Zuila, or Zawila, (probably the _Cillaba_The journal of Frederick Horneman's travels, from Cairo to Mourzouk, the capital of the kingdom of Fezzan, in Africa, in the years 1797-8

placed, by Mr. Horneman’s route, at 59 G. miles to the _eastward_

of Mourzouk. Mr. Beaufoy was told that it was 7 days journey distant,

and the bearing, in his reports, varies from _east_ to _ENE_. I have

allowed E by N. This was the capital in the time of Edrisi:[42]

and probably, from this circumstance, some of the neighbouring

nations still call the country of Fezzan, _Seela_, as we are told

by Mr. Horneman.

Temissa, another principal town, is placed by Mr. Horneman about 7

hours travelling, to the eastward of Zuila. This appears to be the

_Tamest_ of Edrisi, situated at 40 journies (of his scale) from Cairo.

Germa, or Jermah, is placed, by Mr. Beaufoy, _southward_ from Zuila,

and at nearly the same distance from Mourzouk. This is unquestionably

the _Garama_ of the Romans,[43] the capital of Fezzan, or _Phazania_,

at the time of the Roman conquest; and which appears to have given the

name of _Garamantes_ to the whole nation. (As the discussion of this

subject is already before the Public, in the Geography of Herodotus,

Section XXII. the Author begs leave to refer to it). Mr. Horneman,

who names this place _Yerma_, places it to the _west_ of the capital:

however, M. D’Anville has placed it under the name of _Gherma_,

to the SE, with _Tessoua_ (or _Tosaûa_) between the two; and this

is Mr. Beaufoy’s arrangement of it. It should be noticed that

M. D’Anville places these towns out of all proportion too far

to the south-east of Mourzouk; being unconscious that _Gherma_,

or _Garama_, was situated within Fezzan, although he recognises it

as the capital of the _Garamantes_.

Kattron is placed SE from the capital, by Mr. Beaufoy, distant

60 road miles. This is the _Gatron_ of Mr. Horneman, placed by

him directly south. D’Anville names it _Catron_, and places it

about SSW, distant 75 G. miles. In another place, where Mr. Horneman

describes a march of troops from Fezzan to Burgu, he reckons Gatron S

54 miles from Mourzouk, in the way to Teghery; which being, by every

account, to the west of south, from Mourzouk, it may be inferred that

Katron lies to the southward, rather than to the south-eastward. The

report of the distance differs but little between Mr. Horneman and

Mr. Beaufoy. M. D’Anville probably was not so well informed as

either of these gentlemen, in respect of the distance.

Mendra is said, by Mr. Beaufoy, to be 60 miles nearly south,

from the capital. But this is the position of Katron, according

to Horneman, and which, as we have seen, appears probable: and

Mendra being a _province_, as well as a town, must be in some

other situation. Possibly, it ought to change places with Katron,

in Mr. Beaufoy’s description.

Teghery is given by Mr. Beaufoy, as the most westerly, or rather

south-westerly town of Fezzan; and he places it SW 80 road miles

from the capital. The same place appears in a route (mentioned

before) from Mourzouk to Burgu, by Mr. Horneman, who places it SSW

33 such miles, from Katron; whence the position of Teghery would be

about S ¾ W, 85 miles. But D’Anville places it at SSW ½ W 116

G. miles from Mourzouk; and although the distance in this case,

as in that of Katron, is excessive, yet some regard ought to be

had to the bearing. Accordingly, a mean of the three gives S 26 W;

and the mean distance of Beaufoy and Horneman 68 G. miles, reduced

to a direct line.

A place named Tai-garee appears in a route from Tunis to Kashna,

communicated by Mr. Magrah, at fifteen journies from Gadamis.[44]

It appears highly probable that this is the same place with Teghery

in Fezzan: but the distance arising on the fifteen journies falls

very short of the position of Teghery, placed as above. Could this

point be ascertained, it would operate as a check on the position

of Mourzouk; and I cannot but suspect, that this capital is somewhat

more to the west, or north-west, than it now stands in the Map.

These facts are particularly noticed here, that future geographers

may inquire, whether the route of the Tunis caravan, to Soudan,

passes through Teghery in the western skirt of the country of Fezzan;

as I conceive it doth: and also that there is some error in the

combination of the geographical context, between Tunis, and the

eastern positions, which prevents the closing of the lines, to the

aforesaid town of Teghery.

One cannot dismiss the subject of Fezzan, without remarking, that

the observations of Mr. Horneman have added another proof of its

being the country intended by the ancient authors, for that of

the Garamantes. For he has shewn us, that the black rocky Desert,

the continuation of the _black Harutsch_, passes between Fezzan

and Tripoly, and extends yet farther west, towards Gadamis; and as

Pliny places the _Mons Ater_ in this position, with a desert and

the cities of the _Garamantes_ beyond them, these cities cannot well

be any others than those of Fezzan. (See above, page 151). I shall

also mention, in its place, another circumstance brought to light by

Mr. Horneman, concerning the _Troglodytæ_ mentioned by Herodotus,

in the neighbourhood of the Garamantes; and which induces a very

strong belief that the people bordering on the south-east of Fezzan,

are meant.

[Illustration: A MAP, _shewing the_ Progress _of DISCOVERY &

IMPROVEMENT_, in the_ GEOGRAPHY _of_ _NORTH_ AFRICA:

_Compiled by_ J. Rennell, _1798_.

_Corrected in 1802_.

_Published according to Act of Parliament by James Rennell May

25th. 1798._

_J. Walker Sculp._]

=CHAPTER III.=

* * * * *

_Improvements in the general Geography of North Africa.—Remote

Sources of the Nile, and Termination of the Niger.—Lake of Fittré,

or Kauga._

This division of the present subject respects the improvements of

the general geography of the eastern quarter of North Africa. Since

the construction of the General Map, in 1798,[45] much new matter

has appeared in the Travels of Mr. Browne: and to these are now

to be added, the observations and inquiries of Mr. Horneman. These

important notices will be found mutually to explain and confirm each

other, as far as they go, over the same ground; and which is to a

very considerable extent.

Mr. Browne has the advantage in point of materials proper for

mathematical geography; whilst Mr. Horneman’s range of inquiry,

though equally extended, consists more of general notices, in the

nature of sketches. Both possess very great merit; both appear

indefatigable in collecting the most useful matter that either

presented itself, or could be procured: and how much soever a person

at his ease, and in a state of perfect security, may blame the want

of a clear and connected series of notices, respecting the geography

and present state of the countries treated of; yet it should be

considered, under what disadvantages, and at what hazard, a European

traveller in the interior of Africa, collects his information: and

which, the histories of these gentlemen’s proceedings, now before

the Public, as well as those of their old acquaintance Mr. Park,

abundantly shew.

Mr. Browne’s materials consist of a line of 16 degrees of latitude,

from Cairo to the capital of Darfoor; corrected by observations

of latitude and longitude: together with an extension of this line

southward, six degrees farther, by enquiries amongst the natives,

and other travellers, on the spot. His inquiries reached to about the

parallel of 8 degrees north; in which position there were pointed

out to him, the heads of the _Bahr Abiad_, or _White River_, taken

for the most remote, and long sought for, head of the EGYPTIAN

NILE. And besides this line, his inquiries were pointed _eastward_

and _south-east_, to the borders of Abyssinia; _westward_ and

_south-west_, to Bornu; also to other countries, not before heard

of in Europe; the whole forming an extent of more than 15 degrees

of longitude.

The line from Cairo to the head of the White River, is in length

upwards of 1360 G. miles: or more than 1440, from the mouth of the

Nile; taken in _direct_ distance. In its bearing, it varies so

little from the meridian, that the head of the river bears only

about a point and a half to the west of south, from the place of

its discharge into the Mediterranean.

This route departing from the Nile at _Siout_, first passes through,

and fixes the position of the _Greater Oasis_; then successively,

through the positions of Sheb, Selimé, Leghea, and Bir-el-Malha,

in the way to Darfoor.

From the known caution and accuracy of Mr. Browne, this line becomes

an important acquisition: and in respect of the place of the head

of the White River, his information is corroborated generally,

by that collected by Ledyard and Maillet, at Cairo. In other parts

of his geography, he is corroborated by the recent information of

Mr. Horneman; by the notices in Edrisi; by Maillet; and even by

Bruce himself.

It is unnecessary to enter into any details, respecting this

geography, which is already before the public, in his excellent

book of Travels, which furnishes an important part of the subject

now before the reader; particularly what respects the head of the

White River, (that is, the Nile;) and, by implication, what concerns

the termination of the Niger also.

In the selection of materials from the map made by Mr. Browne, from

his own observations and inquiries, I have scrupulously adhered to

the map itself, (except in the single instance of the position of

the capital of Bornou;) on a supposition that he had well compared

and weighed the authorities for the different reports of bearings and

distances; and thence formed a better result than could be done by any

other person. But I have added from his Appendix, some intermediate

routes, and positions, which he judged proper to omit in his map.

He informs us, that he determined by inquiries, that proved

satisfactory, the distance of the Nile from Selimé; whence it

appears, that although the position of the great cataract, as well as

those of Moscho, and of Dongola, taken on the authority of Mr. Bruce,

ought to come _somewhat_ more to the south or south-west; yet that,

in a general point of view, the agreement is closer than could

have been expected. The same may be said of Sennaar, in respect of

Darfoor; Mr. Browne being satisfied, that the interval of distance

between them, agreed to the observations; the one being determined by

Mr. Bruce, the other by himself. Mr. D’Anville had placed Sennaar

nearly four degrees of longitude too far to the west, in his map of

Africa, 1749.[46]

It may be observed, that between Egypt and Darfoor, no waters

whatsoever communicate with the Nile, from the west: and that

Mr. Browne was assured, that the same state of things existed to the

south, between Darfoor and the head of the White River. So far indeed,

from any water running to the east in that quarter, he was told (and

the fact is corroborated in part by others,) that the waters to the

west and south-west of Darfoor, all ran to the _west_ or _north-west_.

Mr. Browne relates, from the information of the people at Darfoor,

that the head of the White River consists of a number of streams,

issuing from certain lofty mountains named _Kumri_, or _Komri_,

situated in a country named _Donga_, distant a month’s journey

from Shilluk; which is itself 3¼ days short of Sennaar: so that

the _remotest_ spring of the White River may be 45 journies from

Sennaar. Now, some of the slaves brought in the Darfoorian caravan

to Cairo, told Mr. Ledyard that they came from a place 55 journies

_westward_ from Sennaar; and Mr. Browne informs us, that the people

of Bergoo (adjacent to Darfoor) make a practice of going a _slave

hunting_ into the quarter of Donga. (Travels, p. 473.) Another

person amongst those questioned by Mr. Ledyard (implied to come

from the same place,) said, that the head of the Nile was situated

in his country.[47] If it be supposed that, in stating the distance

of Sennaar from the head of the Nile, they meant that the road lay

_through_ Darfoor, (which is not improbable) the distance of 55

days would be fully made up. It is reckoned 23 days from Darfoor

to Sennaar, and somewhat more from Darfoor to the copper mines of

Fertit; which are yet very far short of the head of the White River.

In the map of Africa, 1798, I had placed the head of the White River,

about 130 miles to the SE of the place now assigned by Mr. Browne.

Mr. Horneman having again set afloat the idea of the junction

of the Niger with the Nile, it becomes necessary to examine,

minutely, the geographical materials furnished by Mr. Browne and

Mr. Horneman, as well as the notices found in Edrisi; in order to

shew the improbability of such a fact. Mr. Horneman was informed

by persons who had travelled to Darfoor, that the Niger (_Joliba_)

passed by the south of Darfoor, into the White River. It is certain

that Herodotus[48] collected much the same kind of information in

Egypt: but it is equally certain that the people whom Mr. Browne

consulted at Darfoor, were silent, respecting any such junction:

on the contrary, they report, not only that the White River is

formed of sources, springing from the mountains on the south, but

also that the waters between Darfoor and those mountains, run to

the westward. It is proper to add, that the mountains in question,

named Kumri, or _Komri_, are, as the name imports, the _Mountains_

of the _Moon_; in which Ptolemy, and the Arabian geographers, place

the remote head of the Nile.[49]

In chapter vi. of the Geographical Illustrations, 1798, I have

set forth several facts, with a view to shew the probability of the

termination of the Niger, by _evaporation_, in the country of Wangara,

&c. To that, I shall beg leave to refer: but as many additional

facts, tending to strengthen my former ideas, have been furnished

by recent travellers, I shall have occasion to repeat some of the

former statements and arguments, in the course of the discussion.

Towards the west and SW, to the extent of several hundred miles

from the capital of Darfoor, Mr. Browne learnt, that the country was

intersected by a number of streams, whose courses pointed to the west

and north-west. He appears to speak, however, with less confidence of

the courses of all the other waters, save the _Misselâd_, and the

small river _Batta_, its adjunct. These, he unequivocally conducts

from SE to NW. (See pages 449—464, and his map at page 180). But

of the others, he merely says, “the course of the rivers, if

rightly given, is, for the most part, from E to W.” But he also

says, p. 449, “the country they flow through, is said to be,

great part of the year, wet and marshy; the heat is excessive,

and the people remark that there is no winter.” The principal,

as well as the most remote of these rivers, is the _Bahr Kulla_,

denominated from a country of the same name, described (p. 308), to

_abound_ with _water_; and this Bahr Kulla is considerable enough to

require boats to cross it, of which some are made of single trees,

large enough to hold ten persons.[50]

It would seem, therefore, (if Mr. Browne was correctly informed,

and I can see no reason to doubt, because he speaks with caution),

as if these rivers descended from the high country on the south of

Darfoor, into a comparatively low, and hollow tract to the west,

in which also two large lakes are marked in Mr. Browne’s map: and

this tract falls, in our geography, nearly midway between the head of

the White River, and the country of _Wangara_, placed according to

the notices found in Edrisi; and which are corroborated, generally,

by Mr. Horneman, who was told that Wangara lay to the westward of the

empire of Bornu.[51] Through this country of Wangara, the great river

of interior Africa (our _Niger_) runs, and beyond Wangara, eastward,

we are unable to _trace_ it. (It may be necessary to remark here,

that Edrisi conceived that the Niger ran to the west, from a source,

common to that, and to the Egyptian Nile.)

In fact, one ought not to be surprised to find, considering how very

loosely and inaccurately such kind of information must necessarily

be given, at so great a distance from the seat of inquiry, (that is,

many hundred miles from Mr. Browne’s station in Darfoor), if the

lakes and rivers in question should turn out to be those of Wangara

itself! It may be observed, that the distances from the capital of

Darfoor agree nearly as well to the lakes of Wangara, as to those

of _Hermad_ and _Dwi_; and the bearing does not differ two points

of the compass.[52] There is nothing to check the bearings from

Darfoor, on that side; and it would not be at all extraordinary,

if two descriptions, such as those of Edrisi, and of the people of

Darfoor, should be even more at variance, than the difference between

the positions of the _two sets_ of lakes and rivers, on the map.

But how ambiguous soever the subject of the _western_ streams, between

the head of the White River and Wangara, may be, the waters that

flow from the southern and western borders of Darfoor, are clearly

known to run to the north-west, and to form a large lake; proving a

hollow space to exist, in the quarter, north-west of Darfoor; and

little more than 160 miles eastward of Wangara.[53] Whether this

hollow be a continuation of that which receives the waters of the

Niger, and forms a part of them into lakes, in Wangara, remains to

be discovered. It is, however, in proof, that Edrisi believed the

fact, by his describing a water communication the whole way. I now

proceed to describe the course of these waters, that flow from the

quarter of Darfoor, towards the north-west.

Mr. Browne was informed, (page 449,) that on the south of Darfoor,

and between that country and the source of the White River, the waters

formed a considerable river, named _Misselâd_. This he traces on his

map at page 180, and in the routes given in his Appendix, p. 449,

464, 468, towards the NNW and NW, to a point above the parallel of

15 degrees north (_i. e._ through near 400 G. miles of course);

but he is silent, otherwise than by implication, respecting its

future course. But of a second river (the _Batta_) whose course lies

_between_ the Misselâd and Darfoor, and very near to the former,

he says, that it flows from the _south_, and then, deviating to the

_west_, it falls into the _Bahr-el-Fittré_. (P. 464). It remains to

be added, that, following the western road from Wara to Bagherme (in

his Appendix, p. 464, 465), we come to the Bahr Fittré itself: but

without any notices respecting the crossing of the Misselâd river,

by the way. This matter, however, will be made clearer, presently,

by the aid of Horneman and Edrisi.

Mr. Browne continues to say, (p. 465,) that “the people on the

banks of the Bahr Fittré use little boats, for the purpose of

passing from one place to another, on _the river_.” The word

_Bahr_ indicating equally a lake or a river, is here understood

for the _latter_, by Mr. Browne; but we learn from Mr. Horneman,

that the dominions of the sultan of _Fiddri_, (as he writes it,) are

situated round a large fresh-water lake, which bears the same name:

and that, into this lake flows _a river which comes from Darfoor_;

and whose banks are very rich in sugar-canes. (See above, p. 115.)

This account of the lake is strengthened by several circumstances.

Horneman says, that the district of Fiddri, although so named by

its own inhabitants, is called _Cougu_, or _Cugu_, by the people

who dwell eastward; (the Arabs;) _Luffe_, by those on the west.

Now, _Couga_, or _Kauga_, is noted by Edrisi, as a country and

city near a large lake of fresh water, situated at 30 journies

westward, or south-westward, from Dongola; 36 eastward from Gana:

and here we have the very position. Moreover, Mr. Browne describes,

in the before-mentioned western route, at 3½ journies short of

the Bahr Fittré, _Dar Cooka_,[54] doubtless the country of _Couga_

or _Cugu_ in question.

The circumstance of boats plying on the Bahr Fittré (Browne’s

Travels, p. 465,) also accords with the idea of a lake. Nor can

there be a doubt that the Misselâd of Browne, is the river from the

quarter of Darfoor, intended by Horneman: and that _it_, as well as

the river of Batta, falls into the lake of Fittré.[55]

It may be remarked, that what Edrisi describes as the upper part of

the course of the _Niger_, (_Nilus Nigrorum_) is evidently intended

for this river: but he describes it as originating from the same

source as the _Egyptian Nile_, and flowing westward. There also

appears in Ptolemy, the same river springing from about the 10th

degree of north latitude; as the Misselâd does.

It appears certain then, that the ground declines, from the quarter

of Darfoor, towards the interior of Africa, to the north-west

and west: and the descriptions of Edrisi, (page 13,) go equally

to prove that the ground also declines from the NE to SW, towards

the lake of Fittré; because he describes the river of _Kuku_ to

run southward.[56]

The same must be understood of the river of the Antelopes, or

_Wad-el-Gazel_, which is marked by Mr. Browne, (p. 465,) at two

journies to the NW of the lake Fittré; and by Mr. Beaufoy at the

distance of one journey from the capital of Bournu. Mr. Horneman

indeed was told, that the Wad-el-Gazel was not a river, but a

fruitful and well inhabited valley. It is probably both: that is,

a fertile valley, with a river running through it. Hence we must

suppose the Wad-el-Gazel to be another river that falls into the lake

Fittré, from the north; and consequently, the lake itself, to be

the receptacle of the eastern waters of the interior of North Africa.

Edrisi places Semegonda at ten journies to the westward or SW of

_Kauga_, (our _Fittré_,) and within the country of Wangara, which

is entirely surrounded by the branches of the Niger, and periodically

inundated by its waters: and it is clear that he believed, that there

was a water communication between Wangara and Kauga; because he says,

(p. 7.) that salt was conveyed all along the Niger, eastward to that

point. It may be remarked, that Horneman says, that the people of

Fittré (Kauga) have no salt, but what they obtain from vegetable

substances.[57]

If there be, as Edrisi says, (page 7,) a water communication between

Kauga and Wangara, (no matter which way the water runs), the fact

of a common level, would, of course, be proved; and then it must

be admitted to be highly improbable, that any part of the course of

the White River, southward of Darfoor, should be on a lower level,

than the lake of Fittré. But, perhaps, some may doubt the authority

of Edrisi, in this point; and possibly, the more so, since he says,

that the Niger runs to the west.

But placing this circumstance out of the question, and leaving

the facts set forth by Mr. Browne and Mr. Horneman, to speak for

themselves, it may be asked,

1. Whether it is probable that the Niger, after running about 2250

British miles in direct distance from its source, should not have

arrived at a lower level, than that of the countries adjacent to

the heads of the Nile?[58]

2. Whether the course of the Misselâd river, from the south of

Darfoor, is not almost directly contrary to that which the Niger

should take from Wangara, in order to join the White River?

3. Whether the course of the waters, to the west of Darfoor, and of

the head of the White River, are not also reported to run _towards_

the quarter that contains the Niger, instead of _coming from it_? and

are they not said to run through a wet marshy country; whilst that

to the east, in the line between Fittré and the White River, is

high and mountainous?[59]

4. Has not the country of Wangara, &c. like that of Fittré,

the character of an alluvial tract, inundated by the periodical

floods of the Niger, to the extent of more than 350 British miles in

length, by more than 170 in breadth: and has not both that and Gana,

large fresh water lakes in the dry season?[60] May not so great an

extent of surface, suffice for the evaporation of the waters of

the Niger; as we have already an instance of the kind in Persia,

in which the _Heermend_, a river of more than 400 miles length of

course, is evaporated in less than ¹⁄₂₀ part of the surface

of the inundation formed in Wangara?[61] I now return to the general

geography.

Mr. Horneman, in describing the position of the southern states,

speaks of _Wadey_, bordering on the west of Darfoor; then _Metko_,

west, (or rather NW) of Wadey; both of which are watered by the

river which flows from Darfoor to the lake Fittré, (_i. e._

the _Misselâd_); and, finally, Fittré itself, to the NW of

Metko. Continuing the description—_Begarmé_[62] is said to lie N

of Wadey; Bournu, N of Fittré. _Bergoo_ seems not to have been known

to Horneman; or, perhaps, he may have confounded it with the Burgu

towards Augila (the _Berdoa_ of Delisle and D’Anville). Bergoo,

according to Mr. Browne, is an independent country: Metko and Wadey,

the same: so that the empire of Bournu ends with Fittré (or _Cooka_)

Margi, and Wangara, southward.[63]

Of these countries, Mr. Browne had not heard of Wangara, under that

name;[64] nor of Wadey, or Metko; although he describes the tract

which contains them, in his map. Nor does _Dar Cooka_ appear to

have been known to him, as the Kauga of Edrisi, or as the Fittré

of Horneman.

At the capital of Bournu, the interesting inquiries of Mr. Browne

end, northward: but as those of Mr. Horneman extend to the borders

of Darfoor, they of course _overlap_ each other; so as to give much

greater authority to the report of the course of the waters from

Darfoor to the lake Fittré.

With respect to the line of distance, between Fezzan and Darfoor;

Darfoor and Sennaar; these are the details: (that from Gana to

Dongola, has been already given, page 188.)

Mr. Beaufoy allows between Temissa (in Fezzan) and the capital

of _Bournu_, 43 days of caravan travelling, in a south-easterly

direction. Mr. Browne places the same capital, deduced from inquiries

made at Darfoor, in lat. 19° 45′, lon. 21° 33′; so as to leave

an interval of distance equal to 562 G. miles, between Temissa

and Bournu; giving a rate of only 13 miles and a small fraction,

_per_ day. This rate falls far short of caravan travelling; and

it is possible that the halting days may have been included in

the aggregate number 43; as is often done, when the inquiries are

not sufficiently pointed. In the Proceed. Afr. Assoc. 1798, it is

stated, that Bornou falls at 534 G. miles from Dongola on the Nile;

and Mr. Browne’s result gives about 600. It should, however,

be noted, that Mr. Browne’s Tables (page 467), give a bearing

of N ¼ W between Begarmé and Bournu, which I have followed in

preference to his map, where it is N 13 W; and thus place Bournu

at 562 from Dongola. A mean between the position in the former map,

and that given by Mr. Browne, would be 567. But through the want of a

cross line of distance, that can be depended on, the position of this

important point in geography, remains in uncertainty. Mr. Horneman

was told that Bournu was 15 days journey from Kashna: and at

25, in a W by S direction, short of Fittré. This is, no doubt,

meant of the _boundary_ of the empire of Bournu, towards Kashna,

and not of the capital; and this report appears very probable, as

the Bournuan dominions are said to terminate on that side, with the

country of Wangara.

=CHAPTER IV.=

* * * * *

_Concerning the Tribes that occupy the habitable Parts of the

Great Desert.—Tibbo and Tuarick.—Empires of Bournu, Asben,

and Houssa.—General Observations._

The inquiries of Mr. Horneman throw some new light on the distribution

of the habitable tracts, inclosed by, or adjoining to, that part of

the Sahara which lies to the east of Tombuctoo; as well as of the

tract that stands in the same relation to the Eastern, or _Libyan_

Desert.

The empires of Houssa and Bournou, consisting of various lesser

states, appear to divide the space along the Niger, from the

quarter of Tombuctoo, to that of Darfoor, eastward; and to extend

a considerable way to the north, beyond the general line of the river.

Two considerable nations, also, the TIBBO and TUARICK, appear to

divide the remainder of the space, northward, _within_ the Deserts;

embracing Fezzan on every side but the north; and closing on the

maritime states along the Mediterranean, from the Desert which shuts

up Egypt on the west, to Mount Atlas. Mr. Horneman appears to be

the first person who has given these general ideas of the Tibbo and

Tuarick; and they merit attention.

The Tibbo, or Tibboo, possess the eastern, and the Tuarick the

western, and most extensive part of this vast tract. Fezzan

separates them on the north: and its meridian forms nearly their

common boundary, until they close southward on Kashna and Bournu.[65]

According to Mr. Horneman, the settlements of the Tibbo, begin at

the south and south-east of Fezzan, and extend from thence eastward,

along the south of the Harutsch and of the Augilan Desert, to the

wide sandy Desert of the Lebetæ[66] (_Libya_), which shuts up Egypt,

on the west. This Desert forms the eastern boundary of the Tibbo. On

the south, wandering Arabs possess the tract between them and the

empire of Bournu; and on the west, are the Tuarick of Asben (Agades),

Tagazee, &c.

The Tibbo are said to be divided into the following tribes:

1. Rshade, or _Rock_ Tibbo. 2. Febabo. 3. Burgu, or Birgu. 4. Arna.

5. Bilma. 6. Nomadic Tibbo.

1. _The Rshade._ This tribe possesses the country adjoining to the

south and south-east of Fezzan; and is besides intermixed with the

Fezzaners, in those quarters of Fezzan, (as the Tuarick are in the

western quarters, and the Arabs in the north.) The towns of the Rock

Tibbo, are Abo and Tibesty; which I am enabled to place generally,

by means of a route given by Mr. Horneman.[67]

The Tibbo _Rshade_, or _Rock_ Tibbo, are so denominated from their

building their habitations under rocks, or living in _caves_; before

which they build huts of rushes, for their summer’s residence.

Some idea of the tract inhabited by this tribe, may be collected

from Mr. Beaufoy’s account of the country between Fezzan and

Bournu, ch. vi.; and from Mr. Horneman’s description of the white

Harutsch. The road to Bournu leads out of the country of Fezzan,

from Temissa; from which town, seven journies bring us to the plain

of _Tibesty_, said to be inhabited by Mahomedans; which is indeed the

religion of the Rock Tibbo. The last four days lead across what is

termed “a hilly desert of sand.” So far Mr. Beaufoy’s informant.

The white Harutsch, crossed by Mr. Horneman, is in this vicinity, and

extends southward, from the line of his route across it, from Augila

to Mourzouk: so that it is not improbable that the “hilly desert”

just mentioned, is a continuation of the white Harutsch. What renders

it more probable is, that Mr. Horneman was told, that certain _black_

mountains, which he suspected to be a part of the black Harutsch,

are crossed in the way from Fezzan to Bournu. And it has been shewn,

that the black Harutsch adjoins to the white Harutsch on the east;

and this arrangement may continue, southward: in which direction

Mr. Horneman was informed the black Harutsch stretched, beyond the

line of his route.

This gentleman describes the hilly part of the white Harutsch to

consist of “_loose friable limestone_, in which the petrifactions

are _imbedded so loosely_, that they may be taken out with ease.” No

rocks therefore are more likely to contain natural caves, or are more

easily excavated, when wanted. This tract, therefore, seems, as well

from description, as position, to be that inhabited by the Rock Tibbo.

A circumstance in Herodotus (Melpom. 183), leads one to conclude, that

these are the _Ethiopian Troglodytæ, hunted by the Garamantes_. The

Garamantes, I trust, I have made to appear, are the Fezzaners; and

here are a tribe of Troglodytæ, on their very borders. They are said,

in the same place, to be very swift of foot. Mr. Horneman says, that

the walk of the Tibbos is light and swift: as if remarkably so: but

then he speaks of the Tibbo, collectively; and not of any particular

tribe. But, on the other hand, it appears that he saw more of the

Rock Tibbo, than any other: for he says, “they go in multitudes to

Fezzan;” and it may be that his opinion of the nation at large was,

in a great measure, formed by what he saw of this tribe.[68]

A strange particular is related of the Troglodytæ, by Herodotus. He

says, that their language bears some resemblance to the screaming

of bats.[69] Melpom. 183.

2. _The Febabo._ This tribe is found at 10 journies SSW from Augila;

between which territories, on the side of Augila, is a desert of 6

journies, void of water. And notwithstanding this circumstance, and

the distance from the sea coast of Bengasi (20 days, at least), they

are annually exposed to the depredations of the people of Bengasi,

who, joined with those of Augila, go to _steal_ men and dates. See

above, on Gegabib, page 148.

3. _Burgu, or Birgu._ (This must not be mistaken for Bergoo, a state

situated in the quarter of Darfoor.) It appears in D’Anville and

Delisle, as well as in Leo, under the name of _Berdoa_; but the name

is too often repeated by Mr. Horneman to be a mistake of his. This

tribe resides to the south of Febabo, at the distance of _some_ days;

and at eighteen, eastward from Tibesty. Hence the Burgu tribe may

be placed S a little W from Augila, and about the parallel of the

south of Fezzan.

Their territory is said to be fertile, but they bear the character

of robbers. A caravan of Fezzanners, from Begarmé and Bournu, about

the time of Mr. Horneman’s visit, was plundered by them. The Sultan

of Fezzan sent a force to punish them; the smallness of which, seems

to prove that the Burgu are either not numerous, or are very much

dispersed. (See above, page 107). The route of the Sultan’s army

helps to fix the positions both of Burgu, and of the Rock Tibbo.[70]

Mr. Beaufoy relates (ch. iv. 1790,) that on another occasion, the

Tibbo of Tibesty plundered a caravan of Fezzan, which robbery was

also punished: but on the last occasion, the Tibestians (who are

the Rock Tibbo), aided the Sultan. It appears by the geography, that

the caravans from the SE are much exposed to the Burgu and Tibesty,

in their route to Fezzan.[71]

4. _Arna._ This tribe is said to live five or six journies to

the eastward of the Burgu; and must therefore border on the sandy

Desert of the _Lebetæ_. Mr. Horneman appears to have known them

only by name.

5. _Bilma._ This is the principal tribe of the Tibbo. They occupy the

middle space, between Fezzan and Bournu, adjacent to the great Desert

of Bilma. Their capital of _Dyrke_ is said to be one journey from

Bilma; which may be the Balmala of Edrisi. They carry on a commerce

between Bournu and Fezzan. (See above, p. 106.) The _Billa_ of Ptolemy

may possibly be meant for Bilma; but is too far to the eastward.

Mr. Beaufoy states the distance to be 45 days of the salt caravans

from Agadez to the lake of Dumboo; which is situated within the

Desert of Bilma. These, at 13 G. miles per day,[72] give a total of

585 miles. The interval on the construction is about 60 less. Either

then, Agadez is more to the west, or Dumboo more to the east. Two

circumstances render it probable that Agadez should be more to the

west: Mr. Magrah was told that it lay S 30° W from Fezzan: and

that it lay N from Kashna. That part of the General Map of 1798,

has not been altered.

6. _Nomadic Tibbo._ These are the most southerly of the tribes; and

are seated in the _Bahr-el-Gazel_, which, Mr. Horneman was told, was a

long and fruitful valley, 7 journies north of Begarmé. Of the _Bahr_

(or _Wad_)-el-Gazel, I have already spoken, in page 168. The distance

of 7 journies N of Begarmé would place the Nomadic Tibbo within the

empire of Bournu. Perhaps, in Bournu, as in Persia, both ancient and

modern, Nomadic tribes find plenty of room:[73] but whether so far

southward, may be a doubt, for a river of the name of Wad-el-Gazel,

is said to flow even into the Desert of Bilma. Antelopes are found

in the neighbourhood of Dumboo; and there may be a river denominated

from them, in that quarter, as well as in that of Begarmé.

_Of the_ TUARICK.[74]

These, whom Mr. Horneman styles a _mighty_ people, appear to occupy

the habitable parts of the Great Sahara, situated to the west of

the meridian of Fezzan. They must necessarily be widely dispersed;

and they are also divided into many tribes. Mr. Horneman very

properly confines himself to what he _knew_, concerning them: and

this knowledge related to little more than to the tribes of _Kolluvi_

and _Hagara_, who live the nearest to Fezzan; and carry on a commerce

between that place, Soudan, and Gadamis.

The Kolluvi possess (from recent conquest, it would seem,) the country

of Agadez; which, with other provinces adjacent, forms a state named

collectively, _Asben_. It adjoins to Kashna (a part of the empire

of Houssa,) on the south; Bournu on the east. Its capital is the

city of Agadez, said, by Mr. Magrah’s informant, to be in size

equal to the suburbs of Tunis; which, Mr. Magrah observes, compose

the largest proportion of that city.

But it would appear by the _Soudan_ route, transmitted by that

gentleman, that the establishments of the Tuarick in other places,

as Gazer, Tagazee, Jenet, &c. consisted only of small villages,

scattered through an immensity of space: indeed, like most of the

other tribes situated within this singular region. Zanfara and Guber,

which are said to lie adjacent, pay a tribute to Asben.

The Hagara are the most easterly of the Tuarick, and are near

Fezzan. These I am not able to place on the Map: possibly, they

either occupy Ganat, on the south of Fezzan; or, as the Tuarick

possess Jenet and Sockna, on the NW of it, the town of Agaree, in

the same quarter, may be the Hagara meant. It appears in the routes

collected by Mr. Magrah, at Tunis.

Mr. Horneman also mentions, but without any notice of situation, the

_Matkara_ tribe: also that of _Tagama_, situated towards Tombuctoo

and Soudan.[75] He forms an ingenious conjecture respecting this

tribe. They are said to be whiter than the rest of the Africans

of the interior (or rather, perhaps, less black); and are _not_

Mahometans. Now, as the term _Nazary_, or Christian, is applied

generally to those whom the Mahometans call unbelievers, Mr. Horneman

infers that this circumstance has given rise to the report of there

being a tribe of _white Christians_ near Tombuctoo.[76]

The eastern Tuarick live chiefly a Nomadic life.

One curious particular relating to the Tuarick is, that they have

formed colonies in _Siwah_, _Augila_, and _Sockna_; all of which are

commercial places, forming a chain along the northern border of the

Libyan Desert, towards the maritime states along the Mediterranean. To

these, the _Lesser Oasis_ is to be added, in course; as speaking

the same language as Siwah; and this is corroborated by Mr. Browne,

who says (page 132), that the Lesser Oasis forms a kind of capital

settlement of the Muggrebine Arabs. Gadamis also may possibly be found

to be a colony of the same people; whose establishments of this kind,

may extend along the northern border of the whole Sahara; since they

have colonies in a quarter so remote from their own nation.[77]

The Tuarick are said, by Mr. Horneman, to be a very interesting

people; the most so, of any of the tribes of the Sahara: but he

gives the palm of intelligence, benevolence, and mildness, to the

people of Houssa; who are, however, Negroes.

This Houssa, (or _Haussa_, as Mr. Horneman calls it), whose position

has so long evaded geographical research, is, according to this

gentleman, an _empire_, consisting of a number of lesser states,

in the very centre of North Africa. Kashna, or Kasna, which has so

long figured on the Map as an independent empire, must, according to

his description, (and which is very consistent), give way to Houssa,

of which Kasna is no more than a province. He includes in Houssa,

on the authority of a Maraboot, the countries situated generally

between Tombuctoo, Asben, and Bournu.[78]

He says that three names are applied to this empire (as to Fittré:)

Haussa, the name among the people themselves; Soudan,[79] (meaning

the country of the _Blacks_, or Negroes) by the Arabs; and Asna,

by the people of Bournu. But this last, he says, in strictness,

applies only to the countries of Kasna, Kano, (Gana,) and such

parts of Houssa, as lie to the eastward of _these_: in effect, those

parts of Houssa which border on, or are nearest to, the Bournuans:

a practice that has prevailed, more or less, in every country.

Concerning the existence of _a city_ of Houssa, Mr. Horneman is

silent: but he learnt that Tombuctoo (between which, however, and

Fezzan, there is very little intercourse,) is certainly the principal

city, and most worthy of notice, in the interior of Africa.

It must be admitted that the information collected by Mr. Magrah,

at Tunis, respecting Houssa, agrees with the report of Mr. Horneman;

but still there may also be a _city_ of the name of Houssa, in the

quarter towards Tombuctoo, and within the limits of the empire now

denominated Houssa; and which city, at an earlier period, may have

been the capital of the empire.

Mr. Magrah says, (Beaufoy’s MSS.) “All my late informants persist

in representing Houssa as a considerable empire, comprehending many

principalities. Kasna, (says Sidi Cossem,) is the _great city_,

Houssa, the _country_ of the Negroes. The course from Tunis to

Gadamis is due south; and the same from thence to Houssa.” (The

same authority gave the bearing from Fezzan to Agades, at S 30° W.;

and thence to Kasna, due south.)[80]

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

It is an unquestionable fact, that Geography has gained very

considerably by Mr. Horneman’s travels; though not quite so much

as if he had transmitted the general bearings of the different

portions of his routes; as well as the latitudes of some important

geographical points; together with an account of the time employed

between Fezzan and Tripoly. However, very great allowances must be

made, for the critical situation in which he was placed; from the

difficulty of supporting the character he had assumed, whilst he

was forwarding the purposes of the Association.

It may be justly remarked, that the course of a few years, has solved

many of the questions respecting the geography and natural history

of Africa, that appeared the most important and curious, during a

series of ages: and it may be added, that the physical geography of

Africa, turns out to be more remarkable than was even supposed.

Of the questions either wholly, or in part, solved, may be reckoned

the following:

_First._ The general direction of the stream of the _Niger_, now

proved by Mr. Park, to be from west to east; although the _place_

and _mode_ of its termination, are not _exactly known_.

_Secondly._ The place of the remote head of the Nile; in all ages

a _desideratum_: and which, although it has not been actually

visited, may fairly be believed, on the authority of Mr. Browne’s

information: more especially, as it agrees so nearly with the report

of the Darfoor people, to Ledyard, at Cairo; with the reports of the

Arabian geographers; and with the information collected by M. Maillet,

in Egypt.

_Thirdly._ The place of the Oasis, and remains of the temple

of Jupiter Ammon; discovered by Mr. Browne, and corroborated by

Mr. Horneman: as also, the exact position and extent of the Greater

Oasis, by Mr. Browne; and the approximated position of the Lesser

Oasis, by the joint inquiries of the same gentlemen.

_Fourthly._ The position of the nation called _Garamantes_ by

the ancients; derived from information collected by the African

Association.

_Fifthly._ The truth of the question respecting the _Lotus_; which,

considered fairly, and stripped of the poetical ideas annexed to it,

is really what the ancients described it to be. The merit of this

discovery, or at least, the distinct proof of it, rests, in a great

measure, with Mr. Park.

_Sixthly._ The proof of certain facts stated by the ancients; as,

1. The Dates of the distant inland tracts, being gathered by the

people of the sea coast.

2. The _Mons Ater_ of Pliny, recognised in the _Black Harutsch_.

3. The site of Memphis, before involved in doubt and obscurity.

4. The singular conformation of the Mound of _Bubastis_, in Lower

Egypt, proved by the French _Sçavans_.[81]

Although a part, only, of these discoveries, have been made by

persons employed by the Association, yet it is probable that the

gentleman to whom we owe some of the most brilliant of them, was

in part determined to the pursuit, by the discussions set on foot

by the Association; which had been established some years before

Mr. Browne’s travels commenced.

POSTSCRIPT.

When the above Memoir was printed, I was ignorant that the following

passage occurred, in Mr. Horneman’s Letter of the 6th April,

from Mourzouk.

“I spoke to a man who had seen Mr. Browne in Darfoor: he gave me

some information respecting the countries he travelled through, and

told me, that the communication of the Niger with the Nile, was not

to be doubted, but that this communication before the rainy season,

was very little; in those parts, the Niger being at the dry period

_reposing_, or _non fluens_.”

If the authority is to be depended on, it proves two facts: first,

that the _Niger_ and _Nile_, (that is the _western_ branch, or _White_

River), are by no means one and the same river; but, on the contrary,

that their fountains are perfectly distinct: for, it is agreed on all

hands, that the White River is a very large stream, at all seasons;

whereas, we are here told that the Niger discharges into the Nile,

during the dry season, only a very small portion of its waters:

consequently, the waters of the Nile must come from some other

quarter than the Niger.

The other fact is, that during the dry season, the waters of the Niger

are generally evaporated in the inland country: a fact disbelieved

by many, from their not being well informed respecting the powers

of evaporation.

The communication above alluded to, may probably turn out to be that,

between the lakes of Wangara and Fittré; which is described by

Edrisi as a part of the track of the salt trade along the Niger. It

may be proper to repeat, that the _Misselâd_ of the map, answers

to the upper part of Edrisi’s _Niger_.

ERRATA IN THE GEOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR.

Page 130 line the last, for _whole_, read _given_.

— 148 — last but one, for _and_, read _to_.

— 171, 172 for _Metho_, read _Metko_.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 14: The Reader is referred to the Map of Mr. Horneman’s

Route, page 29, and to the General Map of Africa, opposite Chapter

III.]

[Footnote 15: Mr. Horneman had the misfortune to lose his papers at

Schiacha, three days beyond Siwah; so that he must have written down

the time, previous to that accident, from recollection only. Between

Cairo and Siwah, his time is given, as follows:

Hours.

Cairo to Wady-el-Latron, or the Natron Valley, _about_ 19

To a sand hill, (supposed to be the ridge between the

Natron Valley and the bed of the Bahr-bela-ma) 4

To Muhabag 13

Mogara 4½

Biljoradeck 16

To a station on the hills of Ummesogeir: said to be 40

hours, _or more_, say 41½

To Ummesogeir 5

Siwah 20

---

Total 123

---

]

[Footnote 16: The ordinary caravan day of 8 hours, appears to be

about 20 _British_ miles, _by the road_; and in _direct_ distance

across deserts, about 16¼ or 16½ _Geographic_ miles.]

[Footnote 17:

Siwah to the Valley of _Schiacha_ 23 hours.

To Torfaue 6½

Across the Desert to a watering-place on the border

of Augila 49

To Augila 9

---

Total 87½

---

]

[Footnote 18: Abulfeda and Ptolemy describe it to be so; and Ledyard

was told the same at Cairo.]

[Footnote 19: This is the computation:

Hours.

From Augila to the Mountains of _Moraije_ 26

To the Plain of Sultin 18

Across the Plain or Desert of Sultin, &c. to a woody tract,

3 journies; but no account in hours, say 34

To the entrance of the black Harutsch, about 1 day, say 10

To a watering-place in the Harutsch 4

To the end of the black Harutsch, 3½ days; say 40

Through the white Harutsch, 1½ day; say 15

To a watering-place on the borders of Fezzan 4

To Temissa 9

Zuila 6¾

Hamarra 7

Tragan 10¾

Sidi Bisher 8

Mourzouk 3

----

195½

The road distance, at 2¼ British miles per hour, gives 488¾,

which, at ¹⁄₂₀ part for windings, as before, would give 463½;

or in G. miles about 409. I have deducted 14 for the extraordinary

windings and roughness of the paths, in the black Harutsch.

Remains G. miles 395, for the direct distance between Augila and

Mourzouk.]

[Footnote 20: Herodotus has a line of distance from Thebes, westward,

in intervals of 10 days each, but very inaccurate.]

[Footnote 21: The former statement of the distance, (in the

Geog. Herod. p. 167.) is 861. The difference is occasioned by the

different modes of projection of the maps; that in Herodotus, being

on a spherical projection, the present one being rectilinear.]

[Footnote 22: See Proceed. Afr. Assoc. for 1790, chap. iv.]

[Footnote 23: The road by Sockna, seems to be the _short_ road to

_Phazania_, mentioned by Pliny, lib. v. c. 5.]

[Footnote 24: There are several places of the name of _Wadan_, in

this Geography; the name designing the conflux of two water-courses,

or torrents. Another Wadan is found in the road from Mesurata to

Fezzan; and a third, between Fezzan and Bournu.]

[Footnote 25: Mr. Horneman came, on the day before he entered the

black Harutsch, to a small wood of _green_ trees. This situation

accords with that of Zala, being just midway between Augila and

Zuila. No town is known to exist there, at present.]

[Footnote 26: M. D’Anville reckons the distance between Tripoly

and Mourzouk 240 G. miles, only: M. Delisle about 280, or less:

and Sanuto, who wrote on the African Geography, (A. D. 1588,)

255. Thus, the 289 allowed above, from Mesurata, go beyond the highest

calculation hitherto made, from Tripoly, which is yet farther from

Mourzouk, than Mesurata is.]

[Footnote 27: Mr. Browne, who did _not_ see the Bahr-bela-ma, was

_told_ that it lay a day’s journey to the west of the Natron Lakes;

but unless it takes a turn to the west, beyond the point where General

A. saw it, he must have been misinformed. See an account of the

Bahr-bela-ma in the province of Faiume, in the Geog. Herod. p. 503.

The description of these valleys is to be found in the _Mémoires

sur l’Egypte_, p. 212.]

[Footnote 28: This (I am given to understand) is the idea conveyed

in the original Journal.]

[Footnote 29: The hills over the valley of Mogara, answer to the hills

of _Le Magra_, (perhaps corrupted from _El Mogara_,) of Mr. Beaufoy;

Afr. Assoc. 1790, ch. x. and also to the M. _Ogdamus_ of Ptolemy,

Afr. Tab. III.]

[Footnote 30: See above, p. 8.]

[Footnote 31: In the Geogr. of Herod. p. 504.]

[Footnote 32: _Ibid._]

[Footnote 33: This is explained in the observations on the alluvions

of rivers, in the same book, Section xviii.]

[Footnote 34: My friend, Mr. Morton Pitt, M. P. has proved, by the

enumeration of the inhabitants of a country parish in Dorsetshire,

that the men of an age _capable_ of bearing arms are _one-fourth_

of the whole community. Mr. Horneman, if I understand him rightly,

states the number of _actual_ warriors to be 1500; so that we ought,

perhaps, to multiply that number by 5, to get nearer to the total

amount of the population.]

[Footnote 35: Edrisi places it at seven journies from Cairo; probably

through Faiume.]

[Footnote 36: Geography of Herodot. p. 560, 561.]

[Footnote 37: Most of the modern authors, who have mentioned this

Oasis, speak of _ruins_ existing in it. In particular Mr. Browne,

p. 133.]

[Footnote 38: (See Proceed. Afr. Assoc. 1790, ch. x.) The sea coast

is truly about eight journies from Gegabib: but I know of no place

of the name of _Duna_. Derna is twice that distance.]

[Footnote 39: See above, page 108.]

[Footnote 40: Abulfeda speaks both of its dates and its fountains: and

Ben Ali informed Mr. Beaufoy, that it was famous for the “_abundance_

and _flavour_” of its dates. Proceed. Afr. Assoc. ch. x.]

[Footnote 41: Mr. Horneman speaks of three towns in Augila, and Ben

Ali adds a fourth town, or village, _Guizara_, situated at one journey

to the east of the capital. Hence it agrees with the watering-place

to which Mr. Horneman came at nine hours short of Augila. It seems

to be also the _Saragma_ of Ptolemy. (Tab. III. Africæ.)]

[Footnote 42: Mr. Horneman saw some remains, which ought to be

referred to the time of Mahomedanism.]

[Footnote 43: There are considerable remains of structures, at this

day. See Proceed. Afr. Assoc. 1790, chap. iv.]

[Footnote 44: Gadamis, it would appear, ought to be placed more

to the eastward than it appears in the Map of 1798; which will

increase the direct distance of Teghery from Tunis, on the Map,

by straightening the line of the road.

Gadamis was pointed out to Mr. Magrah, to bear from Tunis, S 4° E;

the distance 23 caravan days. Of these, the first 10 were to Kabes,

situated in the Map of D’Anville at 163½ G. miles, in a direction

of S a very little W from Tunis. If the other 13 days (at the same

rate of 16,35) equal to 212½ G. miles, be laid off on the line of

S 4 E from Tunis, Gadamis will fall in latitude 30° 29′ 30″,

longitude 11° east.

Mr. Magrah was told that it bore SW from Tripoly, but no distance

is given. Pliny says, that _Cydamus_ lies opposite to _Sabrata_

(Sabart, or old Tripoly). In one copy of Pliny, it is reckoned 12

journies from the Greater Syrtis. In this position it is somewhat

more than 240 G. miles from it; agreeing to 12 journies of the rate

of _light_ travelling, described above, page 126.

These _data_ may be of use in the future corrections of the geography,

as Gadamis may, from its position, be a useful point of outset.]

[Footnote 45: That Map has been corrected accordingly; and is placed

opposite.]

[Footnote 46: Mr. Bruce describes a chain of mountains, extending

westward from the Abyssynian branch of the Nile, between the 11nth

and 12th degree of north latitude; and having to the north _Dyre_

and _Tegla_. As these places are recognised in Browne’s routes,

p. 463, under the names of _Deir_ and _Tuggala_, situated in a

mountainous region, I have described the ridge above-mentioned,

to run to the WNW instead of west. These places, as well as Harraza

and Lebeit, (meant for Ibeit,) are placed very much too far to the

west of Sennaar, in the map of Mr. Bruce, Vol. V.]

[Footnote 47: See Proceed. Afr. Assoc. for 1790, chap. ii.]

[Footnote 48: Euterpe, c. 32.]

[Footnote 49: Ptolemy, Afr. Tab. IV. Edrisi, p. 15, _et seq._

Abulfeda, _Prologom._ Article Rivers. _Komri_, or _Kumri_, means

_lunar_.]

[Footnote 50: I think I perceive in Mr. Browne’s description of

Darkulla, the traces of an alluvial country; that is, one whose

soil is formed from the deposition of rivers; intersected by their

branches; and periodically inundated. Mr. Browne says of the natives,

“they are very cleanly, to which the _abundance of water_ in their

country, contributes. They have ferry-boats on the river, which

are impelled by poles, partly by a double oar, like our canoes. The

trees are so large, from the quantity of water and deep clay, that

canoes are hollowed out of them, sufficiently capacious to contain

ten persons.” Travels, p. 308, 309.]

[Footnote 51: So says Leo, p. 254.]

[Footnote 52: See the General Map of North Africa, at page 178.]

[Footnote 53: For Edrisi, page 13, places this lake (Kauga,) at ten

journies eastward of Semegonda in Wangara.]

[Footnote 54: Here we have a proof that the Eastern people call

_Fittré_ by the name of _Kauga_, (or _Cooka_,) as Horneman

says. _Dar_ has been explained by Mr. Browne to mean _country_;

as _Dar-Fûr_, the country of Fûr, or Foor.]

[Footnote 55: This lake is said by Mr. Horneman, page 118, to be from

four to eight journies in circuit; varying its dimensions with the

dry or the rainy season; thus increasing threefold with the rains,

and leaving, in the dry season, an enriched soil to the husbandman.]

[Footnote 56: This seems to be the river mentioned by Ibn al Wardi,

(in Hartman’s Edrisi, p. 62,) as coming from the east, and passing

by Ghama (read Begama, or Begarmé,) into the _Nile_; meaning the

Nile of the Negroes, (our Niger.)]

[Footnote 57: It should be observed, that Edrisi, (p. 13,) reckons

Kauga to the country of Wangara; although some, says he, reckon it

to belong to _Kanem_.

It is proper in this place to restate and correct the line of

distance between _Gana_ and _Dongola_; which will be found in the

Proceed. Afr. Assoc. for 1798, p. 122. There it appears, that

Kauga is given by Edrisi, at 30 journies, equal on his scale,

to 570 G. miles from Dongola; and it is found by Mr. Browne’s

statement, to fall at 578. Again, Mr. Horneman says, that Fittré,

(or Kauga,) is 40 journies to the eastward of Kashna, (See above,

p. 138.) This interval of distance, taking Kashna as it is placed

in the Map of 1798, is 653 G. miles; equal to 16⅓ per day; and is

perfectly satisfactory. Edrisi allows 36 journies between Gana and

Kauga; so that by this account, Gana ought to be nearer to Kauga,

by four journies, than Kashna is. In the Map of 1798, Gana is placed

eight miles too far to the east. (See the Proceed, p. 121.) This

corrected, Gana will be 82 from Kashna; which, however, is still

too much for four journies, and agrees better to five.

The interval thus corrected, between Gana and Kauga, is 575 G. miles

in _direct distance_; which allows no more than 15½ per day, for

Edrisi’s 36 days; whilst his ordinary scale is 19. If therefore,

the report of Edrisi is right, Gana must either lie more to the west,

or the course of the Niger, along which his route leads, to within ten

journies of Kauga, must form a very deep curve to the south, after

passing the dominions of Houssa, (of which Gana makes a part.) That

it does decline to the south, Mr. Horneman was repeatedly informed, as

may be seen above, pages 115, 117, but whether in a degree sufficient

to occasion the difference above-mentioned, is not ascertained.

M. D’Anville also had an idea, and so describes it in his Map of

Africa, 1749, (possibly from actual information), that the Niger

declined to the south beyond Gana; so that the termination of it,

in the lake of Semegonda, was 3½ degrees of latitude to the south of

Gana; and which, by the bye, would place the lake of Semegonda, about

the same parallel with the _Bahr Hemad_ of Mr. Browne. At present,

however, we must be content with proportioning the distance between

Gana and Kauga; which, admitting a curvature to the south, allows a

rate of 16⅓ or 16½; or that of ordinary caravan travelling. It has

been shewn that Horneman’s report of the distance between Kashna

and Fittré, is very consistent: and there can be no question, that,

of the two, we ought to prefer Horneman’s report, from its being

less subject to error than the other, which has passed through so

many hands, in its way to us.]

[Footnote 58: The Thames, between Maidenhead Bridge and Mortlake,

(about 41 B. miles in a straight line,) has a fall of rather more

than one foot eight inches in each mile. But this is a _smooth_

part of its course: for although the Thames does not, by any means,

spring from very elevated lands, it cannot be supposed to fall less

than four feet in each mile, taken on its whole course. On this idea,

the Niger should have a fall of more than 8000 feet, in its supposed

course to the White River. But even if two feet and a half (which

appears very moderate indeed) be allowed, the fall would be no less

than 5625 feet, or 115 yards more than an English mile. Is it to be

credited, that the bed of the White River, on the south of Darfoor,

and at a point not very remote from its source, is a mile lower than

the springs of the Joliba, or Niger?]

[Footnote 59: Browne’s Travels, page 473.]

[Footnote 60: Edrisi says, “Ab urbe Ghana ad primos limites

terræ Vancáræ est iter octo dierum (orientem versus)—Atque

hæc eadem est insula longitudinis trecentorum milliarium, centum et

quinquaginta latitudinis, quam Nilus undequaque circundat toto anni

tempore. Adveniente verò mense Augusto, et æstu gravescente, Niloque

inundante, insula ista vel certè major pars illius aquis obruitur,

manetque sepulta aquis quamdiu Nilus terram inundare consuevit.”

(Sionita, p. 11 and 12. See also Hartmann’s Edrisi, article Vankara,

p. 47 _et seq._]

[Footnote 61: Ebn Haukal, an Arabian geographer, of the tenth century,

(lately translated by Sir William Ouseley,) gives the following

account of the river _Heermend_, p. 205.

“The most considerable river of _Sejestan_ is the _Heermend_,

which comes from Ghaur to the city of _Bost_, and from that runs to

_Sejestan_, to the lake _Zareh_. This lake is very small when the

waters of the river are not copious; when the river is full, the lake

increases accordingly. The length of this lake is about 30 farsangs,

(about 110 B. miles,) and in breadth about one _merhilch_. (Day’s

journey, or 24 B. miles.) Its waters are sweet, wholesome, &c.”

It is well known, that there is no _outlet_ from the lake Zareh.]

[Footnote 62: Begama of Edrisi.]

[Footnote 63: Mr. Browne, (page 473,) states the distance between

_Donga_, and the (_southern_) limit of Bornu, to be 20 journies.]

[Footnote 64: Mr. Horneman’s informant called it _Ungara_; and it

appears that the Arabs name it _Belad-el-Tebr_, or the country of

gold. (Herbelot and Bakui.) Mr. Browne was told, in Darfoor, that gold

was not found in any quantity, to the west. But Wangara, a country

of gold, at least in former times, lies to the west of Darfoor!]

[Footnote 65: There is a town named _Taboo_, a considerable way to

the SW of Fezzan. D’Anville writes it _Tibedou_. It seems to be the

_Tabidium_ of Pliny, one of the towns conquered by the Romans, under

Balbus. (Pliny, lib. v. c. 4 and 5.) Pliny says, c. 8. that “the

Romans possessed the country, even to the river Niger, which separates

_Africa_ from _Ethiopia_;” and gives a long list of provinces and

towns subject to them. It may be conceived, that besides Fezzan,

Gadamis, Taboo, &c. they possessed the fertile tract, in the line

from thence to the Niger; that is, Agadez, Kashna, and perhaps Gana.

It may be remarked that Pliny (c. 8) speaks of TWO _Ethiopias_; and

quotes Homer, as having divided them into _Eastern_ and _Western_. One

may conceive that the division between them, was the fertile tract

in question, extending from Fezzan, in the line towards the Niger.]

[Footnote 66: _Levata_ of Leo, page 245.]

[Footnote 67: From Mourzouk to Gatron, (or Kattron,) south 54 miles;

understood to be of British standard, and to include the windings

of the road. Thence to Tegerhie, SSW 33 miles. To Abo 7 days;

and thence to Tibesty, 3 days in an easterly direction. Finally,

to Burgu, 18 days; each of which 28 days are reckoned 18 B. miles

_by the road_. See above, page 107.

It has been calculated in page 155, that Teghery, by the general

result of the authorities, should be placed S 26 W, 68 G. miles

from Mourzouk.

From thence, the 10 days to Tibesty, in an easterly direction, may

be taken at about 140 G. miles; which meeting the line of 7 days,

equal to 98 G. miles from Temissa, (See Proceed. Afr. Assoc. 1790,

chap. iv.) places Tibesty at 133 miles SE by E. from Mourzouk.]

[Footnote 68: The _Troglodytæ_ were found in every place where

nature or art had prepared recesses for them; and are always

gifted with superior swiftness of foot. In particular, in Pliny,

lib. vii. c. 2. and in Hanno’s Voyage, &c.

Considering that _Fezzan_, under the name of _Garamanta_, was one of

the earliest known inland countries of Africa, to the Greeks, it is

not altogether improbable that the first idea of the characteristic

swiftness of the _Ethiopian Troglodytæ_, was derived from thence. And

considering also the false idea entertained by the Greeks, of the

bearing of the western side of Africa, Hanno might have supposed the

source of the river _Lixus_, the reported seat of _his_ Troglodytæ,

to have been situated in the centre of Africa.]

[Footnote 69: Horneman was told by the Augilans, that the Tibbo

of Febabo, or Burgu, (it is not clear which) spoke a language that

resembled the _whistling_ of birds. He also takes occasion to remark,

what Herodotus says concerning the language of the Ethiopians,

hunted by the _Garamantes_; but probably without referring these

last to the country of Fezzan.]

[Footnote 70: It appears in page 176, (_note_) that Burgu is 18

journies from Tibesty; which, at 14 G. miles each, (as they are of

18 B. miles by the road,) produce 252 miles. Burgu is said, page 119,

to be situated to the south, _some days_ distant from Febabo. On the

construction the line of 252 miles passes to the eastward of Febabo,

(placed at 10 days to SSW from Augila, see page 108,) _so far_,

as to place Burgu to the _south-eastward_, instead of _south_, from

Febabo. It may be, that Febabo does not bear so far to the west, as

SSW from Augila; as less than 14 miles per day cannot well be allowed,

from Tibesty. I have therefore altered the bearing from SSW, and made

it somewhat nearer to the meridian. The Berdoa, or Bardeo of Leo,

(pages 245, 246,) agrees to this position, 500 Arabic miles from the

Nile, in the midst of the Desert of Libya; and abounding with dates.]

[Footnote 71: Notwithstanding the appearance of retributive

justice in these attacks on the Tibbo, by the Sultan of Fezzan,

yet Mr. Horneman lets us a little into the secret, by informing us,

(page 68,) that “for some years past, the Sultan has augmented

his revenues considerably, by _cursory expeditions_ against the

Tibbos of Burgu.” And the result of the above expedition was,

“the _stealing_ of about two hundred people, which were sold,”

&c. It may be remarked, that Mr. Browne says of the Sultan of

Darfoor, that a part of his revenue arises from a participation

in the profits of the _selatia_, or _slave-hunting_ parties, (page

299.) And of the Negro country of _Dar Kulla_, he says, that even

the public regulations are framed with a view to the _entrapping_

of individuals for slaves. (308.) So that the slave trade exists

much in the same manner, in this quarter of Africa, where none of

the slaves are purchased by European traders, as in the west.]

[Footnote 72: It has appeared that the caravan travellers in

stating the time between distant places, are apt to give the whole

time that elapses between their leaving one place, and arriving at

another. Hence the days of halt, have often been added to the days of

march; and a faulty route of travelling has thence been adopted. This,

no doubt, occasioned the low rate adopted, soon after the institution

of the Association: and which nothing but actual experiment can

effectually correct.]

[Footnote 73: The proof of this fact is most satisfactorily

established, by Herodotus, and by Ibn Haukel, a geographical writer

of the tenth century, whose work has been lately translated by Sir

William Ouseley; to whose labours the science of Geography is much

indebted.]

[Footnote 74: Mr. Horneman regards this nation as the _Terga_ of Leo,

situated in the western quarter of the Great Desert. (Leo, page 245.)]

[Footnote 75: Ptolemy has a city named _Tagama_, at the Niger, but

too far to the east, to answer to the position here given. (Afr. Tab.

IV.). There is also a _Tegoma_ in our geography, near Kashna.]

[Footnote 76: Many persons have expected to find in the interior

of Africa, the remains of the Carthaginian nation, expelled by

the Romans. Considering, however, the vast interval of time that

has elapsed, we can hardly expect to find the remnant of a nation,

continuing so far unmixed with the surrounding nations, as to preserve

their distinction of character and language. Besides, it would really

seem as if the Carthaginians themselves, (meaning the descendants of

the Phœnicians,) were not to be regarded as a _nation_, so much as

_bodies_ of _citizens_, inhabiting commercial towns: so that their

language may never have prevailed generally over Barbary.]

[Footnote 77: Mr. Browne (page 232) denominates the people of

the _Greater_ Oasis, _Muggrebine_ Arabs, as well as those of the

_Lesser_. It is probable then, that all the Oases are colonies of

the _Tuarick_.]

[Footnote 78: See the sketch opposite to page 111.]

[Footnote 79: The Moors, and Arabs call the country of the Negroes,

which was designed by the Romans under the name of _Nigritia_,

SOUDAN. Abulfeda includes all the known part of Africa, south of

the Great Desert, in BELAD SOUDAN, or the country of Soudan. (The

word _Souda_ or _Suda_, in Arabic, signifies _black_.)

Mr. Browne, who had visited a part of Soudan, namely _Darfoor_,

agrees that Soudan corresponds to our _Nigritia_; being “a general

term for the country of the Blacks.” (page 182.) In his preface,

page xxv. he says that “nothing can be more vague, than the

use of the word Soudan, or Sudan. Among the Egyptians and Arabs,

_Ber-es-Soudan_ is the place where the caravans arrive, when they

reach the first habitable part of _Dar-Fûr_: but that country seems

its _eastern extremity_; for I never heard it applied to Kordofân

or Sennaar. It is used equally in Dar-Fûr to express the country

to the west; but on the whole, seems ordinarily applied to signify

that part of the land of the Blacks nearest Egypt.”

It has been seen, however, that the people of Tunis and Fezzan,

reckon Houssa, that is, Kashna, and the adjacent countries, to Soudan;

whence it must be extended westward to Tombuctoo, at least. Whether

it ought to be extended farther west, I know not. The term, which

is of Arabic origin, may possibly have in its application, a limited

range, and may not embrace the entire country of the Negroes.]

[Footnote 80: The following information occurs in a letter from

Mr. Jackson of Santa Cruz, to Mr. Willis, dated 1st of July, 1797.

“I have informed myself particularly concerning Houssa, and I find

there is no such place. The environs of all great towns are called

in the Arabic of this country, _El Huz_, or _Huza_.”]

[Footnote 81: The reader is requested to compare the description of

this Mound in Herodotus, (Euterpe, 137, 138,) with that in the Voyage

on the Tanitic branch of the Nile, in the _Mémoires sur L’Egypte_,

p. 215, _et seq._ See also the Geog. System of Herodotus, p. 513,

for the application.]

=OBSERVATIONS=

ON THE

LANGUAGE OF SIWAH.

BY WILLIAM MARSDEN, ESQ. F. R. S.

* * * * *

_To the Right Honourable Sir_ JOSEPH BANKS, _Bart_.

DEAR SIR,

My curiosity has been much gratified by your obliging communication

of Mr. Horneman’s specimen of the language spoken at _Siwah_, or the

Oasis of Ammon, in the Lybian Desert; and it will afford satisfaction

to you in return, to be informed, that notwithstanding the accident

to his papers, which we must all regret, and which might cause some

doubt to attach to the correctness of a list subsequently formed,

I am enabled to identify the words he has transmitted, amongst the

dialects of Africa with which we are already acquainted, and thereby

to increase the confidence we feel in the general accuracy of this

zealous and enterprising traveller.

Not having any previous knowledge of the extensive people whom

he calls _Tuarick_, of whose language he was given to understand

that this of _Siwah_ is a dialect, I directed my attention in

the first instance to the numerous specimens I possess of the

languages spoken by various tribes of Negros, in the northern part

of the continent, but without being able to trace in any of them the

slightest similitude. I then pursued my comparison through the Arabic,

Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldaic, and the different branches of the Ethiopic;

and although I thought some distant affinity perceptible, it was

not such as could be insisted upon. I was next led to examine the

language spoken by the inhabitants of Mount Atlas, known in Morocco

by the names of _Shilha_ شلح, and _Breber_ or _Berber_ بربر,

but in their own country by that of _Amazigh_ امزيغ; and here

I had the satisfaction of ascertaining the object of my search. The

following examples will, I doubt not, be judged sufficient evidence of

the language of these countries of _Siwah_ and _Shilha_, distant from

each other by the whole breadth of Africa, being one and the same;

and I scarcely need to claim even that reasonable allowance which

every candid person will make for the difference of orthography that

unavoidably results from the different circumstances under which

collections of this nature are formed.

Siwah. Shilha.

Head, _Achfé,_ _Eghf, Eaghph._

Eyes, _Taun,_ _Tet, Tetten, Azain._

Hand, _Fuss,_ _Efus, Aphoose._

Water, _Aman,_ _Aman._

Sun, _Itfuct,_ _Taffought, Tafogt._

Cow, _Ftunest,_ _Tefnast, Taphonest._

Mountain, _Iddrarn,_ _Adarar._

Dates, _Tena,_ _Tini, Teeny._

The earliest account of the _Shilha_ language of which I am at present

aware, is that given by Jezreel Jones, in a Latin epistle published

at the end of Chamberlayne’s Oratio Dominica, in 1715. He says,

“Lingua Shilhensis vel _Tamazeght_, præter planities _Messæ_,

Hahhæ et provinciam Daræ vel Drâ, in plus viginti viget provinciis

regni Sûs in Barbaria Meridionali. Diversæ linguæ hujus dantur

dialecti in Barbaria, quæ ante Arabicam, primariam Mauritaniæ

Tingitanæ et Cæsariensis provinciarum linguam ibi obtinuêre, et

hodiernum inter Atlanticorum Sûs Dara et Reephean Montium incolas

solum exercentur.” A specimen is added, consisting of about one

hundred words. In the excellent account of Morocco published in

Danish, by George Höst, in 1779, there is also a short vocabulary

of this language, where the words are given with apparent accuracy,

in the Arabic character.

Several years ago you were so kind as to transmit for me to Mr. Matra,

His Majesty’s Consul at Morocco, (a gentleman whose exertions

for the advancement of useful knowledge, and particularly of that

which is the object of the African Association, deserve the highest

praise,) a copy of an extensive alphabetical list of English words,

which I printed and distributed with the view of facilitating the

attainment of languages not to be met with in dictionaries, and in

consequence of which I received from him, through your hands, a very

valuable communication. “It is not, (he says in a letter dated in

1791, that accompanied it,) the printed copy Mr. Marsden sent me,

but an exact duplicate. His copy, with the words translated into

Arabic, is sent to _Tombuctoo_, I fear but with little chance of

its returning.” That copy never did return; but the transcript I

received contains a version of all the words into the Mauritanian

dialect of Arabic, for the purpose of enabling a _talb_, or priest,

from the _Shilha_ country, to write opposite to each, in the same

character, the corresponding terms in his language. I have been used

to consider this as a very curious document, even when I believed it

to apply only to the western coast of Africa, but its importance will

be much increased, if we should find, as there is ground to presume,

that the _Shilha_ or _Berber_ extends across the whole continent,

in a direction between the Negro dialects on the southern side,

and the Moorish or Arabic of the Mediterranean coasts, and that it

was the general language of all Northern Africa before the period

of the Mahometan conquests. Independently of the Arabic terms,

which must ever accompany the progress of that religion, I think it

exhibits some strong marks of affinity to that class of Oriental

languages which the German writers have distinguished by the name

of Shemitic; and if this should be established, (contrary, however,

to the opinion of Höst,) it will not be unreasonable to suppose

it the ancient Punic, corrupted by the influx of words successively

introduced by the colonies or armies of Greeks, Romans, and Goths,

and at length mixing again with a branch of the original stream,

in its connection with the modern Arabic.

I am, Dear Sir, &c.

W. M.

_Spring Garden, 1st May_, 1800.

P. S. Since writing the foregoing, I have adverted to the chapter on

the Oasis of Ammon, in the learned work of my friend Major Rennell,

(the Geographical System of Herodotus examined,) and perceive from

the extracts he has selected, (p. 589, 590) that Herodotus understood

the Ammonians to be composed of Egyptians and Ethiopians, and their

language to be formed from a mixture of both, which might have been

true in his time; but that the Arabian geographers, Edrisi and Ibn

Al Wardi, assert that Santariah (which the Major has proved to be the

Oasis of Ammon, or _Siwah_) is inhabited by Berbers mixed with Arabs.

MAY, 1802.

=LIST OF THE SOCIETY,=

INSTITUTED 1788, FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXPLORING

THE INTERIOR OF AFRICA.

* * * * *

The Countess of Aylesbury.

The Right Hon. Henry Addington.

The Duke of Buccleugh.

The Marquis of Blandford.

The Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K. B.

The Hon. Thomas Brand.

Richard H. A. Bennet, Esq.

Mark Beaufoy, Esq.

Robert Barclay, Esq.

William Bosville, Esq.

William Burgh, Esq.

Dr. Charles Burney.

N. Boylston, Esq.

The Earl of Carlisle.

The Earl of Carysfort.

Lord Cawdor.

The Hon. Henry Cavendish.

Thomas Coutts, Esq.

Thomas Gray Comings, Esq.

The Marquis of Exeter.

Gerard Noel Edwards, Esq.

The Rev. Francis Egerton.

John Ellis, Esq.

George Ellis, Esq.

Sir Adam Ferguson, Bart.

Colonel Fullarton.

The Duke of Grafton.

Lord Gwydir.

Lord Glenbervie.

The Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville.

Thomas Gisborne, Esq.

George Gostling, Esq.

Robert Gregory, Esq.

The Earl of Harrington.

The Countess of Harrington.

The Earl of Hardwicke.

Lord Hawke.

Sir Charles Grave Hudson, Bart.

Sir John Hort, Bart.

Charles House, Esq.

Henry Hoare, Esq.

Henry Hugh Hoare, Esq.

Benjamin Hobhouse, Esq.

Everard Home, Esq.

The Earl of Ilchester.

Thomas Johnes, Esq.

R. Payne Knight, Esq.

Lord Louvaine.

The Bishop of Llandaff.

Sir Wilfred Lawson, Bart.

The Earl of Moira.

The Earl of Morton.

Sir Charles Middleton, Bart.

William Marsden, Esq.

Charles Miller, Esq.

James Martin, Esq.

John Maitland, Esq.

Colonel de Meuron.

The Duke of Northumberland.

The Hon. Frederick North.

Sir Richard Neave, Bart.

Lord Viscount Palmerston.

The Hon. John Peachy.

Sir William Pulteney, Bart.

William Morton Pitt, Esq.

Samuel Parker, Esq.

The Duke of Roxburgh.

General Rainsford.

Colonel Roberts.

The Earl of Shaftesbury.

The Earl Spencer.

Sir John Stepney, Bart.

Sir John Sinclair, Bart.

Hugh Scott, Esq.

John Symmons, Esq.

Richard Stonhewer, Esq.

Hans Sloane, Esq.

David Scott, Esq.

The Bishop of Winchester.

Sir Edward Winnington, Bart.

Sir William Watson, Bart.

John Wilkinson, Esq.

Joseph Windham, Esq.

Samuel Pipe Wolfrestan, Esq.

George Wolfe, Esq.

Roger Wilbraham, Esq.

John Willett Willett, Esq.

The Rev. Dr. Winne.

Lord Yarborough.

Sir William Young, Bart.

HONORARY MEMBER.

Major James Rennell, F. R. S.

* * * * *

THE COMMITTEE.

The Earl of Moira.

The Bishop of Llandaff.

Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Treasurer.

Sir John Stepney, Bart.

Sir William Young, Bart. Secretary.

* * * * *

_Any Person desirous of becoming a Member of the African Association,

is desired to signify the same to a Member of the Committee; or, in

Writing, to Mr. Henry Chisholm, Clerk to the Meetings, No. 23,

Bridge-street, Westminster._

N. B. _The Subscription of each Member is Five Guineas annually._

* * * * *

Printed by W. Bulmer and Co.

Cleveland-row, St. James’s.

Transcriber's note:

The changes indicated in the Errata and the errata

of Appendix IV. have been done.

pg 2 Changed: to asssit others to: assist

pg 36 Changed (x2): _Torfauc_ to: _Torfaue_

pg 84 Changed: for ascersaining the to: ascertaining

pg 85 Changed: is was a necessary to: was a necessary

pg 99 Changed: of the Tauricks to: Tuaricks

pg 100 Changed: re-establisment to: re-establishment

pg 111 Changed: little intercouse to: intercourse

pg 133 (footnote 25) Changed: between Augla and Zuila to: Augila

pg 139 Changed: as are denominatd to: denominated

The correction (Errata) of Monachie to: Menschie in page 14,

has also been done in page 77.

The correction (errata of Appendix IV.) of Metho to: Metko in

pages 171 and 172, has also been done in pages 114 and 117.

Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.

Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.

The journal of Frederick Horneman's travels, from Cairo to Mourzouk, the capital of the kingdom of Fezzan, in Africa, in the years 1797-8 · 第 9 / 9 章

Zuila, or Zawila, (probably the _Cillaba_ of Pliny, lib. v. c. 5.) is