167;
Myoza of, 169;
range, 151
Hsawnghsup, Sawbwa of, 33
Hsen, the local headman in Laikha territory, 171
Hsenmawng, 215
Hsenwi, 44, 49, 137-139;
Queen of, 140, 141, 146;
Alelet, 160;
Central, 165, 166;
boundaries fixed, revenue, &c., 176, 177;
Northern, 165, 268
Hsenyawt annexed to Kengtung, 215
Hsipaw, 31, 137-147, 273;
Sawbwa of, 49, 136, 160, 161, 166
Hsumhsai, 137, 141, 142, 160
Hukawng Valley, 234
Hyderabad, 20;
Cavalry, 71;
Infantry, 85, 89
I
Indaw River, 252
Indawgyi Lake, 251
Indiarubber tax, 40
Indin, 288, 289, 296, 302
Inle Lake, 124, 142
Ilderton, Major, 60
Ithi tribe, 266
Ireland, F.R.G.S., Alleyne, 44
Irrawaddy, 12, 108, 134, 241;
Valley, 30, 133, 311;
patrol steam launches, 47;
Flotilla Company, 235, 236
Irrigation schemes, existing canals taken over by the British, 69
J
Jackson, R.E., Lieutenant H. M., 157, 180, 219
Jade duties, 40;
mines, farming of, expedition to, 234-267
Jahoota or Ya Hnit, Chief of the Klanklangs, 325, 334, 335
James, R.E., Lieutenant, 334
Jameson, Mr., Inspector-General of Police in Lower Burma, 51, 52
"Jhoom" or "Taungya," primitive cultivation, 325
Jubulpore, 20
Jut, village of, 121
K
Kabaw Valley, 92, 290, 296, 331
Kachin Hills, 263
Kachins, 75, 130, 131, 138-140, 150, 161, 234-278;
Sana, 263;
Hpon Kan Kachins, 283;
Lweseng, 276;
Ton Hon, 276
Kado on the Salween, timber collected, 207
Kalas, or barbarians, 107
Kala Thapa Sing, Gurkha chief, 277
Kalè, Sawbwa of, 33, 49, 288, 294;
State, 290, 313, 316
Kalemyo, 290, 311, 316, 328
Kalewa, 290, 294, 297, 311, 312
Kamaing, 251, 261
Kambalè, 296, 297, 302
Kan, 296-299, 311, 315, 328
Kang Hung, largest Trans-Salween State, 210, 213
Kanglu, 185
Kangyi, 302
Kanhows, 287, 296, 306, 312, 331
Kani, 33, 88
Kanlè, 84
Kanpetlet, 330, 336
Kansi Hla, Kansi Naung, rulers in the jade-mine hills, 252, 255
Kantha, 296
Karenni, Eastern, 100, 138;
Western, 151;
States, 140, 142, 148, 154;
chiefs, 151, 152;
country, description of, 182
Karennis, 163;
expedition against the, Colonel Sartorius and Mr. Scott, 188-208
Karens, Christian, Baptist Mission to, 51;
as special constables, 80;
scheme to enlist, 131, 132, 167
Karwan, 282
Katha, 8, 31, 93, 238, 257, 269
Kaukon, 150
Kaungi, residence of the Möngpai Sawbwa, 166
Kaw Ferry, 224
Kawlin, 93
Kawpiti, 196
Keary, Major D.S., 334
Kehsi Mansi, 151, 154, 169-173
Kemmedine, 138
Kengcheng, 143
Keng Hkam, 169, 223
Kengtawng, 154, 156, 163, 167, 168;
description of, by Mr. Scott, 223
Kengtung, 136, 137, 139, 143-145, 168, 210, 213;
description of the city of, 226, 227;
Sawbwa, submits, 230-231
Kennedy, Major, 88, 295
Khampat, 296
Khuds, 304
Kidderpore, 49
Kingston, Major, 301
Kin Le Gyi, maid-of-honour to Supayalat, 88
Kin Möngs, headman, 173
Kinwan Mingyi, Minister of State, 76
Klanklangs submission of, 319
Knox, Captain, 104
Kokang, 43
Kôkkozu, 83
Koset, 303
Ko-up, 223
Kubo Valley, 302
Kugyo, 150, 151
Kukis tribe, 331
Kun Aw (Pa-ôk-Chok of Möngyai), 169
Kun Hmon, 218
Kun Kyi, Sawbwa of Möngnai, 144, 145, 158, 167
Kunlon Ferry, 75, 178
Kun Meik, 141
Kun Noi, 218
Kunze, 298
Kyabin Myoôk, 83
Kyadet, 87, 88
Kyannyat, 46
Kyatsakan, 149
Kyaukhnyat, 192, 204
Kyaukpyu, 330
Kyauksè, 8, 13, 49, 65, 69, 99, 338
Kyaw, 121, 295, 301
Kyawgaung, 282
Kwungli, 322
Kyaw Zaw (Lawksawk chief) gang broken up, 232
Kyem Meung, heir-apparent of Kengtung, 228
Kyungyaung, 279
L
Lahore, 20
Laikha, 151, 154, 156, 169;
Sawbwa of, 171
Lakun, tribe, 266
Lanchein, 278
Lansdowne, Marquis of, made Viceroy, 128
Laos, 217
Lashio, 140, 177, 223
Late tribe, 331
Lataung tribe, 263
Laungshe, 329
Lawksawk, 33, 99, 141-154, 162
Legaing, 110
Legya Queen, one of King Mindon's wives, 142
Lepei tribe, 262, 263, 266
Letha range, 303
Leveson, Mr. H. G. A., of the India Civil Service and Burman
Commission, 232
Limbin Confederacy, 34, 143-151, 155
Limbin Prince, 60, 145, 146, 151-158
Lindaung, 83
Lockhart, General Sir William, 18;
work in Eastern Division, 33;
work among dacoits, 61
Loikaw, 190-196
Loilong, 167
Lon Pein (Chinaman farmer of jade-mine taxes), 244-246
Low, G.C.B. Brigadier-General Sir Robert Cunlilfe, 29, 64, 91, 102, 108
Lugalegzi arrested, 121
Lushai country, Chin-, 308-336
Lweseng, 274, 276, 278, 280
M
Macdonald, Captain, 264, 265
MacDonnell, Mr. A. P. (now Lord MacDonnell, P.C., G.C.S.I.), Home
Secretary to the Government of India--acted for Sir Charles
Crosthwaite when on sick-leave, 120
Macgregor, Colonel, 301
Mackenzie, K.C.S.I., Sir Alex., Lieut-Governor, Bengal, 340
Macnabb, Lieutenant D. J. C. (now Major Macnabb, Commissioner of the
Sagaing Division), 64, 121, 333, 334
Macpherson, Lieut.-General Sir Herbert, transferred to Burma,
death of, 18
Magwè, 32, 61, 96, 99, 102;
trouble in district of, 115-127
Maingmawgyi, 136
Mainwaring, Colonel, 335
Makau tribe, 263
Maklang, famous banyan-tree Mai Hung Kan at, 223
Malin, 275
Mandalay, 2, 8, 19, 26, 31, 46, 67, 71, 74, 88, 133, 137-142,
146, 160-164;
and Lashio Railway, 61, 125, 126;
and Shwèbo Canal, 69
_Mandat_, or temporary hall, 175
Manders, Surgeon, 197
Manglön, 160;
chief's submission to British Government, 320
Manhé, 241
Manipur, 134
Manpun, 271, 273
Mansi, route for traders, 75, 178, 282, 285
Manton, 278
Marip tribe, 266
Maung An Taw Ni, township officer of Legaing, 110
Maung Ba, 88
Maung Gyi, 33
Maung Kala, dacoit leader, death of, 60
Maung Kala, magistrate in British service, 236, 250;
assassinated, 237
Maung Kan, Thi, 109
Maung Ket, Sawbwa of Kalè, 288
Maung Kin, 109
Maung Lat, 33
Maung Nwa, a Kalè official, 305
Maung Ohn, 60
Maung Po Min, the interpreter, 86
Maung Po O, 85
Maung Sa, 141
Maung Se, 141
Maung Swè, story of, 27
Maung Tha Dun, 289
Maung Tha Gyi, 85-89
Maung Tok San, 289
Maung Ya Baw, 109
Mawkmai, trade relations between Moulmein and, 157, 158, 165;
Sawbwa of, claims Möng Pu, 167-169, 217;
restored to Möng Mau and Mehsakun, 221
May, Colonel, 31, led the troops against Set Kya, a pretender, 70
Maymyo (Pinulwin) 31, 164
Mehawnghsawn, 217
Mehsakun, 216, 217, 221
Meiktila, 8, 60, 61
Mekong, River, 133, 136, 143, 210, 232
Menam, River, 133
Mèpai Chaung, 204
Mewettaung Range, 156
Milne, Mrs. Leslie, extract from "Shans at Home," 285
Minbu, 8, 28, 32, 62, 69, 83, 91, 102, 107, 119, 120, 330
Mindôn, King of Upper Burma, reign, character, taxation, &c., 3,
110, 139, 140, 170, 270;
wife of (Legya), 142
Minhla, 7, 8, 26, 62, 90, 91
Minlèdaung tribe, 322
Min O, 106
Minogue, Lieutenant, 99
Mintainbin, 87
Min Yaung, 32, 115
Mobingyis tribe, 331
Mobye, 192
Mocatta, Lieutenant, 335
Mogaung, 30, 77, 101;
Expedition to, 234-286
Mogok, capital of Ruby Mines, 31, 45-47, 271
Mohlaing, 31, 47
Mohnyin, 238, 257
Molè River (tributary of Irrawaddy), 44, 240, 273
Molo, 280
Môn, Valley of, 83, 108
Möng Hang, 168, 215
Möng Hsat, 168, 169
Möng Hsu, 172
Möng Hta, 168, 215
Möngkung, 151, 154;
Myozas of, 169-172
Möng Kyawt, 168, 215
Möng Leng, 268
Mönglon, 141, 142
Möng Löng, 139
Möngmau, 216, 217
Möngmit, Shan States, 31, 47, 268-286
Möngnai, town of, 137, 144, 146, 151, 152;
Sawbwa, 60, 136, 143, 145, 152-169, 215;
decorated, 124
Möngnawng Sawbwa, 145;
Myoza, 169;
town, 161;
State, 172
Möngpai Sawbwa accepts British suzerainty, 151, 152, 165, 166
Möngpan, 165-169, 215
Möngpawn, 153-158;
Sawbwa, 145, 169
Möngping, 151
Möngpu, appropriated by Kengtung, 215
Möngsang, 172
Möngsit (son-in-law of Möngpawn), 155;
Myoza, 169
Möng Tang, 215
Möngtung, 142, 160, 168, 169
Möngyai, 140, 160-167, 172
Monywa, 68, 88
Moring, Ltd., Alexander, 43
Morison, C.E.I., Mr. Wm. Thomson, of the Indian Civil Service,
Bombay Presidency, 85;
joined Lieutenant Plumer, 86-87
Moulmein, 133, 151, 157, 158, 211
Mozo, 298
Mu River, 71;
Valley line, 338
Mueng Fai, Siamese district of, 216
Mwebingyi, Chief of, 320
Mwelpi, 331
Myat Hmon, 33, 60
Myauk-Kodaung, 280
Myélat (central division, Shan States), 142, 149-150;
submission of, 151, 153, 166
Myinmu, 64
Myingun Prince, 31, 84, 214
Myingyan, 8, 31, 63, 83, 92, 99, 102, 110, 113, 116, 301
Myinzaing Prince, 140, 141, 147
Myitkyina Railway, 246
Myitson, 269
Myittha River, 293, 311
Myoôk, township officers and members of subordinate Civil Service, 162
Myotha, 237
Myothit, 32, 117
Myo-thugyi Town Mayor of Pakokku, 63;
mother of, visited by Sir Charles Crosthwaite, 63
Myowun, City Governor of Mandalay, 76
N
Naga Cachar, 287
Nagpur, 19
Nam Pilu River, 152
Nam Hkok Myoza, 169
Namhsan, 177, 178
Namkham, route for traders, 75, 285
Nam Nyim River, 157
Nam Pang River, 223
Nam Teng Valley, 223
Namthein River (affluent of Uyu), 253
Nang Mya, niece of Mawkmai chief, Né Noi, 217
Nang U, marriages, 144
Nankathe River, 321;
tribe, Trans-, 322
Nanpapa, 261, 266
Nanti, 241
Napawng River, 251
Natmauk, 116
Natogyi, 83
Naungmawn (brother of Möngpawn), 155
Naw Hpa, Sawbwa of Hsenwi, 139, 140, 146;
submits to British Government, 147, 160, 166, 169, 173
Naw Möng, son of Naw Hpa, 139, 140, 146;
submits to British Government, 147, 160, 166, 169, 173, 176-179
Nawng Wawn Myoza, 169
Naylor, C.S.I., C.I.E., Mr. Henry Todd, of the Indian Civil
Service, 55;
as Financial Commissioner of Burma, 55;
sent to take charge of Magwè District, 120, 121
Negrais, Cape, 287
Neinsin, 284
Né Noi, the Kolan or nine-fathom Sawbwa, 217
Né Nwe, 183
Nga Aw, 166
Nga Kaing, 195
Nga Kè, one of Ya Nyun's men, 111, 112
Nga Kin, 109
Nga Kway, 83
Ngapè, 27, 28
Nga Pyo, 89
Ngathaingyaung, 40
Ngwite tribe, 331
Nilgiri Hills, 120
Ningyan, afterwards called Pyinmana, 8
Nugent, Lieutenant commanding at Möngmit, killed, 271
Nurtama, 83
Nyaungbintha, 266
Nyaungywe or Yawnghwè, 142
Nwi-tes tribe, 331
O
O'Donnell, Lieutenant (Colonel Hugh O'Donnell, D.S.O.), Bhamo and
Mogaung affairs, 238, 240, 249, 260, 261;
report by, 265-267, 277
Ogle, Mr. (India Survey Department), 264
Ôktama, story of, 27-29, 32;
methods of government, defence, &c., 107-109;
capture of, 110
Opium regulations, 40, 41;
Acts, 42, 43;
Buddha's teaching against, 44
P
Padein, 28
Pagan, 7, 8, 31, 63, 68, 83, 84, 91, 102;
Min, 3;
Prince, 39
Pagyi, 33, 84, 85, 88
Pakangyi, 33
Pakan Prince, 39
Pakokku, 63, 92, 102, 290, 293-301, 311, 315, 330
Palaungs (Northern Shan tribe), 138, 268, 276
Palmer, R.E., Lieutenant, 302
Panga Sawbwa, 263
Panglon, 179
Panlaung, valley of the, 31
Panthays, 75, 150;
methods of travelling, 222, 225
Pa-ôk-chok, 140, 160, 169, 173, 174
Papun, 191, 192
Pathans, 235
Pauk, 83, 290, 295
Paw Kwe, 47
Payagon, 152
Pazaung, 192
Pegu, annexation of, 1;
Yomas, 61, 116;
division, 90
Peile, Captain S. C. F. (later Lieut.-Colonel), Executive
Commissariat officer, 58;
made director of supply to outposts of military police, 59;
"History of Burma Military Police," 131
Pè Möng Mountains, 225
Phayas, local rulers, 168
Phayre, Colonel Sir Arthur P., 27, 134;
Mr. Robert, 26, 27;
death of, 28
Philippine Commission, 44
Phillips, Lieutenant, 301
Pin township, 117
Pink, Captain Francis J. (Colonel F. J. Pink, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O.),
219
Plumer, Lieutenant, accompanied Mr. W. T. Morison against Maung
Tha Gyi, 85, 86
Pobye, Karenni chief, 151, 152, 166
Po Hkine, 122
Poh Myah, 251
Poi tribes, 322
Police force, gradual creation of efficient, 128-132;
military, 54, 68;
posts and patrols, military replaced by police, 95-99;
work of Indian, 97
Pon Chaung, 196
Pondaung Range, 84, 85, 294
Pondicherry, 31
Pongyis, 37-40, 62, 150;
monks and teachers, 339, 340
Po O, 85
Popa Mountain district, 31, 91; country, 98, 110
Porter, Mr., Deputy Commissioner, Pyinmana, 121
Po Saung, 83
Po Saw, 243-274
Prendergast, General Sir Harry, 2, 8, 26
Prome, 26, 121
Public Works Service grants, 67, 68
Pu Chang Se banished (first husband of Nang Mya), 217
Pulley, Captain, 152
Punjab, 94;
Northern, 311
Punjabis, 84, 154
Pwehla, 148, 150
Pyindeik Pass, 149
Pyinmana, 13, 61, 116, 120
Pyinulwin, 31, 70
Pyinyaung, 149
Q
Quesne, Captain Le (Army Medical Corps), awarded Victoria Cross, 305
R
Raikes, Captain (afterwards Major), Deputy Commissioner, Chindwin, 85;
system to overthrow dacoits, 105, 106;
meeting with Tashon chiefs, 289;
Chin-Lushai campaign, 311, 312;
illness of, 328
Railways, Tengyneh, 75;
Toungoo-Mandalay, Mandalay-Lashio, 124;
Mu Valley line, &c., 338
Rainey, Lieutenant R. M. (now Colonel Rainey-Robinson), commandant
of the Levy (Chin Frontier Camp), 328, 336
Rajputs, 43
Rangoon, 2, 7, 50, 51, 54, 59, 61, 65, 138, 151, 157, 166, 270
Reduction of Field Force, 70-73
Revenue, 337
Richards, Lieutenant, 264
Richards, Mr., assisted Sir Charles Bernard, Superintending Engineer
of Public Works Department, 66
Rimmer, Mr., Commander in the Irrawaddy Flotilla Service, 244, 245
Ripon, Lord, 19
Roads and communications in Burma, 66-68, 100, 338
Roberts, Sir Frederick, sanctions reinforcements, 17, 18;
search for dacoits, 28
Ross, Mr. D., 290, 301, 314, 328, 332, 334
Ruby Mines, 8, 31, 44;
concession to, 46;
military police at, 58;
British occupation of, 268;
operations in, 309
Rumai, 43
Rundall, Captain F. M., 330-332
S
Sadaw, 40
Safdar Ali, a Mussulman (native of India), interpreter in Bhamo and
Mogaung, 245
Saga, a dacoit leader, 121, 122, 191, 295
Sagadaung, 46
Sagaing, 8, 64, 88, 96, 99, 103, 118, 119
Sagu, 108
Sagyilains, 287, 292-331
Sagyun, 83
Sakangyi, 197
Salin, 28, 64, 83, 108
Salween, hill tracts, 148;
river, 133, 139, 143, 158, 169, 209-233;
Trans-, 136, 139, 158, 163, 170, 209-233;
Cis-, 139, 169, 180, 209-233
Samôn, Valley of, 31
Sana, 266
Sang Aw, 140, 173
Sang Hai (usurper Hsenwi), 139
San Ton Hon, 49, 77, 139-147, 160, 161, 166, 169, 172-176, 178
Sartorius, C.B., Colonel George Conrad, of the Beleuchi Regiment,
184, 185, 188
Sassum tribe, 266
Sawadi, 282
Sawbwas, superior chiefs, Shan States, office of, sons of,
134-136, 161
Sawlapaw, chief of Eastern Karenni, 138, 153, 154, 166, 167, 183-207
Sawlapawgyi, 153
Sawlawi, the Kya Maung, or heir-apparent of Sawlapaw, 198;
appointed chief of Karenni, order of his appointment, 202
Sawlôn (capital of Eastern Karenni), 191;
occupation of, 192;
description of, 197
Saw Möng, Sawbwa of Yawnghwè, 142, 143, 281
Saw Ôn, Sawbwa of Yawnghwè, 143, 146, 150, 166, 179, 182
Saw Waing, ex-Sawbwa of Lawksawk, 154, 214
Saw Yan Naing, 49, 146, 270-281
Scott, Mr. J. G. (Sir J. George Scott, K.C.I.E.), 43;
expedition against the Shans, 148-187;
appointed to assist Mr. A. H. Hildebrand, 209, 216, 219, 220;
expedition to Trans-Salween States, 224-233
Segrave, Mr., Superintendent of Police, 274
Set kya, a pretender, attacked by Colonel May, 70, 99;
captured by the Lawksawk chief, 232
Shan Hills, 31, 99;
plateau or thonze, 92, 141, 148;
race, or Tai branch, 133, 144
Shan States, difficulties in dealing with, 21, 34;
durbar, 76, 77, 124-127;
expedition against, 133-187;
at peace and policy, 159-164
Shans, Chinese, 138;
effort to win confidence of, 148, 152;
Sawbwas, 153;
at home, quoted, 285
Shaw, Mr., accompanied Major Greenaway, 279
Shawy, Yoe (_nom de plume_ of Mr. J. G. Scott), 148
Sherriff, Mr., Representative of Rangoon Chamber of Commerce, 285
Shitywagyaung, 294
Shonshé, 301
Shwèbo, 8, 31, 88
Shwè Gya, 248-254, 264
Shwègyin, 54
Shwègyobyu, Prince of Lower Chindwin, 84, 85, 290, 292, 312
Shwèkinyo Prince, 115
Shwèli, Lower, 269
Shwè Yan (guerilla leader), invades Ava and Kyauksè districts, 65,
270;
death of, 99
Siam, 138
Siamese, 136-138;
claim to Shan country, 167-169;
claim to Karenni, 202-208;
invasion of Kengtung, 214-216;
methods of marking villagers, 221
Sibsong Panna (twelve provinces), 233
Sidoktaya, 32
Sihaung, 293, 297
Sikaw, 274
Simla, embassy to, 19;
Sir George White's despatch from, 98
Simpson, Sir Benjamin, K.C.I.E., surgeon-general, 91
Sinbo, 238, 241, 266
Sinbyugyun, 49, 83
Singu, 149, 150
Sinkan, 270, 274, 275, 282
Sipein, 280
Sittang River, 12;
Valley, 30, 32
Si-u, 274, 280
Siyins, 287, 292, 293, 312, 320, 322;
submission of the, 324, 331
Skene, Colonel, 319, 320
Sladen, Colonel (Sir E. B. Sladen), 7, 8
Smeaton, Mr. (the late Donald Mackenzie Smeaton, C.S.I., M.P.), made
Chief Secretary, 56;
Commissioner of Central Division, account of cruelty of dacoits in
Pagyi country, 121, 122
Sokte tribe, 287, 322, 331
Sonpek, Tashon chief, 289, 294
"Soul of a People" quoted, 24
Stanton, D.S.O., Lieutenant, of the Intelligence Department, 180
Stedman, Colonel E. (now Sir Edward Stedman, G.C.B., K.C.I.E.),
35, 36, 50;
appointed Inspector-General of Police in Upper Burma, constitution
and training of military police, supplies, &c., 56-59, 72;
leader of expedition to open trade routes through Shan States, 149-152;
Fort (named after Colonel Stedman), 124, 126, 147, 151-187
Stewart, Lieutenant John, 319
Su Gaung, 83
Sumput, 279
Supayalat, Queen, 6, 88
Sylet Hills, 287
Symes, Mr. E. (the late Sir E. Symes), 55, 114
Symons, Colonel W. Penn, expedition against Maung Tha Gyi, 85-89;
sent to settle disturbances in Sagaing, 104;
plan to deport those aiding dacoits, 105;
succeeds the command in Nyingyan and Magwè, 118-120;
Chin-Lushai Campaign report, 329;
Thetta report, 333;
Klanglangs report, 334, 335
Swetenham, Major, 154, 164, 181
Szechuen, 43, 156
T
Tabayin, 40
Tabet, 162
Taeping River, tributary of the Irrawaddy, 240
Tai, Siamese branch of Indo-Chinese, 133, 134
Taiktaga San driven out of Mehawnghsawn, 217
Taingda, 32;
Mingyi, 111
Tamhpak, 162
Ta Möngs (Shan headmen), 173
Tao, 319, 335
Tapaw, 245
Ta Sanglè, ferry on the Salween, 219
Tashons (nicknamed Baungshès by the Burmans), submission of, 288,
289, 293, 310, 312, 322
Taungbaw, 259, 260
Taungdwingyi, 8, 32, 64, 102, 115-119
Taunggyo, 327
Taunglet, southern portion of Hsenwi, 140
Taungtek, 317
Tahwepon, ferry on the Salween, 218
Tawngpeng, 165, 177-179, 268
Tawphaya, Chief Minister of Kengtung, 228
Tawyan tribe, 322
Temple, Sir Richard, 126
Tengyueh, 75
Thabeikkyin, 47
Thade's gang, 83
Thama Sawbwa, 262, 263
Tharrawaddy, 55, 90, 95, 148
Thathanabaing, Pongyi, 37, 39
Thayetmyo, 54, 55, 62, 82, 83, 90, 116, 117
Thebaw, King, rule, character, and submission, 2, 6, 7, 103,
140-145, 214
Theinni (Hsenwi), 77, 174
Thetta, 309, 333, 334
Thibet, 133
Thonze, or Hsumhsai, 141
Thugyis (village headmen), 111, 122
Tohon Range, 274
Tokgyi, 115
Tôklaing, 304
Tongking, 134
Tonnochy, Captain, 124
Touche, Mr. J. D. La (Sir James La Touche), 12;
Commissioner of Southern Division, 29
Toungoo, 29, 30, 61;
and Mandalay Railway, 126, 152
Tregear, Brigadier-General (Major-General Sir Vincent William
Tregear, K.C.B.), 319, 323
Triscott, R.A., C.B., D.S.O., Colonel Charles Prideaux, Commander
of the force in the Expedition to the Jade Mines, 240-255
Tuck, Mr. H. N., 334
Tucker, Mr. Henry St. George, Commissioner of Eastern Division, 12, 29;
meets Sir Charles Crosthwaite, 60, 61
Tungzang, 332
Twet, Ga Lu (formerly a monk, a native of Kentawng), 144;
leader against the Limbin Confederacy, 145, 154, 156, 163, 168;
driven out of Kentawng, surrender and death, 184-187
Twingé, 271
Twomey, Mr., 238, 257, 259
U
U Po (Cadet of Hsenwi House), 139
Uyu River, 253
V
Victoria, Queen-Empress, 125, 136-138, 146, 155, 158, 180, 190
Victoria, Mount, 330, 336
Village regulations, 81
W
Wa States, 43
Wales, their R.H. the Prince and Princess of, 163;
H.R.H. Prince Albert Victor of, 121
Wallace, Lieutenant, 155, 157
Wanyin Myoza, 169
Waranaung, 266
Warry, Mr., 40, 240-244, 283
Washa, 284
Welaung, 110, 111, 113
Welôn, 83
Wetherell, Mr., killed, 333
Whenohs tribe, 322
White, Major-General Sir George, describes military difficulties, 14;
asks for reinforcements, 16;
takes command, 18;
Upper Burma subjugated, 18;
consultation with Sir C. Crosthwaite, 29;
question of helping Hsipaw, 50;
meets Sir C. Crosthwaite, 65;
on communications, 66;
as administrator, 70;
expedition against dacoits in Sagaing district, 71, 72;
expedition into Shan States, 76, 77;
preparations against Maung Tha Gyi, 85;
trouble expected with the Wuntho Sawbwa, 92-94;
despatch on casualties in the army, 98;
equips the force for Mogaung expedition, 239;
consultation with Sir C. Crosthwaite as to protection against
Chins, 296;
operations against Chins, 300-307
White, Mr. Herbert Thirkell (now Sir H. T. White, K.C.S.I., late
Lieut.-Governor of Burma), 46;
sent with Colonel Stedman to open roads through Hsumhsai, 141, 142;
deputation to Hsumhsai, 146
Willcocks, Captain (now Lieut.-General Sir James Willcocks, K.C.M.G.,
C.B., D.S.O.) intelligence officer, 329
Williams, R.A., Lieutenant, Staff Officer to Captain Triscott, R.A., 240
Wilson, R.N., Captain, Port Officer at Rangoon, 311
Wolseley, C.B., Brigadier-General George (afterwards General Sir
George Wolseley, C.B.), 283-286
Wun, Governor of Kani, murdered, 33
Wundwin, 60, 154
Wunkadaw, ruler of Pakokku, and her son, the _Myo-thugyi_, 63, 92
Wuntho Sawbwo (Shan chief), 30, 90-94, 281
Y
Yabon, 279
Ya Hnit (chief of the Klanklangs), 334, 335
Yahows, 322
Yamèthin, 8, 61, 120
Yangtze, Upper, 134
Ya Nyun, dacoit leader, 98, 110;
account of his doings, 111-113;
surrenders, 114
Yan Sin, dacoit leader, 83
Yaw country, 32, 63, 290, 291, 295;
river and valley, 292, 295
Yawdwin, 329, 330, 336
Yawlu, 319
Yaw Mingyi, 111
Yawnghwè or Burmese Nyaungywe, 137, 139, 142, 146-153;
Sawbwa decorated, 124;
assisted Colonel Symons, 194
Yénangyaung, 27, 83, 84, 117, 118
Yendus, 327, 329, 336
Yen Shwèbo, 105
Ye-u, 8, 31
Yokwa tribe, 309, 317, 318, 332-334
Yoma, Arakan-, 32;
gangs, 117
Pegu-, 32, 61, 116
Yomas, 116, 120, 121
Yunnan, 42, 75, 77, 133, 134, 143, 156
Ywama, 320, 321;
Klanklang Ywama, 334;
Tashon, 320, 321
Ywathit, 219
Z
Zédi, 260
Zeittaung, 121
Zimme (Chiengmai), 167
The Gresham Press,
UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED
WOKING AND LONDON.
* * * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Obvious errors of punctuation and diacritics were corrected.
Hyphen removed: Hnaw[-]waing (index entry), water[-]way (p. 244).
p. 83: "Yéuangyaung" changed to "Yénangyaung".
p. 100: "beginnng" changed to "beginning" (beginning to demand
attention).
pp. 117 (twice), 264: "Assistant Comissioner" changed to "Assistant
Commissioner".
p. 122: "measurer" changed to "measures" (stern measures of repression).
p. 123: "pacticable" changed to "practicable" (so far as was
practicable).
p. 133: "insigificant" changed to "insignificant" (with some
insignificant exceptions).
p. 136: "Nothern" changed to "Northern" (Northern Shan States).
p. 172: "Sang Ton Hon" changed to "San Ton Hon".
p. 177: "arrangments" changed to "arrangements" (made arrangements for
its progress).
p. 200: "occount" changed to "account" (on account of Sunday).
p. 220: "faily" changed to "fairly" (each of these posts were fairly
large).
p. 239: "equiqment" changed to "equipment" (Much care was given to the
composition and equipment).
p. 252: "peacable" changed to "peaceable" (our peaceable intentions).
p. 276: "enlightend" changed to "enlightened" (the example of more
enlightened princes).
pp. 303 (twice), 306: "Sagyilaings" changed to "Sagyilains".
p. 315 (fn): "rifle" changed to "rifles".
p. 322, index entry: "Mintèdaung" changed to "Minlèdaung".
p. 350, index entry for Nang Mya: "cheif" changed to "chief".