1800.
Sir James writes to Earl Spencer.--Is appointed to the Caesar, of
84 guns.--Joins the Channel fleet.--The Brest fleet having
escaped, proceeds to the Mediterranean.--English fleet at Bantry
Bay.--Return of the French fleet.--Caesar at Lisbon.--Sir James
returns to Spithead.--Rejoins the Channel fleet.--Earl St.
Vincent takes the command.--Appoints Sir James to command the
advanced squadron.--Black Rocks.--Earl St. Vincent's letter of
approbation.--Douvernenez Bay.--Various letters.--Complete
success of the blockade--Enemy's fleet laid up Sir James returns
to Spithead.--Conclusion of 1800.
Sir James had cherished the hope that he was to be permitted to enjoy
the blessings of domestic life, at least for a few months; but even in
the most perfect state of happiness which can be well imagined, he
always held his duty to his King and country, (next to the duty he
owed to his Creator,) to be paramount to every other consideration;
and, feeling himself bound, after a short period of relaxation, to
offer his services, he wrote the following letter:
Bath, 15th January 1799.
MY LORD,
As you were pleased to intimate your intention of being at Bath
when I last had the honour of seeing you, I delayed writing
until this time. I am extremely happy to find that Lady
Spencer's improved state of health has rendered the journey
unnecessary.
Two days after my arrival I received a letter from Admiral
Young, proposing to me (in the absence of your lordship) a large
seventy-four, which I declined accepting, as you had done me the
honour to offer me the Caesar, on a certain expected event taking
place. I hope you will forgive me for entreating that as many of
the Orion's ship's company may be reserved for me as the service
will admit. Having experienced their uniform good conduct for so
many years, I am most solicitous to have them with me in another
ship.
I have the honour to be,
With the highest respect,
Your lordship's most obedient and humble servant,
JAMES SAUMAREZ.
To the Right Honourable Earl Spencer, &c. &c. &c.
To the above, Sir James received the following answer:
Admiralty, 18th January 1799.
DEAR SIR,
Lady Spencer's journey to Bath is only deferred, I fear; as it
will probably be necessary for her to go there soon.
The proposal made to you by Admiral Young was only intended as a
temporary measure, in case you had no objection to be employed
in the interval before you could have a permanent appointment.
Whenever the period shall come at which I can propose such an
appointment to you, I shall avail myself of it with pleasure.
With respect to reserving your ship's company, that practice is
attended with so much inconvenience to the public service, that
it has of late been necessarily discontinued. Although there is
no one in whose favour I should be more disposed to relax than
to you, I fear it will be impossible for me to do so in this
particular. I am, dear sir,
Your very obedient and humble servant,
SPENCER.
To Sir James Saumarez, &c. &c. &c.
The 14th of February, being the anniversary of the glorious victory
obtained over the Spanish fleet, was selected for a promotion of
flag-officers; and on this occasion his Majesty was pleased to confer
on Sir James Saumarez one of the colonelcies of Marines as a reward
for his many and meritorious services. Earl Spencer availed himself of
the opportunity to appoint him to the Caesar, of 84 guns, one of the
finest, but hitherto most unfortunate, ships in the British navy. Sir
James hoisted his pendant on the 26th of February, and had the
satisfaction to have several of his officers and crew removed from the
Orion to the Caesar, in Hamoaze, where her fitting out went on with
considerable rapidity. On the 19th of March she proceeded to Cawsand
Bay, where, on the 30th, she rode out a heavy gale of wind from the
S.E.
On the following day, in company with the Magnificent and Impetueux,
she sailed for the Channel fleet, commanded by Admiral Berkeley, which
she joined off Brest the 3rd April. On the 16th, Lord Bridport arrived
from Portsmouth with five sail more, increasing the fleet to fifteen
sail of the line. Another heavy gale was experienced on the 20th, but
no damage was sustained.
On the 25th, looking into Brest Harbour, they were surprised to see
the French fleet, consisting of twenty-five sail, partly in Camaret
Bay, and under way in Brest Water. The fleet stood off Ushant; the
wind came to the S.E. with hazy weather, and on the same night they
escaped.
Sir James writes:--
"April 27th.--Yesterday at noon, it blowing very strong from the
northward, with foggy weather, the signal was made that the enemy was
under sail. A general chase soon followed; but, I am sorry to say,
they eluded our pursuit under cover of the thick weather, keeping
close to their shore, by the passage du Raz. The cruise has now taken
quite a different turn to what I expected; and it gives me great
spirits to find we are likely to render to our country some service.
"1st of May.--My fervent vows were very early offered, my best love,
for Heaven's choicest blessings to attend you, with many, many returns
of your natal day. The fatted calf was intended to have been killed
for the fete; but the bustle caused by the French fleet occasioned its
being neglected. Your health, however, will be drunk in a bumper of my
best wine. I have a letter from the Duc d'Havre, dated Edinburgh,
where he was on a visit to Monsieur.[23] He was going to embark for
the continent. _Mille complimens de sa part pour miladi_, &c. &c.
[23] Afterwards Louis XVIII.
"May 5th.--We have had, the last three days, a strong S.E. gale,
which has brought us off Ireland. I hope to-morrow we shall fall in
with ships from Plymouth, and that I shall have the satisfaction of
receiving letters from you,--the greatest I can possibly enjoy at this
time, except that of beating the French fleet.
"May 8th.--Off Cape Clear.--Captain Durham hailed me: he says the
French fleet were seen a week ago, steering to the southward. These
are trying times for those who feel as we do the importance of events,
which involve and may decide the fate of nations.
"May 17th.--Sir Alan Gardner has joined us this morning with a
reinforcement. We are still without any certain intelligence of the
enemy; a few days must determine. I only wish we could soon, very soon
meet them, to put a stop to our perplexity and impatience.
"Friday evening, 24th May.--We are just anchored in Bantry Bay. I fear
my conjectures of the enemy being gone to Portugal, or the
Mediterranean, and not being destined for this country, are too surely
founded.
"I have this instant received your letter of the 4th, by which,
though, as yet, very hastily perused, I learn you are at Teignmouth. I
am sorry to see that you have already taken alarm at the reports which
are circulated respecting us: follow the example of Lady Howe, who
neither reads newspapers, nor listens to rumours. I know not who are
most to blame, those who invent them, or you who believe them.
"26th.--We continue without any certain accounts respecting the
destination of the French armament. Admiral Collingwood arrived this
morning, and hoists his flag in the Triumph. He will take a strong
detachment with him for the Mediterranean. It is not yet known what
ships are to go: but I have been on board Lord Bridport; and I do not
hear the Caesar is to be one of them; which, I suppose, will _please_
you: _in other respects_, there is no doubt that the Mediterranean
station is far preferable to the Channel service. Your wish that we
should carry away a mast was nearly gratified, the Achille and the
Caesar having been on board each other in coming into this bay; the
principal damage was, however, sustained by the former;
notwithstanding which, she will not be obliged to return into port;
therefore, form no such wishes, but show yourself a true patriot, and
let the good of the country be the principal wish of your heart. The
escape of the French fleet, was, I dare say, consonant to these
feminine feelings, and see what a dilemma it has thrown us into.
"31st May.--Off Cape Clear.--I see Lord Bridport very frequently, who
always inquires most kindly after you. His lordship, it may be
believed, is not very well satisfied with the present state of
affairs. We must hope that future good will result from apparent evil;
but it must ever be regretted that the French fleet escaped from
Brest, without being brought to action. I think it probable Sir Alan
Gardner will have the command of a strong detachment, and proceed off
Cape Finisterre; but what ships are to be attached to him will not be
known until the separation takes place. Should the French fleet be
gone up the Mediterranean, they will proceed on that station; in which
case I hope the Caesar will be one of Sir Alan's squadron. I am well
provided for a long cruise. When I shall hear from you, Heaven alone
knows! but I am endued with patience, after all our trials. The
_eloge_ of Mr. Morgan, on our dear boy, is a great satisfaction to me,
and no less so at knowing him to be where his morals will be attended
to, equally with the other branches of his education.
"June 9th.--My last will have led you to expect my being detached with
Sir A. Gardner. We separated from Lord Bridport, Saturday, with
sixteen sail of the line; and we are already the distance of Lisbon,
with a fine breeze, steering for the Mediterranean. I almost fear we
shall be too late, notwithstanding the expedition we are using. I fell
in with a Dane, from whom I learned the French fleet had passed the
Straits, and Lord St. Vincent after them.
"Sunday 10th.--In going down with the information to the Admiral, we
had the misfortune to carry away our fore-top-mast. I was not a little
surprised to find Sir Alan with only the Magnificent and Russell, Sir
Charles Cotton having been detached to the Mediterranean; thus I fear
we shall be deprived sharing in the victory we hoped to obtain over
the enemy's fleet. Our small squadron is returning towards Lisbon,
instead of gaining the medals we made sure of.
"14th.--Off Lisbon. We are anxiously waiting here for intelligence.
The Admiral surprised me with the information that the object of our
coming to Lisbon was to take away our prizes. He has ordered me in to
accelerate their joining him."
Sir Alexander Ball, in a letter to Sir James, dated off Malta, 27th
April 1799, writes: "Be assured that your appointment to the Marines
and the command of the Caesar, which are given to you as a mark of the
high estimation in which you are regarded by the Admiralty and the
public, has given me more joy than I should have received from the
appointment of any other person on the list, because I have had the
satisfaction of witnessing your bravery, zeal, and ardour in the
service. I am much pleased with your plan of the sword."
The Commander-in-chief, supposing the destination of the French
expedition to be Ireland, proceeded at once to Bantry Bay, where the
fleet remained until the end of May; while the enemy passed the
Straits of Gibraltar unmolested, having been on that occasion favoured
by a gale of wind, which prevented the fleet under Lord Keith (though
certainly very inferior) from bringing them to action. The French and
Spanish fleets returned to Brest, unobserved, on the 21st of June.
In the mean time a part of Lord Bridport's fleet, in which was the
Caesar, proceeded under command of Sir Alan Gardner to the Tagus, which
it left on the 18th; and, cruising back, returned to Cawsand Bay on
the 13th July. As the enemy showed no disposition to put to sea again,
the Caesar, and the rest of the fleet, remained quietly at Cawsand Bay,
and subsequently at Torbay till the 2nd September, when they again
sailed. In the course of the three ensuing months it put back three
times; and finally, on the 8th of December 1799, when the Admiralty,
being desirous of ascertaining whether Torbay was a safe anchorage for
the fleet during the winter months, ordered the Caesar to continue on
that station for the trial, and at the same time placed the London, of
98 guns, under the orders of Sir James. The tempestuous weather which
prevailed during the rest of the month, and throughout January,
afforded several occasions to determine the point. The London, during
a heavy gale, parted her cables, and was with great difficulty
preserved from going on shore, which left no doubt that it was an
insecure and unfit post to shelter a fleet.
On the 17th March 1800, Lord Bridport took command of the fleet, which
was soon after increased to twenty-five sail of the line; but nothing
remarkable occurred till the 18th of May, when a dreadful gale
occasioned much damage to many of the ships. The wind was at first
S.W. and blew with great violence, when it suddenly checked to the
N.W., before the S.W. sea had time to subside: most of the fleet wore.
The Lady Jane, Trompeuse, and Railleur foundered: the Montague lost
all her masts, and several others met with damage. It appears by the
log of the Caesar that she continued for some time on the same tack,
which may account for her having sustained little injury, although it
mentions that she shipped several heavy seas. So tremendous was the
rolling of the ship, that her lower yard-arms were at one time under
water, while the carpenters stood by with their axes, to cut the masts
away, if she had not righted. She did not bear up for Torbay with the
rest of the fleet, but followed two days after, and, having
replenished her water and provisions, resumed her station, from whence
Sir James wrote a letter to Lady Saumarez, of which the following is
an extract:
"Caesar, 26th June, 1800.
"Of the enemy in this neighbourhood we know nothing, except of
their inactivity. I hope they do not mean to leave so fine a
fleet, as we have here, useless all the summer. Fear not my
complying with your injunctions. I shall more than ever strive
against _ennui_,--my greatest enemy, I believe, whilst in this
inactive state. I read when I can, but anxiety to hear from you,
and to have accounts of our darling children, has its share in
withdrawing my attention and fixing it on more interesting
subjects. Of one thing, however, be assured, that with respect
to the ship and all thereto belonging, I am as well situated as
possible. I enjoy the satisfaction of having a very quiet and
well-disposed ship's company, who are kept orderly, and, I
flatter myself, well regulated, without exercising severity or
rigour. The officers continue as I wish them. Captain Maxwell,
who joined some time ago, is an active, diligent officer in his
corps; and Mr. Packwood, as well as Mr. Holliday, our new
chaplain, are very good men in their respective stations.
"Although I find amusement in books, believe me your letters
form my sole delight, and tend more to lighten the time than all
the volumes in Hoxland's library."
Sir James, after another cruise, returned on the 24th of July, to
prepare for a service of more responsibility and importance.
The French had now a large fleet at Brest, which appeared to be in a
state of great forwardness; and, as they had before eluded the
vigilance of the blockading ships, it was necessary to place a strong
squadron near the Black Rocks to watch their motions, and to give the
command of this advanced detachment to an officer of skill,
experience, and intrepidity. Earl St. Vincent, who was now
commander-in-chief of the Channel fleet, knowing how highly Sir James
Saumarez was qualified for such an important trust, gave him the
following order to take command of the in-shore squadron:
You are hereby required and directed to proceed without a
moment's loss of time, in his Majesty's ship under your command,
off the Black Rocks, where you may expect to find his Majesty's
ships named in the margin,[24] which you are to take under your
command; their respective captains being instructed to obey your
orders: and having received from Captain Knight, of his
Majesty's ship Montague, authenticated copies of all orders and
papers in his possession relative to the command of the advanced
squadron, carry the same into execution until you receive
further orders.
You will also receive from Captain Knight a sealed secret
instruction, addressed to the officer commanding the advanced
squadron off the Black Rocks for the time being, which is on no
account to be opened, but under the circumstances thereon
directed.
ST. VINCENT.
To Sir James Saumarez, &c.
[24] Magnificent, Defiance, Marlborough, and Edgar.
Copy of Instructions to the Senior Officer of the advanced
squadron off the Black Rocks.
You are hereby required and directed to take under your command
the advanced squadron, composed of his Majesty's ships named on
the other side hereof, (whose captains are instructed to obey
your orders,) stationed off the Black Rocks and in the Bay of
Brest, for the purpose of watching the combined fleets in that
port; adopting such measures as you shall judge necessary for
gaining every possible information of their force, condition,
and movements.
In the execution of this most important service, the
line-of-battle ships (composing the advanced squadron) are to be
anchored during an easterly wind in the Iroise Passage, as well
to support the look-out frigates, as to intercept a squadron of
the enemy which is held in constant readiness to slip out the
very first opportunity that shall offer; and during a westerly
wind, you are not to fail in making Brest every day, if
possible, but at all events to take such precautions as will
enable you to resume your former position in the Iroise, on the
first appearance of easterly wind.
You are to communicate to me from time to time every
intelligence you may obtain respecting the enemy; and in case he
should come out in great force, while the squadron under my
command is in this rendezvous, you are to give me immediate
notice thereof, and also the officers commanding the detachments
off the Passage Du Raz, Isle Grois, and in Quiberon Bay; but, in
the event of my being compelled by tempestuous weather to take
shelter in Torbay, and of the enemy seizing that opportunity of
putting to sea, you are to give me information thereof by every
means in your power: taking under your command the detachments
off the Passage Du Raz, Isle Grois, and in Quiberon Bay,
together with the ships named in the margin,[25] which are
directed to keep as near the Black Rocks as possible, under the
orders of Captain Sutton, for the support of your ships; and to
hang upon and use your utmost endeavours to harass the enemy's
rear until the approach of this squadron, which, you may be
assured, will be in pursuit.
Given on board the Royal George,
off Ushant, 7th August 1800.
ST. VINCENT.
To Sir John Borlase Warren,
Bart. K.B. Rear-admiral of
the Blue, &c. &c. &c.
By command of the Admiral.
BEN. TUCKER.
An exact copy. Given the 8th August 1800
JOHN BORLASE WARREN.
[25] Superb and Captain.
Sir James now proceeded, in the Caesar, to assume the important command
off the Black Rocks, which had deservedly obtained the name of New
Siberia, as being the least desirable of stations for a ship-of-war.
It is, indeed, scarcely possible to describe any situation more
miserable; for, besides being at the very entrance of a port
containing twenty-five sail of the line ready for sea, which might
slip out and attack the squadron of six, the ships are two-thirds
surrounded with rocks and dangers, which afford no shelter; while they
are open to the S.W. winds. They have often great difficulty in
working out, sometimes against the tide as well as against the wind;
and, in reconnoitring, they are exposed to the fire of the enemy on
each side of Brest Water.
The following extracts of private letters written by Sir James to Lady
Saumarez, will be found interesting, as they convey the best idea of
his situation.
Caesar, off the Black Rocks, Sunday evening,
2d Sept. 1800.
_On dit_, but I do not believe it, that the French fleet is to
be ordered out by the First Consul, at all risks. We may
therefore expect to make _minced meat_ of them with our
seventeen three-deckers. We remain in sight of the enemy
unmolested by them. To-day I had the colours hoisted, to show
them Sunday was not expunged from _our_ calendar; and divine
service was performed on board.
Our boats have occasionally landed on some small islands near
this. Captain Buller purchased two nice little cows, one of
which he has spared me: it is so tame, the children could play
with it. It supplies me with milk, and cost me only three
guineas.
The Guernsey traders continue with the squadron; but, on account
of the spirits they sell to the ships, I wish them further off.
I have been obliged to be harsh with them, from this
circumstance; and I expect they will give a very bad report of
their countryman when they return to the island.
Caesar, off the Black Rocks, Sept. 12th 1800.
Sir Henry Harvey has joined the fleet, which makes up the
complement of flags; and it remains to be proved if the Earl has
influence to effect what he so strenuously aims at respecting
the promotion. I form very sanguine hopes that peace will
shortly extend its blessed influence over these countries; and
that I shall have the satisfaction to enjoy, without
interruption, the sweets of domestic comfort. I certainly shall
avail myself of the earliest respite the service will enable me
to pass in the island; and I think I may have that opportunity
this winter; for if the war should be continued, there is no
doubt that a promotion would give me, at least, six weeks
interval from duty; at any rate, I see no reason for the future
affording you anxiety, as whether there, or in England, I depend
on our passing a considerable portion of the winter together. I
hope Master Saumarez knows his alpha, beta, &c. by heart. When
convenient to the young gentleman, I shall be glad that he will
take the trouble to transcribe it for me to Omega, as I have no
Greek grammar by me. I can readily believe the difficulty that
attends fixing the little ladies to the French grammar, whose
particularly quick and lively temper is not much suited to so
tedious a process. I think, notwithstanding, it is the best
method, especially as the same grammatical rules are adapted to
any language, which they will find useful hereafter. Dancing, no
doubt, has more attractions. I trust they have quite got rid of
their colds: their papa has also had a very severe one, and kept
his cabin for two days; but he is now perfectly recovered.
September 18th. I admire N., with his comments on Colchester.
When you next write, recommend him to try the Black Rocks in a
thick fog, and no chance of letters from England: he will find
even Norman Cross preferable. I, however, believe I have done
with that anchorage for some time, as the wind is set in to the
westward; and I shall now cruise to prevent vessels going into
Brest.
I am happy to say I am perfectly well. I trust my nerves will
prove equal to the task; as I have before often told you, they
generally strengthen with difficulties.
I mean to make this cruise long enough to entitle me to a
relief, therefore do not expect me in port as long as I can keep
the sea.
Sir James immediately gave such orders and regulations as would best
guard against, or overcome, the difficulties inseparable from such a
service; and, with the prospect of a long winter before him, he sent
these regulations, and a list of the rendezvous appointed by him, to
the commander-in-chief, whose letter to Sir James, in answer, is
expressive of the high opinion he entertained of him.
Ville de Paris, off Ushant, 15th Sept. 1800.
SIR,
Nothing can be more appropriate than the different rendezvous
you have sent me a copy of; your change of position must
fluctuate according to the sudden changes of the weather, which
are to be looked for soon. I repose such unbounded confidence in
your zeal and judgment that _I sleep as soundly as if I had the
key of Brest in my possession_.
Sir Richard Strachan and Captain Buller, in the Captain and
Edgar, will relieve two of the ships which last joined you as
soon as they return to this rendezvous, and the Canada will
relieve the third. As I have applied for Captain Foley's leave
of absence on very important private business, I wish the
Elephant to be the first sent to me. I am, sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
ST. VINCENT.
Sir James Saumarez.
It was supposed that the Brest fleet would take advantage of the
equinoctial gales, which were now approaching, and slip out as before,
when the in-shore squadron was blown off, or compelled to bear up for
Torbay; but Sir James had determined on frustrating their attempt. On
the 23rd a heavy gale came on, which, in former instances, would have
obliged the in-shore squadron to abandon the post; but, instead of
bearing up for Torbay when no longer able to maintain his position,
Sir James steered for Douvarnenez Bay, where he anchored with the
whole squadron, just out of range of the enemy's mortar batteries,
which soon tried their shells, but without effect.
Here his squadron struck top-masts and lower yards, and rode out all
the equinoctial gales, actually in the enemy's harbour, within a few
miles of their whole fleet of four times his force, and in perfect
safety! The gale had been very severe; and although Earl St. Vincent,
who was obliged to run with his fleet for Torbay, had no fears for the
safety of the in-shore squadron, relying as he did on the experience
and skill of Sir James, yet the Admiralty were in a considerable state
of alarm until the following account of his proceedings was received:
TO THE RIGHT HON. EARL SPENCER.
Caesar, Douvarnenez Bay, 26th Sept. 1800.
MY LORD,
On the supposition that the fleet may have been driven from
their station by the late tempestuous weather, and as some
anxiety may be excited for the safety of this squadron, I take
the opportunity by the Marlborough to inform your lordship of my
having anchored in this bay last Tuesday evening, with the ships
under my command, where we have ridden the gale out in perfect
safety, together with the Montague and Naiad, which ships
anchored here on Wednesday.
This is a most spacious bay, and may be considered safe
anchorage in any weather: it lies about four leagues to the
southward of Brest; from which port it is only separated about
five miles by land, over a mountainous and hilly country. As the
same winds that enable the enemy's fleet to put to sea, also
lead out of this bay, we can always be in time for them; and
this appears the most favourable position to prevent their
coasting convoys coming from the southern ports. The enemy has
endeavoured to annoy the squadron with shells, but at too great
a distance to reach any of the ships, and the whole fleet may
lie in perfect safety from any of the batteries.
I purpose to remain here until the weather becomes more
moderate, to enable me to resume the station off the Black
Rocks. In the mean time, ships will occasionally be detached to
watch the motions of the enemy in Brest Water. I have the honour
to be, &c.
JAS. SAUMAREZ.
In answer to this, Sir James received the following letter from Earl
Spencer, then First Lord of the Admiralty.
Admiralty, 30th Sept. 1800.
DEAR SIR,
I am much obliged to you for your letter of the 26th, dated from
Douvarnenez Bay, and was much pleased to find that you had got
hold of that anchorage, as I felt very uneasy at your absence
during the late gales. I should rather doubt whether that bay
could be capacious enough for a large fleet to anchor in without
danger from the batteries; but I have always hoped that some of
our small squadron might avail themselves of that resource on
such an occasion as that which has presented itself to you; and
I have no doubt that the doing so will much assist the
occupation of our fleet off Brest.
Believe me, dear sir,
Your very faithful humble servant,
SPENCER.
To Sir James Saumarez.
Sir James, at the same time, wrote to Earl St. Vincent by the
Marlborough, giving his lordship an account of his proceedings, which
could not but be highly satisfactory.
Caesar, Douvarnenez Bay, 26th September 1800.
MY LORD,
The weather not having admitted the stores and provisions to be
taken out of the Marlborough whilst under sail, I bore up for
this anchorage with the squadron; and early Wednesday morning
the boats were all employed in conveying the water and
provisions to the squadron: but it having continued to blow
excessively hard from that time, it was not until this morning
we have been enabled to accomplish this service.
The Montague and Naiad anchored in the bay Wednesday morning,
and are now under sail. It has blown a very severe gale of wind
at north-west the last two days, and we have saved considerable
wear and tear to all the ships by having taken this anchorage in
good time.
I propose to remain here during the continuation of westerly
winds, or until the weather enables me to resume the station off
the Black Rocks; detaching ships occasionally to watch the
enemy's motions.
I have the honour to be Your lordship's most obedient and most
humble servant,
JAMES SAUMAREZ.
The Right Honourable the Earl of St. Vincent, &c. &c. &c.
The following is an extract of a letter which Sir James wrote to Lady
Saumarez, and sent by the same opportunity. It will be found to give
an accurate description of the important anchorage of which he was the
first who was so daring as to take advantage in stormy weather, with
the squadron under his command.
Caesar, Douvarnenez Bay, Sept. 24th, 1800.
We anchored at eleven last night, and this morning found
ourselves in one of the finest bays I have ever seen. It is far
more spacious than Torbay, and much more enclosed; consequently
more secure against all winds. It is the same distance from
Brest by sea as Dartmouth is from Torbay; and by land the same
as from Brixham, not being more than five miles across, over a
hilly country; substituting the Bec de Chevre for the Berry
Head, and it exactly forms the counter part to Torbay. It
abounds with the finest fish, of which we shall profit.
As it is not possible for the ships to sail from Brest but with
an easterly wind, which blows directly out of this bay, we can
always be beforehand with them.
25th.--It has continued to blow hard since we entered this bay,
and it has now risen to a severe storm. I wish you knew how
well sheltered we are in this famous anchorage. Captain
Pierrepont has been with me since yesterday: he has been near
fourteen weeks at sea, and, as you may suppose, very tired. I am
better satisfied with my situation than since I have been in the
Channel fleet, and find it far preferable to being attached to
it.
Monday, 29th Sept.
I trust my letter by the Marlborough has reached you this
morning, which will have set your mind at ease as to our safety
after the gales we encountered last week. I wrote to you
yesterday, but too hastily to express, as I wished, the
happiness I derived from having just received your letters of
the 15th and 19th. They had been too long and too anxiously
looked for not to receive the most cordial and heartfelt
welcome. I am in hourly expectation of seeing the fleet, the
letters from the Earl acquainting me with his intention of
putting to sea the moment the weather moderated. The Superb,
with Centaur and Warrior, hove in sight this afternoon,--the
only ships I have seen since last Tuesday, when I went into
Douvarnenez Bay; and I have the satisfaction to reflect that,
notwithstanding the tempestuous weather, this squadron has been
enabled to keep its station, although all the other detachments
have been driven from theirs. Now that your letter gives me
reason to believe you entertain serious thoughts of going to
Guernsey, like your father I lose my courage at the prospect of
it. I sincerely wish I had never suggested the idea, which I was
induced to do from the hope of the war being over, and that you
would pass the winter more comfortably than in England during
the dreary months. I am now become a very coward on the subject,
and leave it to you to determine as you think best; at the same
time assuring you that I shall endeavour to be reconciled to
whatever plan is adopted which is most likely to conduce to your
comfort. Your account of our dear girls gives me the most
heartfelt satisfaction, and of the increasing strength of the
sweet dove in particular, whom I truly long to behold,--a
happiness I still hope to enjoy ere many weeks are elapsed. I
shall expect a letter from the dear boy by the next opportunity
from Plymouth.
The next letter to the Earl of St. Vincent gives an account of the
further proceedings of his squadron, and the situation of the enemy's
fleet in Brest, which proves how successful his endeavours had been in
preventing its meditated escape.
Caesar, off the Black Rocks, 28th September 1800.
MY LORD,
Soon after I despatched my letter by the Marlborough, dated from
Douvarnenez Bay, the wind having shifted to the northward, I got
under sail with the squadron; but in the evening it came to the
south-west, with thick weather: I returned to the anchorage, as
did Captain Knight, with the Montague and Naiad.
It continued to blow very strong till yesterday noon, when the
wind suddenly shifted to N. and N. by E. I immediately got under
sail, and stood out of the bay; the Pompee leaving a
bower-anchor, her cable having parted in endeavouring to weigh
it. From the report of several signal-guns fired in Brest soon
after the sudden change of wind, I have no doubt of the
preparatory movements of the enemy to put to sea, had the wind
continued favourable for them; and I carried a press of sail
during the night, in order to be off St. Matthew's Point early
this morning to watch their motions.
I had a full view of the enemy's fleet, and counted twenty-two
sail with their top-gallant-masts struck, but apparently ready
for sea. Having made the signal to the Megaera to reconnoitre, I
beg to refer your lordship to Captain Hill for a more particular
report of their state and numbers.
I have the honour to be, my lord,
Your lordship's obedient and most humble servant,
JAMES SAUMAREZ.
The Right Honourable the Earl of St. Vincent, &c. &c. &c.
His Majesty's ship Montague, with the Naiad, and Suwarrow
schooner, went through the bay yesterday evening.
Ville de Paris, Torbay, 4th October, 1800.
SIR,
I have to acknowledge the receipt of your several letters of the
25th, 26th, 28th ultimo, and 1st instant, detailing your
proceedings with his Majesty's ships under your orders; the
whole of which I very much approve, particularly the taking
under your command Captains Sutton and King, with the ships and
vessels attached to them: and you will herewith receive orders
to their respective captains and commanders to put themselves
under your command, and obey your orders for their future
proceedings in the important duty of watching the combined
fleets.
I am, sir, your most obedient servant,
ST. VINCENT.
Sir James Saumarez.
By this bold and unexpected step, (which the French have since
characterised as a piece of _impudence_,) Sir James completely
frustrated the meditated escape of the combined fleets, which were
now thirty-two in number, seven of which were three-deckers. He had,
moreover, the honour of being the first to defy the enemy in his own
anchorage, proving at the same time that it would not be so easy as
formerly to elude the vigilance of the advanced squadron.
The weather having moderated after the second return to Douvarnenez
Bay, the squadron resumed the anchorage near the Black Rocks, daily
reconnoitring the enemy, destroying several small vessels which
attempted to get in, and keeping under sail when the wind was
westerly. In continuation to Lady Saumarez he writes:
Oct. 4th 1800.
The anxiety inseparable from this cruise is very considerably
alleviated from knowing the fleet is in port, which must prove
of the greatest benefit both to officers and men, and to the
service in general. I find the rumours of peace are vanished,
and that war is determined upon. I trust events will be
favourable to this country. There is no doubt the French are
much distressed for provisions in the neighbourhood of Brest,
and that discontent prevails among their troops, who are
ill-paid, ill-fed, and badly clothed. It is horrid to see the
leading men of all nations so infatuated for war, at a time
peace is so much to be desired for the sake of humanity.
Caesar, Bay of Brest, 18th Oct.
The delightful weather we have enjoyed this last week has
enabled me to remain at anchor off the Black Rocks. They have
lost their gloom from the serene atmosphere, but more
particularly from having had such frequent tidings from you, as
scarce a day has passed (I believe not one) without being joined
by something from the fleet. Yesterday, the Earl sent me a
message that he expected my flag to be hoisted in a very few
days; and Troubridge writes to me the promotion was to extend to
Sir Edward Pellew; and,--what think you!--that Lord St. Vincent
has actually written for Captain Brenton to be appointed my
flag-captain. His lordship, in his letter, tells me that Capt.
Thornbrough is to remain in the Mars, and will relieve me here,
if the measure he has proposed is acceded to: so you may
perceive I have some grounds on which to form my hopes; but I do
not wish _you_ to dwell too much upon it.
21st.--I am now _solus_. Captain Brenton, who I mentioned had
been staying with me, is gone to the Ville de Paris. I know no
one I should prefer as captain under my flag. He is a steady,
sensible, good officer, and of great experience, having served
several years with admirals as a lieutenant. Captain Cook dined
with me to-day on a _Black Rock_ dinner, viz. a fine piece of
salmon and a nice little _cochon-de-lait_, with _entremets_,
removes, &c. The salmon was sent me with a basket of vegetables
from Plymouth, I suspect from Captain Markham; the roaster was a
present from Captain Hood, who, being under sail, could not dine
with me. I mention these trifles because I know they please you.
The boats occasionally go to the small islands and procure
bullocks, &c.; and, as fast as the stock is purchased, they
contrive to replenish it from the mainland,--a proof they are
well satisfied with the price we pay for it, which is fixed by
themselves.
26th Oct.--After near a fortnight passed at what the Earl now
calls the Elysian Lake (instead of Siberia), a westerly wind
compelled me to get under sail yesterday afternoon; and it was
fortunate that I did so, as it has blown a gale since that time.
By the Megaera, which has joined me this evening, I find the
fleet is to go to Torbay; and, from what Sir Thomas Troubridge
writes, I conjecture the Earl intends to go on shore part of the
winter.... While we remained at an anchor the boats of the
squadron were occasionally detached in pursuit of the enemy's
vessels. Last Monday they chased one close under the batteries
at the entrance of Brest, which has afforded me an opportunity
of making favourable mention of Mr. Lamborn and Mr. Wood, who
were employed on that service. The Earl has desired me to send
the latter to him to be promoted. The Canada, which was ordered
to cover the boats, took possession of three Spaniards belonging
to the Principe de Asturias, Don Gravina's flag-ship, who were
fishing in a small boat. They are to be returned without being
exchanged, agreeably to what I suggested, and I shall send in a
flag of truce the first favourable weather. We were so
comfortably anchored the last fortnight, and so agreeably
employed, that it has nearly spoilt me for the remainder of the
cruise. Of the promotion nothing further is said, and I have not
heard when I am to be released. If I am kept out much longer,
and have the duty of an admiral without my flag, I fear I shall
grow _sulky_ and impatient. It is not improbable Captain Sutton
may relieve me in the charge of this squadron, as I doubt Sir
Edward Pellew being yet ready. I fear the second return of the
fleet will have again set your heart palpitating, and caused you
another disappointment at the Caesar not being with it.
October 30th.--Yesterday I received a very civil reply to the
letter I wrote to Don Gravina, who wishes that I may live many
thousand years. The French received the officer from the Canada
who was entrusted with the flag of truce with great politeness.
I sent Maingy from this ship as interpreter. They remained at
Camaret till the following morning. You will not be displeased
to hear that the Caesar must go into port _from necessity_,
having sprung her main-yard; but, if possible, I shall delay it
three or four weeks longer, notwithstanding my _threat_ of
losing patience. I shall depend on finding you at Dartmouth.
Caesar, Nov. 1st.
I remain without any of your letters since the 20th, which I
feel a grievous circumstance, particularly at this time, when I
am left in doubt whether you are still at Dartmouth, or gone to
Bath. This morning I experienced a severe disappointment. The
Nile cutter, whose tardy approach for four hours was anxiously
waited for, at last joined without any letters, having left
Plymouth with sealed orders. We have such blessed weather at
present that it is almost impious to be discontented; yet I
cannot enjoy it while I remain so long without hearing from you.
I accuse the Earl of indifference to the comfort of those whom
it is incumbent on him to attend to. Since he has left this
station there has been scarcely a day that the wind has not been
favourable for vessels to join us. A fortnight or three weeks
more and I hope my turn will come, when, if things do not meet
my expectations, I shall be tempted to take leave of the good
ship, and look out for a snug cottage to pass some time in the
enjoyment of your society. I am serious, _je t'assure_. I
understand Sir Hyde Parker is to command in the absence of the
chief. _Cela ne me plait pas aucunement_; for, after having been
employed upon this important and arduous service with
acknowledged credit, I shall certainly very ill brook being
hurried out of port in the usual manner to serve with him: I
therefore _go on shore_ unless my views are complied with. I
hope to-morrow to have letters from you to acknowledge the
receipt of. At present I am much out of humour, and with too
much cause to be easily reconciled on any other terms but of
hearing from you.
2nd.--Another disappointment this morning, having been joined by
a lugger which we hoped had letters, but which proves to be from
another quarter. I look for the Nimrod: if she joins us
to-morrow I shall be satisfied. It has blown strong all day,
with very thick weather. I hope for better success, but I still
continue out of temper.
3rd.--The Superb, which has been in sight since daylight, is at
last joining. Imagine my impatience after a whole fortnight
since the date of your last letter. Captain Sutton, who is now
with me, has not brought a single letter. I send this by the
Courageux, and have only time to say that the Edgar is hourly
expected, and possibly we may be more fortunate. A ship is in
sight: I hope it is her.
On the 9th of November the fleet experienced one of the severest gales
ever known, which did immense damage to the shipping; but, except the
loss of some storm-sails, the Caesar sustained no injury; while several
of the others lost masts and yards, obliging them to return to port.
But Sir James kept his station; indeed, during the whole fifteen weeks
he had the command, not a vessel either sailed from, or entered, the
harbour of Brest.
At last, seeing their escape impossible, they began to dismantle the
ships; and Sir James received the following letter from Earl St.
Vincent:
MY DEAR SIR,
The Impetueux took in her guns this day, and Sir Edward Pellew
will receive his orders to-morrow morning; and, if the wind
favours his getting out of Hamoaze, he will be with you in the
course of the week. You will receive by him orders to proceed to
Spithead; but I shall be very glad to see you here _en route_,
and I will inform Lady Saumarez by to-morrow's post of your
probable approach.
Lord Spencer has been fully impressed by me of the long and
arduous service you have undergone, and seems well disposed to
give you the respite so justly due to the cheerfulness with
which you have conducted the most important employment of this
war. I am not in the secret when the promotion is to take
effect. Private letters from town and the newspapers are full of
it, and I am morally certain it will be out soon; for one of the
ninety-gun ships, commanded by an officer very near the head of
the list of captains, is nominated for Sir Erasmus Gower's flag,
which appears conclusive.
Sir Hyde Parker has asked leave of absence; and, as the size of
the fleet of observation is much reduced, I conceive it will be
granted.
Yours, most truly,
Torr Abbey, 2nd December, 1800.
ST. VINCENT.
To Sir James Saumarez.
The following extract, which alludes to the preceding, was written by
Sir James to Lady Saumarez on the
29th Dec.--The Earl informs me of his intention to write to you.
I perceive he is resolved to become a favourite of yours by his
attention. The order for the Caesar to anchor in Torbay for
twenty-four hours, on her way to Portsmouth, will not lessen his
favour with you. After this, I suppose I cannot do less than
invite you to take a passage in the ship with your two dear
little companions; but it must be on condition that the weather
is propitious to my views.
The station off the Black Rocks had hitherto been considered tenable
only by frigates during the winter; on which service three or four
were annually employed; but which, like the Channel fleet,
occasionally took refuge in Torbay. It had been, however, resolved
upon by Earl St. Vincent to form an advanced squadron of six sail of
the line; and Sir James, as we have before stated, was the officer
selected to proceed on this arduous and important undertaking. None
but professional men who have been in that anxious and perilous
service can have any idea of its difficulties. In such a situation the
commanding-officer must consider himself constantly in the scene of
action, surrounded by dangers of every description, exposed to the
violence of storms, and sailing amidst a multitude of rocks and
variable currents, in the longest and darkest nights, and often on a
lee-shore on the enemy's coast, while the whole of their fleet is
near, and ready to take advantage of any disaster, or change of wind
or circumstance that might arise in their favour.
It has already been shown that Sir James performed this duty to the
entire satisfaction of the noble Earl, and to the country. No storm
ever obliged him to leave his station, which has justly been
denominated _the post of honour_.
We cannot conclude this chapter with more satisfaction than by
subjoining the following interesting correspondence between Sir James
and Earl Spencer, which no longer need be characterised as "secret."
_Secret and confidential._
Caesar off Ushant, 20th June 1800.
At this time, when a proper example should be set to the seamen
of his Majesty's fleet, and a due sense of religion and the
practice of it kept up in the royal navy, permit me to suggest
to your lordship the propriety of a strong recommendation from
the Board of Admiralty to the commanders-in-chief on the
different stations (more particularly the Channel fleet) that
they will cause the public worship of Almighty God to be duly
and regularly performed on board the ships under their command,
and that nothing but the most pressing exigency shall prevent
Divine service from being publicly read every Sunday on board
the respective ships.
It is from the too flagrant neglect of this most essential part
of our duty that I have been impelled to write _in confidence_
to your lordship on the subject, with the hope that proper means
will be adopted to rectify it.
We have signals to denote that the ship's companies will have
time for dinner or breakfast; why should there not be one to
signify that they will have time for the performance of Divine
service? Were such a signal to be made from the ship of the
commander-in-chief on Sunday morning, it would be generally
followed by all the fleet, as they would then know the Admiral's
intention to give time for that purpose.
I trust that your lordship will do justice to the motives that
have induced me to write on the present subject, which I have
long had in contemplation, and which I have now decided upon
from the apprehensions that seem to be entertained of
disturbances among the seamen of this fleet, as I know nothing
that will contribute more to keep them in the right line of
their duty than a proper attention to religious principles, the
example to which should be set them by their officers.
I have the honour to be, with the greatest regard,
Your lordship's most faithful
and obedient humble servant,
JAS. SAUMAREZ.
The Right Hon. Earl Spencer, &c. &c. &c.
DEAR SIR,
I have to acknowledge your letter of the 20th instant, and am
much obliged to you for the hint contained in it. You must be
aware how delicate a matter it is for me to interfere in a
detail of this description. I shall not, however, fail to make
such use of the suggestion as may appear to me to come within
the bounds of propriety, and may very probably produce the
desired effect.
I trust that the present alarm, which has been excited by
several circumstances of a suspicious nature, may prove
groundless; and I feel very strongly that nothing can more
probably contribute to make it so than every precaution being
taken in time to prevent an evil, which experience has already
proved to us, if suffered once to begin, is so very difficult to
remedy.
I am, dear sir,
Your very obedient humble servant,
SPENCER.
Admiralty, June 1800.
The Caesar arrived at Torbay on the 14th December, and on the 21st
reached Spithead, where she remained during the rest of the year
1800.