state, some following steadfastly the party of his Majesty, and
others that of Diego Silang, [186] he determined with the advice of
experienced persons, to appoint a chief justice and a master-of-camp as
generalisimo, a sargento-mayor of the Catholic villages, and another
master-of-camp and a sargento-mayor in the name of the Monteses
infidels. He despatched them their titles in the name of his Majesty,
granting them the fitting powers for the pacification. That provision
resulted in happy successes, the most happy being that Don Miguel Vicos
killed Diego Silang, at the very time that said tyrant had resolved
to kill the reverend bishop and other religious ministers whom he had
seized. Therefore, that province began to settle down until it became
quiet and restored to the obedience of his Majesty, said prelate having
promised (and Don Simon confirmed it in his Majesty's name) a general
pardon to the natives of that province and exemption from tribute
during the whole time of the war on the necessary condition that they
furnish their ministers of the doctrine with the necessary stipends
for their support. He declared as faithful and noble the villages of
Santa Catalina, Vigan, Bantay, and San Vicente, as they were the ones
which chiefly took part in the enterprise, and opposed the mutiny; and
he gave them the arms which were taken from the leader of the sedition.
He also gives information of another insurrection which was stirred up
in the province of Pangasinan, and which originated in the village of
Binalatongan, which was under the spiritual charge of the religious of
St. Dominic. Those natives, also instigated by the English, taking
as their leader Juan de la Cruz Palaris, an unworthy man, who had
also been a coachman in Manila in the employ of Auditor Don Francisco
Enrriquez de Villacorta, revolted, under the pretext of various unjust,
extravagant, and malicious demands: such as that the sum of money which
they had paid on the account of their tributes was to be restored,
since they could not have any trade with Manila, as the English were
in power there, and if the latter were to make them pay tribute,
they would be paying a double tribute; that four men, whom they
gave as a guard of the prisoners of the prison were to be relieved
from the polos; that the dignity of cacique was to be taken from two
heads of barangay; that the boys schoolmaster was to be changed as
he was a flatterer; that the badge of general master-of-camp of that
province was not to be given outside the village of Binalatongan;
that the alcalde, the father ministers, and their convents were
to be removed if they did not aid them in the attainment of their
attempt, and they would build new churches and would establish new
fathers. Finally they petitioned that no one who did not originate
from his village should hold the staff of office in the tribunal.
This insurrection, after various incidents in which it was necessary
to give the fitting authorizations to various religious, and appoint
Don Juan Antonio Panelo, a person of great merit and conduct as his
lieutenant, in order that they might pacify and reduce that province,
and that some Spaniards might accompany the latter, giving them the
necessary instructions; yet they could do nothing, since, fearful of
the death which the insurgents wished to inflict on them, they fled
the province. Consequently, he gave commission to other religious;
prepared soldiers so that they might go to reduce the province, under
command of Don Fernando Arayat. The latter's troop departed on the
expedition, and the Pampangos advancing on their march, took position
in front of the enemy. Having sent an embassy to them, so that they
might submit, they answered that they did not wish it, since, if his
Majesty had muskets, they had cannons and muskets. Notwithstanding
that they had them, the commandant, having summoned them in writing,
and inviting them to make peace, and seeing the contempt that they
showed of his proposition, was compelled to make war upon them,
attacking them in the trenches which they had made with thirty-four
muskets and five hundred natives, counting Pampangos and Cagayans,
after summoning them to peace five times. They replied to his summons
from the trench that they had flung their banner to the breeze,
with a shot from a cannon of the caliber of four, and two shots
from falconets. Thereupon, Don Pedro Hernani, lieutenant of Spanish
infantry, with one sergeant, one corporal, and twenty soldiers, began
to cross the river in pursuit of the Cagayans, leaving Alférez Don Jose
Solorzano as a reserve. Don Pedro Hernani invested the trenches with
so great courage, that he succeeded in taking the banner from them,
although he suffered the misfortune of being run through the breast
with a lance and fell dead. But Don Pedro Fagle substituted him, and
picked up the flag, which he delivered to his commandant. The latter
afterward presented it to Don Simon de Anda. It was two varas long
and a trifle more narrow. At each corner it had a two-headed eagle,
and in the center an escutcheon with its border, and within it the
arms of the Order of St. Dominic. They also wounded a Spanish soldier
with a poisoned arrow from which he died raving. Since the number of
the enemy was vast, their position advantageous, and the river which
they had in front, not being able [to be crossed] as it had swollen,
obliged them to retire. But desiring to avoid all confusion of blood,
and manifesting to them the love of his Majesty for his vassals, he
[i.e., the Spanish commander] forbore to attack them again, reiterating
that he would act mildly, entrusting the matter to another Dominican
religious and the practical business to the master-of-camp Manalartay.
Finally, the bishop of Nueva Segovia, Don Fray Bernardo Ustariz,
having taken upon himself the obligation of pacifying them, set
about various measures and succeeded in reducing them. A few days
afterward they sent a deputation to Don Simon, asking mercy, bearing
recommendations from the abovesaid bishop, and manifesting their
repentance. They recognized his Majesty as their only sovereign and
asked for an alcalde-mayor to govern them. He condescended to this,
pardoning them with warning that he would proceed against them in
case they repeated their error. Juan Palaris and Domingo Magalog,
his brother, were included in the pardon. He ordered Don Joaquin
Gamboa to be restored to his office as alcalde-mayor, but the latter
resigned. Consequently, the office of alcalde-mayor was given to Don
Jose Acevedo. Various measures were taken so that the families who
had retired to Pampanga and fled the insurrection, might be restored
to Pangasinan.
He also recommends the religious orders for the good services which
they have rendered, especially that of the calced Augustinians, who
have suffered total ruin, as have those who have most shown their
love and fidelity during the invasion of the English.
He also manifests the distrust which he recognized in some religious
of St. John of God, as they had opposed a government measure conducive
to the royal service. But since this was a prohibition to taking from
an estate, which they had, food for their hospital of Manila, it is
to be noted that this is a complaint or accusation more befitting
an indiscreet zeal, namely, of the charity with which the religious
must have worked, in order that their sick might not perish, without
one being able for this reason to attribute it to disloyalty.
Lastly, he gives account of the measures which he took in order to
continue the aid which had been established on his Majesty's account
in honor of Fernando I, king of Joló. He states that, at the beginning
of the expedition, the king showed himself loyal to his Majesty, and
recognized Don Simon as Audiencia, and governor, asking him to assign
him to those provinces or to send him to his country, whence he would
send him the aid, which he asked of him. Having advised him that he
would transfer him to Pampanga, he promptly arranged his voyage, and
having arrived at the village of Pasig, he was overtaken by an accident
which impeded him for six days. During that interim, the enemy made him
a prisoner. The English, taking advantage of the occasion, sent him
to Joló. Afterward when the English evacuated Manila, they took the
prince Ysrael and all those of his kingdom. It was presumed that the
English had made some agreement with him, so that they might establish
themselves in Joló. That would be to the great prejudice of the Visayan
provinces and their trade both because of the English and the Moros.
In a separate measure, both Don Simon de Anda, in his representations,
and the royal lieutenant, Don Francisco de la Torre, governor ad
interim of Filipinas, discuss the receipt of a royal decree, despatched
July 18, 1762, by which a fine of two thousand pesos was declared
against the auditor Don Francisco de Villacorta, and the fiscal,
Don Francisco Leandro de Viana, because of the irregularity of the
process which they prosecuted against Doctor Don Santiago Orendain,
which they have not made manifest because of having produced various
exceptions which appear from the records which he remits. In regard to
this affair, he has not wished to make any innovation until his Majesty
decide as to the matter what he considers just. He encloses a report
of the royal officials in favor of the conduct of the above-mentioned
fiscal Viana.
He also reports with records, the summary investigation of the crime
of disloyalty, which was incurred by Doctor Don Santiago Orendain as
being partial to and director of the British government. Don Simon
delivered that matter to his successor, so that he might continue
it. This man and his family went with the English when they evacuated
the fort of Manila, to the city of Madras.
The royal lieutenant also discusses, when advising of the receipt of
a royal decree, dated July 23, 762, the question of not forbidding
Sangley converts from going to the house of the catechumens, and gives
information of the league which the Christian Sangleys made with the
English, and the atrocities which they committed. He publicly ordered
their rites, and concluded with petitioning the total expulsion of
the Sangleys who have kept the title of Christian, as was done with
the infidels; in which Don Simon and the ecclesiastical estate also
coöperate with convincing and practical reasons.
From all the above, it results from this extract that measures could
have been taken in regard to only the two matters: one in regard to
the absolute expulsion of the Christian Sangleys from those islands;
and the other ordering that a rule be given as to what ought to be
done in the future in a like case, when one single minister remains as
governor as happened to Don Simon, and restitution [of the government]
having been made, if the governor has acted with ignominy, whether
the staff of office is or is not to be given to him by the minister
who has held the command. These two measures look toward the future;
for what was done by Don Simon is approved by his Majesty and whatever
said Don Simon has done ought to be approved--the posts which he has
given, the expenses which he has incurred, and which he has made on
the account of the royal treasury. In a word he has become worthy,
not only of the reward which he has now obtained from the royal
magnificence, but also of eternal memory.
DRAPER'S DEFENSE
A PLAIN NARRATIVE [187]
The Conquest of Manila, Cavita, and the whole Phillipine Islands,
having been of late the Topic of Conversation, from the Crown
of Spain's Refusal to pay the Bills drawn by its Archbishop and
Captain-General, in Consequence of the Capitulation; [188] and having
Reason to apprehend, that the Public are as ignorant of the Nature and
Importance of that Acquisition, as they seem to be unacquainted with
the Particulars relative to the Capitulation, and its Consequences;
I think it a Duty incumbent on me to set the material Transactions
of that Expedition in a proper Point of View, as well as in Justice
to my own Conduct and Character, as to the Officers and Men serving
under me: and for the particular Information of the Representatives
of the Nation, who have condescended to think our Services deserving
their public Approbation of our Conduct, in the particular Honour of
their Thanks conveyed to us by their Speaker.
Manila is the Metropolis of the Phillipine Islands, situated in a
large Bay on the Island of Luconia, in the Latitude 14, 40 North,
Longitude 118 East, from London, in Possession of the Spaniards,
and maintained by the Crown of Spain, at the Request of the Church
for propagating the Christian Faith among the Indians, for which
they have a large annual Allowance from Mexico, for the Maintenance
of their public Officers and Clergy, and for the support of their
Convents: They are also indulged with Ships, built and navigated
at the King's Expence, to bring the said Allowance in Money:
These Ships go laden with Merchandize belonging to the Inhabitants
(a still further Indulgence allowed them) from Manila to Acapulca,
and return with Money: The King's is registered; and the Remainder
(about as much more) a smuggling Trade, and connived at.
This trade is so very prejudicial to Old Spain, the Cargoes they send
being China Silks, India Cottons, Spices, &c., for the Use of the
People in America, that the Cadiz and Bayone Companies have frequently
presented the strongest Memorials and Remonstrances to the King,
setting forth the Damage sustained by it, but without any Success,
the Church always getting the better of them.
In Consequence of Orders from Europe to attack Manila on the War
with Spain, the Squadron and Troops sailed from Madrass the First of
August, 1762, and arrived in the Bay of Manila the 24th of September
following; and after summoning the Town to surrender, and receiving
for Answer their Resolution to defend it, the Troops were immediately
landed, and began the Siege. A breach being made the 6th of October,
we stormed and took the City, on which the principal Inhabitants
retired into the Citadel, but sensible they could not hold it long,
sent out a Flag of Truce, desiring to capitulate. The Terms offered
were, on paying "Four Millions of Dollars, they were to have their
Churches, Convents, Palaces, and other public Buildings, with the Town
preserved, the Plundering stopped, with the free exercise of their
Religion, and other Liberties; otherwise to be Prisoners of War,
and put on Board the Squadron, and sent to the Coast of India as such."
These Terms they accepted; and whilst the Articles were settling,
they pleaded their Inability to raise immediately the Sum demanded,
unless we would admit the Phillipina (which was arrived ¡n the Port of
Pallapa, on the Island of Semar from Acapulca) into the Capitulation,
and the Vice Roy to send Letters to the General that commanded her,
to deliver her up to our Ships, which had been sent after her; to which
we assented, on Condition that the said Phillipina was actually in the
Port of Pallapa, and delivered up to our Ships in Consequence of the
said Letter. This is the only Ship ever admitted into the Capitulation
(and that Conditionally) and which, instead of being delivered up, or
ordered to proceed to Manila, agreeable to the promised Letter of the
Vice Roy, was, by other Letters, privately sent unknown to us, directed
not to comply with the Vice Roy's Letter, but to land the Money on
the Island where they were, and secure it in the best Manner they
could until they should receive further Directions from Manila. [189]
All things being thus agreed upon, the plundering the Town was
immediately Stopped [190] and the City restored to Order, an
Account taken of the Ordnance and military Stores, and the Garrison
established, which took up the whole of the Troops of the Expedition;
and the Place (in Obedience to his Majesty's Instructions) delivered
up to the East India Company's Agent for their Use and Benefit, until
his further Pleasure should be known. During these Transactions
the Treasure remaining in the Town (a great deal being conveyed
out during the Siege) was collected together, and the principal
Inhabitants voluntarily taxed themselves to pay the Remainder as
far as two Millions; and if the Phillipina was not to be got at, we
were to take Bills on the King of Spain for the other two Millions,
which the Captain General, or Viceroy, (who was also Archbishop)
declared he had Authority to draw, and would be duly honoured.
As soon as the Place was in Possession of the East India Company, the
Spaniards perceived the King's Officers had no further Power over them,
and therefore stopped any further Collections toward the Payment; and
from the Excess of Lenity hitherto shown them, soon grew insolent,
broke every Part of the Capitulation by retiring into the Country
and joining Anda, one of the Royal Audience, who had taken up Arms,
and proclaimed himself Captain General, while their Priests and Friars
publicly exhorted Rebellion, and preached it meritorious to take up
Arms and destroy us.
As several of the principal Men of the Place were likewise concerned
with him, the Captors were justly apprehensive that little or nothing
more was to be got by fair Means, and were willing to secure what
was still in their Power; and therefore ordered their Agents to
bring into the City what Merchandize was belonging to the said Men
in the Suburbs, as a Security till they made good their Ransom. But
were greatly surprized to find the East India Company's Governor
had placed Guards, and would not suffer the Agents to remove any
one Thing, by which the Captors lost upwards of 200,000 Dollars. The
Captors therefore to secure what little yet remained in their Power,
gave Directions to seize, and dispose of a Ship, named the Santo Nino,
[191] that lay in the Port of Cavita at the Time of the Town being
taken, and placed her Produce to the Account of the four Million
(altho' she was not mentioned or included in the Capitulation). This
was the only Ship taken in the Port, and sold for only 16,000 Dollars,
and which the Spaniards have since artfully and jesuitically endeavored
to propagate to be the Santissima Trinidad; tis therefore in this
Place necessary to make known, that the Santissima Trinidad sailed
from Manila on the 1st of August, which was upwards of seven Weeks
before the Squadron arrived there, and had proceeded several hundred
Leagues on her Voyage to Acapulca; when meeting with a Storm she
was dismasted, and endeavouring to put back to refit was met with
off the Island of Capul by two of our Ships, the Panther and Argo
(the two Ships that were detached after the Phillipina) and after an
Engagement taken by them, above two hundred Miles from the Port of
Manila, and which Ships knew nothing at that Time of the Surrender
or Capitulation of Manila. These two Ships that were sent after the
Phillipina (in Consequence of Intelligence obtained by a Gally we
took in the Bay soon after our Arrival) had got as far as the Island
of Capul, in their Way to Palapa, when they met with the Trinidad,
and she being much disabled, and having a great Number of Men on
Board, they were obliged to return to the Bay of Manila with her;
on which, as soon as possible, two Frigates were dispatched again
after the Phillipina, but before they could reach the Streights of
St. Bernardino, the North-East Monsoon was set in, and the Weather
too stormy to pass the Streights, and after ten Weeks fruitlessly
attempting it, were obliged to return.
The Squadron being obliged (by Instructions on that Head) to return
to the Coast of India for the Protection of the East India Company's
Settlements, before the North-East Monsoon was expired, sailed from
the Bay of Manila the beginning of March, leaving orders with the
Commanding Officer of the Ships left for the Protection of the Place,
so soon as the South-West Monsoon prevailed, to proceed to Palapa,
in order to take Possession of the Phillipina, who, on his Arrival,
found only the Ship, the Treasure having been carried in small Vessels
to the Island of Luconia by Orders from the Inhabitants of Manila,
who had all this Time amused us with the Promise of the Money of
this Ship for Payment, and even sent Men as Hostages [192] in our
Ships to get it, notwithstanding they themselves well knew it was
removed from that Place. Through the whole of the above Transactions,
the Spaniards by Evasions avoided complying with the Capitulation
in every one Respect, except in the bringing in the Money from
the Misericordia and Ordentercara, which was out of their Power
to secrete. They basely and ungratefully took up Arms against us,
after having their Lives given them. They preached publicly in their
Churches Rebellion, and meritorious to destroy us.
And these people have still furthermore the Impudence to charge us
with an Infringment of the Capitulation, and the Effrontery to claim
the Santissima Trinidad, which was taken above 200 Miles from Manila
by two of his Majesty's Ships, who knew nothing of the Surrender of the
Place, nor was in any Shape mentioned or included in the Capitulation,
having sailed on her Voyage seven Weeks previous to our Arrival,
as may be seen by the Capitulation annexed hereto.
It is true they have given Bills on the King their Master for Part of
the Ransom, which he does not acknowledge they had a Right to draw,
and therefore refuses Payment of. But surely I may with Equity be
permitted to add, that as he allows them a very large Sum annually
for their Support, and has again put the Place into their Possession,
is he not bound in Honour and strict Justice to oblige his Subjects
to make good their solemn Covenant and Capitulation, having the Means
so fully in his Power?
The Account of Ransom stands correctly thus:
dollars r. d. dollars r. d.
Ransom agreeable to Capitulation 4,000,000 0 0
Received from the public
Funds and Collections 515,802 3 10
Plunder taken from
the Seamen and Soldiers 26,623 0 0 542,425 3 10
---------------
Remains due to the Captors 3,457 574 4 2
One third of which is the Proportion belonging to the East India
Company.
The King's Instructions were, if we succeeded in the Conquest of
Manila, to deliver up the Fortifications, with the Cannon, Stores and
Ammunition, to the East India Company, until his Majesty's Pleasure
should be signified with Regard to the future Dispositions of the
said Conquests, &c.
Upon the Peace, when the Place was delivered up to the Spaniards,
the East India Company applied to the Secretary of State for Leave to
carry the Artillery and Stores to Madrass, but received for Answer,
That they must remain for the Defence of the Place; but were afterward
told, That if the Spaniards would give Security for the Payment of
the Value of them, they were to be left; if they would not, the East
India Company might remove them to Madrass. This last Answer did not
arrive in India till after Orders had been sent to deliver it up,
and the Season too late to send that Year. [193]
[Here follow the "Conditions" and "Proposals," q.v., ante, pp. 75-80.]
[At the end of the copy of this book from which we publish is written
by hand: "with Admiral Cornish's Compliments."]
COLONEL DRAPER'S ANSWER TO THE SPANISH ARGUMENTS
To the Earl of Halifax, His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State
For the Southern Department. [194]
My Lord,
Armed with that Boldness which Innocence inspires, and the
Consciousness of having done my Duty, both as an Officer, and a Man
of Honour and Humanity; I presume again to lay before your Lordship
my Answer to the Spanish Ambassador's Memorial.
This Reply is something more copious than the former, which I had
the Honour of presenting to your Lordship in March last: The new
Arguments that have been urged to evade Payment, requiring fresh
Reasons to endeavour to enforce it.
I was in great Hopes, that the good Faith, Honour, and Punctuality of
the Spanish Nation, would have made this Publication unnecessary. But
finding, that they have absolutely refused Payment of the Ransom Bills,
drawn upon their Treasury by the Governor of Manila, and do now claim
the Restitution of the Galeon, I am constrained, for the Sake of
those brave Men, to whom I am obliged and indebted for my Success,
to assert their Rights, in the best Manner I am able.