CAMPAIGN IN ARGONNE AND AROUND ARRAS
There were some weak places in the French line from Switzerland to
the North Sea; and one of them was that part in the region between
the Forest of the Argonne and Rheims. General Langle de Cary was
in command of the army which held this section. It requires no
military genius to comprehend that the French center and the right
wing from Belfort to Verdun were not safe until the Germans had been
forced back across the Aisne at every place. The French general
had made an effort to drive the Germans under General von Einem
from Champagne Pouilleuse. The preliminary effort had been to stop
the Germans from using the railroad which ran from near the Nort
to Varennes through the Forest of the Argonne and across the upper
Aisne to Bazancourt.
After the battle of the Marne, the crown prince's army, severely
handled by the Third French Army under General Sarrail, pushed
hastily toward the north and established itself on a line running
perpendicularly through the Argonne Forest, at about ten or fifteen
kilometers from the road connecting Ste. Ménéhould with Verdun. Almost
immediately there developed a series of fights that lasted during a
whole year and were really among the bloodiest and most murderous
combats of the war. The German army in the Argonne, commanded by the
crown prince, whose headquarters had long been established at Stenay,
consisted of the finest German troops, including, among others, the
famous Sixteenth Corps from Metz, which, with the Fifteenth Corps
from Strassburg, is considered the cream of the Germanic forces.
This corps was commanded by the former governor of Metz, General von
Mudra, an expert in all branches of warfare relating to fortresses
and mines. Specially reenforced by battalions of sharpshooters
and a division of Württembergers, the Twenty-Seventh, accustomed
to forest warfare, this corps made the most violent efforts from
the end of September, 1914, to throw the French troops back to
the south and seize the road to Verdun. The crown prince evidently
meant to sever this route and the adjoining highway, leading from
Verdun to Ste. Ménéhould. The road then turns to the south and
joins at Revigny, the main line of Bar-le-Duc to Paris via Chalons,
forming, in fact, the only possible line of communication for the
fortress of Verdun. The other line, running from Verdun to St.
Mihiel, was rendered useless after the Germans had fixed themselves
at St. Mihiel in September, 1914.
Up to the first months of 1916 there was only a small local railway
that could be used between Revigny and Ste. Ménéhould by Triaucourt.
Of the two big lines, one was cut by the Germans, and the other
was exposed to the fire of their heavy artillery.
The violence of the German attacks in the Argonne prove that so
long ago as September, 1914, they already dreamt of taking Verdun.
Their aim was to force the French troops against Ste. Ménéhould
and invest the fortress on three sides to bring about its fall.
These Argonne battles were invested with a particular interest and
originality. They were in progress for a whole year, in a thick
forest of almost impenetrable brushwood, split with numerous deep
ravines and abrupt, slippery precipices. The humidity of the forest
is excessive, the waters pouring down from high promontories. The
soldiers who struggled here practically spent two winters in the
water.
One can hardly imagine the courage and heroism necessary to bear
the terrible hardships of fighting under such conditions. All the
German soldiers made prisoners by the French describe life in the
Argonne as a hideous nightmare.
From the end of September, 1914, the Germans delivered day and night
attacks, generally lasting ten days. These attacks were made with
forces of three or four battalions up to a division or a division
and a half. In each attack the Germans aimed at a very limited
objective--to capture the first or second line of trenches, to seize
some particular fortified point. That object once attained, the
Germans held on there, consolidated the occupied terrain, fortified
their new positions and prepared for another push forward. It was
thus by a process of nibbling the French trenches bit by bit that
the Germans hoped to attain the Verdun-Ste. Ménéhould line.
The tactics employed in these combats were those suited to forest
fighting; sapping operations methodically and minutely carried out
to bring the German trenches as near as possible to the French;
laying small mines to be exploded at a certain hour. Two or three
hours before an attack the French positions were bombarded by trench
mortars and especially heavy mine throwers.
At the short distances the effect would naturally be to cause
considerable damage; trenches and their parapets were demolished,
shelters, screening reserves, were torn open. At that moment when
the attack is to be launched, the German artillery drops the "fire
curtain" behind the enemy trenches to prevent reenforcements from
arriving. Such are the tactics almost constantly employed by the
Germans.
Despite their most furious efforts during the winter of 1914 and
the spring and summer of 1915, in at least forty different attacks,
the German gains were very insignificant, and if one considers
the line they held after the battle of the Marne and compares it
with their present position, one may gather some idea of how little
progress they have made.
It was in June and July, 1915, that the Germans displayed their
main efforts in the Argonne. Their three great attacks were made
with greater forces than ever before (two or three divisions), but
the results were as profitless as their predecessors. The heroism
of the French barred the way.
At Arras in June, there was almost as much activity as at Ypres.
During the last part of the campaign in the Artois, General d'Urbal
began an advance between Hebuterne and Serre. The former had been
held by the French and the latter by the Germans. The two villages
were each on a small hill and not quite two miles apart. There were
two lines of German trenches in front of the farm of Tout Vent
which was halfway between the villages.
The trenches were held by the Seventeenth Baden Regiment which was
attacked by the French on June 7, 1915. The French troops consisted
of Bretons, Vendeans, and soldiers from Savoy and Dauphiné. The
work of the infantry was preceded by a heavy bombardment to which
the German artillery replied. Then the French charged with a dash
that seemed irresistible.
On the following day, June 8, 1915, the French gained more ground
to the north in spite of the activity of the German artillery.
June 9, 1915, saw desperate fighting in the German communicating
trenches, and on June 10, 1915, several hundred yards of trenches
to the south were taken. The Seventeenth Baden Regiment was only a
name and a memory when the fighting ceased; and two German battalions
had fared but little better. Of the five hundred and eighty prisoners
taken ten were officers.
General de Castelnau, on the day before the fighting at Hebuterne,
made a break in the German line east of Forest of l'Aigle which is
a continuation of the Forest of Compiègne but is separated from
it by the Aisne. Within the French lines were the farms of Ecaffaut
and Quennevieres. The Germans held Les Loges and Tout Vent. There
was a German salient opposite Quennevieres with a small fort at
the peak of the salient. Defenses had been built also where the
northern and southern sides of the salient rested on the main line
of trenches. There were two lines of trenches on the arc of the
salient with three lines on a portion of the arc. An indented trench
held the chord of the arc. The Germans had placed several guns in
a ravine which ran down toward Tout Vent. Four companies of the
Eighty-sixth Regiment had held the salient.
On June 5, 1915, the reserve troops were taken from the Tout Vent
ravine for reenforcements. Their places were occupied then by other
German troops. The French artillery bombarded the fort at the peak
of the salient, and all of the trenches and defenses of the Germans
in that neighborhood and the French infantry kept up a rifle and
machine-gun fire which was an aid in preventing the Germans from
repairing the damage done their defenses. The bombardment continued
all day and all night and increased in volume and intensity on the
morning of June 6, 1915. Then it was continued intermittently. A
mine under the fort at the peak of the salient blew up. The Germans
who sought refuge in their dugouts found them unavailing. The shells
had blown the roofs from those places of supposed safety. In many
instances their occupants had been buried in the débris and suffocated.
The French artillery lengthened its range and made a curtain of
fire between the Germans on the front and the German supports in
the rear. Then the French infantry charged. The men had dispensed
with knapsack that they might not be hampered with unnecessary
weight. All had three rations and two hundred and fifty rounds
of ammunition. They were also provided with two hand grenades and
a sack. The last was to be filled with earth. The filled sacks
were sufficient to form breastworks with which any place taken
might be held. With a cheer the French infantry ran across the
two hundred yards between the two lines. The German infantry's
nerves had been so badly shaken by the bombardment that only a
scattering fire, badly directed, greeted the French. It was but
the work of minutes to take the first line of German trenches.
The two hundred and fifty survivors of two German battalions were
made prisoners. The German reserves in the ravine on the Tout Vent
farm made a dash to aid their fire line; but the French artillery
shells accounted for them before the reserves ever reached those
whom they would have relieved. Thus in less than an hour 2,000
Germans were put out of the fight. The French who had been selected
for this work included Bretons, Zouaves, and chasseurs.
The Zouaves then made a dash for the ravine on the Tout Vent front.
There they came upon a field work equipped with three guns. This
work was protected by wire entanglements. The German artillerymen
retreated to their dugouts, but the Zouaves captured them and their
fortification. At that stage of the fighting the French aviators
saw German reenforcements on their way to take part in the battle.
The aviators signaled to their troops this information. Two German
battalions were being hurried in motor cars from Roye to the east
of the Oise; but before they reached the scene of the fighting the
Germans managed to mass for a counterattack. It was ill-planned
and executed. French shrapnel and machine guns annihilated those
making the counterattack. In the meantime the French sappers were
fortifying with sacks of earth the ends of the salient, so that by
night the French were in a position to hold what they had gained.
The precautions which the French had made were shown to be extremely
timely, for that night the reenforcements from Roye made eight
desperate attacks.
The lack of success throughout the night did not prevent the Germans
from making a reckless attack on the French works at both ends
of the salient on the morning of June 7. The Germans made their
advance along the lines of the communicating trenches. They were
greeted with a shower of hand grenades. By nightfall the Germans
seemed to have wearied of the attacks. The total German loss in
killed in this engagement was three thousand. The French had lost
only two hundred and fifty killed and fifteen hundred wounded.
They captured a large amount of equipage and ammunition, besides
twenty machine guns.
The French front south of Pont-à-Mousson, on the Moselle, through
the gap of Nancy to the tops of the Vosges experienced only slight
changes during the spring and summer of 1915. The Germans assumed
the offensive in the region of La Fontenelle, in the Ban-de-Sapt,
in April and June. The French engineers had built a redoubt to the
east of La Fontenelle on Hill 627. The Germans found they could
not take it by an assault; so their sappers went to work to tunnel
under it; but they had to bore through very hard rock and the work
was necessarily slow. The French, learning of the mining operations
of their foes, started a countereffort with the result that there
was a succession of fierce skirmishes under the surface of the
earth. Finally the German sappers were lured into a communicating
tunnel which had been mined for the purpose and they all perished.
The greatest activity of the sappers was between April 6 and April
13, 1915. On the night of the latter date the officers of the Germans
tried to rally their men for further operations, but their soldiers
had had enough and refused to renew their work.
The Germans, however, did not give up in their attempts to take
Hill 627, which they called Ban-de-Sapt, and in an assault they
made upon it on June 22 they took the hill. Thereupon the general
in command of the Thirtieth Bavarian Division made the following
announcement:
"I have confidence that the height of Ban-de-Sapt will be transformed
with the least possible delay into an impregnable fortification
and that the efforts of the French to retake it will be bloodily
repulsed."
On the night of July 8 the French began a bombardment which was
followed by an infantry charge which forced its way through five
lines of trenches and gained the redoubt on the top of the hill,
in spite of its corrugated iron and gun-shield defenses to which
had been added logs and tree trunks. At the same time the French
made an attack on the German trenches on the left and surrounded
the hill from the eastward. The Germans on the right flank of the
French were kept busy by another attack. In this battle two battalions
of the Fifth Bavarian Ersatz Brigade were taken from the German
ranks either by death or as prisoners. The French captured eight
hundred and eighty-one, of whom twenty-one were officers, who,
for the most part, were men of more than ordinary education.
The principal work of the French troops at this time was in the
valley of the Fecht and the neighboring mountains. They planned
to go down through the valley to Münster and take the railroad
to which the mountain railroads were tributaries. In connection
with this campaign in the mountains the achievement of a company
of French Chasseurs serves to illustrate, the heroic and hardy
character of these men. They were surrounded by German troops on
June 14, 1915, but refused to surrender. Instead they built a square
camp which they prepared to hold as long as one of them remained
alive. When their ammunition began to give out, they rolled rocks
down on their enemy and hurled large stones at the advancing foe.
At the same time the French artillery aided them by raining shells
on the Germans, though the artillery was miles from the scene of
action. Thus the Chasseurs were able to hold their position until they
were relieved on June 17, 1915. In the meantime the French proceeded
down the valley of the Fecht and up the mountains overlooking the
valley. An assault was made on the top of Braunkopf and an attack
was made on Anlass on June 15 and 16, 1915. The French captured
Metzeral on June 19, 1915, the Germans having set fire to it before
being driven out. The soldiers of the republic then began to bombard
Münster with such success that they destroyed a German ammunition
depot there. The Sondernach ridge was held by the French about
the middle of July, 1915, and they continued to gain ground so
that they were near Münster by the end of July, 1915. In these
actions the French mountaineers were pitting their skill against
the mountaineers from Bavaria.
By midsummer the lines on both sides of the western front were
an elaborate series of field fortifications. The shallow trenches
of the preceding fall were practically things of the past. And
these fortifications extended from the Vosges to the North Sea.
They naturally varied with the nature of the region in which they
were built. The marshy character of the soil along the Yser and
about the Ypres salient made it impossible to go down very deep.
Hence it was necessary to build up parapets which were easy marks
for the artillery. The Germans had the better places on the higher
levels from Ypres to Armentières; but the British line opposing them
showed remarkable engineering skill. The advances of the Allies
had resulted in making the first line of trenches somewhat temporary
in character in the sections about Festubert, La Bassée, and the
Artois; but in these regions there were strong fortifications in
the rear of both lines. The condition of the ground from Arras to
Compiègne was excellent for fortification purposes. The Teutons
had the better position in the chalky region along the Aisne, though
the chalk formation did not add to the comfort of the men. In the
northern part of Champagne trench life was more bearable. The forests
in the Argonne, the Woevre, and the Vosges made the trenches the best
of all on the western front. The greater part of these so-called
trenches, the like of which had never before been constructed,
could not be taken without a bombardment by heavy artillery. And,
in the rear of each line there was a series of other fortifications
quite as impregnable. This condition was a gradual growth which had
developed as a result of the increasingly new methods of attack.
As new means of taking life were invented, new means of protection
came into existence, until, for the present, the inventive genius
of man seemed to be at a standstill. But all this activity and
preparation at the front meant a greater activity in the rear of the
opposing lines. Fighting men were a necessity; but, under existing
conditions of warfare, they were useless unless they were kept
supplied by an army of artisans and another army or men to transport
munitions to the soldiers on the firing line. In fact it was being
forced on the minds of the commanding officers that the war could
be won in the workshop and laboratory rather than on the battle
field.
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