Produced by Don Kostuch
[Transcriber's notes]
Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly
braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page breaks occurred
in the original book.
Obvious spelling errors have been corrected but "inventive" and
inconsistent spelling is left unchanged.
Material suitable for searching has been converted to text. Complex
tables that would not provide useful search targets and would be
prone to transcription errors have been left as images.
[End Transcriber's notes]
{2}
[Illustration]
PLANT OF
HOWARD & BULLOUGH AMERICAN MACHINE COMPANY LTD.
PAWTUCKET, R. I.
{3}
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE
of
COTTON MACHINERY
Built by
HOWARD & BULLOUGH
AMERICAN MACHINE COMPANY, LTD.
PAWTUCKET, R. I., U. S. A.
OPENING, PICKING, CARDING, DRAWING, ROVING, SPINNING, TWISTING AND
WINDING MACHINERY
WARPERS AND SLASHERS
Containing Also Floor Spaces, Speeds, Productions, Gearing Diagrams,
Useful Tables and Other Information
1909
BOSTON OFFICE, 65 FRANKLIN STREET
C. E. RILEY, TREASURER
SOUTHERN OFFICE, EMPIRE BUILDING, ATLANTA, GA.
{4}
INTRODUCTION.
We take pleasure in presenting this book, trusting that the
information it contains will be of interest and service.
In compiling this catalogue we have included such descriptive matter
as will set forth the main features and advantages of our machinery,
also outline drawings, gearing diagrams, floor spaces, speeds,
production and other tables, and information of use to all those
interested in Cotton Mills.
Some of the information contained in this book has hitherto been
presented in circular and book form, but at the request of numerous
friends and users of our machinery we now issue this complete
catalogue which contains considerable additional information, besides
which it is in a compact and convenient form.
Our machinery is extensively used, and is well and favorably known.
It will be our endeavor in the future to continue to make improvements
and maintain the high standard which has characterized our machinery
in the past.
{5}
INDEX.
OPENING AND PICKING MACHINERY PAGE
Hopper Bale Opener 8
General Description 9
Floor Plans and Elevations 12
Automatic Hopper Feeder 14
Self-feeding Opener 16
Trunking 20
Breaker Lappers 24
Combination Machines 30
Intermediate and Finisher Lappers 32
Production Tables 36
Gearing Diagrams 38
Calculations 43
Floor Plans and Elevations 52
REVOLVING FLAT CARDS
General Description 61
Patent Setting Arrangement for Flats 67
Williams' Patent Stripping Motion 68
Floor Plan 72
Gearing Diagram 72
Calculations 75
Production Tables 75
Gearing Tables 77
Clothing 80
DRAWING FRAMES
General Description 82
Floor Plans 88
Table of Lengths 90
Production Tables 91
Gearing Diagram 92
Calculations 94
Gearing and General Tables 96
Electric Stop Motions 98
SLUBBING, INTERMEDIATE,
ROVING AND JACK FRAMES
General Description 103
Improved Differential Motion 107
Improved Lay Gearing 109
Speed Tables 111
Floor Plans 118
Tables of Lengths 119
Production Tables 113
Gearing Diagrams 123
{6}
Calculations 127
Gearing Tables 130
Roving Tables 136
RING SPINNING FRAMES
General Description 141
Improved Builder 151
H. & B. Separator 152
Floor Plan 154
Table of Lengths 155
Production Tables 156
Gearing Diagrams 160
Calculations 164
Gearing Tables 166
Yarn Twist Tables 176
Table for Numbering Cotton Yarn 179
Breaking Weights of American Yarns 184
SPOOLERS
Table of Lengths and Productions 186
REELS 187
TWISTERS
General Description 188
Floor Plan 193
Table of Lengths 195
Production Tables 198
Gearing Diagrams 203
Calculations 206
Gearing Tables 208
Twist Tables 210
CONE AND TUBE WINDERS
General Description 222
Floor Plan 225
WARPERS 226
SLASHERS 227
MISCELLANEOUS
Shipping Weights 232
Table of English
Weights and Measures 233
Classification of Cotton 237
General Rules with Examples 234
Power Required by Cotton Machinery 238
Belting Required for Various Machines 240
Horse-power Tables of Shafting 242
Horse-power Tables of Belting 246
Data on Manila Transmission Rope 250
Spindles in U. S. 252
World's Cotton Spindles 253
{7}
OPENING AND PICKING MACHINERY.
The Opening and Picking of cotton should have the same careful
attention as the Carding and Spinning, although the latter processes
may seem to some to be more important. Much more attention is being
given to this Department everywhere to-day than formerly, and better
equipments of machinery are being used. The same equipment is not
equally good for all classes of work, as the machinery must be
designed and adjusted for the particular kind of stock to be used.
Unless the cotton is well opened and cleaned, and good even laps are
made, the Carding will suffer, and the Card Clothing will soon be
damaged, which means poor and costly work.
We invite with every confidence all possible investigation into the
construction and improved design of our Opening and Picking machinery,
and the work it is doing in the mills. This entire line of machinery
is substantially built, very simple, and contains many valuable
improvements.
{8}
[Illustration]
PATENT HOPPER BALE OPENER
{9}
HOPPER BALE OPENER.
An investigation of the present methods of handling cotton before it
reaches the Pickers shows that in a large percentage of mills there
are opportunities for greatly reducing the labor cost and at the same
time improving in a marked degree the quality of opening and mixing.
The saving which can be effected in labor, and the better results
obtained by a more thorough opening of the cotton and a more even
mixing, can hardly be appreciated except by those who have seen it
demonstrated by the use of our Hopper Bale Opener.
This machine is extensively used in England and on the Continent,
where it is giving most satisfactory results. It is filling a need
which has long existed.
LABOR SAVING--A bale of cotton can be thoroughly opened without damage
to the staple in six to ten minutes, which means that one hand can
open upwards of 150,000 to 200,000 lbs. per week and still have time
for taking care of bagging, ties, etc. Even when the weekly
consumption of cotton is very much less than this there is a saving in
labor, as the quick completion of the work means that the attendant
can give his attention to something else.
QUALITY OF WORK--The fluffy condition of the cotton as it is delivered
from the Hopper Bale Opener shows the very thorough manner in which it
is opened. Although the cotton is fed to the machine in large matted
sections taken directly from the bales as they lie around the
horizontal feeding apron, no bunches come through. When cotton is
opened and mixed by hand the result is not what is generally supposed.
The stock is still in large bunches and matted to such an extent that
when fed into the Hoppers of ordinary Openers it is impossible to
obtain an even or thorough mixing.
{10}
THE FEEDING APRON of the Hopper Bale Opener usually extends four feet
back of the Hopper which enables the operator to group a number of
bales around the machine so as to take cotton first from one and then
from another. This gives an even mixing of the stock from the various
bales. If it is desired this idea can be carried still further by
making the Feeding Apron longer, so as to allow of taking cotton from
a greater number of bales.
METHOD OF WORKING--The matted sections taken direct from the bale and
placed on the slowly driven Horizontal Feeding Apron move forward into
the Hopper and are taken by the more rapidly moving Spiked Elevating
Apron, which subjects the cotton to a sort of combing action. At the
top of this Apron there is a spiked Cylinder which further combs the
cotton and throws back into the Hopper any unopened pieces. A
Stripping Beater with stiff leather blades strips the stock from the
Spiked Apron and delivers it onto the short delivery Apron at the
front of the machine.
DELIVERY ARRANGEMENTS--The ordinary or standard delivery arrangement is
shown in the cut, page 8, and in the outline drawing, page 12. We have
recently designed a double apron delivery for use with Condenser and
Blower systems, where the cotton has to be carried quite a distance.
This arrangement does away with the necessity of passing the stock
through a fan and is approved by the Insurance Companies.
The cotton being delivered into the conveying pipe ahead of the
"Blower Fan," there is no fire risk due to hard substances passing
through or stock getting caught in the fan. We have designed many
special delivery arrangements to meet the various conditions which
present themselves, including a suitable delivery for use with either
lattice distributing systems or blowing systems.
{11}
DISTRIBUTING SYSTEMS--The installation of this Hopper Bale Opener makes
a distributing system more advantageous and satisfactory. We have
equipped many Opening Rooms with Distributing Lattices which deliver
the cotton directly into the Hoppers of the Self-feeding Openers, thus
saving another handling.
When the Hopper Bale Opener is located some distance from the
distributing lattice, the latter may be fed by a blower and condenser
system, and when the distance is very short an elevating lattice is
used, dropping the cotton directly on the distributing lattice. We are
always glad to take up special cases and make recommendations in
connection with the conveying and distribution of cotton either for
short or long distances.
An advantage which is not usually thought of or appreciated is the
more even Breaker laps obtained where a Hopper Bale Opener and
distributing system are used. The Hoppers of the Feeders are more
evenly fed and the stock is in a much better condition than when mixed
and fed by hand.
CONSTRUCTION--The machine is very strongly built throughout. An extra
large Hopper is an advantage possessed by this Opener. The Spiked
Elevating Lattice is made on a new patented system and the slats on
same are of heavy selected stock.
DRIVING PULLEYS AND SPEEDS--The Driving Pulleys are on the right hand
side when facing the Hopper or Feed and are 11 in. dia., 3 in. face,
tight and loose, and should be driven at about 582 revs. per minute.
PRODUCTION--150,000 to 200,000 lbs. per week of 60 hours.
FLOOR SPACE--The machine with short Feeding Lattice, as shown on the
illustration, page 8, is 13 ft. 1-1/4 in. x 6 ft. 10 in.
{12}
[Illustration]
HOPPER BALE OPENER
WITH STANDARD SHORT APRON DELIVERY
{13}
[Illustration]
HOPPER BALE OPENER WITH DOUBLE APRON DELIVERY
{14}
[Illustration]
AUTOMATIC HOPPER FEEDER
{15}
AUTOMATIC HOPPER FEEDER.
HOPPER--This is extra large and capable of holding 400 to 450 pounds of
cotton.
SPIKED ELEVATING APRON runs over large flanged blocks and is extra
strong.
STRIPPING COMB OR ROLLER--This works in conjunction with the Spiked
Apron, and is very simple and durable. It is self-cleaning and is
easily adjusted by means of a handle on one side of the machine. This
handle can be locked in position after an adjustment is made, and the
arrangement, although operated from one side of the Feeder, gives a
positive parallel motion, and consequently a true setting of the
Stripping Comb.
PIN BEATER takes the cotton from the Spiked Apron. The stock, after
passing over the cleaning grids, drops on the Delivery Apron.
KNOCK-OFF ARRANGEMENT--This is simple and durable, and is so designed
as to be easily connected to the knock-off on the Breaker Lapper or
other machine which follows.
APRONS all have strong and easily adjusted tightening devices.
SIMPLICITY--Our Feeder is reduced to the simplest design possible
consistent with even and good work, and has no troublesome cone drums.
COMBINATIONS of this Feeder with the various Opening and Picking
Machines are made to suit any special requirements of the mill. The
Feeder when combined with an Opener is driven from a pulley on the
Cylinder or Beater shaft, and when feeding on to the Apron of a Lapper
is driven from the Lapper Countershaft.
DRIVING PULLEY AND SPEED--The Driving Pulley is 10 in. dia., 2-1/4-in.
face, and should be driven at about 550 revs. per minute.
FLOOR SPACE--Length, 10 ft. 5 in.; width, 5 ft. 6 in.
FLOOR PLAN AND ELEVATION--See page 52.
{16}
[Illustration]
SELF-FEEDING OPENER WITH 30-IN. CYLINDER
{17}
SELF-FEEDING OPENER.
This is a combination of the Automatic Hopper Feeder with an Opener
Section built as one machine. The Beater in the Opener Section may be
a two-blade rigid Beater, 18 in. dia., or a 30-in. dia. Special
Cylinder, which is shown and described on page 18.
This machine may be arranged for trunking connections, as shown in the
cut on the opposite page, or it may be attached directly to a Breaker
Lapper, forming a Combined Self-feeding Opener and Breaker Lapper (see
page 30 for cut of this machine).
DRIVING PULLEY--Self-feeding Opener with 18 in. Beater, 9 in. dia.,
4-1/4 in. face; with 30-in. Cylinder, 16 in. dia., 4-1/4 in. face.
Other sizes can be furnished.
SPEEDS--1,450 revs. per minute for 18-in. Beater and 550 revs. per
minute for 30-in. Cylinder when running with ordinary cotton. For long
staple cottons the Beater speed is reduced to 800 to 1,050 revs. per
minute and the Cylinder speed to 300 to 450 revs. per minute.
PRODUCTION--See Breaker Lappers.
FLOOR PLANS AND ELEVATIONS--See pages 56 and 57.
{18}
[Illustration]
30-IN. SPECIAL CYLINDER
{19}
30-INCH SPECIAL CYLINDER.
This 30-inch Cylinder is specially designed for use in Self-Feeding
Openers where these machines are arranged for trunk connection or
combined with Breaker Lappers.
The large diameter makes it possible to use more grid bars than with
the blade beaters. The main points considered in the design of this
30-inch cylinder were, more thorough opening of the cotton, greater
production without injury to the staple, and better cleaning.
These Cylinders are made from steel boiler plates, and the steel
fingers are fastened on by rivets. These fingers are so arranged that
in one revolution they strike all points along the entire width of the
feed rolls. In case of accident to fingers, caused by some hard
substance getting into the machine, the damaged fingers can be easily
replaced.
We have adopted the 30-inch Special Cylinder, believing it to be
preferable to those of larger diameter.
{20}
[Illustration]
AUTOMATIC CLEANING TRUNK (10-FT. SECTION)
{21}
CLEANING TRUNK.
On the opposite page is shown a 10-ft. section of Automatic Cleaning
Trunk. It is usual to install two of these sections, making 20 ft.,
and to suspend same from the ceiling.
The cotton passes over Transverse Grids A and the leaf and dirt drop
between the Grids into a series of compartments B, which are
automatically cleaned out by air draft from a Fan. Each compartment
has a hinged door or bottom C, which when dropped leaves an opening
into the exhaust air pipe D. The hinged doors are dropped one at a
time, and the openings are shown at G.
The Fan is connected to the exhaust air pipe D, and is only running
while the Trunk is being cleaned.
The removable doors E give access to the top of the Trunk, and the
brackets F are for the supporting rods.
One of the advantages of this Trunk is that it can be hung from the
ceiling out of the way and not occupy valuable floor space. It is
carefully built and the joints of the doors are covered with leather
to prevent leaks.
Page 59 shows a system where 20 ft. of Automatic Cleaning Trunk is
used together with the necessary Conducting Trunk; the Opener being on
the first floor and the Breaker Lapper with Gauge Box and Condenser on
the second.
{22}
[Illustration]
ENGLISH PATTERN CLEANING TRUNK (TWO 4-FT. SECTIONS)
{23}
Cleaning Trunk is of special advantage to mills using low grade stock.
All cotton contains more or less light dirt and leaf, which it is
difficult to entirely remove in the Lappers, on account of the fan
draft essential to the formation of a good sheet on the screens
carrying some of the lighter impurities along with the cotton. The
passing of the stock over the transverse Grids in the Cleaning Trunk
at a low velocity provides an efficient means for removing this dirt
and leaf.
We also build an English pattern Trunk, which is shown in the
illustration on page 22. This Trunk is supported by stands which rest
on the floor, and is built in 4-ft. sections, several of these being
coupled together. Although not automatic, it is easily cleaned by
dropping the doors which cover the entire bottom of the Trunk and
carry the Grids. In the illustration one of these doors is shown down,
and the sheet iron Grids are plainly visible.
{24}
[Illustration]
SINGLE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER WITH GAUGE BOX AND CONDENSER
{25}
BREAKER LAPPERS.
On page 24 is shown our Single Beater Breaker Lapper with Gauge Box
and Condenser, and on page 28 the same machine with a Cage Section.
GAUGE BOX AND CONDENSER--We strongly recommend the use of Gauge Boxes
and Condensers when the Breaker Lappers and Openers are on different
floors, or the stock has to be carried any distance. Under these
conditions there is a considerable quantity of cotton passing between
the Opener and Lapper, which on account of the stopping and starting
of the latter is liable to make thick and thin places in the lap.
The use of the Condenser and Gauge Box overcomes this difficulty as
the cotton is received under these varying conditions and the Gauge
Box acts as an Evener and delivers a uniform supply to the Feed Rolls
behind the Beater. When the connection between the Opener and Breaker
Lapper is short the Cage Section can be used without difficulty.
The Condenser Fan, which is of extra large size, is conveniently
placed under the Gauge Box and Condenser Section. The Gauge Box has
glass panels on the two sides and front, so that the cotton can be
seen and the feed regulated.
BEATERS--Although the cuts show Single Beater machines, we build them
with two Beaters if required or with one Cylinder and one Beater.
IMPROVED CALENDER HEAD--Our Lappers have many valuable special
features, including our improved Calender Head, which allows the
machine to be stopped by the Drop Handle without breaking the lap.
When the lap is of the required length and the machine knocks off, the
large Lap Rolls as well as the Calender Rolls, Feed Apron and Cages
stop, and the lap is not broken.
If the lap continues to revolve after the machine has knocked off, it
becomes sticky and there is likely to be trouble from split laps back
of the Cards. Our arrangement prevents this and also enables the
machine to be stopped at any time during the formation of a lap
without breaking the lap.
{26}
[Illustration]
FEED ROLLS, TOP CAGE AND COVER
Showing Bushed Bearings and Easy Method of Removing the Top Cage
{27}
GEARS EASILY REMOVED--All the large gears are fastened by an improved
method. Instead of driving them onto keys, which makes their removal
difficult, we use with each large gear a square key let into the
shaft, and two set screws. The gears fit the keys, but not tightly
enough to prevent their easy removal after loosening the set screws.
[Illustration]
CLUTCH GEARS--The Calender Rolls are stopped and started by large
Clutch Gears which are a great improvement over the common Drop Shaft
and Gear. With this method the starting strain is distributed over all
the teeth in the Clutch Gears, entirely doing away with the frequent
breakages under the old system.
BEARINGS--Where it is possible the bearings are made in bush form, as
shown in cut page 26, thus reducing to a minimum the time taken to
make replacements and the cost of same. Our bearings are very easy to
adjust, and their special form prevents oil from getting to the inside
of the machine. All high speed Shafts, viz., Fan, Side and Beater
Shafts, have ring oiling bearings.
{28}
[Illustration]
{29}
TOP CAGES AND COVERS--The Top Cages of our Lappers are easily removed,
as will be seen by referring to the cut, page 26. The sides of the
cage cover or bonnet fit snugly over the bushed bearings. To remove
the cage or bushings, it is only necessary to turn back the cover.
These covers are all made with oil holes directly over the bearing, so
it is not necessary to raise the cover for the purpose of oiling.
NO TILTING OF LAP RACKS--The Lap Racks slide up and down on steel
shafts, which entirely prevent the tilting of the Racks and consequent
breakages.
SHAFTS--Our Beater and Fan shafts are made from a very hard iron
specially mixed to give long life to these high speed shafts.
A countershaft complete with pulleys is attached to each Lapper.
DRIVING PULLEYS--One-beater Breaker Lappers 16 in. dia., 4-1/4 in.
face, T. & L.
Two-beater Breaker Lappers or One-beater Breaker Lappers with extra
Cage Section or Condenser and Gauge Box Section 16 in. dia., 5-1/4 in.
face, T. & L.
In combinations which have 3 beaters to be driven from one
countershaft of machine, 16 in. dia., 6-1/4 in. face, T. & L.
Other sizes can be furnished.
SPEEDS--The usual speed of all lapper countershafts is 435 revs. per
minute, which gives 1,450 revs. per minute of the Beaters, and 550
revs. per minute of Cylinders, for ordinary cotton. For long staple
cottons the beater speed is reduced to 800 to 1,050 revs. per minute
and the Cylinder speed to 300 to 450 revs. per minute.
PRODUCTION--On ordinary cotton 15,000 to 20,000 lbs. per week of 60
hours. In some cases the production is far in excess of these figures.
For long staple cottons, 10,000 to 15,000 lbs.
See production table, page 36.
FLOOR PLANS AND ELEVATIONS-See pages 54 to 57. These plans are for
40-in. or 41-in. machines, and 45-in. machines are 4 in. wider.
{30}
[Illustration]
SELF-FEEDING OPENER (30-IN. CYLINDER)
AND SINGLE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER
{31}
COMBINATION MACHINES.
On the opposite page is shown a Self-feeding Opener with 30-in.
Cylinder combined with a Single Beater Breaker Lapper. This is a very
popular combination and, it will be noted, is built as one straight
machine. A floor plan and elevation are shown on page 54. This same
combination with an 18-in. Beater instead of the 30-in. Cylinder in
the Opener Section is shown in plan and elevation on page 55.
We also build a Self-feeding Opener with Cage Section and Calender
Head, which is well adapted to work Egyptian and Sea Island cottons.
(See page 53 for plan and elevation.)
Self-feeding Openers when built as separate machines can be placed on
any floor above or below the Breaker Lappers, or on the same floor,
the connections being made by Automatic Cleaning Trunks, Conducting
Trunks, and galvanized iron pipe, as the conditions may require.
On pages 56 and 57 we show Single Beater Breaker Lappers with Gauge
Boxes and Condensers connected to Self-feeding Openers by short
sections of Conducting Trunk. The Breakers are on the floor above the
Openers. One drawing shows the Self-feeding Opener with 18-in. Beater,
and the other with 30-in. Cylinder.
{32}
[Illustration]
SINGLE BEATER FINISHER LAPPER
{33}
INTERMEDIATE AND FINISHER LAPPERS.
These machines have our improved Calender Head, which has already been
described in connection with Breaker Lappers. Each machine has a
countershaft and pulleys complete with stands as shown.
BEATER BOXES--All our beater boxes are fixed and our feed rolls
adjustable, which we consider superior to having the beaters
adjustable. After thorough investigation and long practice we have
found that adjustable beaters are liable to get out of line, causing
them to heat and wear quickly.
DRAFT REGULATION--The air chamber from fan to cage section on each side
of the machine is supplied with a damper, operated from the outside of
the machine. With this arrangement the air can be drawn through the
top and bottom cages in any desired proportion, and the operator can
regulate the drafts to give the best results.
BEATERS--Two-blade (18 in. dia.) beaters are mostly used, but we
furnish the Houghton patent beater with corrugated teeth, or carding
beaters, when specified.
OUTSIDE HANDLES FOR DUST DOORS--We have recently added handles on the
outside of the machine for dropping the cut-off board under the grids.
The dirt and leaf which collect on this board are liable to fill up
the grids if not regularly removed. The outside handles make the
dropping of the cut-off boards very convenient and much reduce the
liability of neglect on the part of the attendant.
DRIVING PULLEYS
One-beater machines, 16 in. dia., 4-1/4 in. face, T. & L.
Two-beater machines, 16 in. dia., 5-1/4 in. face, T. & L. Other sizes
can be furnished.
SPEEDS--The usual speed of countershafts is 435 revs. per minute, which
gives 1,450 revs. of the two-blade beaters and 1,063 revs. of carding
beaters. For long staple cottons the beater speed is reduced to 800 to
1,050 revs. per minute.
PRODUCTION--On ordinary cotton 12,000 to 15,000 pounds per week of
sixty hours. These productions are often exceeded. For long staple
cottons, 8,000 to 10,000 pounds. For production table, see page 37.
FLOOR PLANS AND ELEVATIONS--See page 58 for floor plan of 40-inch
one-beater Intermediate or Finisher Lapper. 45-inch machines are 4
inches wider.
{34}
[Illustration]
IMPROVED EVENER FOR INTERMEDIATE AND FINISHER LAPPERS
{35}
IMPROVED EVENER.
The obtaining of even laps is a matter of prime importance. The demand
for more perfect work has emphasized the need for better picking, and
for laps which are even not only in total weight, but throughout. Our
improved design fills the following essential qualifications of a good
Evener.
1st--Sensitiveness and prompt action, so that any variation in the
weight passing under the Evener Plates will be taken care of
immediately.
2d--Steadiness of running and action, so that there is no tendency to
"hunt," i. e., the cone belt will at once take its new position
without traveling up and down.
3d--Simplicity and few moving parts.
4th--Small amount of attention required.
The direct method of communicating any movement of the Evener Plates
to the cone belt, the multiplication of this movement and the short
cones are features which help to secure sensitiveness and prompt
action.
The small amount of lost motion between the Evener Plates and the cone
belt, and the free movement of the belt shipper rod, which runs on
rollers, make the action positive and steady.
The cut on page 34 shows our Evener and indicates the simplicity of
same. The number of moving parts has been reduced to a minimum. The
Evener Plates and feed roll give great cleaning capacity on account of
the bite of the Plates being close to the Beater. The Evener Plates
are on top of a 3-in. dia. steel feed roll, which gives a very rigid
support and ensures all the variation in the thickness of the cotton
under the plates being communicated to the Evener belt.
The cones are conveniently placed under the feeding apron, and the
lower cone runs in an adjustable cradle which allows the belt to be
made endless and keeps it at an even tension at all times.
{36}
BREAKER LAPPER.
PRODUCTION IN POUNDS PER TEN HOURS
[Illustration]
NOTE--Ten per cent. has been deducted in the above table for stops,
etc. 1,450 revolutions per minute of beater.
{37}
INTERMEDIATE AND FINISHER LAPPER.
PRODUCTION IN POUNDS PER TEN HOURS
[Illustration]
NOTE--Ten per cent. has been deducted in the above table for stops,
etc. 1,450 revolutions per minute of beater.
{38}
[Illustration]
BREAKER LAPPER WITH CAGE SECTION.
SIDE VIEW OF GEARING 1
{39}
[Illustration]
BREAKER LAPPER WITH CAGE SECTION,
SIDE VIEW OF GEARING
{40}
[Illustration]
BREAKER LAPPER WITH CAGE SECTION
PLAN VIEW OF GEARING
{41}
BREAKER LAPPER.
ALPHABETICAL REFERENCES TO DRAWINGS.
A Main Driving Pulley, 16 in. dia. x 4-1/4 in. face;
5-1/4 in. face for Two-beater Machine.
A1 Beater Driving Pulley, 30 in. dia. x 4-1/4 in. face.
B Beater Pulley, 9 in. dia. x 4-1/4 face (occasionally 10 in. dia.)
B1 Feed Pulley, 3 in. to 13 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face;
advancing by 1/2 in. increments.
B2 Calender Section Fan Driving Pulley, 6 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face.
B3 Calender Fan Pulley, 8 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face.
B4 Cage Section Fan Driving Pulley, 6 in. dia. x 2-1/4 face
for Straight Machine or direct connected Opener and
Breaker Lapper. If with Trunking Connection, B4 is 8 in. dia.
and B5 is 6 in. dia., to give higher speed of Fan.
B5 Cage Fan Pulley, 8 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face for Straight
Machine or direct connected Opener and Breaker Lapper.
If with Trunking Connection, B4 is 8 in. dia. and B5 is
6 in. dia., to give higher speed of Fan.
C Driving Pulley for Bottom Cross Shaft, etc.,
18 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face.
C1 Clutch Driving Gear, 15 T.
D Large Clutch Gear, 35 T.
D1 Small Clutch Gear, or Bottom Shaft Driving Gear, 17 T.
E Bottom Cross Shaft Driven Gear, 96 T.
E1 Front Lap Calender Roll Driving Gear, 12 T.
E2 Bottom Cross Shaft Gear, driving Calender Rolls and
Top Cross Shaft, 14 T.
F Large Double Intermediate, driving Top Cross Shaft, 50 T.
F1 Small Double Intermediate, driving Bottom Calender Roll, 27 T.
F2 Bottom Calender Roll, 7 in. dia.
G Top Cross Shaft Gear, 30 T.
G1 Side Shaft Driving Bevel Gear, 24 T.
H Side Shaft Bevel Gear, Calender End, 24 T.
H1 Side Shaft Bevel Gear, Feed End, 28 T.
I Compound Intermediate Bevel Gear, 28 T.
I1 Compound Intermediate Gear, driving Bottom Feed Roll, 37 T.
J Bottom Feed Roll, 2 in. dia.
{42}
J1 Bottom Feed Roll Gear, 33 T.
J2 Cage Section Top Stripping Roll Driving Gear, 9 T.; 8 T.
Gear may be used to vary speed.
K Cage Section Top Stripping Roll Intermediate Gear, 52 T.
L Cage Section Top Stripping Roll Gear, 14 T.
M Cage Section Bottom Stripping Roll Gear, 14 T.
M1 Cage Section Bottom Cage Driving Gear, 23 T.
N Cage Section Bottom Cage Intermediate Gear, 20 T.
O Cage Section Bottom Cage Gear, 181 T.
O1 Cage Section Top Cage Gear, 181 T.
P Front Lap Calender Roll, 9 in. dia.
P1 Front Lap Calender Roll Gear, 53 T.
P2 Back Lap Calender Roll Driving Gear, 24 T.
Q Back Lap Calender Roll Intermediate Gear, 22 T.
R Back Lap Calender Roll Gear, 24 T.
R1 Back Lap Calender Roll, 9 in. dia.
S 3d Calender Roll Gear, 21 T.
S1 3d Calender Roll, 5-1/2 in. dia.
T 2d Calender Roll Gear, 22 T.
T1 2d Calender Roll, 5-1/2 in. dia.
U Top Calender Roll Gear, 23 T.
U1 Top Calender Roll, 5-1/2 in. dia.
V Calender Section Top Stripping Roll Intermediate Gear, 17 T.
V1 Calender Section Top Stripping Roll Intermediate Gear, 17 T.
W Calender Section Top Stripping Roll Gear, 14 T.
X Calender Section Bottom Stripping Roll Gear, 14 T.
X1 Calender Section Bottom Cage Driving Gear, 23 T.
Y Calender Section Bottom Cage Intermediate Gear, 20 T.
Z Calender Section Bottom Cage Gear, 181 T.
Z1 Calender Section Top Cage Gear, 181 T.
{43}
BREAKER LAPPERS.
DRAFT CALCULATIONS.
[Illustration]
{44}
[Illustration]
INTERMEDIATE OR FINISHER LAPPER.
SIDE VIEW OF GEARING
{45}
[Illustration]
INTERMEDIATE OR FINISHER LAPPER.
SIDE VIEW OF GEARING
{46}
[Illustration]
INTERMEDIATE OR FINISHER LAPPER
PLAN VIEW OF GEARING
{47}
INTERMEDIATE AND FINISHER LAPPERS.
ALPHABETICAL REFERENCES TO DRAWINGS.
A Main Driving Pulley, 16 in. dia. x 4-1/4 in. face;
5-1/4 in. face for Two-beater Machine.
A1 Beater Driving Pulley, 30 in. dia. x 4-1/4 in. face, for 18-in.
Rigid Beater; 22 in. dia. x 4-1/4 in. face for Carding Beater.
B Beater Pulley, 9 in. dia. x 4-1/4 in. face (occasionally 10 in. dia.)
B1 Feed Pulley, 3 in. to 13 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face;
advancing by 1/2 in. increments.
B2 Calender Section Fan Driving Pulley, 6 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in.
face for 18-in. Rigid Beater, and 8 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in.
face for Carding Beater.
B3 Calender Fan Pulley. 8 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face.
C Driving Pulley for Side Shaft, etc., 12 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face.
C1 Evener Cross Shaft Bevel Gear, 27 T.
C2 Evener Cross Shaft Change Gear, 55-35 T; diminishing by one tooth.
D Side Shaft Bevel Gear, Feed End, 27 T.
D1 Side Shaft Bevel Gear, Calender End, 18 T.
E Large Clutch Bevel Gear, 60 T.
E1 Small Clutch Gear, 17 T.
F Calender Cross Shaft Driven Gear, 96 T.
F1 Front Lap Calender Roll Driving Gear, 12 T.
F2 Calender Cross Shaft Gear, driving Calender Rolls, 14 T.
G Large Double Intermediate, driving Bottom Calender Roll, 50 T.
G1 Small Double Intermediate, driving Third Calender Roll 27 T.
G2 Bottom Calender Roll, 7 in. dia.
H 3d Calender Roll Gear, 21 T.
H1 3d Calendar Roll, 5-1/2 in. dia.
I 2d Calender Roll Gear, 22 T.
I1 2d Calender Roll, 5-1/2 in. dia.
J Top Calender Roll Gear, 23 T.
J1 Top Calender Roll, 5-1/2 in. dia.
K Top Stripping Roll Intermediate Gear, 17 T.
K1 Top Stripping Roll Intermediate Gear, 17 T.
L Top Stripping Roll Gear, 14 T.
{48}
M Bottom Stripping Roll Gear, 14 T.
M1 Bottom Cage Driving Gear, 23 T.
N Bottom Cage Intermediate Gear, 20 T.
O Bottom Cage Gear, 181 T.
O1 Top Cage Gear, 181 T.
P Bottom Cone Change Gear, 35-55 T; advancing by one tooth.
P1 Bottom Cone, driving Top Cone. Letters also represent
diameters near the middle of Cones.
Q Top Cone.
Q1 Worm Shaft Driving Spiral Gear, 9 T.
R Worm Shaft Spiral Gear, 9 T.
R1 Worm Shaft Worm, double threaded, right hand;
equivalent to Gear having two teeth.
S Worm Gear, 78 T.
S1 Feed Roll and Apron Roll Driving Gear, 12 T.
T Feed Roll, 3 in. dia.
T1 Feed Roll Gear, 24 T.
U Apron Roll Gear, 29 T.
V Front Lap Calender Roll, 9 in. dia.
V1 Front Lap Calendar Roll Gear, 53 T.
V2 Back Lap Calendar Roll Driving Gear, 24 T.
W Back Lap Calender Roll Intermediate Gear, 22 T.
X Back Lap Calender Roll Gear, 24 T.
X1 Back Lap Calender Roll, 9 in. dia.
{49}
INTERMEDIATE AND FINISHER LAPPERS.
DRAFT CALCULATIONS.
[Illustration]
{50}
PRODUCTION CALCULATIONS.
[Illustration]
NOTE--With our latest gearing arrangement, the number of teeth in
Knock-off Worm Gear corresponds to the number of yards in the lap.
{51}
INTERMEDIATE AND FINISHER LAPPERS.
DRAFT TABLE.
[Illustration]
{52}
[Illustration]
AUTOMATIC HOPPER FEEDER
{53}
[Illustration]
SELF-FEEDING OPENER (30-IN. CYLINDER)
WITH CAGE SECTION AND CALENDER HEAD
{54}
[Illustration]
SELF-FEEDING OPENER (30-IN. CYLINDER)
AND SINGLE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER
{55}
[Illustration]
SELF-FEEDING OPENER (18-IN. BEATER)
AND SINGLE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER
{56}
[Illustration]
SELF-FEEDING OPENER (18-IN. BEATER) CONNECTED BY TRUNKING TO A SINGLE
BEATER BREAKER LAPPER WITH GAUGE BOX AND CONDENSER
{57}
[Illustration]
SELF-FEEDING OPENER (30-IN. CYLINDER) CONNECTED BY TRUNKING TO A
SINGLE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER WITH GAUGE BOX AND CONDENSER
{58}
[Illustration]
SINGLE BEATER INTERMEDIATE OR FINISHER LAPPER
{59}
[Illustration]
THREE-PROCESS SYSTEM OF PICKING WITH 20 FT. OF AUTOMATIC CLEANING
TRUCK ALSO CONDUCTING TRUNK BETWEEN OPENER AND BREAKER
{60}
[Illustration]
{61}
REVOLVING FLAT CARDS.
Our Cards are extensively used, and have won for themselves a high
reputation for the quality and quantity of work they will do, the
small percentage of waste made, and their durability and simplicity.
CHARACTERISTICS.
1--Rigid Bend, mathematically correct at all stages of wear of the
wire.
2--Perfect concentricity of Flats to Cylinder. Cylinder Pedestals
are adjustable.
3--Arrangements for adjusting Flats whereby accuracy to the
thousandth part of an inch is obtained.
4--Better quality of yarn made from the same cotton, or equally
good yarn made from cheaper cotton.
5--Card Clothing throughout is of best Hardened and Tempered Steel
Wire, Plough Ground or Needle Pointed.
6--Patent Doffer Slow Motion, to facilitate piecing up of broken
sliver.
7--Patent method of securing Clothing to the Flats; neatest,
cleanest and most effective.
8--Patent Top Flat Grinding Arrangement for grinding from the
working seating of the Flats.
9--Patent Flat Stripping Motion, which insures perfect stripping
without damage to the Clothing on the Flats.
10--Back Bends or Circles for supporting Flats and preventing
sagging and stretching of chains.
{62}
[Illustration]
FLAT GRINDING MOTION
{63}
The following paragraphs briefly describe some of the points of
advantage in the design and construction of our machines:
CYLINDERS AND DOFFERS are carefully balanced at a high speed and are
ground after being turned, making a perfectly true surface for the
Card Clothing.
GOOD SELVAGES--Both Cylinders and Doffers are clothed to the extreme
edges, which prevents ragged selvages.
PROTECTION OF CLOTHING--The Doffers are provided with flanges to
protect the Clothing, keep the edges firm and prevent the wire from
being knocked down. Turned iron flanges on the Bends, and Segment
Rings fixed to the inside of the lower part of the framing protect the
edges of the Cylinders all the way round. The Doffers are made 1/8 in.
wider than the Cylinders in order to keep the edges of the latter
clean.
PREVENTION OF ACCUMULATION OF FLY--The Segment Rings which are fitted
close to the edges of the Cylinder project in such a way as to form a
circle two inches larger than the diameter of the Cylinder. The
Underscreens are attached to these Segment Rings, and this arrangement
makes it impossible for fly to collect inside the Screens or about the
edges of the Cylinders and Doffers.
ELECTRICAL TESTS--All Bends and Flats are tested at our works by
special electrical apparatus, and this method of testing gives greater
accuracy than can be obtained in any other way. More accurate Bends
and Flats make closer settings possible.
PERCENTAGE AND ALL CASING-OFF PLATES are made of steel, polished
inside and out, and bent to conform to the surface of the cylinder.
Each plate is set by gauge to the Cylinder, and the closing up of all
air spaces makes the accumulation of fly and cloudy carding
impossible.
ADJUSTMENTS--Convenient adjusting arrangements with setting screws and
lock nuts are provided for the Knife Plates, Doffers and Licker-ins.
These are all on the outside of the machine and are accessible and
easily adjusted.
{64}
[Illustration]
{65}
LICKER-IN SHIELDS--To prevent the accumulation of fly around the
bearings and pedestals and the climbing of oil over the ends of the
Licker-in onto the clothing, we supply stationary shields at each end.
UNDERSCREENS AND FEED PLATES--Our Underscreens are specially heavy and
well constructed, and our Feed Plates are very carefully finished and
fitted. We supply special Underscreens and Feed Plates for long staple
cotton.
[Illustration]
ADJUSTABLE CYLINDER PEDESTALS--The bearings for the Cylinders are made
of phosphor bronze and the pedestals are adjustable either vertically
or horizontally. This is a very important point, because the
concentricity of the Cylinder with the Bends can be maintained as the
bearings wear. The construction of our Card side is such that a very
rigid support is given to the pedestals.
FLAT RELEASE--This is a very simple and convenient attachment to the
Flat Driving Arrangement, which makes one of the worm gears loose on
its shaft and enables the Flats to be easily turned by hand with a
suitable wrench.
CONICAL BUSHINGS--The Cylinders are fastened onto the shafts by means
of split conical bushings which are forced into place and prevent any
possibility of the Cylinders working loose.
{66}
[Illustration]
SECTIONAL VIEW
PLAN VIEW
PATENT SETTING ARRANGEMENT FOR FLATS
{67}
PATENT SETTING ARRANGEMENT FOR FLATS.
The cuts on page 66 are sectional and plan views of this arrangement.
A--Index Nut which bears against outside of Rigid Bend D.
B--Setting Key with fluted teeth, which gear into the teeth on Nut C.
C--Toothed Steel Nut which bears against the inside of Rigid Bend D.
D--Rigid Conical Bend which is moved in or out.
E--Flexible Conical Bend which rests on D and carries the Flats.
As the Index Nuts A and the Toothed Nuts C are turned one way or the
other, they move the Rigid Bend D in or out, and thus raise or lower
the Flexible Bend E.
The Flats rest on the Flexible Bend E and are raised or lowered with
it. Each division on the Index Nuts A represents 1/1000 part of an
inch, and by turning these Nuts one division, the Flats are raised or
lowered to this extent.
Our Patent Conical Concentric Bends have five setting points on each
side of the machine. The Bends and Flats can be kept perfectly
concentric with the Cylinder at every point until the Clothing is worn
out. No other arrangement has secured such accuracy nor has any
adjustment yet been invented which approaches this one for reliability
and simplicity.
When the Flats are once set they remain set, and cannot be tampered
with. Special wrenches are required for turning the Index Nuts A and
Lock Nuts C, and if these wrenches are kept by the one who has charge
of the settings, no unauthorized person can change same.
Close accurate settings enable our Card to do the finest quality of
work and at the same time give the maximum production.
{68}
WILLIAMS PATENT STRIPPING MOTION.
[Illustration]
This Motion enables the Card to do better work and increases the life
of the Flat clothing.
Perfect Flat Stripping can only be obtained with a Motion which keeps
the Comb at an even and fixed distance from the wire clothing at all
points over the entire width of the Flat. The Williams Patent
Stripping Motion, for which we hold sole rights for America, meets
this essential requirement and therefore does what no other Motion has
succeeded in doing. In the old system, the Comb is kept at a fixed
distance from the framing of the machine, which is correct as long as
there is no variation in the position of the Flats as they pass under
the Comb. In practice, it is impossible to {69} prevent a certain
amount of tilting or raising of the Flats, due to the wearing of the
chains and sprockets and also to dirt getting under the Flats. With
the Williams system the stripping is perfectly done no matter what the
tilting may be, and even if the Flats are forced away from their true
position through any cause, the Comb follows the Flat and maintains
its distance. There is no comb which will not catch and damage the
wire if the setting becomes too close on account of the clearance not
being kept uniform.
In the Williams Stripping Motion the Comb stock is mounted at each end
in bearings which slide in guides away from or toward the Flats. The
accurate setting of the Comb is maintained by means of shoes which
press against the working seatings of the Flats and govern the
position of the sliding Comb stock bearings. The shoes have adjusting
screws to regulate the setting of the Comb, and the shape of the shoes
is such as to allow for the heel of the flat. The sliding bearings of
the Comb stock are pressed inward by springs which keep the shoes
against the working seatings of the Flat. The Comb blade is given a
receding motion which effectually strips all impurities from the wire.
This action, together with the fact that it is impossible for the wire
on the Flats to be forced into the Comb through the accumulation of
dirt or fly on the blocks or Flat seatings, makes this Stripping
Motion the most perfect on the market.
{70}
[Illustration]
REVOLVING FLAT CARD
{71}
STANDARD DIMENSIONS.
Cylinder, 50 in. dia. on iron.
Doffer, 26 in. dia. on iron.
Licker-in, 9 in. dia., clothed with inserted metallic Saw Teeth.
110 Flats, 43 of which are working on the Cylinder at the same time.
HAND OF MACHINE--Cards are usually built Right Hand, i. e., with
driving pulleys on right hand side when facing feed or lap. Left hand
machines are built when specified.
DRIVING PULLEYS--20 in. dia., 3-1/8 in. face, T. & L. SPEED--Cylinder,
160 to 170 r. p. m., usually 165 r. p. m.
PRODUCTION--This is determined by the quality of carding required and
the kind and grade of cotton used, and varies largely.
American 600 to 1,200 lbs. in 60 hours.
Egyptian 400 to 650 lbs. in 60 hours.
Sea Island 200 to 400 lbs. in 60 hours.
Peeler 300 to 600 lbs. in 60 hours.
FLOOR SPACE.
Length of Card over all (10-in. coiler) 10 ft. 4 in.
Length of Card over all (12-in. coiler) 10 ft. 5 in.
Width of Card, 40 in. wide on wire (40 in. to 41 in. lap) 5 ft. 6 in.
Width of Card, 45 in. wide on wire (45 in. to 46 in. lap) 5 ft. 11 in.
See page 72 for floor plan.
{72}
[Illustration]
PLAN OF REVOLVING FLAT CARD
{73}
REVOLVING FLAT CARD.
ALPHABETICAL REFERENCES TO DRAWING.
A Feed Roll, 2-1/4 in. dia.
A1 Feed Roll Spur Gear, 17 Teeth.
A2 Large Plate Bevel Gear, usually 120 Teeth.
B Draft Change Gear, 10 to 30 Teeth
B1 Side Shaft Bevel Gear, 22 Teeth (or 34).
C Doffer Bevel Gear 22 Teeth (or 24).
C1 Grinding Pulley, 11 in. dia., 2-1/4 in. face.
C2 Doffer Gear, 180 Teeth.
D Disengaging Intermediate Gear, 51 Teeth.
E Calender Intermediate Gear, 51 Teeth.
F Calender Change Gear, 18 or 19 Teeth.
F1 Bottom Calender, 2-7/8 in. dia.
F2 Coiler Driving Gear, 24 or 25 Teeth.
G Coiler Change Gear, 16 Teeth.
G1 Coiler Driving Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth.
H1 Coiler Top Upright Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth.
I Coiler Calender Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth.
I1 1st Coiler Calender Spur Gear, 20 Teeth.
I2 1st Coiler Calender, 2 in. dia.
J 2nd Coiler Calender, 2 in. dia.
J1 2nd Coiler Calender Spur Gear, 20 Teeth.
N Driving Pulley, 20 in. dia., 3-1/8 in. face;
Band Pulley, 21-3/4 in. dia.
N1 Licker-in Driving Pulley, 19 in. dia., 2-1/4 in. face.
N2 Flat Driving Pulley, 6-1/2 in. dia., 3-1/4 in. face.
N3 Comb Driving Band Pulley, 22 in. dia. for 5/16 in. dia. band.
O Licker-in Driven Pulley, 7 in. dia., 2-1/4 in. face.
O1 Barrow Gear Driving Pulley, 6 in. dia., 2-1/8 in. face.
P Barrow Gear Driven Pulley, 9 in. dia., 1-1/2 in. face.
P1 Barrow Spur Gear, usually 26 Teeth, also 24 and 28 Teeth.
Q Doffer Lever Intermediate Gear, 104 Teeth.
Q1 Doffer Change Gear, 17 to 40 Teeth.
R 1st Lap Roll Intermediate Gear, 40 Teeth.
S 2nd Lap Roll Intermediate Gear, 40 Teeth.
T Lap Roll Gear, 48 Teeth.
T1 Lap Roll, 6 in. dia.
U Double Band Intermediate Pulley for Comb 9-3/8 in. dia.
U1 Double Band Intermediate Pulley for Comb 6 in. dia.
V Comb Box Pulley 3-3/8 in. dia.
V1 Comb Box Pulley 4-1/8 in. dia.
W Doffer Comb.
{74}
[Illustration]
REVOLVING FLAT CARD.
DIAGRAM OF CARD COILER GEARING
F2 Coil Driving Gear; 24 Teeth for 10-in.
Coiler, 25 Teeth for 12-in. Coiler.
F3 Top Calender Driving Gear, 23 Teeth.
G Coiler Change Gear, 16 Teeth.
G1 Coiler Driving Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth.
H Coiler Middle Upright Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth.
H1 Coiler Top Upright Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth.
H2 Tube Gear Driving Gear, 25 Teeth.
H3 Upright Shaft Can Bottom Driving Gear. 15 Teeth.
H4 Coiler Double Intermediate Gears, 44 Teeth.
H5 Coiler Double Intermediate Gears, 15 Teeth.
I Coiler Calender Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth.
I1 1st Coiler Calender Spur Gear, 20 Teeth.
I2 1st Coiler Calender, 2 in. dia.
K Coiler Double Intermediate Gears, 44 Teeth.
K1 Coiler Double Intermediate Gears, 15 Teeth.
L Tube Gear, 75 Teeth for 10-in. Coiler, 98 Teeth for 12-in. Coiler.
L1 Can Bottom Intermediate Gear; 17 Teeth for 10-in. Coiler;
22 Teeth for 12-in. Coiler.
L2 Can Bottom Gear, 84 Teeth.
M Top Calender Gear, 34 Teeth.
M1 Top Calender, 4-1/4 in. dia.
{75}
REVOLVING FLAT CARDS.
DRAFT CALCULATIONS.
[Illustration]
{76}
[Illustration]
{77}
REVOLVING FLAT CARD.
DOFFER CHANGE GEAR TABLE.
[Illustration]
NOTE
Licker-in Driving Pulley, 19 in. dia.
Licker-in Driven Pulley, 7 in. dia.
Barrow Gear Driving Pulley. 6 in. dia.
Barrow Gear Driven Pulley, 9 in. dia.
Doffer Lever Intermediate Gear, 104 Teeth.
Doffer Gear, 180 Teeth.
{78}
REVOLVING FLAT CARD.
PRODUCTION PER DAY OF TEN HOURS.
[Illustration]
NOTE--5 per cent. has been deducted in the above table for cleaning,
stripping. etc.
{79}
REVOLVING FLAT CARD.
DRAFT TABLE.
[Illustration]
NOTE--The draft is figured between the 6 in. dia. Lap Roll and 2 in.
dia. Coiler Calender Rolls.
DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS.
[Illustration]
{80}
CARD CLOTHING.
The English system of numbering Card Clothing is now generally used by
Cotton Mills. We give below the numbers and points per square foot:
Numbers Pts. per Square Foot
80s 57,600
90s 64,800
100s 72,000
110s 79,200
120s 86,400
130s 93,600
The following numbers are generally used for Cylinders: Coarse, heavy
work, 80s and 90s; medium to fine work, 100s and 110s; fine work, 120s
and 130s.
Doffers are usually 10 numbers higher or finer than Cylinders.
There is considerable variation in the Clothing used for Tops. Some
prefer thinner set than the Cylinders, others about the same as the
Cylinders, and a few the same numbers as the Doffers.
{81}
{82}
[Illustration]
{83}
DRAWING FRAMES.
The Howard & Bullough Patent Electric Stop Motion Drawing Frame has
proved one of the most successful machines ever invented, and there
are large numbers of deliveries at work in every Cotton Spinning
country.